A DIALECT SURVEY OP HALKOMELEM SALISH

by

DONNA B. GERDTS

B.A., University of Missouri, 1974

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ARTS

in

THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

(Department of Linguistics)

We accept this thesis as conforming

to the required standard

The UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

September, 1977

DONNA B. GERDTS, 1977 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study.

I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.

Department of Linguistics '

The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5

Date 19 Sept.. 1977 i

Abstract

Halkomelem is the language spoken by the Salish Indians of British Columbia whose territory stretches from Nanoose to Malahat on Vancouver Island, from Tsawwassen north to

Vancouver on the mainland, and from Vancouver 105 miles up the Fraser River to a point north of Yale. A language with such geographical limits, even if its speakers interacted frequently, would be expected to have regional differences.

Elmendorf and Suttles (I960) elicited over 600 items at three locations in the Halkomelem area. Their data from

Cowichan, Musqueam, and Chilliwack show that there are phono• logical, morphological, and lexical differences within Halko• melem. The present study focuses on lexical differences.

A list of 150 vocabulary items showing lexical differ• entiation was elicited at twenty-one locations within the area (Appendix A and B). These data are analyzed to delimit dialect and sub-dialect areas within Halkomelem. The data are also analyzed with reference to cognates in other Salish languages to suggest processes involved in vocabulary change.

This paper is organized as follows:

Chapter 1 provides information concerning the sub- grouping of Salish languages and delineates the political units within the Halkomelem area.

Chapter 2 explains the transcription used for the present data, with some comment on dialectal variation in ia

phonological features.

Chapter 3 explains the origin of the 150 word-list employed in this study. Evidence is presented to support the division of Halkomelem into three dialect areas:

Island, Downriver, and Upriver. These dialects are further divided into sub-dialects.

Chapter k examines the Halkomelem data with reference to other Salish languages to suggest three processes in• volved in vocabulary change: borrowing, derivation of dif• ferent words from different but semantically related roots, and lexical replacement with concurrent semantic shifting. ii

Acknowledgement s

I thank the Halkomelem people who so generously gave of their time and knowledge; without you this paper would have been impossible.

Brent Galloway, Thomas E. Hukari, Wayne Suttles,

Adrian Leslie, and Phil Davis shared their knowledge and sources on Halkomelem.

Bon Beaumont made available his extensive data on

Sechelt and Barbara Efrat gave access to her files of

Straits and Nooksack.

Thanks go to Bichard Parent for use of his Volkswagen.

Finally, a roaring round of applause to Yvonne and

Lisa Stenger who shared the trials and tribulations of this year of fieldwork and writing. Especiaiitthanks to Lisa for the maps. iii

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Linguistic and Geographic Setting

Chapter 2 Halkomelem Phonology

Chapter 3 The Dialect Project

3.1 The Word List

3.2 The Dialect Areas

Chapter k- The Processes of Lexical differentiation

Chapter 5 Conclusion

Bibliography-

Appendix A The Informants

Appendix B The Data

Appendix C Salish Cognates iv

List of Tables

Table I Halkomelem Bands and Populations p. 3

Table II Consonant Phonemes Common to All Halkomelem Dialects p. 11

Table III Cognates shared with other Salish Languages

Table IV ". , continued p. 28 1

1. The Linguistic and Geographic Setting

Halkomelem is a member of the Salish language family which includes languages of southern British Columbia and the northwest United States. Thompson and Kinkade (p.c.) have proposed the following classification for Salish1:

Proto-Salish

Central Tillamook Tsamosan Interior Bella Salish ; Salish Coola

The Central branch of Salish, to which Halkomelem belongs, includes the following languages2:

Cbmox Sechelt Pentlatch

Squamish Halkomelem Straits3 /, Northern Straits Songish Sooke Saanich Lummi Clallam Nooksack

Puget Salish-' Northern Puget Salish Southern Puget Salish

Twana

The territory associated with the Halkomelem is bounded 2

to the south and north by speakers of Central Salish lan• guages. The rugged country to the northeast limited the con• tact between the Halkomelem and speakers of Lillooet and

Thompson, which are Interior Salish Languages. The Fraser

River is not navigable through the canyon which extends from a point below Spuzzum to the junction of the Fraser with the

Thompson River. There are several footpaths through the mountains around the canyon which were used seasonally.

A mountain range extending down the centre of Vancouver

Island separates the Halkomelem from their Nootkan neighbors.

Nootka is a Wakashan language unrelated to Salish. The Waka- shan and Salish people had some amount of contact via the sea.

In modern times, for example, Halkomelem occasionally fish the waters of Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver

Island.

The Halkomelem live primarily on reserves scattered along the rivers and lakes throughout their territory. The basic political unit is the band, which will often control more than one reserve. Bands in close proximity bear close affinal ties. For the purpose of this study, informants were chosen according to the location of the band with which they were associated as children.

Duff (1964, pp. 25-8) lists the bands of Halkomelem and their population as of 1963.^ This information is given in Table I. 3

Nanaimo 456 Nanoose 70 Chemainus 366 Halalt (Westholme) 95 Lyacksun (Westholme) 77 Penelakut 326 Cowichan Lake 4 Cowichan 1,228 Malahat 89

Tsawwassen 56 Musqueam 302 Langley 77 Coquitlam 24 Katzie 153

Matsqui 38 Sumas-Kilgard 71 Sumas-Lakahahmen 95 Aitchelitz 6 Kwawkwawap i11 8 Skulkayn 41 Skwah 164 Skway 37 Soowahlie 110 Squiala 36 Yakweakwioose 31 Tzeachten 106 Scowlitz 106 Chehalis 325 Cheam 123 Popkum 8 Peters 31 Ohamil 46 Skawahlook 27 Hope 116 Yale 61 Union Bar 41 Seabird Island 243

Table,!. Halkomelem Bands and Populations 4

Indians on the Nanoose Reserve, near Lantzville, B.C., claim to speak identically with the people of Nanaimo. An interview with Len Edwards of Nanoose verified this claim.

Although there are probably no Halkomelem speakers remaining at Qualicum Beach, an area once inhabited by the Pentlatch and now settled by Halkomelem, Alfred Louie,of Shell Beach, could recall some words used by his grandmother's people, who were from Qualicum Beach. In all cases, these are identical with the data elicited at Nanaimo.

The Nanaimo band lives along Nanaimo harbour and along the Nanaimo River as far south as Cedar, B.C. .This is the most populous band in the north of the Halkomelem territory on Vancouver Island.

The Indians of Shell Beach, on the peninsula east of

Ladysmith, B.C., were formerly called the Kumalockasum Band but are now part of the Chemairius Band. Alfred Louie sug• gested that Halkomelem as spoken at Shell Beach is slightly different from that spoken at Westholme, the latter being more like the language at Cowichan.

The Penelakut band includes the Indians of Kuper Island, many of whom are fluent speakers of Halkomelem. Arnold Guerin, who learned Halkomelem while attending school;-at Kuper Island, served as the informant for the field methods class at the

University of British Columbia during the 1975-6 school year.

The Cowichan band is the result of an amalgamation in

1888 of the Somenos, Quamichan, Comiaken, Clemclealuts,

Koksilah, Kenipsen, and Kilpaulus bands. There is much 5 interrelationship of these groups which live along the Cowi• chan and Koksilah Rivers and at Cowichan Bay. There is probab• ly a homogeneity of speech amongst these groups, especially where lexical differences are in consideration. There are many good speakers of Halkomelem in the Duncan area. The younger generations, however, have not acquired more than a few basic vocabulary items.

Data from Malahat, the southernmost Halkomelem group but actually considered part of the Saanich band, is not represented in this study. Interaction between the Cowichan and the Saanich, who spoke a dialect of Northern Straits, is an important consideration when suggesting, as this study does, the possibility of borrowing between these groups.

A Tsawwassen speaker was not found for this study. It is generally assumed that there are no remaining Halkomelem speakers at Tsawwassen, although this has not been exhaustive- investigated.

There are 7 or 8 fluent speakers of Halkomelem at Mus• queam, the most populous of the reserves on the mainland.

For this study, Musqueam data from Elmendorf and Suttles

(i960) were used and are marked in the appendixes with the list and item number from that source. Data not available in that list were elicited from Arnold Guerin.

According to my Katzie informant, Richard Bailey, he and his aunt, Margaret James of Barnston Island, are the only Halkomelem speakers from that band. The Katzie have 6 close ties with the Musqueam but are also in contact with

Upriver bands.

