Number 30 Summer 2007 BAKER INSTITUTE REPORT NOTES FROM THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY

SHEIKHA MOZAH OF QATAR DISCUSSES WOMEN’S AND HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN MIDDLE EAST

Her Highness Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser Al Missned of the State of Qatar delivered the keynote address at the Baker Institute on the eve of the inaugural conference of the Kelly Day Endowment on the Status of Women and Human Rights in the Middle East. The event represented the first conference supported by the Kelly Day Endowment at the Baker Institute and the formal inaugura- tion of this important research program. Support for the confer-

Her Highness Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser Al Missned delivers the keynote address on the need to “deframe” the debate on women’s issues in the Middle East and instead focus on how to guarantee human rights continued on page 17 across the board.

PROMINENT HISTORIAN BRINKLEY JOINS INSTITUTE

The Baker Institute welcomes Kerouac to Hurricane Katrina. Warren Christopher, and provided Douglas Brinkley, the prominent He is a star among the historians testimony on the historian’s con- presidential historian and edi- from his generation. I am thankful cept of war powers throughout tor of the recent best seller, “The and proud that he has agreed to history. He will continue his work Reagan Diaries,” as its newest fel- join Rice University and the James as the official historian for CBS low on July 1. Brinkley also will be A. Baker III Institute for Public News. joining the Rice University faculty Policy. I have known Doug for a While at the Baker Institute, this fall. number of years and am certain Brinkley said, he plans to finish James A. Baker, III, honorary that this association will benefit editing a three-volume box set of chair of the institute, said that our school, our city, our state and the diaries of President Ronald Brinkley brings much to the table. our nation.” Reagan. “As one of the country’s foremost In May, Brinkley met with mem- Brinkley has a joint appoint- historians, Doug Brinkley possess- bers of the newly formed National ment between the department of es a remarkable ability to intelli- War Powers Commission, co- history and the Baker Institute. gently tackle a broad range of top- chaired by former U.S. Secretaries His particular area of expertise, ics, from Ronald Reagan to Jack of State James A. Baker, III, and continued on page 18

1 LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR

After a very active academic Later in September, the In its first program on this sub- year which concluded with the Baker Institute and the Shanghai ject, the Baker Institute will host Baker Institute hosting President Institute of International Relations on November 9–11 a “Workshop Bill Clinton at Rice University and (SIIS) will hold in Beijing the on Current Nuclear Proliferation engaging world energy leaders third annual research workshop Issues.” The institute will assem- in Houston, Washington, D.C., on foreign policy and energy secu- ble the world’s leading experts on and Dubai at conferences on the rity relations of the United States, nuclear proliferation to increase changing role of national oil com- China, and the Middle East. understanding of these complex panies, we are looking forward to James A. Baker, III, will deliver and critical issues and work toward our future programs. a keynote address. The institute practical public policy recommen- The institute will organize sev- will present the Energy Forum’s dations. eral important events and confer- research results on national oil I am happy to welcome two new ences in Houston and abroad in companies and implications for fellows to the institute, Douglas the coming months, as it extends Sino–American–Middle East Brinkley, the prominent historian, its public policy collaborations energy security. These workshops, and José Antonio Ocampo, the with other institutions, expands its which alternate between Beijing, former United Nations under-sec- research programs, and welcomes Shanghai and Houston, have pro- retary-general for economic and new fellows. duced an exchange of research by social affairs. Douglas Brinkley This summer, we will hold fellows and scholars from Baker commands a national audience another session of our Israeli– Institute programs, faculty from and his views on public policy are Palestinian workshop in Jerusalem Rice, and scholars from other widely sought. He will contrib- and Tel Aviv. policy research institutes in China. ute to the work of the institute In September I will lead a On September 25, the Baker in important ways. José Antonio Baker Institute delegation to Institute has invited Jeb Bush, Ocampo brings to the institute Tokyo, Japan, where our energy the 43rd governor of Florida, to expertise on international finan- and Asian studies fellows will deliver the inaugural lecture of cial and monetary issues, eco- hold an inaugural meeting at the the Robert A. Mosbacher Global nomic development, international Institute of Energy Economics, Issues Series. He will be address- trade, and Colombian and Latin Japan (IEEJ), for a new study, ing U.S.–Latin American trade American economic history. He “The Global Energy Market: issues. will be a valuable asset as the insti- Comprehensive Strategies to Meet The Baker Institute will host on tute continues to expand its public Geopolitical and Financial Risks, October 4–7 the Americas Project policy initiatives involving Latin the G8, Energy Security, and Fellows Reunion, marking the America. Global Climate Issues.” The Baker 10th anniversary of this joint effort In addition to these new Institute–IEEJ study is the latest of the Organization of American appointments and programs, we collaboration in an ongoing joint States and the institute. The are preparing to inaugurate our venture with prominent Japanese event, “Building Opportunities state-of-the-art conference center think tanks. It will analyze critical and Managing Challenges in the this year which will enhance the geopolitical and financial trends Americas,” will reunite past fellows institute’s capabilities for our new in world energy markets in a pol- and emphasize the constructive communications and media out- icy report to be released ahead of role for civil society in fostering reach initiatives. the 2008 G8 Summit in Hokkaido, democratic practices. Japan. Edward P. Djerejian

2 SPACE MEDICINE SUMMIT GATHERS WORLD EXPERTS FROM SPACE-FARING NATIONS

The inaugural and unprec- edented International Space Medicine Summit was held at the Baker Institute May 4–6, 2007. Leading space biomedical scien- tists, physicians and researchers from the space-faring nations of the world gathered for high-level discussions on the medical and biomedical challenges astronauts and cosmonauts experience in long-duration space flight. The primary goals of the par- ticipants were to foster increased communication, cooperation and collaboration among the world’s top physicians and scientists in the space life sciences in order Summit organizers Bobby Alford, chancellor of Baylor College of Medicine (left) and George Abbey, Baker Institute senior fellow and former head of the Johnson Space Center (far right). Pictured with Patricia to facilitate successful human Reiff, professor and director of the Rice Space Institute (center). space exploration by promoting solutions that protect the health Administration, the Astronaut preparations for exploratory space and wellbeing of the flight crews and Cosmonaut Corps, and flights.” The comments from a before, during, and after long- the National Space Biomedical Canadian participant reinforced duration missions in space and to Research Institute were also well Kozlovskaya’s observations: “To enhance life on earth by apply- represented at the summit, which gather many of the world’s leading ing the resultant advances in was jointly sponsored by the Baker experts has achieved a large step human knowledge and technology Institute and Baylor College of in promoting communication and acquired through living and work- Medicine. fostering collaboration that will ing in space. In assessing the success of the be vital to the fulfillment of future Invitations to the summit summit, Inessa Kozlovskaya, one objectives for human space explo- were extended to nations that of the senior Russian representa- ration.” have flown humans and/or con- tives, expressed the sentiments of A second summit is being ducted biomedical research in virtually all the participants when planned for next year with the space. Astronauts, cosmonauts she stated, “The idea to provide a intention of ensuring the partici- and leading experts from a vari- free and broad discussion of spe- pation of China and India. ety of nations and organizations cialists on [an] international level including Canada, Japan, the was great, but to tell you truly, European Space Agency (repre- all of us doubted that it could be senting 16 European countries), fulfilled and fulfilled so success- Russia, and the United States fully. ... I hope that this event will participated in the summit. The lay a base for future international National Aeronautics and Space discussions on the way to make

3 BAKER INSTITUTE STUDIES RISING U.S. GAS PRICES

Energy Forum fellows Amy gasoline demand by 20 percent Myers Jaffe and Kenneth Medlock by 2017,” the article notes. “This GASOLINE FAQS have launched a new public educa- will prove difficult given the fact Is the United States still the largest tion series as part of their advisory that the government predicts that market in the world for road vehicle role to the American Automobile about 97 percent of the increase use? Association (AAA) in which they in American oil use between now Yes, there are about 250 mil- are helping the motor club fash- and 2030 will come from the trans- lion vehicles on the road in the ion a voice for the American portation sector.” United States, close to a vehicle for every person in the country. motorist in the U.S. energy policy The direct influence that the debate. price of gasoline has on house- Is the number of cars in the United To help AAA in its efforts to hold activities makes it the most States continuing to rise? become a more valuable resource widely covered petroleum product Yes, there were 138 million to its members, Jaffe and Medlock price in the American media. registered privately owned auto- mobiles and trucks in 1975. By are beginning the series – which Americans love their mobility. 2005, that number had risen to will focus on the subject of U.S. They own more than 242 million 247 million. energy policy – with an article road vehicles, close to a vehicle for titled, “You, Your Car and U.S. every person in the country. They What does the large number of U.S. Energy Policy: What You Need travel more than 12,000 miles per cars mean in terms of fuel use? The United States’ road petro- To Know,” scheduled to run this vehicle per year, and virtually all leum use represents 33 percent autumn in AAA member publi- vehicles are powered by oil-based of all road petroleum use glob- cations, which reach 28 million fuels. Thus, to the extent that peo- ally, twice as high in percentage households. ple are captive to automobiles for terms as all of Europe where use Jaffe and Medlock raise the their transportation, they will have represents 17 percent. question, “How can we reduce our limited ability to switch away from Have the CAFE standards intro- dependence on imported oil?” gasoline use during periods of duced in the Energy Policy and and elaborate on key facts U.S. supply shortages and price spikes. Conservation Act of 1975 been effec- motorists should know in contem- In economics terms, this is called tive? plating President Bush’s proposed “price inelasticity,” that is, in the CAFE standards have been solutions to what he has called short term, gasoline demand is phased in since 1978. They called for a standard of 18 miles Americans’ “addiction” and the unresponsive to price changes. per gallon (mpg) for passenger remedies suggested by other presi- The Baker Institute Energy cars model year 1978, which dential candidates, energy experts Forum is studying factors that was to rise to 27.5 mpg by the and local politicians. influence retail gasoline prices in mid-1980s. Improvements in “The issues surrounding the United States and investigating fuel efficiency, also catalyzed by demands for lighter vehicles, gasoline supply, use patterns and whether the supply situation could have resulted in considerable reliability are actually quite com- worsen with time. The study will fuel savings. In fact, current U.S. plex,” noted Medlock, who is a cover the impact of the consistent gasoline consumption would key researcher on the study. “So rise in U.S. consumer demand on have been about 33 percent chances are if an advocate or poli- price stability and look at possible higher than it is now absent those improvements, meaning tician has an easy answer, there’s constructive and realistic policy efficiency has acted as a virtual probably a catch.” interventions, should U.S. refin- source of supply. “President Bush has ... sug- ery expansions continue to fail to gested that we need to reduce our For more answers, see page 25. continued on page 20

