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Réponse Des Communautés Végétales Des Tourbières À L'arrêt Du Broutement Par Le Cerf De Virginie À L'île D'antico

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Réponse Des Communautés Végétales Des Tourbières À L'arrêt Du Broutement Par Le Cerf De Virginie À L'île D'antico Réponse des communautés végétales des tourbières à l’arrêt du broutement par le cerf de Virginie à l’île d’Anticosti Mémoire Milène Courchesne Maîtrise en biologie végétale Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) Québec, Canada © Milène Courchesne, 2016 Réponse des communautés végétales des tourbières à l’arrêt du broutement par le cerf de Virginie à l’île d’Anticosti Mémoire Milène Courchesne Sous la direction de : Monique Poulin, directrice de recherche Stéphanie Pellerin, codirectrice de recherche RÉSUMÉ Les cerfs de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) utilisent abondamment les tourbières sur l’île d’Anticosti. En effet, dans un contexte de densité élevée et d’absence de prédateurs, les tourbières représentent des aires d’alimentation alternatives. Or, cette utilisation peut entraîner des changements dans leurs communautés floristiques en raison du broutement sélectif et du piétinement. Ce projet vise à déterminer les effets du retrait du cerf sur les communautés végétales de différents types de tourbières : 1) ombrotrophes (bogs) et 2) minérotrophes (fens ouverts et arbustifs) ainsi que 3) leurs bordures (laggs). Un dispositif comprenant 53 exclos appariés à une parcelle avec cerfs a été mis en place en 2007 et a été suivi quatre fois sur huit ans par des inventaires floristiques. Ce suivi a d’abord permis de caractériser la flore des tourbières après l’exclusion des cerfs, d’analyser le rétablissement dans le temps des communautés végétales des différents types de tourbières après l’exclusion des cerfs puis de comparer les réponses à l’exclusion selon la productivité des sites. Les résultats ont montré que les laggs étaient des habitats riches en espèces qui possédaient une flore unique. Dans les laggs et les fens arbustifs, la composition végétale des exclos s’est différenciée de celle des parcelles avec cerfs au fil des années, favorisant certaines espèces broutées par le cerf, notamment Sanguisorba canadensis et Betula pumila tandis que des espèces tolérantes au broutement comme Trichophorum cespitosum et Dasiphora fruticosa ont bénéficié de la présence des cerfs. La diversité bêta était plus élevée dans les exclos que dans les parcelles soumises au broutement dans les tourbières à pH élevé, suggérant que les cerfs mènent à l’homogénéisation dans les tourbières les plus productives. Les plans de conservation de la diversité végétale des tourbières de l’île d’Anticosti devront tenir compte que la réponse de la végétation à l’arrêt du broutement par les cerfs varie selon le type d’habitats et selon la productivité. III ABSTRACT White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are regular users of peatlands on Anticosti Island. In a context of high density of herbivores and absence of predators, peatlands may become new feeding areas. Intensive use of peatlands by deer may lead to changes in these plant communities by trampling and selective browsing. This project aims to determine the impacts over several years of deer browsing on plant communities in peatlands by comparing different types of peatlands: ombrotrophic (bogs) and minerotrophic (open and shrub fens) and their edges (laggs). A total of 53 exclosures paired with a browsed plot were installed in 2007 and surveyed four times over eight years by floristic surveys. This survey describes the flora of the island’s peatlands after deer exclusion. It also assesses the recovery over time of peatland vegetation communities after deer exclusion and compares the responses among habitat type and site productivity. Results showed that laggs are species rich habitats with a unique flora. In laggs and shrub fens, vegetation composition of exclosures changed over time compared to browsed plots, promoting growth of palatable species such as Sanguisorba canadensis and Betula pumila, while deer-tolerant species like Trichophorum cespitosum and Dasiphora fruticosa benefited from browsing. Beta diversity was higher in exclosures than in browsed plots for peatlands with high pH, which suggests that deer browsing leads to biotic homogenization of more productive peatlands. Conservation plans targeting plant diversity in peatlands of Anticosti Island should consider that vegetation response varies according to habitat type and site productivity. IV TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ...................................................................................................................................... III ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. IV LISTE DES TABLEAUX .............................................................................................................. VII LISTE DES FIGURES ................................................................................................................ VIII LISTE DES ANNEXES ................................................................................................................. IX REMERCIEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... X AVANT-PROPOS ........................................................................................................................ XII CHAPITRE 1 ................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ............................................................................................................ 1 La perturbation écologique et comment la mesurer .................................................................. 2 Résilience et résistance ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Mesures de composition et de diversité végétale ................................................................................................. 3 Les grands herbivores : une perturbation chronique menant à des changements de composition et de diversité forestière ........................................................................................ 3 Les grands herbivores et la composition végétale ............................................................................................... 5 Les grands herbivores et la diversité végétale ..................................................................................................... 5 Le cas de l’île d’Anticosti ........................................................................................................... 6 Les tourbières : une aire d’alimentation alternative pour les cerfs de Virginie ..................................................... 7 Les tourbières : une vue d’ensemble ........................................................................................ 8 Définition et processus de formation des tourbières ............................................................................................ 8 Types de tourbières et succession végétale ........................................................................................................ 8 Gradients de végétation ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Les différents types de tourbières et leur utilisation par les herbivores .............................................................. 11 Les impacts des grands herbivores sur les tourbières ............................................................ 11 Objectifs et hypothèses de recherche ..................................................................................... 13 CHAPITRE 2 ............................................................................................................................... 15 PORTRAIT DE LA FLORE DES TOURBIÈRES DE L’ILE D’ANTICOSTI APRÈS L’EXCLUSION DES CERFS DE VIRGINIE ................................................................................................................................... 15 Résumé ................................................................................................................................... 16 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 16 Méthodes ................................................................................................................................. 17 Aire d’étude ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Design expérimental et inventaires de végétation .............................................................................................. 18 Conditions environnementales ........................................................................................................................... 19 Analyse des données ......................................................................................................................................... 20 V Résultats .................................................................................................................................. 22 Diversité .............................................................................................................................................................. 22 Espèces indicatrices et composition en espèces ............................................................................................... 24 Changement
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