No Halkomelem speakers could be located from the Langley band. Hill-Tout (1903) published a word list and brief grammatical sketch of Kwantlen as spoken at Port Langley.

Data from this source have been referred to here and have been left in the original orthography.

There are relatively few (probably 4 or 5) Halkomelem speakers from the Matsqui and Kilgard reserves near Abbots- ford, B.C. These data are of interest, as are data from

Kwantlen, because of the proximity of these bands to an isogloss bundle which separates Upriver and Downriver

Halkomelem. The people from the Matsqui-Sumas area were in frequent contact with the Nooksack who live twenty miles to the south across the United States-Canada border.

The band that Duff lists as Sumas-Lakahahmen are the

Indians living on Nicomen Island in the vicinity of Deroche,

B.C. There are only two speakers of Halkomelem from this area. The upriver form of Nicomen—Lekemel—is supposedly the source of Halkomelem: the language of Lekemel. (Duff,

1952, p. 22)

The bands in the Chilliwack vicinity (Aitchelitz,

Kwawkwawapilt, Skulkayn, Skwah, Skway, Soowahlie, Squiala,

Yakweakwioose, and Tzeachten) are closely interrelated and show little difference in language. Data were elicited at

Soowahlie, near Cultus Lake, which is the southernmost of the bands; Aitchelitz, the easternmost; Skwah, also known 7 as the Wellington Reserve, which is the most populated in Chilliwack; and Tzeachten, which is the most populated reserve in Sardis.

There are probably several speakers ofp Halkomelem on the Scowlitz Reserve, which is near Harrison Mills, B.C.

A small group of houses on the west side of the Harrison

River is also known as Scowlitz. This area will be referred to as Harrison Mills in the data.

The Chehalis Band, which is the most populous of the upper Stalo bands, occupies a reserve located where the

Chehalis River runs into the Harrison River. There are several excellent speakers of Halkomelem from this reserve.

The Cheam band lives on the south side of the Fraser

River in the vicinity of Rosedale, B.C. There are a couple of good speakers of Halkomelem from Cheam.

The Upriver people, often referred to collectively as the Tait, are closely interrelated. Data were collected from three point within the Tait area: the Ohamil reserve, near Laidlaw, B.C.; Union Bar, 2 miles above Hope; and

American Bar, 2 miles above Union Bar on the west bank of the river.

There are at least two Halkomelem speakers from the reserve at Yale, Maggie Emery and Mary Peters, who are bilingual Halkomelem and Thompson but know little English.

Unfortunately, neither could be approached for data for this survey. 8

The Tait people have collectively settled Seabird

Island outside of Agassiz, B.C. There were inhabitants on this reserve before resettlement; the data elicited from

Lizzie Johnson perhaps reflect their speech.

The Upriver Halkomelem, especially the Tait, occasionally married amongst the Interior Salish. The Chehalis band were in contact with the Lillooet and occasionally married among those people. 9

Footnotes for Chapter 1

^Previous classifications of Salish, e.g. Swadesh (1952), divided Salish into four branches: Bella Coola, Interior Salish, Tillamook, and Coast Salish. Thompson and Kinkade have since proposed that the Olympic languages (Tsamosan), previously considered as Coast Salish, branched at an earlier time. They now employ Coast Salish as a cover term for Tillamook, Central Salish, and Tsamosan.

2Swadesh (1952), on the basis of lexicostatistical data proposed a North Georgia Branch: Comox, Sechelt, Pent- latch; a South Georgia Branch: Squamish, Halkomelem, Straits, Nooksack; a Puget Sound Branch; and a Hood Canal Branch: Twana.

3suttles (1959) appropriately suggests Straits as a cover term for Clallam, Lumrai, Sooke, Saanich, Songish, and Samish.

^Thompson, Thompson, and Efrat (1974) suggest that, due to phonological and grammatical features which separate Clallam from the other dialects, all the dialects excluding Clallam should be collectively labelled Northern Straits.

''Hess (1966) suggested that all the dialects surrounding Puget Sound be referred to as Puget Salish. In his dictionary of the language (1976), however, he separates the area into two major dialect divisions, Northern Puget Salish (including Skagit and Snohomish) and Southern Puget Salish (including

Duwamishv- Shuqualmie, Muckleshoot, Puyallupr,.''Nisqually, and Suquamish). This separation is based on phonological and lexical differences, especially in flora and fauna vocabulary and in a substantial number of 'basic' vocabulary items.

^These population figures are inaccurate, of course, for 1977. For example, Kwawkwawapilt, in the Chilliwack area, appears to be used only for farming. Yakweakwioose is set• tle^ by one family, Frank Malloway. Exact location and name of the reserves on Chilliwack Landing were hard to ascertain. 10

2. Halkomelem Phonology

There is a set of consonant sounds that exist throughout

Halkomelem that have been transcribed in these data as given in Table II.1 Additional symbols are needed to represent consonants which differ in pronunciation within Halkomelem.

Vancouver Island Halkomelem uses /s/ where Mainland

Halkomelem uses /xy/. Mainland and Island dialects have as an allophonic variant of /s/ before /xw/. The prefix

[sxw] is a common nominalizer. /s/ also exists in some loans from English, e.g. Item 54. /ia'spai / SHOVEL.

In a parallel process , Upriver speakers frequently interchange / e,e', c, c' / with [s, c',c, £'] . Some environment for this process are given by Galloway (1977, pp. 5-8), but it is largely unpredicatable and may depend upon dialect area, neeessitation both /c/ and /£/ in the transcriptions. The Island dialects have very few instances of /c/; / c/, second person person pronoun (Musqueam, /cxw/), and Item 101.RUM are two major examples.

Upriver Halkomelem has an interesting merger of /l/ and /n/ to /l/ in all positions. Elmendorf and Suttles

(i960, p. 5) propose an isogloss in the Matsqui-Whonnock area for this feature. The present data agree. Katzie has /n/ in all instances of Musqueam /n/, as did the Kwantlen data of Hill-Tout (1903). The Matsqui informant generally had /!/ in her speech. However, she did have /n/ in four word's in this survey: 6. MINK, 17. HUMMINGBIRD, and 123. SMALL (2 forms). 11

rH CD CD rH CO N N CO •H co rH rH •rH -H CD Xi rH rH cO CO r-H rH bO co CO O JH -P CO CO CO H •P CD CD CO CO -H rH -H 1 > -P rH rH XI 3 ,Q f- •H CD rH cO CO CD CO > CO 00 ,Q CO rH Ou > rH 3 rH rH

w voiceless stop p t (k) k q q*

w, v voiceless glottalized stop p> t» k q'q

voiceless affricate ,0. c

voiceless glottalized e' c» j,» affricate voiceless fricative e s ± xw x x*

voiced resonants m l v w

Table II. Consonant Phonemes Common to all

Halkomelem Dialects 12

She rejected /l/ in these items. This may be due to the influence of Nooksack upon the speaker. The Kilgard speaker consistently used /l/, as did the Nicomen informant.

A second phonological feature which divides Upriver

from Downriver Halkomelem is the defective distribution of glottal stop. Upriver dialects substitute vowel length

for glottal stop. For example:"

w w Dr sk aye? Ur sk aye- 'squirrel'

kw'£?xw- kw,i-xw 'pitch'

Elmendorf and Suttles (I960, p. 8) presume that cases of

vowel length in Chilliwack that are not represented by

glottal stop in other dialects are extensions of this rule.

For example:

Dr s'aeaa. Ur s?a'-9as 'faCe'

lapen lape'-l ' shovel1

Occasionally vowels around a glottal stop are contracted to

a long vowel. For example: Dr spe^ee Ur spe-e 'black bear'

ma'?aqw ma'-qw. 'duck, bird'

The phonemic status of length is further complicated by

occurrences of long vowels in the Downriver and Island dialects

of Halkomelem. For example:

Dr ho-n? ,is hu-n? 'humpback salmon1 p'a-m p'a-m 'Swell'

Upriver dialects lose syllable-final glottal stops, particularly 13 those which occur after a resonant. For example:

? Is spai 'raven' Ur Spa-i 'crow'

Dr tqece? Ur tqe-ce 'eight'

It is interesting to note that although the Matsqui and Kilgard data sometimes agree with the Upriver data in the loss of glottal stop and the substitution of vowel length for glottal stop, the data more often retain glottal stop.

For example: Items 3., 8., 11., 13., 16., 17., 19., 22., 25., 35., 36.