4 INSTITUTE DISCUSSES INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS TO ADVANCE GLOBAL HEALTH

To address how science and two-thirds of those deaths could viduals are living on less than $1 technology can be used to trans- be prevented with technologies a day. Many infectious diseases fer health technologies and cures that are feasible for low-income that have preventions and treat- to developing countries, the countries,” said Rebecca Richards- ments in the developed world, Science and Technology Policy Kortum, chair of the bioengineer- such as tuberculosis, malaria, and Program, in conjunction with Rice ing department at Rice University HIV/AIDS, are epidemics in areas University’s Beyond Traditional and co-organizer of the event. where the individuals do not have Borders Initiative, sponsored the “But transferring the benefits of access and cannot afford them. first annual Global Health Design research requires a new way of The symposium convened Challenge Symposium titled thinking – one that incorporates more than 150 scientists, econo- “Integrated Technology Solutions technology as well as public policy mists, policy scholars, and ethicists to Advance Global Health,” a two- and management of health care to discuss the challenges in global day conference held April 17–18, delivery.” health and how technologies can 2007, at the Baker Institute. The The research paradigm has address them. Discussions cen- goal of the event was to highlight always been to develop new health tered around six broad categories the need for new, innovative tech- care technologies that can be mar- critical to all global health initia- nology that can be adapted in keted and sold to large hospitals at tives: ethics of research in devel- some of the poorest regions of the considerable profits. The sympo- oping countries, policy implica- world to combat the growing epi- sium title “Integrated Technology tions, international collaboration, demic of infectious disease. Solutions to Advance Global impact of HIV/AIDS, develop- “Every year, nearly 10 million Health” was chosen to highlight ment of new point-of-care diag- children in developing countries the need for technologies for nostics, and the potential of new die before they turn five; about developing countries where indi- drugs and vaccines in developing countries. Roger Glass, director of the Fogarty International Center and associate director for International Research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), gave the open- ing address. He discussed the political effects of improved global health, as well as the accomplish- ments of collaborative initiatives. Although much of his presenta- tion covered these topics in the context of his past research on rotavirus, a type of virus that leads to gastrointestinal illness, Glass also discussed tuberculosis, HIV/ AIDS and tobacco use. While significantly more diffi- Roger Glass, director of the Fogarty International Center and associate director for International Research at the National Institutes of Health, discusses the political effects of improved global health, as well as the accomplishments of collaborative initiatives. continued on page 19

5 INAUGURAL CONFERENCE STUDIES WOMEN IN THE MIDDLE EAST: A CONTEMPORARY ASSESSMENT

“Women in the Middle East: A Contemporary Assessment,” the inaugural conference of the Kelly Day Endowment on the Status of Women and Human Rights in the Middle East, was held May 21 at the Baker Institute. The confer- ence explored the complex and often contentious issues surround- ing the status of women in the Middle East, including women’s education, legal rights, health, and political participation. It brought together noted experts from academia, the media, the Members of the Advisory Board of the Endowment on the Status of Women and Human Rights in the private sector, and governmental Middle East listen to a panel discussion at the inaugural conference. From left to right: Paula Douglass, and nongovernmental institutions Ghada Irani, Kelly Day and Susan Baker. to address the issues in these areas that are most critical to undertak- cost is casting the advancement minds of many people, means of women as a struggle between ing fundamental policy change. Westernization, and thus, societ- Western values and Islam,” said In his opening remarks, ies are suspicious of modernity’s Djerejian. “Such a conception is Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian relation to the empowerment of false as a matter of fact. It plays referred to the themes laid out by women. directly into the hands of dema Her Highness Sheikha Mozah bint - Still, she concluded that in Nasser Al Missned in her address gogues. And it can do great dam- the 21st century, “No culture can the previous evening, calling for age to the cause of women in the remain discrete. ... We become a “deframing of women’s issues” Middle East.” interested in each other. ... The (see article, page 1). Djerejian Laila Badawi-Moussa, special key to a peaceful existence is discussed the daunting challenges representative of the League of understanding beyond one’s own facing not only women but all the Arab States, also delivered open- trajectory of thinking. ... When dif- people of the Middle East, and he ing remarks. She said the two most ferences are respected, similarity is significant events in the Middle stressed the need to address spe- found.” East were the achievement of cific challenges: to identify wom- Kelly Day, in whose honor the independence from European en’s needs – “not what we want for endowment was named, described powers and the construction of a them, but what they want”; to rec- in an opening address the power- post-colonial identity. Yet in this ognize that “Islam is a great and ful feeling of commonality she felt identity formation, the progress compassionate religion rich and in first experiencing the Middle of Arab women was burdened resilient to encompass the equality East, noting, “We are all women, by social and historical baggage. of women”; and to seek common we are all mothers, we are all She explained that tension exists ground between modernizers and workers.” Day told the audience between tradition and modernity, traditionalists. that the mission statement of the since women’s liberation, in the “What we must avoid at all endowment supports women and

6 all humanity in the Middle East, Halperin-Kaddari, a senior lectur- and that she hopes this mission er at the faculty of law of Bar-Ilan will guide others to respect the University, addressed religion’s rights of people and to listen, impact on women’s rights in Israel educate, learn and stop stereotyp- and other Middle Eastern coun- ing. “Until we talk, we cannot have tries. peace,” she said, emphasizing that The last two panels, on poli- it was necessary to engage with tics and political activism and each other and the rest of the the political economy of mar- world to achieve this goal. riage, sexuality and reproductive The first two panels of the health, examined how women conference, on education and are organizing, and how women empowerment and government can demand change. Jean Said and legal reform, highlighted Makdisi, an independent writer problems facing women in the and researcher, addressed prob- region, recognizing the need for lems in formulating a convincing women to voice their demands. Arab feminism. Shahla Haeri, pro- James A. Baker, III, and Kavita Ramdas, presi- Isobel Coleman, senior fellow fessor of anthropology and direc- dent and CEO of the Global Fund for Women, for U.S. foreign policy at the tor of women’s studies at Boston who delivered the luncheon keynote address, at a reception honoring the speakers and panelists Council on Foreign Relations, University, discussed religion, prior to the conference. discussed religion and women’s women and political agency in education in the Middle East. Iran, and Diane Singerman, associ- Eleanor Doumato, fellow at Brown ate professor of government at the KELLY DAY University’s Watson Institute for American University’s school of ENDOWMENT ON THE International Studies, talked about public affairs, discussed the finan- STATUS OF WOMEN women’s education and empower- cial and political predicaments AND HUMAN RIGHTS ment in Saudi Arabia, and Ruth continued on page 21 IN THE MIDDLE EAST

ADVISORY BOARD Mrs. Kelly Day, Chair Mrs. Susan Baker Mrs. Paula Douglass Mrs. Ghada Irani

FOUNDER’S CIRCLE Mr. and Mrs. Eli Broad The Honorable James A. Baker, III, and Mrs. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Day Mr. and Mrs. Sam P. Douglass Mr. Bradford M. Freeman Mr. and Mrs. Marc Stern At the reception, from left to right: Elora Shehabuddin, conference chair and assistant professor of human- Mr. and Mrs. John Hotchkis ities and political science, Center for the Study of Women, Gender and Sexuality, Rice University; Jean Said Makdisi, independent writer and researcher; and Ussama Makdisi, Arab-American Educational Foundation Associate Professor of Arab Studies, history department, Rice.

