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The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City: the Battle for Konigsberg, 1945

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The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City: the Battle for Konigsberg, 1945 'A superb portrait of a forgotten but vital World War II battle of strategic importance and bestial savagery'- Simon Sebag Montefiore ISABEL DENNY, Greenhill Books THE FALL OF HITLER'S FORTRESS CITY 'The city fell in ruins and burned. The German positions were smashed, the trenches ploughed up, embrasures were levelled with the ground, companies were buried, the signal systems torn apart and the ammunition stores destroyed. Clouds of smoke lay over the remnants of the houses of the inner city. On the streets were strewn fragments of masonry, shot-up vehicles and the bodies of horses and human beings.' Michael Wieck, A Childhood under Hitler and Stalin THE FALL OF HITLER'S FORTRESS CITY The Battle for Königsberg, 1945 ISABEL DENNY Greenhill Books, London MBI Publishing, St Paul The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City The Battle for Königsberg, 1945 First published in 2007 by Greenhill Books, Lionel Leventhal Limited, Park House, 1 Russell Gardens, London NW11 9NN www.greenhillbooks.com and MBI Publishing Co., Galtier Plaza, Suite 200, 380 Jackson Street, St Paul, MN 55101-3885, USA Copyright © Isabel Denny, 2007 The right of Isabel Denny to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. British Library Cataloguing-in Publication Data Denny, Isabel The fall of Hitler's fortress city : the Battle of Königsberg, 1945 1. Königsberg, Battle of, Kaliningrad, Kaliningradskaia oblast, Russia, 1945 I. Title 94O.5'42I724 ISBN: 978-1-85367-705-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data available For more information on our books, please visit www.greenhillbooks.com, email [email protected] or telephone us within the UK on 020 8458 6314. You can also write to us at the above London address. Edited and typeset by Donald Sommerville Maps drawn by John Richards Printed and bound in Great Britain by Creative Print & Design (Wales), Ebbw Vale CONTENTS List of Illustrations 7 Maps 9 A Königsberg Chronology 13 Preface 17 Introduction 21 Chapter One A Land of Quiet Austerity 25 Chapter Two The Shameful Peace 36 Chapter Three Voting for the Nazis 44 Chapter Four A Fresh Beginning 55 Chapter Five The Jews of Königsberg 64 Chapter Six The War 75 Chapter Seven As You Sow ... 113 Chapter Fight Under-Estimating the Colossus 124 Chapter Nine The Time for Repayment 154 Chapter Ten 'A Vast Flood of Human Misery' 185 Chapter Eleven Fortress Königsberg 209 Notes 241 Appendix Place Names 249 Bibliography 250 Index 253 ILLUSTRATIONS The Cathedral and Kneiphof Island 97 The Schlossteich Brücke 97 View of the Castle across the Castle Lake 98 Kaiser Wilhelm Platz and the Castle 98 The Ostmesse trade fair 99 A ship in the entrance to the Inner Harbour 99 Albertina University 100 The old dock area 100 The New Synagogue 101 The Stock Exchange 101 Krämer Brücke 102 Soviet entry to East Prussia 102 JSU-152 self-propelled guns 102-3 T-34 tanks and infantry moving into position 103 Soviet trucks pass knocked-out German armour 104 Shturmovik ground-attack aircraft 104-5 Wrecked German gun position 105 Attacking Soviet infantry in Königsberg 105 German war memorial in Königsberg 106 Königstiger heavy tank 106-7 Devastation by the Frisches Haff 107 Soviet armour outside the ruins of the Castle 107 8 Illustrations Abandoned German equipment in Samland 108-9 Smashed armoured vehicles in a Königsberg street 108-9 German prisoners in Königsberg 110 Soviet troops attack in Samland 110 Debris near Königsberg Castle 111 Königsberg civilians amid the wreckage 111 Königsberg Cathedral partly reconstructed 112 The Königstor, one of the old city gates 112 MAPS A KÖNIGSBERG CHRONOLOGY The Early Years 1255 The Teutonic Knights begin to build a castle on the banks of the River Pregel. 1257 The castle site is given the name Königsberg. 1286 The 'Old Town' is founded around the castle walls. 1327 The Kneiphof Island in the River Pregel is settled. 1333 Foundation stone of the new cathedral is laid. 1457-1525 Königsberg Castle becomes the chief residence of the Grand Duke of the Teutonic Knights. 1525 Königsberg becomes the capital of the Duchy of Brandenburg after Albert of Brandenburg dissolves the Teutonic Order and transfers its territory to the secular Duchy of Prussia. 1540 Arrival of first Jewish settlers. 1544 Foundation of the Albertina University in Königsberg. 1618 Unification of Prussia and Brandenburg. 1660 Berlin becomes the capital city of Prussia and Brandenburg. The Prussian Kingdom 1701 Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg is crowned King Frederick I of Prussia in Königsberg. 