The vowels present somewhat more difficulty in devising an appropriate transcription system. Elmendorf and Suttles

(i960, p. 4) analyzed the vowel phonemes of Halkomelem as

/ i, u, a, e, a /• They posit these allophonic variations:

/s/ is frequently heard as [x] before or after /y/ or /xy/ and as [u] before a labialized consonant; /i/ is lowered, open, with a glide,, before ^uvulars or labialized uvulars. Examples of these processes in the data are:

1 [?UXwtll] /•?,BXwt-11/ ' broom

[yakw',uja] /yak*" am/ ' smash'

[mimuqw] /mimaqw/ •bird'

1 [?1"-9X] /'l'X/ scratch'

These casa will be transcribed with

Galloway (1977, p. 19) states that /a/ becomes [*]

in allegro speech in non-stressed positions in Upriver Hal

komelem. This rule seems to apply to a lesser degree in

other dialects of Halkomelem but, because its status is 14 unclear, this sound is transcribed as [i] ^. The origin

of this feature is perhaps a generalization of the follow•

ing allophonic rule.

Elmendorf and Suttles (I960, p. 19) note that phonolo•

gical differences in consonants in Upriver Halkomelem are

accompanied by allophonic variation in the vowels: /i? Gj u/

s : are lowered (re> D] ). / / is higher ({•*]') , and /a/ is

further back ( [o] ) near [s, c', c, c'j;] . They transcribed

/•!_„/ for these sounds. However, variation of A/

in other environments occurs in Upriver Halkomelem. Galloway

(1977, pp. 14-18) states that /e/ is [&] in most stressed

positions and [e] unstressed. There are rare cases of

stressed [e] and unstressed [as] to complicate the

situation. Both will be transcribed as such in these data,

Elmendorf and Suttles phonemicize a single high back

vowel which they relate to the dipthong /aw /. Galloway

(1977, p. 24) prefers to phonemicize with /u/ and /o/, both

of which are rare in Upriver but which seem to vary dialecti-

cally. • In these data, Items 27 and 31 show this variation.

Island has /u/ corresponding to some cases of Sownriver /o/

(e.g., Item 22.), further necessitating transcription of

/u/ and /o/ in these data.'* 15

Footnotes for Chapter 2

^Island /s, c, c'/ are made further back on the alveolar ridge, sometimes sounding more like / s, 6, c' /. The uvular stops in Upriver Halkomelem are released, with more frication.

Elmendorf and Suttles (I960, p. 6) posit a series of five changes to account for dialect differences in fricatives and affricates:

c >r; c .> c > - e > e S' > c' > c' > e' > e' s •>"• s > s > s > s k > ky > c > c > c k' > ky' > c > c' > c' x > xy > xy > xy > s

In these data there are examples of /e/ ~ /s/: Items 21, 43, 69, 128.

The actual phonetic value of /s/ and [*] may be slight• ly lower, i.e.,[/,jj. and [ s] .

Item 56. shows an alternation of /i/ and /u/. 16

3. The Dialect Project

The focus of this project being lexical differentiation within the Halkomelem language, a list of items was compiled that were known to vary within the language. Elmendorf and

Suttles (I960) had listed forms from Cowichan, Musqueam, and

Chilliwack for over 600 items grouped into 8 lists. Of these,

100 items varied lexidally in one or more dialects of Halko• melem and were appropriate for further study.

Another 75 items were included by comparing field notes on Halkomelem speakers from Kuper Island, Katzie, and Kilgard.

Galloway's files on Halkomelem as spoken by the Upper Stalo people, which sometimes listed two forms differentiated by area, were also consulted.

This list of 175 items was initially reduced to 150 items because certain words were too difficult to elicit or were not true lexical differences. This list was arranged

in a general semantic order for the purposes of elicitation.

The data elicited at 21 locations are given in Appendix B;

As can be seen in Appendix B, eighteen items were elicited

too infrequently to include in the present analysis. These

items are: 26. CHEEKS OP FISH, 39- QUIVER, 47. WOOD-CARVING

KNIFE, 48. D-ADZE, 49. HALF-DONE CANOE, 50. THWART, 51. ANCHOR,

52. BOOM, 58. LOOM, 63. LONG DISH, 66. GRAVE, 119. BLUE, 143.

WIND FROM DOWN-WATER, 144. STORM, 145. STORM FOR 3-4 DAYS,

147. PERHAPS, 149. SOMETIMES, and 150. SOON. Four additional

forms proved too difficult to elicit because of multiple 17 variants: 83. BE OUT OP BREATH, 104. SCOUT, 124. SMOOTH,

122. SAD.

Thirty-eight words will be eliminated from this analysis because the item existed throughout Halkomelem, perhaps with an unusual phonological change. There are also occurrences of two words, both which exist throughout Halkomelem, for a

single English gloss; these were mistaken initially as dialect differences. These items are: 2. ELK, MOOSE, 4. CHIPMUNK,

6. MINK, 18. NIGHTHAWK, 22. HUMPBACK SALMON, 32. UNDERBRUSH,

33. BUSHES BUNCHED UP, 34. BARK ( OP A TREE), 36. PITCH, 40.

FISH SPEAR, 42. SPLIT ROASTING STICK, 54. SHOVEL, 55. BUCKET,

67. CEMETERY, 68. BURY, 71. ROOF, 76. BRAIN, 77. THROAT,

80. SOLE, 81. PALM, 87. SICK, 89. POKE, 90. SCRATCH, 91.

SMASH, 94. BOIL, 97. LAUGH, 98. SMILE, 100. COME, 101. RUN,

102. SWIM, 105. TAKE, HOLD, 113. SMART, 123. SMALL, 125.

STRAIGHT, 133. MUD, 137. EDDY, I38. WAVE, 146. MUST.

An analysis of the remaining 90 vocabulary items shows very clearly that there are two major isogloss bundles divid•

ing the Halkomelem area into three dialects:1 Island, Down- 2 river, and Upriver Halkomelem. Not all the isoglosses fall neatly on one of these boundaries, indicating several-sub- dialects within each area. Island Halkomelem has at least 3 the sub-dialects of Cowichan, Nanaimo, and Chemainus. J •Downriver Halkomelem can be divided into Musqueam, Katzie, 4 u 5 and Kwantlen. Upriver "alkomelem consists of Sumas, Chilliwack, Chehalis, and Tait sub-dialects. (See Map 1)

The remainder of this chapter reviews the evidence supporting MAP 1 THE DIALECTS OP HALKOMELEM 19 these claims.

Of the 90 items considered here, 25 show a clear split between the Island (Nanaimo, Shell Beach, Kuper Island, and

Cowichan) and the Mainland (Musqueam, Katzie, and all upriver points). These items are: 5. RACCOON, 8. PROG, 24. STEELHEAD,

64. BOX, 74. BLIND, 75. HAIR, 78. CHEST, 79. KNEE, 84. GIRL'S

PUBERTY, 96. SWELL, 106. BE CAREFUL, 108. KNOW, 110. CHILDREN,

117. HAIRY GIANT, 121. DARK, 126. EIGHT, 128. SUN, 130. FREEZE,

131. ICE, 132. WARM, 134. SAND, 141. SMOKE, 148. REALLY.

Two additional items, 111. LAZY and 116. ECHO, are of interest because one area has two words for this item while the other has only one. Three more items, 35. PIRBARK, 112. STINGY, and I36. WATERFALL, probably split between Island and Mainland, but the data are not clear due to missing forms. A major isogloss separating the Island from the Mainland can thus be posited on the basis of this evidence.

On four items, 88. MEDICINE, 99. BARK, 103. SEE, 114.

NAME, the form from Nanaimo agrees with the Mainland or has booth the Island and Mainland forms. On two items, 21. C0H0 and 46. KNIFE, there are three forms in Halkomelem, one on the Mainland, one on the Island, and one atw anaimo. Although the evidence provided by these six items is insufficient to establish Nanaimo as a major dialect area, it does mark

Nanaimo as different from other Island areas. Nanaimo is thus a sub-dialect within the Island group. This hypothesis

is further supported by items 25. CRAB, 139. LOW TIDE, and 20

140. ROCK, for which Nanaimo is different from the rest of

Halkomelem.

There are several items which do not neatly divide at the Mainland-Island isogloss. For items 82. SPRAIN LEG,

115. DREAM, and 135- ISLAND, it appears that Musqueam has both the Mainland and island form. The data from Katzie, however, do not show both forms. There is one item, 129.

FOG, where Katzie has both the Mainland and Island form while Musqueam does not. This item in Nanaimo has only.the

Mainland form.

There are two items, 27. MAPLE and 73- MIRROR, WINDOW, that have one form throughout Halkomelem except for Cowichan, which has a different form in the first instance, and two forms in the second.