7 INTERNATIONAL, EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS PANEL DISCUSSES PUBLIC DIPLOMACY

A panel discussion on “International, Educational and Cultural Affairs” hosted by the Baker Institute April 5 offered perspectives from leaders of pub- lic policy, higher education, and the U.S. Government. The panel included President David Leebron of Rice University, Assistant Secretary of State Dina Powell, and Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian, director of the Baker Institute. Powell, as head of the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) and deputy under secretary of state for public diplomacy and public affairs, has taken a leading role in international educational Panelists President David Leebron of Rice University (left), Assistant Secretary of State Dina Powell (cen- exchanges and public diplomacy ter), and Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian, director of the Baker Institute (right). issues. Powell argued that exchange commission chaired by Djerejian, on U.S. policy. These reports are programs such as the Fulbright who worked closely with Powell sent to every member of the U.S. Scholarship Program are the most and Karen Hughes, a longtime government, and thus impact how effective tools of diplomatic com- advisor to President Bush – who the United States communicates as munication. Under Powell’s leader- is now under secretary of state a nation. ship, the ECA emphasized a major for public diplomacy and public In Washington, D.C., in June, initiative to establish exchanges affairs – to make recommenda- a farewell reception was held for with institutes of higher educa- tions on the administration’s poli- Powell, who was leaving the State tion, including Rice. With the cies and public diplomacy toward Department for the private sector. goal of inspiring a generation of the Muslim world. “The Public Hughes invited Djerejian to speak “world citizens,” the ECA created Diplomacy Commission Report following remarks by Secretary of the Edward R. Murrow Journalism 2003” reinstated public diplomacy State Condoleezza Rice. Djerejian Exchange and the State/Fortune as a national security priority and complimented this team of International Women Leaders also inspired the Rapid Response “three influential women in the Mentoring Partnership. All three Unit, a direct recommendation administration” on translating 80 panelists stressed that these educa- of the commission. The unit ana- percent of the Public Diplomacy tional initiatives and scholarships lyzes what is said about the United Commission’s report into govern- help foster mutual understandings States worldwide in the media, ment action. “While the challenge between Americans and the people with a heavy focus on the Middle remains great, what they’ve suc- of other countries. East. It publishes “myths vs. facts” ceeded in doing is to make much The panel also discussed a 2003 and a guide on how to effectively more effective our organizational report produced by a bipartisan respond to foreign commentary and institutional capabilities in public diplomacy,” Djerejian said.

8 NATIONAL WAR POWERS COMMISSION TO PRODUCE BIPARTISAN REPORT

The Baker Institute is one of The principal goal of the com- disagree about the process of war. five partnering institutions for the mission is to produce a bipartisan David Leebron, president of Rice newly formed National War Powers report making recommendations University, serves as an ex-officio Commission. Professor Allen to the office of the U.S. president member of the commission. Matusow, associate director of aca- and the Congress. It is comprised The commission’s aim is for the demic affairs at the Baker Institute, of 10 members with vast experi- report to make a positive contribu- represented the institute at the ence in academia, government, tion to the public debate on the commission. The commission first military affairs, and the judiciary. proper exercise of war powers, to convened in early 2007 and is co- They will examine how the U.S. educate the public about these chaired by former U.S. Secretaries Constitution allocates the powers crucially important issues, and to of State James A. Baker, III, and of beginning, conducting and end- promote greater agreement and a Warren Christopher. The Miller ing war. The “how” and “when” to more productive working relation- Center of Public Affairs at the commit troops to combat is one of ship among the branches of gov- University of Virginia organized the government’s most important ernment. The report will be made and sponsors the commission, decisions. However, presidents, public to members of government, which receives no taxpayer money members of Congress, and propo- scholars and the media. and is not dependent on federal nents of each branch of the gov- appropriations. ernment’s respective powers often

TRIAL NEEDLE EXCHANGE PROGRAM SIGNED INTO TEXAS LAW

With the help of William in terms of reducing the spread Reduction Coalition, which was Martin, Chavanne Senior Fellow of blood-borne diseases, Martin, recently legitimized by the Texas for Religion and Public Policy at who oversees the institute’s drug Legislature. In 2003, Bill Day co- the Baker Institute, legislation policy program, is hopeful the founded the program with Curt that could pave the way to legal- San Antonio experiment will pave Harrell, the co-chair of the HIV ize needle exchange programs the way for full legalization in the Prevention Community Planning (NEPs) in Texas – which has the 2009 legislative session. Group for South Texas. He cred- fourth-highest rate of HIV/AIDS Despite the high rate of its Martin with helping generate in the country – was signed into HIV/AIDS, costing hundreds of more interest in NEPs. law by Texas Gov. Rick Perry in millions of dollars in Medicaid To draw attention to the need June. The legislation allows for funds alone, Texas has been the for legalization, Martin helped a trial program to be conducted lone holdout in refusing to legal- organize a conference in April in San Antonio, where there is a ize NEPs, although undercover 2002 at the Baker Institute, significant population of inject- efforts, usually known to and “Moving Beyond the War on ing drug users and most officials approved of by local officials, Drugs.” Tracey Hayes, director strongly favor NEPs. Since most exist in several of the state’s larg- of the American Civil Liberties needle exchange programs have est cities. One such underground Union Access Project, had just consistently shown positive results program is the Bexar Harm continued on page 22

9 GREGORIAN: ISLAM IS A MOSAIC, NOT A MONOLITH

Vartan Gregorian, the distin- have to advertise.” Gregorian noted 1930s; people will fight proxy wars guished academic and president of that parading another group’s there.” the Carnegie Corporation of New defeat only incites vengeance in the Commenting on the current York, urged U.S. policymakers to defeated party. U.S.–Iran conflict over the devel- recognize the indispensable roles Djerejian referred to the cur- opment of an Iranian nuclear that culture, religion and national- rent concerns in the Middle East program, Gregorian emphasized ism play in foreign policy, particu- that Iran’s greatest threat is its “the issue is not peaceful uses of larly as they relate to the Middle influence over Shiite populations nuclear energy for medical and East. in the region, particularly in Iraq other purposes. It is whether cer- Gregorian, who was born in and Lebanon, and the possibil- tain elements of the Iranian govern- Tabriz, Iran, and is of Armenian ity of a Shiite axis confronting a ment would take the next step and descent, engaged in a dialogue with Sunni axis under the leadership of enable and unleash a nuclear weap- Baker Institute Director Edward Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Gregorian ons program. Our aim is to prevent P. Djerejian on “Islam is a Mosaic, responded by articulating the com- that possibility.” So long as Iran Not a Monolith” as part of the Shell monly overlooked importance remains committed to the Nuclear Distinguished Lecture Series on of nationalism: “Nationalists can Non-Proliferation Treaty and its April 26. Gregorian commented on trump over religion. We see that provisions, he said, the United a variety of timely issues, ranging all over. ... Religion throughout States should welcome a uranium from the growing influence of Iran history has been important, but I lending and oversight program. in regional politics to the struggle have found that in the 19th century Gregorian concluded by stress- between nationalism and religion. and later, nationalism has been the ing that the United States must Challenging the conventional force.” Regarding the specific case foster cultural, historical and social wisdom of “realpolitik,” which of the Middle East, he added, “If understanding in its population defines international actors as chess you start a sectarian war, it will not from a young age if the country is pieces who operate with the same be contained. It will be a Spain for to “fulfill its historical responsibility strategies and assumptions regard- the region – what Spain was in the as a superpower.” less of their position, Gregorian emphasized the limitations of this model: “Nobody writes about the table on which you play chess. And that is the most important thing. The table is religion, history, nationalism, biases, tribal values, all kinds of values.” Gregorian encouraged the United States to change its atti- tude toward other countries and proactively recognize the pride and dignity of all parties involved. “Face saving is the most important thing in foreign policy when you deal with other cultures,” he said. “If you defeat someone, you don’t Vartan Gregorian, president of the Carnegie Corporation, discusses issues regarding U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East.

10 PANEL EXAMINES U.S. SEARCH FOR ENERGY SECURITY

The Baker Institute Energy Global Security, discussed policy Forum and the American Jewish options. Luft argued legislators do ARTICLE PUBLISHED Committee co-sponsored a May not understand the different forms 14 panel discussion, “Searching of energy and the distinctions Amy Myers Jaffe, Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies, for Energy Security,” to analyze among which fuels are used to gen- and Matthew Chen, research the policies under debate in the erate electricity and which fuels are associate, have co-authored United States. Amy Myers Jaffe, burned for transportation. Since “Energy Security: Meeting the Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy transportation energy is primarily Growing Challenge of National Studies at the institute, emphasized derived from oil, but electricity is Oil Companies,” scheduled that the United States currently powered by many different sources, to appear as the keynote article in the Summer/Fall consumes roughly 25 percent of solutions to the electricity problem 2007 issue on “Energy, global daily energy consumption are not necessarily solutions to the Markets and Security” of The while our population represents petroleum problem. Steps to be Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy only five percent of the world’s citi- taken, Luft argued, include encour- and International Relations, zens. In the past, the country suc- aging the development of alterna- published by Seton Hall cessfully relied on allies and market tive fuel types that are affordable University’s Whitehead School of Diplomacy. mechanisms to maintain steady oil and competitive with gasoline. Jaffe and Chen raise con- prices. Jaffe argued, however, that Terry Hallmark, director of cerns that national oil compa- it is unrealistic to base the provi- political risk and policy assessment nies (NOCs) will increasingly sion of adequate energy on entities at IHS, an oil and gas consulting pose a strategic challenge to outside the United States consider- firm, discussed complications the the United States and the ing factors including uncertainty industry faces in global locations. global trading system, and that political instability could about future OPEC production U.S. energy security now hinges on adversely affect production increases, environmental concerns international relations and alterna- stability, resulting in a scarcity and political instability in oil-rich tive energy sources. Geopolitical of energy supplies. They con- developing nations. issues outside U.S. control apply clude that the United States The panelists discussed the pressure on the energy system. should tap multinational trade complexity of the energy security Hallmark recommended we diver- agreements to make NOCs more accountable to global problem. Richard Sears, vice presi- sify the U.S. fuel supply, establish rules and standards while at dent of exploration and deepwa- multinational efforts aimed at ener- the same time recognizing that ter technical evaluation at Royal gy security and improve diplomacy. “future oil resources might Dutch Shell, stressed the need to The panel concluded there simply not materialize in the be attuned to environmental con- is optimism for the adoption of volumes we expect and need.” siderations. Sears stated that infra- U.S. energy policies to reduce the They suggest the United States engage in a broad-based structure problems, while they take country’s dependence on foreign effort to adopt “more efficient time to adjust, would ultimately be oil by diversifying energy supplies transportation technologies or overcome with technological inge- through alternative fuels and by [shift] to non-oil fuels,” which nuity. It is the not-quite-right corn conserving energy. However, the would result in “limiting the ethanol and hybrid car today that public must understand the scope monopoly power of any imag- paves the way for future efficient of the problem and that the transi- inable alliance of NOCs but also in ensuring that any short- models, he concluded. tion phase will be lengthy. fall of oil ... can be countered.” Gal Luft, executive director at the Institute for the Analysis of