14 The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City 1709-11 Plague kills a quarter of the population of Königsberg. 1112 First Jewish students admitted to the University. 1724 Birth of Immanuel Kant. 1756 Synagogue opens in Königsberg. 1853 The railway comes to Königsberg. 1861 William I of Prussia crowned in Königsberg Cathedral. The German Empire 1878 Königsberg becomes the official capital of East Prussia. 1893 Opening of large new synagogue in the city. 1895 First electric tramway in Germany opens in the city. 1914-18 First World War. Weimar Interlude 1919 Versailles Peace Treaty cuts East Prussia off from the rest of Germany. 1920 Opening of Ostmesse trade fair site in Königsberg. 1922 Construction of airport. 1928 Erich Koch becomes Nazi Party Gauleiter of East Prussia. Into the Abyss 1933 Hitler becomes German Chancellor and pays official visit to Königsberg. 1936 Re-occupátion of the Rhineland. 1938 Anschluss with Austria; Hitler visits Königsberg again; Krìstallnacht. 1939 Occupation of Memel; dismemberment of Czecho- slovakia and Poland and outbreak of Second World War. June 1941 Operation Barbarossa - the German invasion of the Soviet Union - begins. August 1942 Assault on Stalingrad begins. February 1943 German Army surrenders at Stalingrad. A Königsberg Chronology 15 March 1943 First Allied discussion on the future of East Prussia. November 1943 Teheran conference; Allies agree that East Prussia and Memel will be permanently confiscated from Germany at the end of the war. June 1944 Beginning of Operation Bagration - the Soviet destruction of the German Army Group Centre. July 1944 Failure of the Stauffenberg plot to assassinate Hitler. August 1944 British air raids on Königsberg destroy large parts of the city. October 1944 Allies agree that Königsberg region will be ceded to USSR after the war; Red Army attacks Memel; formation of Volkssturm - a Home Guard to help in the defence of Germany; first Russian attacks on East Prussia. 1945 January Launch of main Soviet attack on East Prussia; East Prussia cut off from the rest of the Reich; Erich Koch flees from Königsberg. 29 January Beginning of first siege of Königsberg. 30 January Sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff with the loss of nearly 9,000 lives; Hitler broadcasts to the German people for the last time. 20 February First siege of Königsberg broken. 6 April Beginning of second and final siege of Königsberg; destruction of most of the city. 9 April Königsberg surrenders to Soviet Army. 16 April Surrender of East Prussia. 30 April Death of Adolf Hitler. 8 May Germany surrenders. Aftermath July 1945 Potsdam conference confirms Soviet annexation of Königsberg. 16 The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City July 1946 Königsberg renamed Kaliningrad. 1947-8 Remaining Germans evacuated from Kaliningrad. 1946 Kaliningrad is incorporated into the Soviet Union. 1969 Remains of Königsberg Castle destroyed to make way for the House of Soviets. 1991 Kaliningrad reopened to visitors from abroad; Lithuania becomes independent, cutting Kaliningrad off from the rest of Russia. 2005 The 750th anniversary of the foundation of Königsberg is celebrated by many of its former inhabitants. PREFACE I met a traveller from an antique land Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stone Stand in the desert. Near them, on the sand, Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command, Tell that its sculptor well those passions read, Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things, The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed: And on the pedestal these words appear: 'My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings: Look upon my works, ye Mighty, and despair!' Nothing beside remains. Round the decay Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare The lone and level sands stretch far away. P. B. Shelley here are many books about the military campaigns on the Eastern Front at the end of the Second World TWar. There is, however, little available in English on the effects on the lives of the people who lived through the Soviet invasion of Germany's most easterly province, East Prussia, and its capital city, Königsberg; few are aware of its fate after the war ended. The historic Hanseatic city of Königsberg was almost completely destroyed by British bombs and Russian assault 18 The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City between August 1944 and April 1945 and what little remained was demolished in the months after it was taken over by the Soviet Union in 1945. In the 1970s I visited Poland and from the top of the cathedral of Frombork (the former Frauenburg) on the Baltic coast, it was just possible to see along the curve in the coast to a few lone buildings where once this beautiful and prosperous city had dominated the Baltic coastline.
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