A second isogloss bundle, in keeping with phonological changes as outlined in Chapter 2, separates the Island and

Downriver groups (i.e., Musqueam and Katzie) from points

Upriver. Fifteen items clearly divide at this point: 1.

DEER, 7. STRIPED SKUNK, 11. ANT, 12. SPIDER, 41. WEIR,

45. CHOP WOOD, 53- CEDAR ROPE, 57. LANTERN, 69. BED, 92.

TEAR, 95. SINK, 109. FIGHT, 118. WHAT COLOUR IS IT? 120.

BIG, 142. SMOKE SHED.

An additional nine items may divide at this point.

Two items, 127. MOON and 107. FALL, have one form throughout

Halkomelem and a second form Upriver. Item 23., SPRING

SALMON, in Downriver-Island Halkomelem is the generic term 21 for fish in Upriver Halkomelem, which has at least 5 words for different spring salmon. Upriver Halkomelem speakers knew one of three words for 70. BEAM, while Downriver-Island speakers knew another word. Conversely, Downriver-Island

Halkomelem has a word for 139. LOW TIDE,plus an expression

'the water went down1, while Upriver speakers use only the latter, which is not surprising as tides affect the Fraser only as far as Mission.

Katzie data were unavailable for two items, 29. SCOTCH

THISTLE and 31. LONG OREGON GRAPE. For item 14. BLUEJAY,

Katzie had both the Upriver and Downriver-Island forms.

An interesting aspect of this isogloss is that it seems to catch Kwantlen right in the middle. Data are available for six of the items that divide between Upriver and Downriver-

Island. Three of the Kwantlen forms, ?. STRIPED SKUNK, 11.

ANT, and 14. BLUEJAY, agree with the Downriver forms; two of the Kwantlen forms, 12. SPIDER, and 69. BED, agree with the Upriver form; Kwantlen has both the Downriver and Upriver forms for 1. DEER. (See Appendix C for these data.)

There are four items for which the forms for Matsqui and Kilgard are like the Downriver-Island forms and unlike the Upriver forms: 9. TREE FROG, 17. RAVEN, 30. RED HUCKLE•

BERRY, 37. STUMP. On the basis of these words and the phono• logical distinctiveness mentioned in Chapter 2, Kilgard and

Matsqui form a sub-dialect of Upriver Halkomelem. 22

It is no surprise that 9 words split twice in Halkomelem, giving 3 forms differentiated by area. Three items have forms for the Island, Downriver, and Upriver: 43. DIP NET, 28. ALDER,

65. COFFIN. Two items split between the Island and Mainland and between Chilliwack and Upriver: 44. AXE, 19. SEAGULL.

One item, 15. CROW, splits between the Island and Mainland and between Upriver and Downriver, with Matsqui and Kilgard having the Downriver form. Four more items that split twice within Halkomelem are more irregular. Item 13. BIRD has one form for the Island, Musqueam, and Katzie, one form for

Chehalis, Scowlitz, and Lekemel, and one form for the rest of Upriver. Item 10. BAT has one form for Upriver and Katzie, one form for Kilgard and Chilliwack, and a separate form for the Island. Item 3. SQUIRREL has one form on the Island, one form at Musqueam, Kilgard, and Chehalis, and a third form for the remainder of Upriver. Item 56.,LAMP has a form for the Island, Kwantlen, and Matsqui, an Upriver form, and a form at Katzie.

There are three items that appear to have two forms within Halkomelem where the Island and Upriver are the same and the Downriver is different: 62. BROOM, 59. TOOLS, 61.

BLANKET. The Musqueam probably preserves an older word for these items. 23

Footnotes for Chapter 3

xElmendorf and Suttles (I960, p. 17) divide Halkomelem into two lexical dialects (Cowichan and Musqueam-Chilliwack), basing their decision on a comparison of 200 'basic' words. o Galloway (1977, p. xiii) had suggested Upper Stalo for Upriver Halkomelem, but had rejected the former because of the social connotations of Lower Stalo. ^Elmendorf and Suttles (I960, p. 31) identify Chemainus as the territory between the Nanaimo and the Cowichan and suggest fieldwork to verify the identity of Cowichan and Chemainus. Evidence from the present study suggests that Chemainus is somewhat different from Cowichan. Internal differences in Chemainus were not investigated here. The exact status of Kuper Island and other Gulf Islands on which Halkomelem is spoken cannot be ascertained from these data. ^The lexical evidence concerning Kwantlen is ambivalent but because Kwantlen is unambiguously a Downriver dialect when phonological evidence is considered, it is classified here as a Downriver sub-dialect. ^Following Elmendorf and Suttles (I960, p. 2), Sumas will be employed for the reserves in the Abbotsford area (Matsqui and Kilgard). The phonological data for Matsqui show more Downriver features than those for Kilgard, but these two areas are quite similar lexically. 24

4. The Processes of Lexical Differentiation

In Chapter 3, it was established that three dialect divisions can be proposed for Halkomelem on the basis of lexical differences. The 90 items used to analyze the dia• lects of Halkomelem vocabulary in Chapter 3 ar*e presented alphabetically in Appendix C. Etymological information and cognates from other Salish languages are given. By examining the data in Appendix C, certain claims can be made concerning the possible sources or processes involved in the lexical differentiation of Halkomelem dialects. It is apparent that no one explanation can account for the differences in the three dialects. Rather several processes have affected

Halkomelem vocabulary; those outlined here can only account for a portion of the data.

The present evidence suggests that Halkomelem vocabulary has been affected by borrowing. Elmendorf and Suttles (I960, p. 18 very tentatively suggest:

lexical borrowing in Cw might often be from adjacent Straits or North Georgia Salish languages, or from non-Salish Nootka, whereas Ms and other downriver Fraser Halkomelem dialects were more in contact with one another than with distinct linguistics sources of borrowing. Ch and other upriver Halkomelem dialects were in contact not only with one another and with downriver Halkomelem, but with Interior Salish lan• guages (Lillooet, Thompson) which might have exercised a disturbing influence on their phonology. Yet it is difficult to see why lexical disturbance would not operate in this latter situation to as great an extent as on Vancouver Island. It is furthermore by no means certain that borrowing is at the root of the Cw lexical difference. 25

If a form is shared by Straits and Island Halkomelem

to the exclusion of other Salish languages, the form could be an example of a borrowing (perhaps with Straits as the

source), a common retention, or a shared innovation. Three

items, 75. HAIR, 79. KNEE, and 132. WARM, show cognateness between Staits and Island Halkomelem. Pour additional forms,

110. CHILDREN, 8. PROG, 46. KNIFE, and 134. SAND, may also

represent this process. There are examples of items cognate

in Comox, Sechelt, or Squamish and Island Halkomelem, but

these forms are also in Straits. One form, 141. SMOKE, shared by Island Halkomelem and Southern Puget to the exclusion, as

far as the data show, of Straits, is most likely an example

of a shared retention. Item 19. SEAGULL is the unique example

of a Wakashan cognate with an Island Halkomelem form. Clear

evidence for borrowing in Island Halkomelem can account for only a small number of forms.

Two items, 9. TREE FROG and 17. HUMMINGBIRD, appear to be borrowings from Thompson into Upriver Halkomelem; these words retain a /k'/.1 Borrowing appears to have occurred

from Upriver Halkomelem by Interior language in a few

instances: 19. SEAGULL into Lillooet, 7. STRIPED SKUNK

into Shuswap, and perhaps 64. BOX into Thompson. Some

lexical disturgance apparently operated on Upriver Halkomelem, although perhaps not to the extent that Straits has influenced

Island Halkomelem. 26

Rather than cite specific examples of possible borrowing, it is more useful to look for general distributions of cognates among Salish languages for the vocabulary elicited in this study. Of the 25 items which are different for Island and

Mainland Halkomelem, 19 have cognates in other Salish languages.

(See Table III.) If the number of cognates that agree with the Island and the Mainland form are counted for each language, an interesting and not unexpected pattern occurs. Sechelt,

Squamish, and Nooksack have more cognates with the Mainland

than with the Island. The Straits dialects show greater

cognacy with the Island. Similar calculations are made for

the items that split at the Upriver-Downriver isogloss and are presented in Table IV.

Such patterns of cognacy perhaps suggest an areal spread

of vocabulary. This concept is especially useful when both

Halkomelem forms have cognates in several Coast Salish lan•

guages assigned to different subgroupings. Examples of items

such as these are: 99. BARK, 106. BE CAREFUL, 21. COHO, 16.