11 D.C. LEADERSHIP PROGRAM SUPPORTS NINE RICE STUDENTS IN PUBLIC POLICY INTERNSHIPS

This summer, the Baker Institute’s Jesse Jones Leadership Center Summer in D.C. Policy Research Internship Program is supporting nine Rice University students as they undertake intern- ships in critical fields in the nation’s capital. The program, now in its fourth year, provides returning under- graduates with financial aid while they work as research interns in a government agency, nongov- ernmental organization (NGO) or think tank of their choosing, and allows them to participate in a seminar discussing classic and contemporary public policy texts. The students return to Rice to give This year’s interns, from left to right: Mithun Mansinghani, Bhavika Kaul, Sanna Ronkainen, Payton Odom, Emery Gullickson, Apoorva Shah, Ashley Allen, John Kehoe, and Casey Langwith. a presentation and write a report on their research. In addition, this year’s program participants rights at Planned Parenthood. Vishal Patel, a global AIDS fellow will collectively organize a public George Sher, professor in the phi- at the American Medical Student policy education outreach seminar losophy department, recommend- Association. Neal Lane, senior fel- on campus in the fall semester to ed her. low in science and technology pol- encourage more Rice students to Emery Gullickson is work- icy at the institute, recommended enter public service and engage in ing with Interfaith Drug Policy Kaul, who has done research for public policy research work. Initiative, conducting sur- that program. A committee of Baker Institute vey research on the views of John Kehoe is doing research researchers and Rice faculty select- Washington, D.C.-area clergy on U.S. foreign policy toward the ed the following participants for regarding needle exchange pro- Middle East at the Middle East summer 2007. To apply for the pro- grams. A rising senior English and Institute. Gregory Eow, a Ph.D. gram, participants had to prepare sociology major from Houston, student in the history department, a cover letter, resume, statement of Gullickson was recommended by recommended Kehoe. A rising interest, and have a letter of rec- Bridget Gorman, associate profes- senior economics major from ommendation from a faculty mem- sor and undergraduate advisor in Austin, Texas, Kehoe has done ber. It was the students’ responsibil- the sociology department. research on U.S. foreign policy ity to secure their own internships. Bhavika Kaul is a rising junior with Joe Barnes, the Bonner Means Ashley Allen, a rising senior biochemistry and policy stud- Baker Fellow at the institute. philosophy major from Arlington, ies major from Katy, Texas. She Casey Langwith is a rising junior Texas, is conducting research on is doing research on the “brain history and sociology major from women’s health and reproductive drain” phenomenon in health care and global AIDS policy with continued on page 23

12 BAKER INSTITUTE STUDENT FORUM SPRING EVENTS

During the spring semester, medical teams from the Texas Graduate School of Management. the Baker Institute Student Forum Medical Center in Houston. By During the semester BISF also (BISF) hosted events for Rice inviting physicians and public facilitated an informal policy University students, faculty and health experts, the BISF strove discussion concerning whether the community that addressed top- to increase community dialogue freedom of speech protects ics including international child and the understanding of leading offensive speech in high schools. health care and nutrition, the cur- causes of worldwide infant mortal- Additionally, BISF took advantage rent situation in Iraq, freedom of ity. of the groundbreaking research speech, and growing regionalism During Owl Weekend, orga- that occurs on the Rice University and polarization of American poli- nized for prospective students, campus and invited Earl Black, a tics. As BISF planned, organized, BISF provided future Rice stu- professor of political science at and carried out these events, a dents with a glimpse of the global Rice, to speak about his new book, key aim was to encourage student scope of events and discussions “Divided America: The Ferocious involvement in public policy by at the Baker Institute by hosting Power Struggle in American gearing them to address the ques- an interactive event, “Iraq Today: Politics.” Black spoke eloquently tions and interests of the Rice stu- Conversations with an Insider.” to students and community dent body. The program allowed for an open members about the national elec- In early April, members of dialogue between members of the toral landscape and the increas- Rice University and the Houston audience and the keynote speaker, ingly polarized nature of politics. community gathered at the Baker Subhi Khudairi, vice president of Black’s research focuses on the Institute for a panel discussion, the Khudairi Group. The Khudairi growing importance of regions “Child Health and Nutrition in Group is focused on many facets in American politics, and he has the Developing World.” This event of reconstruction in Iraq, includ- identified the Midwest as the key promoted dialogue on issues ing medical infrastructure, power battleground region for upcoming of international health policy, generation, and construction. elections. children’s health and nutrition, Khudairi is a former BISF member and local initiatives involving and graduate of the Jesse H. Jones

COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG’S JEFFERSON AND HENRY DEBATE AT THE INSTITUTE The Baker Institute hosted a presentation, “Constitutional Principles: Difference in Opinions, Jefferson and Henry,” on March 20 that featured two interpreters from the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. The actors, who assumed the roles of Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry, both former governors of the Commonwealth of Virginia, discussed the American Revolution. Steven L. Miller, a Baker Institute Advisory Board member and a trustee on the Rice University Board of Trustees, provided welcoming remarks while Colin Campbell, the presi- dent of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, introduced the event. Miller, who is a generous supporter of the foundation, helped make the event at the Baker Institute possible. In the debate, Bill Barker, as Jefferson, and Richard Schumann, as Henry, both of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, discussed their support of the principles on which the Revolution was fought and argued how the American people should engage them. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation is a nonprofit educational institu- tion that preserves and operates the restored 18th century Revolutionary capital of Virginia as a town-sized living history museum, telling the inspirational stories of the nation’s founding men and women.

13 GREENWICH FORUM EVENT ON THE IRAQ STUDY GROUP: AN INSIDER’S VIEW

The Baker Institute held its help increase public awareness of Beth and Peter Barhydt, Nancy and spring Greenwich Forum event the institute’s research initiatives Duncan Burke, Bim and Donald April 19, 2007. Ambassador around the nation and the world. Kendall, Ines and John Kingsley, Edward P. Djerejian was the key- The event was hosted at the and Debbie Lash and James Lash, note speaker for the forum’s sixth home of Michael and Anne the First Selectman of Greenwich. major discussion. Titled “The Iraq Castine. Mr. Castine is a former Other attendees included James Study Group: An Insider’s View,” White House associate of Secretary Barry, James Boutelle, Doug Djerejian’s presentation focused on James A. Baker, III, and an active Cliggott, Ted Fine, Kitty and Beck his experience as a senior policy member in the Greenwich Forum Gilbert, and Rob Searle. advisor to the Iraq Study Group. project. Supporters in attendance He commented on key elements included Anne and Richard Adler, of “The Iraq Study Group Report” that are being adopted as policy by the Bush administration. He emphasized that the report pro- vides the one single bipartisan consensus in our country on the way forward in Iraq and expressed hope that it would be adopted in its major aspects. The audience included prominent decision mak- ers from the public and private sector, as well as members of the Greenwich community interested in the work of the Baker Institute. Established in 2005, the forum is part of a broader initiative to

Clockwise from top right: from left, James Lash, Debbie Lash and Donald Kendall; from left, Duncan and Nancy Burke, and the event’s hosts, Michael and Anne Castine; new member Richard Adler engages in the question and answer session.

14 ETHICS, POLITICS, & SOCIETY LECTURE SERIES

Moral philosopher Samuel benefits generated from discussing Scheffler discussed the inad- Scheffler delivered a lecture, how societies should accommodate equacies in thinking of each indi- “Immigration and the Significance new members. vidual as having a single, determi- of Culture,” on how immigration Scheffler described the moral nant culture, the implication being inevitably affects both immigrants and political conflicts that emerge that immigrant rights cannot be and the host country. Scheffler’s due to the nature of immigra- based on such a factor. “Culture is a April 12 talk was part of the Rice tion. “Immigration always involves descriptive, ethnographic category, University Lecture Series on Ethics, change,” he stated. “It changes the not a normative one,” he conclud- Politics, and Society (EPS) and co- immigrants and it changes the host ed. sponsored by the department of country. This means that it cannot Scheffler is a fellow of the philosophy and the dean of human- be the aim of a reasonable immi- American Academy of Arts and ities, along with the Baker Institute. gration policy to insulate either the Sciences and professor of phi- Scheffler discussed his own fam- host country or the new immigrants losophy and law at University ily’s immigrant experiences as fuel against cultural change. To think of California at Berkeley. His for the debate surrounding immi- that we must choose between pre- first book, “The Rejection of gration as a possible threat to a serving the national culture of the Consequentialism,” was quickly rec- nation’s identity. He also discussed host country [and] preserving the ognized as a fundamental contribu- the implications of assimilation or imported culture of the immigrants tion to moral theory. avoiding cultural change, and the is to accept a false dilemma.”

HEALTH ECONOMICS: THE COSTS AND VALUE OF NEW MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES

Vivian Ho, James A. Baker the center recognize that innova- but skeptics claim that associat- III Institute Chair in Health tion and productivity are impor- ing higher procedure volume and Economics, spoke May 25 at the tant drivers of the U.S. economy. better outcomes merely reflects San Francisco Federal Reserve Researchers at the bank, as well the ability of high-quality pro- Bank’s conference, “The Costs as policymakers and researchers viders to attract more patients.” and Value of New Medical from the West Coast, attended the Ho’s research and that of others Technologies,” on her research conference. shows that in many cases, learn- regarding learning-by-doing and Ho’s role was to introduce con- ing-by-doing is indeed important. its impact on the medical field. ference attendees to research that Research on learning-by-doing Sponsored by the bank’s Center has been conducted on learning- also suggests that higher-volume for the Study of Innovation by-doing and medical technolo- providers will have lower costs. Ho and Productivity, four academic gies. “There has been a large body explained, “Medicare administra- experts were invited to discuss the of evidence that indicates that hos- tors may want to consider lower- role new medical technologies pitals and surgeons that perform ing their reimbursement for some play in improving health status complex surgery with greater fre- procedures, which could lead low- and how these technologies are quency have lower mortality rates,” volume, low-quality providers to related to rising health care costs. she said. “Providers may improve exit the market and raise quality The Federal Reserve Bank and as they perform more operations, continued on page 22

15 WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE DIPLOMACY, DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS AND NORTH KOREA

Christopher Bronk, fellow in exchange with North Korea under legal issues associated with scien- technology, society and public the highly restrictive sanctions tific cooperation, and a discussion policy, participated in a workshop enacted following the country’s on funding potential future col- to address potential for sharing nuclear test in October 2006. laborations. It is hoped that with scientific research using generally Citizens of the DPRK have no legal a thawing of relations with the accepted methodology between access to media beyond that pro- DPRK, academic exchanges may U.S. and North Korean univer- duced by the country’s ministry of begin, in turn, to foster a greater sities. Conducted by the U.S. information. atmosphere of political and eco- Civilian Research & Development Funded by the Richard nomic openness in that country. Foundation (CRDF), the American Lounsbery Foundation, the Participation in the workshop posi- Association for the Advancement workshop took place May 22 in tions Rice University to eventually of Science (AAAS), and Syracuse Arlington, Virginia. The 50 attend- host small groups of North Korean University (SU), the workshop ees included representatives from academics as visiting scholars. addressed scientific academic col- nine U.S. universities, foundations, There exists considerable inter- laboration opportunities with the U.S. government agencies, con- est among the DPRK’s academic Democratic People’s Republic of gressional staff, and nongovern- institutions for greater knowledge Korea (DPRK). Bronk contrib- mental organizations. The work- regarding digital libraries, a topic uted his knowledge on computing shop provided a brief overview extensively covered at the Rice policy in discussions regarding the of existing U.S.–DPRK scientific University De Lange Conference, possibility for greater information cooperation, a summary of current continued on page 23

STUDENT RESEARCH ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Two of Baker Institute fellow allows Rice students to fuse aca- administrative inefficiency of the Christopher Bronk’s undergradu- demic knowledge with real-world, U.S. health care system in moving ate student research assistants problem-solving experience. patient data where it is needed and received funding to conduct their Susan Wu, a sophomore eco- when. Wu will work with Methodist own projects this summer regard- nomics major from Jones College, Hospital to survey Houston’s small ing the role of information tech- will join her community partner, medical practices on the issues they nology in addressing policy issues Marc Silverstein, chairman for face in migrating from paper to faced by the City of Houston. public health at Methodist Hospital computerized records, from cost to The projects are sponsored by and Bronk, her faculty advisor and technical complexity and privacy Rice University’s Center for Civic the Baker fellow in technology, concerns. Engagement, which is designed to society and public policy, in inves- Addressing the issue of a “digi- team up Rice students and faculty tigating the reluctance of private tal divide” regarding Internet con- with Houston community partners physicians to switch from paper- nectivity, Kirsten Jones, a junior who are both leaders in their area based medical records to electronic anthropology major from Sid of expertise and committed to records. Wu was deeply influenced Richardson college, will work enhancing the quality of life in the by President Bill Clinton’s remarks with her community partner,

Houston area. This partnership at Rice this spring regarding the continued on page 24

16 the Middle East: A Contemporary textualize the women’s issue in the SHEIKHA MOZAH Assessment” (see article, page 6). Middle East, by considering new continued from page 1 The conference convened lead- research approaches to the past and ence was also generously provided ing experts on the advancement of present. In order to do this we have by the Ghada Irani Discretionary women and human rights to discuss to discard the old frames we have Fund, Baker Botts L.L.P. and the challenges facing women in the used to define the issues. These ConocoPhillips. Middle East – and related public very frames have been the cause of In introducing Her Highness, policy issues. oppressive misinformation.” James A. Baker, III, the 61st “Gross human rights violations In the context of education, Secretary of State, remarked that are being carried out in the name Sheikha Mozah noted the mis- Sheikha Mozah has played a deci- of security and democracy,” Sheikha conceived conclusions reached sive role in Qatar’s reform efforts, Mozah said. “So, any discussion by the most recent Arab Human spearheading her nation’s goals to about human rights violations in the Development Report. It concluded improve education, to strengthen Middle East needs to start here. And that the gender gap in education is families, and to protect children. it is within this context that we can the result of “discrimination” against Baker also remarked on her influ- discuss women as members of a larg- women in the region, despite a ence beyond Qatar as a UNESCO regional survey reporting that 98.8 special envoy and a member of the percent of men and women agree Alliance of Civilizations. that women have the same right to “In short, ladies and gentlemen, “The truth is there is education as men. our speaker is a recognized inter- nothing in our religion “We should not merely accept national leader in educational and the stereotype that this gap is social development, and she is an to prevent women’s because of timeless patriarchal tra- acknowledged expert on finding ditions, especially when the voices common crucial ground between political participation. of our people and similar trends modern and traditional conceptions Women are excluded for in other regions claim this is not of women’s roles in the family and so,” Sheikha Mozah said. She called in the community.” the same reasons men for future studies that analyze the Speaking on “The ‘Woman’s are excluded.” real reasons behind gender gaps in Issue’ in Context: Deframing education and also highlight deeper the Discourse on Middle Eastern issues. – H.H. Sheikha Mozah Women,” Her Highness urged that “How can we talk seriously about the debate no longer be character- literacy rate in a region much of ized as a battle between secularism which is ravaged by war, corruption er community, undergoing tremen- and radicalism, and that it be put and poverty? A region where the dous violations of their rights, both “in context where the discussion education of its citizens is secondary by their governments and foreign focuses on how we can guarantee to the protection of its oilfields?” occupiers, their rights to education, human rights across the board.” There are similar misconcep- to economic opportunities, to politi- Her Highness, who is chairper- tions regarding economic participa- cal participation.” son of the Qatar Foundation for tion. Sheikha Mozah referred to In her address, Her Highness Education, Science and Community the Middle East’s long tradition of explained the urgent need not to Development, a private nonprofit female entrepreneurs. While there reframe but rather “deframe” the organization founded in 1995, effec- has been a 19 percent increase in context in which women’s issues are tively established the framework for women’s share in economic activity examined and made the following discussion at the Baker Institute’s since 1990, there are still gender major point: May 22 conference, “Women in “I am appealing to you to con- continued on page 22

17 Douglas Brinkley, the BRINKLEY presidential continued from page 1 historian and the institute’s U.S. presidential history, will be newest fellow, speaks at the topic of one of the three the institute courses he will teach at Rice, along in October 2006 about with a course about the civil rights “The Reagan Diaries” prior movement. The third course will to its publica- be a graduate seminar about the tion. conservationist movement and President Theodore Roosevelt’s guiding role. Brinkley was invited to join the Baker Institute following his departure from New Orleans, where he was professor of history at Tulane University and director of the Theodore Roosevelt Center for American Civilization. Prior to that, he taught history at the University of New Orleans and was director of the Eisenhower Center for American Studies. Brinkley was initially introduced to Rice economics and public policy. His on The New York Times best sell- by President David Leebron, who joint appointment enables him to ers list for nonfiction, and “The offered him a workspace in Rice’s work in history and public policy, Great Deluge: Hurricane Katrina, Fondren Library after he and his two areas of profound interest to New Orleans and the Mississippi family were evacuated to Houston him, while allowing him to stay Gulf Coast,” which won the 2007 from their home in New Orleans firmly ensconced in the Gulf Coast Robert F. Kennedy Book Award. because of Hurricane Katrina. region. Brinkley said that award has spe- “David Leebron offered me a Brinkley, a prolific writer, has cial meaning for him because place to work and supplied me written or edited more than 30 Robert F. Kennedy was a child- with computers, recorders and full books and is best known for four hood hero of his, and the award is use of the library.” Brinkley said. biographies: “Dean Acheson: The based on works that shed light on “It is where I began writing ‘The Cold War Years” (1992); “Driven human rights and justice. Great Deluge’ starting with the Patriot: The Life and Times of Brinkley’s current projects recording of the oral histories of James Forrestal,” with Townsend include writing a book about the Katrina evacuees.” Hoopes (1992); “The Unfinished conservationist movement and Brinkley explained why Rice Presidency: Jimmy Carter’s President Theodore Roosevelt, and the Baker Institute were Journey Beyond the White House” writing a biography of Walter a good fit for him, noting the (1998); and “Wheels for the Cronkite, and editing the third beauty of the Rice campus, the World: Henry Ford, His Company volume of letters of journalist university’s top academic rank- and Century of Progress” (2003). Hunter S. Thompson. ing, and the Baker Institute’s He has two recent additions to world class scholars in the areas that list published in 2006 and of energy, Middle East studies, 2007: “The Reagan Diaries,” which was listed as number one