CROW, 121. DARK, 126. EIGHT, 129- FOG, 135- ISLAND, 27. MAPLE,

114. NAME, 5- RACCOON, 103- SEE, 110. CHILDREN.2

It is noticeable that all of the items concerning body

parts (74. BLIND, 75- HAIR, 78. CHEST, 79. KNEE) split at

the Island-Mainland isogloss, as do the majority of terms

related to natural phenomena (128. SUN, 130. FREEZE, 131.

ICE, 132. WARM, 134. SAND, 141. SMOKE).3 27

Item Cx Se Sq Nk Sa Sg So Lm CI NPg SPg Tw Li Th

5 - + 8 0 + + 0

24 -

64 + + 0 0 0 -

74 - + 0 0

75 - - © - + + + + 0 0 - 78 - - - -

79 0 0 0 0 + + + 0

84 +

96 + + + +

110 - + + - 0

121 0 + - + + + 126 + + - - + + + + - - -

128 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 0 130 - 0 - 0 0 0 0

131 G - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 132 - - - + + 0 0

134 0 + e + 0 0

141 - - - +

+ 2 1 2 1 3 7 5 6 7 1 1 0 0 0

3 5 9 9 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 1 12

+ cognate to Island form cognate to Mainland form * 2 forms, one cognate to Island and one to Mainland o form not cognate, ^ , ... See appendix C for data and abbreviations.

Table III. Cognates shared with other Salish languages 28 Item Cx-SQ S§ Nk Sa Sg So Lm Cl NPg SPg Tw Li Th Sh

1 + + + o

7 + + + o o

11 + + o o o o

12 o + + o

41

^5 +

109 + o + + + +

0. 4 0 0 2 4 3 3 2 0 0 0 10

0 2 0 "2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

+ cognate to Island-Mainland form - cognate to Upriver form * 2 forms, one cognate to Island-Downriver and one to Upriver o form not cognate See appendix C for data and abbreviations.

Table IV. Cognates shared with other Salish Language s, c ont i nued 29

Many of the items elicited for this survey were cultural articles acquired in modern times. Three sources contributed to the naming of these items: English (e.g., 54. SHOVEL),

Chinook Jargon (e.g., 54. SHOVEL), and Halkomelem. In several cases, different dialects employed different yet semantically related roots to coin words (e.g., 69. BED,

45. CHOP WOOD, 56. LAMP, 57. LANTERN, 46. KNIFE, 29- SCOTCH

THISTLEj 59. TOOLS). Occasionally the roots were the same but the affixation different (44. AXE).

To account for differences between Chilliwack and the rest of Halkomelem, Elmendorf and Suttles (i960, p. 18) suggest a rapid differentiation in Ch for the vocabulary of plants, animals, and technology and give the occurrence of synonym pairs in Ch as evidence. The process of lexical replacement and semantic shifting is apparent in several instances in Upriver Halkomelem: 13. BIRD, 16. CROW, 1.

DEER, 127. MOON. However, it is difficult to tell in many cases whether the Upriver form should be considered a reten• tion or an innovation (e.g., 28. ALDER, 70. BEAM, 118. WHAT

COLOUR IS IT?, 43. DIPNET, 142. SMOKESHED 12. SPIDER, 41.

WEIR). More likely, such forms are examples of the process discussed above; different semantically related roots are employed by different dialects to derive forms.

Apparently, there were three basic processes which con• tributed to lexical differentiation in Halkomelem. The first could be considered borrowing, but is perhaps more accurately 30 described as an areal spread of vocabulary across sub-group boundaries. This process specifically affects the Island dialects. A second process, that of coining words from

Halkomelem stems, is especially relevant when discussing items of acquired technology. The third, lexical replacement and concurrent semantic shifting, appears particularly to affect

Upriver Halkomelem. 31

Footnotes for Chapter 4

Elmendorf and Suttles (I960, p. 32) give •humming• bird' and 'coyote' as examples of words containing /k'/ and suggest a Lillooet source for the latter.

2The Lummi form for 'children' agrees with the Mainland, while the Clallam and Sooke agree with the Island, further supporting this analysis.

3jorgensen (1969, pp. 49-50) and Elmendorf and Suttles (i960) see some significance in the semantic class of lexicon retained across dialect boundary. However, numerical per• centages of shared cognac jr are subject to a high degree of error because of the inherent difficulty in equating a single English gloss with a single Halkomelem word. 32

5. Conclusion

This study focuses on the lexical differences in Hal• komelem Salish. A list of 150 vocabulary items showing lexical differentiation was elicited at twenty-one locations within the Halkomelem area. Ninety of these items were suitable for further analysis.

According to these data, there are two major isogloss bundles dividing the Halkomelem area into three dialects:

Island, Downriver, and Upriver Halkomelem. Because some isoglosses do not fall on these boundaries, the dialects can be further divided into sub-dialects-Island Halkomelem:

Cowichan Nanaimo, Chemainus; Downriver Halkomelem: Musqueam,

Katzie, Kwantlen; Upriver Halkomelem: Sumas, Chilliwack,

Chehalis, Tait. These sub-dialects agree with the dialects of Halkomelem as suggested by Elmendorf and Suttles (i960).

Three processes can account for some of the lexical differences in Halkomelem. Island Halkomelem has some vocabulary in common with Straits to the exclusion of other

Salish languages;this suggests borrowing.Upriver Halkomelem is especially affected by lexical replacement and semantic shifting. Employing different yet semantically related roots to coin words in Halkomelem has been a pervasive process. 33

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Amoss, Pamela T. 1961. Nuksack Phonemics. M.A. Thesis, University of Washington.

Boas, Franz, and Herman Haeberlin. 1927. Sound Shifts in Salishan Dialects. UAL 4:117-3°

Davis, John H. 1968. Some Phonological Rules in Mainland Comox. M.A. Thesis, University of Victoria.

Drachman, Gaberell. 1969. Twana Phonology. OSU-WPL 5.

Duff, Wilson. 1952. The Upper Stalo Indians of the Fraser River of B.C. Provincial Museum of British Columbia. Anthropology in British Columbia, Memoir No. 1.

. 1964. The Indian History of British Columbia. Vol I. The Impact of the White Man. Provincial Museum of British Columbia. Anthropology in British Columbia, Memoir No. 5.

Efrat, Barbara S. I969. A Grammar of Non-Particles in Sooke, A Dialect of Straits Coast Salish. Ph.D. Diss• ertation, University of Pennsylvania.

Elmendorf, William W., and Wayne Suttles. i960. Pattern and Change in Halkomelem Salish Dialects. AL 2.7:1-32. Galloway, Brent. 1976a. Anatomy in Upper Stalo Halkomelem, A Morphosemeraic Study. Paper read at the 11th Inter• national Conference on Salishan Languages, Seattle, Washington. August, 1976.

. 1976b. Lessons in Upper Stalo Halkomelem. Coqualeet Education Training Centre, Sardis, B.C.

. 1977. A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

Hess, Thomas M. 1966. Snohomish Chameleon Morphology. UAL 32:350-6.

. 1976. Dictionary of Puget Salish. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Hill-Tout, Charles. 1903. Ethnological Studies of the Main• land HalkomelEm, a division of the Salish of British Columbia. Report of the 72nd Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1902. pp. 255.449. 3^

Jorgensen, Joseph G. 19^9. Salish Language and Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Publications.

Kuipers, Aert H. 1967. The Squaroish Language. The Hague: Mouton. . 1969. The Squamish Language, II. The Hague: Mouton.

. 1974. The Shuswap Language. Grammar, Texts, Dictionary. The Hague: Mouton. . 1976. On the Phonological Typology of Proto-Salish. Paper presented at the Symposium on Genetic and Typo• logical Relations. XLIIth International Congress of Americanists. Paris, Sept. 2-9. Mitchell, Marjorie R. 1968. A Dictionary of Songish, a Dialect of Straits Salish. M.A. Thesis, University of Victoria.

Pidgeon, Michael. 1970. Lexical Suffixes in Saanich, a Dialect of Straits Coast Salish. M.A. Thesis, University of Victoria. Raffo, Yolanda A. 1972. A Phonology and Morphology of Songish, A Dialect of Straits Salish. Ph.D. Disser• tation, University of Kansas. Sapir, Edward, and Morris Swadesh. 1939. Nootka Texts. Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America.

Snyder, Warren A. 1968a. Southern Puget Sound Salish: Phonology and Morphology. Sacramento Anthropological Society Paper 8. . 1968b. Southern Puget Sound Salish: Texts, Place Names-and Dictionary. Sacramento Anthropological Society Paper 9. Suttles, Wayne. 1951. Economic Life of the Coast Salish of Haro and Rosario Straits. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington.

Swadesh, Morris. 1950. Salish Internal Relationships. IJAL 16.4:157-167. Swoboda, Leo. 1968. Lilloet Phonology^ Texts, and Dictionary. M.A. Thesis, University of British Columbia. 35

Thompson, Laurence C, and M. Terry Thompson. 1971. Clallam: A Preview. Studies in American Indian Languages, ed. by Jesse Sawyer. UCPL 65. 251-94.

. n.d. Clallam: Short Northwest List.

. n.d. Lummi: Short Northwest List.

. n.d. Classified Word List of Thompson.

, and Barbara S. Efrat. 1974. Some Phonological Developments in Straits Salish. UAL 40.3:182-196. Thompson, Laurence C, M. Terry;Thompson, and M. Dale Kinkade. n.d. Comparative Salish Notebooks, 2 vols.

Walker, Carl Ian. 1973* An English-Squamish Dictionary. Graduating Essay. University of British Columbia. 36

Appendix A. The Informants

Richard Bailey was born in 1902 on the Katzie Reserve. His mother was from Coquitlam, His father, who died in 190*1, was from Katzie. Richard Bailey was raised by his father's parents who were from Katzie when his mother remarried at Sechelt. In 1917, Richard Bailey attended St. Mary's in Mission. Since then he has resided at Katzie,- employed as a fisherman, and now retired.

Peter Bolan was born on April 12, 192*+, at Kilgard. His father, Frances Ernest Bolan, was from-Tahiti. His mother, Anriie Silver, was from Kilgard, as was her mother, Sarah Silver. Peter Bolan's grandfather, Peter Silver, was from Laidlaw but resided at Kilgard. After attending school at Sumas Prairie Elementary, Peter Bolan-was sent, at age 1*+, to the Vancouver Sexman School. He graduated from Dewdney Senior High School in 19*+8 and attended a year at University of British Columbia. Since that time he has lived around Chilliwack and in the Okanagan.

Dolly Felix was born in 1897 or 1898 at Scowlitz. Her father, James William Johnston, was from Lytton, B.C. and her mother, Sophie Petters , was from Harrison Mills.. Dolly Felix lived on Nicomen Island until she was 9'or'10, then lived in Scowlitz. She attended school at. St. Mary's in Mission for 3 years. She presently resides on the Chehalis reserve.

John George, born at Aitchelltz in 1926, is the only person who speaks Halkomelem from that reserve. His father was from Aitchelltz. At age 7, John George.attended school at St. Mary's in Mission. As an adult, he lived and worked at different locations until he settle down at Aitchelltz, where he is band leader. Although not very fluent in the Halkomelem language, John George, because of his interests in native culture and religion, knew many of the words^on my list.

Arnold Guerin was born in 1910 at the Musqueam reserve. His father was half-Musqueam and his mother was Lummi. He was raised on the Musqueam reserve speaking primarily English until age 10,.at which time he was sent to the Indian school on Kuper Island. After school, he returned to Musqueam for four years but then returned to Kuper Island where he married and raised a family. Arnold Guerin is now an active member of the Musqueam band. He is cur• rently involved in a project to teach Musqueam to adults and school- age children.

Lucy Jackson was born.at American Bar in 1909. Her father was Joseph Alex. Her mother, who was a Thompson, died when Lucy Jackson was young. She is now living on the Datz reserve, the home of her deceased humband. Tillie Guitterez, Lucy Jackson's daughter, was born at Katz in 1921. She is active as a teacher' of the Halkomelem language. Tillie Guitterez was present at the interviews and helped to elicit and verify data. 37

Laurence James was born on December 29, 1897, at the Wellington Reserve. His father was from Wellington and his mother, who was half Douglas, was from Harrison Mills. From age 7-15 he attended school.at St. Mary's in Mission. He also attended school in Vancouver where he was known for his ability as a runner. Laurence James now. resides on the Wellington Reserve where he is known for his knowledge of local history, his.stories, and his music.

Stanley James was form on the Nanaimo Reserve in 1911. His mother was Josephine George.. He.attended school.at Coqualeetza from 1919-1931. He -has also lived in Esquimalt and Duncan and knows words from those areas. He curren tly resides on the portion of the Nanaimo Reserve on the Nanaimo reiver.

Arthur Joe was born on March 26, 1891, in Duncan. His mother, Julia Joe, his father and his father's parents were from the Duncan area. Arthur Joe how resides on the reserve on Allenby-road. at the Cowichan River. His wife, Susan Joe, was present at the interviews and helped to elicit data as Arthur Joe's Halkomelem is considerably better than his English.

Lizzie Johnson, born in,190U, was raised on Seabird Island. Her father, Charles Alexander was a Thompson from.Snuzzum. Her mother, Rosy James, was from Seabird Island. The father of - Rosy J Junes, was from Seabird Island and her mother was from ah area above Ruby Creek. Lizzie Johnson did not attend school. She speaks some Thompson as well as fluent Halkomelem.

Agnes Kelly was born in Squatats on March 17, 1921. Her father, Patrick Louie was from Squatats, as were his parents. Her mother, Amelia Joseph, was from Ohamil. Agnes Kelly lived at Squa• tats until age. 9 when she moved to Mission. She now resided at the Ohamil reserve near Laidlaw.

Ed Leon was born.at the Chehalis Reserve in 1899 or 1900. His father, James Leon, was from Chehalisand his mother, was from Soowahlie. Ed Leon did not go to school and started logging at age l6. He -spent ko years working for that industry mostly around Chechalis but also on Vancouver Island. Ed Leon, an excellent speaker of Halkomelem, is well-respected for his knowledge of native culture.

Alfred Louie was born on August 15, 1917, at Steveston. His father, Alex Louie is from q»elicj bay and his mother, Catherine Jim, was from Shell Beach, where Alfred Louie was raised and now resides. He.attended school.at Coqualeetza from 1930-36. His grandmother was from Qualiqum Beach, so Alfred Louie was also able to give Nanoose forms for certain words. 38

Hank Pennier was born o n the Chehalis reserve on February 6, 190*+. His father, who died when Hank Pennier was young, was French Canadian. His mother, Alice Davis, whom he.describes as half from Deroche and half American, remarried and moved to Union Bar when Hank Pennier was 5- From age 9-1^, Hank Pennier attended school.at St. Mary's Mission. At-age l6, he took on logging jobs until he was injured in 1951. Hank Pennier, who now lives at Scowlitz, has written a book which, describes life around the Harrison Mills area. Maggie Pennier, Hank's wife, was born in February, 190^. Her father was Jimmy Leon of Chehalis and her mother was Elizabeth Tom • of Soowahlie.. She attended school at St. Mary's in Mission for 5 years. Maggie Pennier, who is Ed Leon's sister, was present at the interviews with her husband and offered verification on some forms.

Susan Peters was born in 191^ at Ruby Creek. Her father, Issac James, was from Union Bar. Her mother, Celia Charlie, was from Yale. After the death of her mother when she was 3 or h years old, Susan Peters lived with her father's sister, Sarah Bob.at Yale. Susan Peters attended school at St. Mary's in 1925-

Nancy Phillips was born on March h, 1907, at Tzeachten. Her father, Alec Joe, was from Lekelem but lived.at Skwah. Her mother, Martha, was from Tzeachten. From age 9-18 Nancy Phillips.attended school, at St. Mary's in Mission. She now resides on the Chehalis Reserve where she teaches the Halkomelem language in the local elementary school. Nancy Phillips gave both the Tzeachten and Chechalis forms of certain words.

Ella Reid was born in 1897 near Everson, Washinton. Her father, Thomas Cline was from the Kilgard reserve near Sumas, B.C. Her mother, Belinda Antoine, was from 3 miles south of Nooksack, Washington. When Ella was 13, her family returned to Matsqui. She attended Coqualeetza school from age 1^-18. She is presently living near Everson, Washington. Ella Reid, although she slaims to know only a few words of Halkomelem, was able to supply most of the words on the list. This can be accounted for because her father's sister, Agnes, who could not speak English, often lived with her family. Alice Hunt, Ella Reid's sister, was born in 1907 near Everson, Washinton. She was h or 5 when the family moved to Matsqui. From age 11-18 she attended school at Coqualeetza. She was present at the interview with her sister and frequently verified forms.