18 TAX POLICY PROGRAM REPRESENTED IN SWITZERLAND AND U.K.

John Diamond, the Edward A. 40s in age. Separately, George Zodrow, and Hermena Hancock Kelly Fellow The program was launched in Baker Institute Rice Scholar and in Tax Policy at the Baker Institute, 1990 and designed to “serve the a principal contributor to the Tax took part in a weeklong confer- long-term interests of the U.S.–Swiss and Expenditure Policy Program, ence for young leaders sponsored relationship and friendship and attended the inaugural confer- by the American–Swiss Foundation. create an enduring basis for under- ence of the Centre for Business Diamond was one of 25 Americans standing.” It has brought together Taxation at Oxford University, June – along with 25 Swiss – invited to more than 700 participants since 25–29, addressing issues related to participate in the event, which was its inception. Selection of U.S. par- “Corporation Tax: Battling with the held May 19–26 in Switzerland. ticipants is overseen by former U.S. Boundaries.” Zodrow was recently Participants are nominated by senior Ambassador to Switzerland Faith appointed international research leaders from their own country and Whittlesey, in consultation with fellow at the Centre for Business are between their late 20s and early other U.S. leaders. Taxation.

vulnerable to domestic violence forward to reach the Millennium HEALTH and HIV/AIDS, and Bains urged a Development Goals.” continued from page 5 united front to continue advocat- There are eight Millennium cult to prevent and treat than rota- ing gender equality in sub-Saharan Development Goals, each of which virus, another disease of particular Africa. addresses an issue critical to allevi- interest at the conference was Following Bains was Mark ating the problems associated with HIV/AIDS. Anurita Bains, interna- Kline, president of the Baylor poorer nations. Many of the goals tional consultant for HIV/AIDS in International Pediatric AIDS involve advancements in medical Africa, discussed its impact. “When Initiative. Kline’s presentation care and public health, both of you lose people ... as you do with focused on barriers to HIV/AIDS which are essential for progress in HIV/AIDS, you start to see the treatment and the future of pedi- the developing world. unraveling of society. Life expec- atric AIDS treatment programs in Isaac Adewole, professor of tancy is 47 years in sub-Saharan Africa. obstetrics and gynecology at Africa when it could have been 64 “The only way to impact these the College of Medicine at the years without HIV/AIDS,” Bains debilitating diseases is to break University of Ibadan, Nigeria, said. She focused on the dispro- down barriers that impede collab- discussed how biotechnological portionate effect that HIV/AIDS oration and cooperation between innovations can be used to combat has had on women in Africa. Many scientists,” said Kirstin Matthews, disease in Nigeria. “There is lack of these women’s “vulnerability program manager for the Baker of significant progress of diagnosis stems from their pervasive dis- Institute’s Science and Technology and treatment of disease such as empowerment. They are unable Policy Program, who organized TB and communicable diseases to say no to sex or negotiate con- the conference with Richards- worldwide,” Adewole said. “For dom use in their relationships,” Kortum and Yvette Mirabel, direc- diseases such as HIV/AIDS, there Bains said. However, a recently tor of the Beyond Traditional is limited access to affordable anti- conducted study showed that the Borders Initiative. “Only by pro- retrovirals, high costs of tests, and financial empowerment of women moting discussions between scien- lack of vaccines.” Adewole empha- can significantly increase their tists, ethicists, policymakers and social status, making them less economists can the world move continued on page 24

19 periods, to serve the buffer supply results in an 8.5 percent increase GAS PRICES role that has historically been satis- in usage. The research also found continued from page 4 fied by seasonal buildups in inven- that vehicle usage is not very keep pace with demand, increas- tory and excess refining capacity.” responsive to fuel prices in the ing American reliance on costly This year, the ability to import short run but is in the long run gasoline imports. gasoline has been severely ham- when owners have had time to The study will also demonstrate pered by a number of refinery adapt by purchasing more fuel- what kind of retail gasoline prices problems around the globe. efficient vehicles and altering to expect at changing levels of Medlock suggested that another driving patterns. Finally, usage was crude oil prices based on histori- surge in gasoline prices is possible found to be highly and negatively cal relationships. Initial surveys of later this summer, especially if sup- correlated with population density, historical trends show that a crude plies are curtailed by the effects of indicating that congestion and the oil price of $100 per barrel would a hurricane, or some other disrup- availability of alternative public translate to a retail gasoline price tive event. transport options are important of about $3.60 per gallon. Today’s To bring gasoline markets factors determining vehicle use. average retail prices of $2.98 per back into a better supply balance, Previous work by Medlock gallon are in line with historical policymakers have been suggest- and Soligo has shown that energy crude prices of about $79 per bar- ing ways to either increase supply demand in the transport sector rel, but as of June 28, crude oil through bio-based alternatives or increases proportionately with was only trading at around $70 per to lower demand through conser- per capita income. The current barrel. Thus, the current gasoline vation, public transportation, or project supports that finding and price is above its historical norm improved automotive technology. offers some explanation as to the with crude oil. However, analysis “Ultimately the price of gasoline is underlying factors. Growth in per shows that departures from the influenced not only by public poli- capita income affects oil usage long-run relationship between cy but also by consumer behavior,” both by increasing the number crude oil and retail gasoline prices Medlock noted. of vehicles on the road and the take place when there are sudden In this context, the Energy amount each vehicle is utilized. surges in demand or unexpected Forum is doing research on deter- From a policy perspective, the disruptions in either domestic minants of vehicle usage. sensitivity of vehicle usage to fuel production or the ability to import A preliminary version of the prices suggests that growth in gasoline. In addition, periods of Baker Institute research paper world oil demand can be curtailed high prices are likely to become titled “Vehicle Ownership and by modest increases in the price more frequent, absent expan- Use: Congestion, Transportation of fuel through taxes as well as sions in refinery capacity, as the Options, and the Demand for by offering alternative transport U.S. market relies increasingly on Motor Fuel” was presented at the options. imports to meet seasonal swings in annual meetings of the Mexican In addition to the research on demand. Association of Mathematical vehicle efficiency and usage, John “Indications that market prices Economics and Econometrics in Diamond, the institute’s Kelly are already feeling such pressures Chetumal, Mexico, May 21–25, by Fellow in Tax Policy, and Medlock are here,” Medlock said. “In the Rice professor Ronald Soligo. The are beginning work on a project past few years, neither refinery nor paper was co-authored by Medlock that would examine the short- and inventory capacity has increased and Soligo. long-run distributional effects of substantially, yet demand has. Preliminary results indicate gasoline taxes. Thus, the U.S. market has had to that usage is very responsive to increasingly rely on imports, espe- increases in personal income: a cially during peak summer driving 10 percent increase in income continued on page 20

20 part of Baker Botts’ “Enterprising they are part of, it is not enough WOMEN Women’s Series.” Ramdas thanked for women to simply aspire to hav- continued from page 7 Kelly Day for “pioneering a new ing the same rights as those that surrounding youth, marriage, and kind of leadership in women’s have dominated in traditional gendered anxieties in Egypt. philanthropy.” She said the title leadership roles. Instead of sim- The luncheon keynote of her talk did not simply reflect ply demanding a seat at the table address, “Equal to What? A Global the struggle the for women’s of power, be it the UN Security Challenge,” was given by Kavita human rights; it reflected concern Council or the IMF, she urged Ramdas, president and chief exec- that just as equality for women emerging leadership in such devel- utive officer of the Global Fund cannot be viewed outside of the oping countries as Chile, Liberia for Women. The speech was also broader context of the societies and China to have the courage to suggest a new way of organizing the economy and political systems Right: speakers on the panel on politics and in the world. political activism included, “This is also where I believe the from left to right, Yesim Arat, Bogazici University; lessons from the global women’s Janine Clark, University of Guelph; and Shahla movement have so much to offer Haeri, Boston University. us,” she said. “Around the globe, Below left: speakers Frances Hasso, Oberlin College, women are asking themselves as and Mary Ann Tétreault, Trinity University. Below the Sheikha put it last night, ‘How right: speakers Afamia can we create a world where our Kaddour, Harvard School of Public Health, and femininity is celebrated and not Rasha Al-Saeed, Baker suppressed,’ where our contribu- Botts L.L.P. tions ... are valued and respected? I believe that for the great debates of our time to reach any meaning- ful conclusions, they must include women’s voices, women’s perspec- tives.” Elora Shehabuddin, assistant professor of humanities and politi- cal science at Rice University, was the conference chair and respon- sible for organizing the substantive panels and program. The conference was gener- ously sponsored by the Kelly Day Left: the education and empowerment Endowment, the Ghada Irani panel, from left to right, included mod- Discretionary Fund, Baker Botts erator Carol Quillen, L.L.P., and ConocoPhillips. vice provost for aca- demic affairs, Rice University; Nadereh Chamlou, the World Bank; Isobel Coleman, Council on Foreign Relations; Eleanor Doumato, Brown University; and Valentine Moghadam, Purdue University.