Celia Thomas was born on May 11, 1913, at Cheam reserve. Her father, Willie Alev, was from Rosedale and her moether, Mary Charlie, was from Cjilliwack Landing. When she was 3, her father died; she was raised by her father's sister, Joesy Alec, and her father's mother, Lucy Alec, of Cheam. Celia Thomas now resides on Seabird Island. 39

Henry Thompson was born.at Nicomen Island in 190*1. His father, Harry Thompson was from Nicomen. His mother, Margaret Walker was from from Tzeachten. He attended school at.St. Mary's in Mission from 1918-1921.

Sam Wallace was born.at the Soowahlie Reserve on January 15, 19L*t. His father'was from Soowahlie and his mother, Mary, -.was from Squatats. He attended school at Coqualeetza.

MAP 2b THE INFORMANTS Appendix B The Data

The 150 word list as follows was elicited from the 21

people described in Appendix A. Musqueam forms from

Elmendorf and Suttles (i960) are marked with the list and

item number.

1. deer 41. weir 2. elk 42. split roasting stick 3. "squirrel 43. dip net 4. chipmunk 44. axe 5. raccoon 45. • chop wood 6. mink 46. knife 7. striped skunk 47. wood-carving knife 8. frog 48. D-adze 9. tree frog 49. half-done canoe 10. bat 50. thwart 11. ant 51. anchor 12. spider 52. boom 13. bird 53. rope of cedar 14. bluejay 54. shovel 15. crow 55. bucket 16. raven 56. lamp 17. hummingbird 57. lantern 18. nighthawk 58. loom 19. seagull 59. tools 20. salmon 60. rattle 21. coho 61. blanket 22. humpback 62. broom 23. spring 63. long dish, platter 24. steelhead 64. box 25. crab 65. coffin 26. cheeks of fish 66. grave 27. maple 67. cemetery 28. alder 68. bury 29. thistle 69. bed 30. red huckleberry 70. beam 31. long Oregon grape 71. roof 32. underbrush 72. floor 33. bushes bunched up 73. window 34. bark 74. be blind 35. fir bark 75. hair 36. pitch 76. brain 37. stump. 77. throat 38. arrow 78. chest 39. quiver 79. knee 40. fish spear 80. sole 1+3.

81. palm 131. ice 82. sprain leg 132. warm 83. be out of breath 133. mud 84. girl's puberty- 134. sand 85. pregnant 135. island 86. pass out, faint 136. waterfall 87. sickness 137. eddy 88. medicine 138. wave 89. poke 139. low tide 90. scratch 140. rock 91. smash 141. smoke 92. tear 142. smoke shed 93. wipe 143. wind from down water 94. boil 144. storm 95. sink 145. storm for 3-4 days 96. swell 146. must 97. laugh 147. perhaps 98. smile 148. really 99. bark 149. sometimes 100. come 150. soon 101. run 102. swim 103. see 104. scout 105. take, hold 106. be careful 107. fall down 108.,. know 109. fight 110. children 111. lazy 112. stingy 113. smart 114. name 115. dream 116\ echo 117. hairy giant 118. What colour is it? 119. blue 120. big 121. dark 122. sad 123. small 124. smooth 125. straight 126. eight 127. moon, month 128. sun 129. fog 130. freeze American Bar LuJ fc'alqt/le smiyeQ Wellington LaJ •fc'blqtile smiyaG mawic •'-meat' 'meat' 'deer'

Union Bar SP it Aitchelitz JG tt „ IT

Cheam AK " tt Kilgarde PB tt »

Seabird I. LiJ » Matsqui ER tt

Katzie RB sm4y^ Rosedale CT <> ' deer, meat' Musqueam Chehalis EL ti mawic 'deer Nanaimo SJ Harrison Mills HP «

Shell Beach AL Scowlitz DF ti n

Lekemel HT ft it it Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP » Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW "

deer Wellington LaJ American Bar LuJ q'eync q'eyiec 'moose 'elk (moose not around here)'

Union Bar SP xwie.xqil Aitchelltz JG •elk'

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB sxwoqal • mooae' 'elk'

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER q'eyi?'ec 'elk'

Rosedale CT Katzie RB q'ey^i'ac •elk' 'moose'

Chehalis EL Musqueam it 6.21 'elk'

HarriBon Mills HP Nanaimo SJ q eyic 'elk, moose' 'moose'

Scowlitz DF w ? Shell Beach AL q-eyii c k ewe ec 'elk' 'moose'

Lekemel HT w ? Kuper I. AG q'jeyiec k ewa ac

k unsure, Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ 'elk' Soowahlie SW

. elk/m0gge American Bar LuJ sqwa'e'a4 Wellington LaJ it

Union Bar SP " Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK " Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ " Matsqui ER skaye9

Hosedale CT " Katzie RB skwaye'?

w Chehalis EL sk aye- Musqueam 6.

Harrison Mills HP " Nanaimo SJ s9? ap'? cia?-9an

Scovlitz DF " Shell Beach AL s9'ape,ia?9an

Lekemel HP " Kuper I. AG sc'apsiaGan9

Tzeachten NP w w Cowichan AJ sq a9'ai sk aye c'apc'i'aian (in stories) Soowahlie SW

3. squirrel it American Bar LuJ xaxp'ical Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP t! Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK II II Kilgarde PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER it xaxp'ici1

Rosedale CT Katzie RB xaxp'icin xaxp'icil

Chehalis EL Musqueam xaxp'ican 6.3 xaxp'ICI1

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ xaxp'ical

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL (Vancouver Island could

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG not identify this animal.)

Tzeachten NP it Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW II

k. chipmunk American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG 1!

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB !l

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER It

Rosedale CT Katzie RB males

Chehalis EL Musqueam 6.14

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ sxaVskw'as

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL

tt Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

it Soowahlie SW

5. raccoon American Bar LuJ ceci-q'ei Wellington LaJ cici'q al

Union Bar SP „ sqayexiye Aitchelltz JG (in stories) Cheam AK sqayax Kilgard PB sqayax

Seabird I. LiJ cacx-q'ai Matsqui ER s/ . v S « ft

ciciq an Bosedale CT " Katzie RB

ti Chehalis EL " Musqueam ciciq'an 6.18

Harrison Mills HP " Nanaimo SJ cici*q an

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL caci'q'an

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ I!

Soowahlie SW

6. mink American Bar LuJ se>spaq Wellington LaJ t

Union Bar SP tt Aitchelitz JG "

Cheam AK tt Kilgarde PB t.

Seabird I. LiJ tt Matsqui EB »

Rosedale CT tt Katzie RB sp'se'i-h

Chehalis EL " Musqueam spsps©'in 6.1

Harrison Mills HP n Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF » Shell Beach AL ^-wv* ' spap0'7;in

Lekemel HT tt Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP tt Cowichan AJ pepaWn

Soowahlie SW

7• skunk American Bar LuJ plptha-m xamoi Wellington LaJ pl-gsha;ni 'frog in myths Aitchelitz JG II Union Bar SP „

Kilgarde PB pipaha.m9 Cheam AK „

Matsqui ER pipsha'm7 Seabird I. LiJ "

Katzie RB spapa'm7 Rosedale CT »

Musqueam AG pip a'in?. Chehalis EL " Nanaimo SJ Harrison Mills HP »

Shell Beach AL sxa?enxw [sxa?aenxw] ;> Scovlitz DF »

Kuper I. AG ti Lekemel HT "

Cowichan AJ ii Tzeachten NP "

wa'xyim [wo'Vim] Soowahlie SW

8. frog American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ palipaha'm swilik' 'alot of little trot Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG wilik'.'^

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB W3X3S

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

(rioise ) Rosedale CT Katzie RB waxad

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG swilik'

Harrison Mills HP wiliV? Nanaimo SJ

('frog's language') Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL " swellk'

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP wile*k' Cowichan AJ (noise) Soowahlie SW

9. tree frog American Bar LuJ skw''!ikw':'iiye/'xal Wellington LaJ st'ale'*xal [»]' Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG k^ili'e-xal

Cheam AK Kilgard PB p'e *p'a9'ale'• xal skw'ili?e-xal

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER p'ls p'lO'elexal kw,ekw'iye-xal

Roeedale CT Katzie RB ^'ukw'li'exen p'ip'iG'iye*xal

Chehalis EL Musqueam kw' iliye-xal

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ sialp'al^&xan sqalye'xal

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP p'ip'a6'ale • xal Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

10. bat American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ )t

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER xye-'sam

Rosedale CT Katzie RB e'amae'e

Chehalis EL Musqueam " 6.69

7 Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ c'amc'i!