21 Texas Monthly, to bring attention to did amend the Medicaid reform NEEDLES the measure. The magazine deliv- bill (SB 10), allowing the San continued from page 9 ered copies to every senator prior Antonio trial program. started working in syringe access to the hearing before the public Gov. Perry signed the bill into and said she was impressed by the health committee. Texas media law June 14, 2007, and the pro- program and inspired by Martin. outlets were also alerted to a video gram is set to begin September 1, “Once the Access Project started briefing of key issues available on 2007. Day stated that legislative working and we started creating the Baker Institute Web site. This approval of his NEP would benefit change in legislation, it became time, the bill was approved, and it the organization, specifically vol- really apparent that Bill Martin subsequently passed in the Senate. unteers. “People who volunteered was someone we should be work- Though a number of well-quali- before had medical licenses and ing with,” Hayes said. fied scientific and medical person- they were afraid [they] would get To help the push for NEPs nel, AIDS activists, public health revoked ... they couldn’t risk their from the legislative side, Martin experts, and legislators provided livelihood,” Day said. He believes wrote a paper, “Needle Exchange strong support, Martin’s Texas the trial program will allow those Programs: Sending the Right Monthly articles and his connec- who were previously hesitant to Message,” in 2005 while the Texas tion with the Baker Institute were volunteer. Hayes also feels this is a Legislature was in session and tes- repeatedly cited in hearings and large step forward for NEPs. “We tified in support of a bill. The bill floor debates designating him as were able to create enough sup- failed, but when similar legislation an authoritative resource. While port for syringe access in constitu- was presented in the 2007 session, the bill encountered oppositional encies in Texas that senators felt Martin wrote “The Damage Done,” politics in the House and was not confident in making the choice,” published in the April issue of brought to a vote, the Legislature she said.

that evolve from frequent perfor- physicians making a diagnosis for MEDICAL mance of procedures. During her complex diseases too early without continued from page 15 visit, Ho also had the opportunity considering all of the facts, and for all patients.” to discuss her views about medical the consequences that can have Ho also provided data that sug- decision making with Janet Yellen, for patient outcomes.” gests patient outcomes improve president and chief executive offi- Ho’s paper, “Regionalization over time due to learning spill- cer of the San Francisco Federal Versus Competition in Complex overs between providers and Reserve Bank. “We discussed the Cancer Surgeries,” can be accessed advances in medical technologies problems that can result from from the Baker Institute Web site.

both regional and international where basic political rights are either SHEIKHA MOZAH comparative analyses,” Sheikha nonexistent or newly born. continued from page 17 Mozah said. “How can we, in all sincerity, talk gaps in economic participation, with “And again we need to learn about women’s political participa- education attainments outpacing our own lessons and not measure tion in parliaments that are farci- their economic participation. This women’s societal contribution only cal?” she asked. problem, however, is not unique to by her workplace participation.” A webcast and transcript of Her the Gulf or Arab region. Similarly, Sheikha Mozah said Highness’ address can be found “Again scholars need to stop women’s political participation on the Baker Institute Web site at blaming the economic gender gap must be discussed in the context of http://bakerinstitute.org/women. in the region on Islam and conduct the political realities of the region, cfm.

22 Payton Odom is a rising junior Institute. A rising senior Hispanic D.C. INTERNS mathematical economics and politi- studies and policy studies major continued from page 12 cal science major from McKinney, from Sugar Land, Texas, he was Omaha, Nebraska. She is doing Texas. He is doing research on recommended by Kellie Sims- research at the Jacobs Institute economic development policy Butler from Rice’s Office of for Women’s Health at George with a focus on Latin America at Scholarships and Fellowships. Washington University on women’s the Inter-American Foundation. Applications for the summer in health, poverty, preconception Odom, who has done research D.C. internship program are due health care and health insurance. for the institute’s tax policy pro- at the end of each January. The Bridget Gorman, associate profes- gram, was recommended by John program is led by Steven Lewis, sor and undergraduate advisor in Diamond, the institute’s Edward A. fellow in Asian studies at the insti- the sociology department, recom- and Hermena Hancock Fellow in tute, and professor of the practice mended Langwith. Tax Policy. in humanities at Rice. It is spon- Mithun Mansinghani is doing Sanna Ronkainen is a rising sored by a grant from the Houston research on U.S. social welfare senior biochemistry and cell biolo- Endowment, Inc. Additional sup- policy with Douglas Besharov, gy major from Annandale, Virginia. port has been provided by the scholar in social welfare studies at Rachel Winer, adjunct professor in Honorable Anne L. Armstrong the American Enterprise Institute. the psychology department, recom- and Mr. Tobin Armstrong; the Paul Brace, professor and chair mended her. She is doing research Eason-Weinmann Foundation; the of legal studies in the political sci- on diabetes and Medicare policy at Honorable Kenneth Franzheim, II; ence department, recommended the American Diabetes Association. the Honorable Roy M. Huffington; Mansinghani. A rising senior politi- Apoorva Shah is doing research the Mattel Foundation; Mr. cal science and policy studies major on private sector international and and Mrs. Steven L. Miller; the from McAllen, Texas, Mansinghani community development, with Honorable Edward N. Ney; and the has done research for the Baker a focus on Latin America, with Honorable Peter F. Secchia. Institute’s Transnational China Mauro de Lorenzo, resident fel- Project. low at the American Enterprise

ing contacts with Americans, but staffer, as “two steps forward, one SCIENCE those contacts are to our advan- step back,” there exists optimism continued from page 16 tage because the contagion of free- replicating engagement conducted “Emerging Libraries,” earlier this dom and democracy is dangerous with academics in the Soviet elite year. Currently no significant con- for totalitarian societies, not the as the USSR broadened its dia- nection exists to the Internet in other way around.” logue to the West in the 1970s. In North Korea. Regarding U.S. con- A report was distributed from a recent speech at the Heritage cerns over the potential danger the proceeds of the CRDF meet- Foundation, Jay Lefkowitz, special of scientific exchanges with North ing in June, and CRDF and AAAS envoy for human rights in North Korea, Norman Neureiter, director staff will be briefing the North Korea, offered a note of hope of the AAAS Center for Science, Korean Mission to the United regarding the possibility regard- Technology, and Security Policy Nations, the State Department and ing exchanges, stating, “Today’s in Washington, D.C., and one of Congress. Although the Six-Party exchange participants, even if the first U.S. science attachés to Talks regarding North Korea’s they come from the ranks of the Eastern Europe, said, “Repressive nuclear arms may most optimisti- elite, may well serve as tomorrow’s governments characteristically try cally be summarized, in the words reformers.” to prevent their people from hav- of one high-level congressional

23 - Technology for All wireless connectivity in a predominantly STUDENTS mesh computer network provides Hispanic neighborhood with a continued from page 16 Internet connectivity to low-income high school dropout rate in excess Technology for All, and her faculty neighborhoods in southeast of 50 percent. Jones’ report will be advisor, Chris Kelty, assistant pro- Houston. Conceived as a technical submitted to Mayor Bill White, who fessor of anthropology, to examine research project in low-cost wireless directs a project to deliver wireless how free Internet access impacts networking spearheaded by Edward broadband Internet connectivity the lives of residents in the east Knightly, a Rice professor of elec- across Houston. Houston neighborhood of Pecan trical and computer engineering, Both students will produce Park. Established by a group of the program has evolved to attract research papers that will be posted Rice electrical and computer engi- interest of social scientists assessing for public review via the Internet. neers in 2002, the Rice University the impact of no-user-cost Internet

The ExxonMobil Foundation Partnerships are key to breaking HEALTH donates more than $130 mil- the disease,” McElvy said. continued from page 19 lion dollars to charitable causes The conference and the sized the need for technology that every year, of which nearly $60 Beyond Traditional Borders is “simple, rapid and relatively million is directed internation- Initiative were made possible by a inexpensive.” ally. The foundation has set up grant to Rice University from the The importance of collabora- initiatives to combat malaria and Howard Hughes Medical Institute tion was emphasized by Gerald HIV/AIDS, the biggest health through the undergraduate McElvy, deputy manager of crises facing sub-Saharan Africa Science Education Program. public affairs for Exxon Mobil today, and which together claim in Corporation and president of the excess of 3 million lives annually. ExxonMobil Foundation, who “No one government or institu- delivered the keynote address. tion can solve the project alone.

CHINESE UNIVERSITIES SEND DELEGATION TO RICE

A delegation of presidents and integrity of the organization. He of their respective positions and other senior administrators repre- stated it is essential to produce how they contribute to the uni- senting more than 20 Chinese uni- research that is honest and to versity. The delegation sought to versities met with Baker Institute remain committed to unbiased understand how a small institution Director Edward P. Djerejian and analysis, and he reiterated that such as Rice could “rise through Secretary James A. Baker, III, there is no circumstance in which the ranks” and become one of honorary chair of the institute, to the organization should alter its the country’s top 20 universities, discuss how a think tank fits within conclusions to satisfy the particu- according to the university’s office a larger university structure and lar interests of a donor, a govern- of the president. They noted that how fundraising works for such an ment or another party. the Baker Institute is one unique institution. The meeting was part of a piece to that puzzle because it Djerejian emphasized to the larger, two-week visit to Rice allows students to gain early expo- delegation that the cornerstone of University, during which the sure to the world’s leading policy- managing a respected think tank Chinese delegation discussed with makers and better understand the is maintaining the intellectual various Rice leaders the intricacies dynamics of public policy.

24 prices through the 1990s resulted sible to raise efficiency enough to GAS FAQS in an explosion of SUVs in the on- eliminate oil imports through car continued from page 4 road vehicle fleet, rising from only mileage standards alone. What are the current CAFE standards? 15 percent of all passenger vehicles Current U.S. CAFE standards were on the road in 1975 to roughly 40 Is achieving U.S. energy independence aimed to have all new passenger percent today. This has actually led plausible? cars get an average of 27.5 mpg to a slight decline in the overall on- Eliminating 12 million barrels a and new light trucks (including road fuel efficiency for passenger day of oil imports from our daily sport utility vehicles or SUVs) get vehicles in the United States. lives is not plausible. In fact, talk of an average of 22.2 mpg for model energy independence is ridiculous year 2007. The standard for new How much oil could we save by tighten- and may not even be a worthwhile light trucks has only recently been ing the existing U.S. CAFE standards? goal. For example, if achieving increased from 20.7 mpg, while The average U.S. on-road effi- energy independence means rely- the standard for passenger cars ciency for all vehicles in 2006 was ing on very high-cost forms of ener- has been constant since 1990. 17.3 mpg. Improving this by 1 gy when suitable low-cost sources of Compliance by manufacturers is additional mpg per vehicle would supply are available internationally, based on a sales-weighted average save close to 600,000 barrels a day then economic well-being and con- of all fuel economies in a given in American crude oil imports. sumer welfare could be compro- manufacturer’s fleet of vehicles. Additional efficiency gains per gal- mised by favoring self-sufficiency lon would save even more oil, but over free trade. What is the actual fuel efficiency of the savings diminish as better mile- vehicles on the road, and why is it dif- age performance tends to promote What about achieving U.S. energy inde- ferent? increases in driving distance. pendence through an aggressive ethanol According to the Federal Highway program? Administration, U.S. on-road Given the fact that people don’t buy This is highly unlikely. The amount efficiency is only 17.3 mpg, with a new car every year, how long would of motor fuel that would have to passenger cars averaging 22.6 it take before higher CAFE standards be produced to eliminate imports mpg and SUVs, pickups and vans translate into a higher average U.S. on- in the United States is consider- averaging 16.8 mpg. The disparities road efficiency? ably higher than what is currently between the CAFE mandates and Fuel savings from improved mile- produced. U.S. ethanol production the actual on-road efficiencies arise age standards is a slow process was 316,000 barrels a day in 2006, for several reasons. One, CAFE because vehicle turnover is slow, up from 255,000 barrels a day in standards apply to new vehicles with 75 percent of all cars remain- 2005. To achieve “overnight” oil with older vehicles produced under ing in circulation at least 10 years. independence by replacing gaso- a different set of mandates. It takes, Thus, it will take over a decade line with ethanol, we would need on average, about eight to 10 years before higher standards become a to produce approximately 10 times before a motor vehicle is retired reality in terms of the total U.S. car the amount of biofuels being pro- from use, meaning many older, fleet. duced worldwide today. less fuel-efficient vehicles are still on the road. Also, consumer driv- Can we achieve U.S. energy indepen- To get the answers to even more ing habits can create differences dence through tighter CAFE standards? questions, please visit the Baker between actual fuel efficiency and U.S. crude oil imports were more Institute Web site. the EPA reported (“window stick- than 12 million barrels per day last er”) fuel efficiency. Importantly, year. Given that we consumed just the lower standard for SUVs under this amount in 2005 for road coupled with relatively low gasoline transportation, it would be impos-

25 BAKER INSTITUTE IN THE NEWS

Compiled using Dateline Rice, these from five handwritten volumes • March 9, 2007: Quoted by The are highlighted interviews given by the to a one-volume book during New York Times in a story on the Baker Institute fellows between March an interview from the Ronald difficulty Pemex is having keep- 9, 2007 and June 13, 2007. Reagan Presidential Library, ing up with the rising demand available at BookTV.org. for energy in Mexico. Edward Djerejian • May 30, 2007: Interviewed by Erika de la Garza Neal Lane, Ph.D. NPR regarding recent bilateral • May 8, 2007: Quoted by the • April 23, 2007: Quoted by the discussions between U.S. and Effingham Daily News in a story Star Tribune in a story about the Iranian diplomats. about economics in Mexico. United States losing its lead in • May 30, 2007: Quoted in the high-energy physics. Houston Chronicle about Arab Vivian Ho, Ph.D. • April 20, 2007: Gave a lec- reaction to talks between • May 4, 2007: Quoted by ture titled “Confessions of a Washington and Iran over the Scientific American in a story on President’s Science Adviser situation in Iraq. (This story a survey of existing studies on – No Good Deed Goes also ran in Forbes, Guardian the outcomes of various medi- Unpunished” at Pennsylvania Unlimited, International Herald cal procedures in both the State University. Tribune, Jerusalem Post and other United States and Canada. publications.) William Martin, Ph.D. • May 22, 2007: Interviewed by Amy Myers Jaffe • May 16, 2007: Quoted in The Al-Jazeera TV about the Bush • May 29, 2007: Quoted by New York Times and the Chicago administration’s response to The Washington Post in a story Tribune about the legacy of the recommendations of the about Iran’s economic prob- Jerry Falwell. Iraq Study Group. lems. (This story also ran in • March 19, 2007: Quoted in The • May 16, 2007: Interviewed by Business Week, Newsday, Houston Boston Globe in a story about the Al-Jazeera TV about prospects Chronicle, Cleveland Plain Dealer Christian right. for peace negotiations in the and other publications.) Middle East. • May 18, 2007: Quoted by Ken Medlock, Ph.D. • April 9, 2007: Interviewed by Business Week in a story regard- • March 19, 2007: Quoted by Harper’s Magazine about Syria. ing Exxon Mobil’s risk-averse Arab Finance in a story about stock-buyback strategy. Halliburton moving its corpo- George Abbey • May 14, 2007: Research men- rate headquarters to Dubai. • May 1, 2007: Quoted by New tioned in a New York Times story Scientist in a story on reports about Iraq’s oil law. that NASA snubbed a proposal • May 1, 2007: Quoted by The from Russia to conduct joint Wall Street Journal in a story on moon activities. how Hugo Chavez moves to reshape oil ties. Douglas Brinkley, Ph.D. • March 15, 2007: Quoted by • May 30, 2007: Described the Time Magazine in a story on process of editing Ronald Halliburton’s corporate move Reagan’s White House diaries to Dubai.

26 BAKER INSTITUTE FELLOWS, SCHOLARS, AND PROGRAM PERSONNEL Edward P. Djerejian Amy Myers Jaffe Founding Director Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in BAKER INSTITUTE REPORT Janice and Robert McNair Energy Studies Chair in Public Policy Editor - Hillary Durgin Harmon Edward A. and Hermena Neal Lane, Ph.D. Graphic Design - Sonja D. Hancock Kelly University Senior Fellow in Science and Fulbright Chair for Senior Scholars Technology Policy Photographers - Katy Anderson, Allen Matusow, Ph.D. Steven W. Lewis, Ph.D. Kim Coffman, Kathy Associate Director for Academic Fellow in Asian Studies DiGiovanna, and Jeff Fitlow Programs Jesse Jones Leadership Center Summer Intern Program ©2007 by the Baker Institute for George Abbey Coordinator Public Policy of Rice University. Baker Botts Senior Fellow in This material may be quoted Space Policy William Martin, Ph.D. or reproduced without prior permission, provided appropri- Harry and Hazel Chavanne ate credit is given. For further Joe Barnes Senior Fellow in Religion and information about the Baker Bonner Means Baker Fellow Public Policy Institute, please visit our website at http://bakerinstitute.org. Douglas Brinkley, Ph.D. Kirstin Matthews, Ph.D. Fellow in History Program Manager, Science and Technology Policy Program For further inquiries and address changes, we may be Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. reached by phone, 713-348- Fellow in Technology, Society, Kenneth B. Medlock III, Ph.D. 4683; fax, 713-348-5993; or and Public Policy Fellow in Energy Studies e-mail, [email protected].

Erika de la Garza Sayaka Nakamura, Ph.D. Program Director, Latin Sid Richardson Scholar in The Baker Institute Report American Initiative Health Economics is printed on recycled paper with funds pro- vided by The Cullen Foundation John W. Diamond, Ph.D. Sari Nusseibeh, Ph.D. Publication Endowment. Edward A. and Hermena Diana Tamari Sabbagh Fellow Hancock Kelly Fellow in Tax in Middle Eastern Studies Policy To enquire about program José Antonio Ocampo, Ph.D. support at the Baker Institute, Yair Hirschfeld, Ph.D. Will Clayton Fellow in please contact Meredith Isaac and Mildred Brochstein International Economics Montgomery, assistant director of development, at 713-348- Fellow in Middle East Peace 2136. and Security in Honor of Joan Neuhaus Schaan Yitzhak Rabin Fellow in Homeland Security and Terrorism To enquire about Roundtable Vivian Ho, Ph.D. membership at the Baker James A. Baker III Institute Institute, please contact Lilia Chair in Health Economics Fabry, development coordinator, at 713-348-4200.

27 NEW PUBLICATIONS

To download the complete text of these “Social Capital, Barriers to “Consumption-Based Direct Taxes: publications and others, please visit our Production and Capital Shares; A Guided Tour of Web site at http://bakerinstitute.org Implications for the Importance the Amusement Park” and look under Publications. of Parameter Heterogeneity Research Paper from a Nonstationary Panel July 2007 “Remarks by James A. Baker, III, Approach” Charles E. McClure, Jr., Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania Research Paper (Stanford Universtiy) and Commencement” May 2007 George Zodrow, Ph.D. (Baker Transcript Peter Pedroni, Ph.D. (Baker Institute/Rice University) May 2007 Institute)

“The ‘Women’s Issue’ in Context: “Innovation by Policy: A Study of Deframing the Discourse on the Electronic Passport” Middle Eastern Women” Research Paper Transcript May 2007 May 2007 Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. (Baker HH Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser Al Institute) Missned (The State of Qatar)

NON-PROFIT ORG. U.S. POSTAGE PAID HOUSTON, TEXAS PERMIT NO. 7549 JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY–MS40 RICE UNIVERSITY P.O. BOX 1892 HOUSTON, TEXAS 77251-1892

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