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL e^ame'ayi

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ c'amc'i'i

Soowahlie SW

11. ant American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ q'asq'asicil q'asq'ascil

Union Bar SP IT Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB q'asq'asicil

Seabird I. LiJ ii Matsqui ER q'asq'asicil

Rosedale CT ii Katzie RB sqatqatcala? / qatcale

Chehalis EL Musqueam qatqatcala, 6.68

Harrison Mills HP 9 qlasq'as ci1 Nanaimo SJ qatqatcala

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL ti

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP tt Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW q'asq ascil

V71

12. spider American Bar LuJ mimaq" Wellington LaJ -'little bird' 'duck, bird' Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG tt 'duck'

Kilgard PB ? v Cheam AK ma aq 'bird' Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER tt

Rosedale CT w v w w x axreli-q Katzie RB sq 'iq 'aleV

w w Chehalis EL w w pc w v x eyx*.slsq x eyleq Musqueam S- sq '3laxy ma>aq

Harrison Mills HP w Nanaimo SJ sq 'ales

Scowlitz DF mi•maqv ma*'qv Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT tt Kuper I. AG 'duck'

Tzeachten NP tt Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

13. bird (big and little) w N Wellington LaJ w American Bar LuJ k e -y k e^y

Union Bar SP « Aitchelitz JG kweyic kweykwey 'bluejay' (what he s Cheam AK » Kilgarde PB kwe*-y

Seabird I. LiJ " Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT » Katzie RB kwey / skwi9'ac

Chehalis EL " Musqueam sxwi9'9C 6.U6

Harrison Mills HP " w Nanaimo SJ sk i9'ac

Scovlitz DF » Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT » Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP " Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW skwe°y

Ik. bluej ay American Bar LuJ spa-l Wellington LaJ tt

Union Bar SP skiwsq'' s Aitchelltz JG (type of crow) Cheam AK Kilgard PB spa'plal

Seabird I. LiJ spapala-1 Matsqui ER spapalal

Rosedale CT Katzie RB spa?pal?al

(lots of crows) Chehalis EL Musqueam spalal 6.1+6

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ q' al aq1? a

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL q'ale'?aq'e?

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG 11

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

Co 15. crow American Bar LuJ sqiwaqs Wellington LaJ

w Aitchelitz JG spa'. ± Union Bar SP sk aweIs

Cheam AK spa*l ''raven Voiron 'I Kilgard PB " kwalwils (in stories) kiwaqs (Raven & crow warning Seabird I. LiJ sqiwaqs you) Matsqui EB spa'l?

Rosedale CT Katzie RB "

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG "

Harrison Mills HP spa-1 Nanaimo SJ "

Scovlitz DF sqaqwaqw Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Covichan AJ "

Soovahlie SW

vo 16. raven American Bar LuJ p'/sk'e Wellington LaJ it

Union Bar SP " Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK "'• Kilgard PB " (in stories)

Seabird I. LiJ " Matsqui ER ti-n?

Rosedale CT " Katzie RB it / .-. sxwa-?c,a-?li'?

Chehalis EL " Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP " Nanaimo SJ sxifanc'ali

11 Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL sx^at'c'alf"

Lekemel HT " Kuper I. AG tt

Tzeachten NP " Cowichan AJ tt

Soowahlie SW

OA IT. hummingbird o American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ n

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB tt (a bird, not nighthawk; around when Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER the sockeye run) it

Rosedale CT Katzie RB »

Chehalis EL

MusqueamA G tt

Harrison Mills HP

Nanaimo SJ tt

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL »

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG n

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ (sound of nighthawk) Soowahlie SW

18. nighthawk American Bar LuJ sliliwye Wellington LaJ sliliwye

Union Bar SP it Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK 7 Kilgarde PB sliliwye

Seabird I. LiJ it w, Matsqui ER q aliteq

ti it Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL it Musqueam it 6.

Harrison Mills HP it w Nanaimo SJ q ani?

Scovlitz DF ti Shell Beach AL ti

Lekemel HT qy'.alitaq Kuper I. AG it

Tzeachten NP it Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SV sliliwye .

19. seagull American Bar LuJ s9'a-qwi Wellington LaJ »

Union Bar SP it Aitchelltz JG »

Cheam AK tt Kilgarde PB n

Seabird I. LiJ it Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL it Musqueam AG sce-iten. sceitan

Harrison Mills HP II Nanaimo SJ sce.'itan

Scowlitz DF it Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT tt Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

2o. salmon (generic") kwaxwa9 American Bar LuJ kwsxwe9 Wellington LaJ

w Union Bar SP it Aitchelitz JG k ex^i9

w w Cheam AK II Kilgarde PB k ex e9

II Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER kwoxwec

Rosedale CT kwexwas Katzie RB kwaxwi9

Chehalis EL kwexwae Musqueam kw3xw?se 6.5^

Harrison Mills HP kwaxwac Nanaimo SJ 9e?wan

Scovlitz DF kw3XwIS Shell Beach AL ce'wsn / q'etcaqs

(Nanaimo)

Lekemel HT kw4xwae Kuper I. AG 9e?wan Tzeachten NP It Cowichan AJ se?wan

Soowahlie SW w w k ax ac

21. coho American Bar LuJ huliye Wellington LaJ tt

Union Bar SP it Aitchelltz JG tt

Cheam AK ti Kilgarde PB huliye'?

Seabird I. LiJ tt Matsqui ER hu?lays'

Rosedale CT it Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam 6.53

Harrison Mills HP it Nanaimo SJ hum7

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL tt / sxwilme*yi

tt Lekemel HT ti Kuper I. AG

ti Tzeachten NP tt Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

22. humpback American Bar LuJ pa-qw' Wlx*xi Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP ti II Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK it II Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ it it Matsqui ER

w Roeedale CT tt tt sk axam . p'qi's Katzie RB s9'aqwi?

Chehalis EL Musqueam s0'aqwey? 6.55

Harrison Mills HP tt it it c a.lal Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF ti tt tt Shell Beach AL se'a?qwi?

Lekemel HT it Kuper I. AG II

tt Tzeachten NP tt it tt Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

23. spring salmon American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG tt

Cheam AK Kilgard PB q'e'wx

tt Seabird I. LU Matsqui ER

tt Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam 6.58

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

w Scovlitz DP Shell Beach AL sxsx q'am

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ sxaw?q'am

Soowahlie SW

2k. steelhead American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ „

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

? Cheam AK Kilgard PB ?ay x

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB "

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG "

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ " /

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL " '' Na

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG " / Na

Tzeachten NP Covichan AJ

Soovahlie SV

25. crab American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ c'xyaysii

Union Bar SP siiqwele -Y?(gen.) Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK s4iqwila (of fish) Kilgard PB sipila (gen.) Seabird I. LiJ siaqwa*la (gen.) Matsqui ER siaq"i'na? (gen.)

Rosedale CT sxwi-la (gen.) Katzie RB sxwt'q"am

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ iqfnas

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL sxwiqana (gen. )

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ sx^flana

Soowahlie SW

26. cheeks of fish American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ q'amuliip q'amalaiip

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG q'amo?i'ip q'amlaip

Cheam AK Kilgard PB q'emu1lip q'amu'iip

IT Seabird I. LiJ ? Matsqui ER q'amo iip

Rosedale CT q' aimi* liip Katzie RB

Chehalis EL q'amu•iip Musqueam q'amalaip

Harrison Mills HP q'amo'iip Nanaimo SJ q'amaneip

Scovlitz DF q'mo'lip Shell Beach AL q'amani.ip

Lekemel HT q'amo?iip Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ q'emoiip c'aiaip

Soowahlie SW

27. maple American Bar LuJ xe-y9'iip Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP it Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK it Kilgard PB tt

Seabird I. LiJ tt Matsqui ER ti

it Rosedale CT Katzie RB kw'axwsi-ip

Chehalis EL tt Musqueam

tt Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ kwilala?aip

Scowlitz DF it Shell Beach AL it

Lekemel HT tt Kuper I. AG it

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ it

Soowahlie SW

28. alder American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ c'aqwc'ac'

Union Bar SP c'ac'a'qw' Aitchelitz JG it

Cheam AK c'aqw,c'aqw' ('lip) Kilgard PB ciceqK?

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT c'ac'a'qw' Katzie RB

w ? Chehalis EL e'ae'a'q ' ( I*P ) Musqueam xaw. xawi*4p 5-75

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ xawxawiniip

Scovlitz DP c'a'c'aqw' iip Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP " Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SV

—j

29. thistle American Bar LuJ sqe•la Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP tt Aitchelltz JG

w w Cheam AK tt Kilgard PB sk 'aq cis 'black thimbleberries' Seabird I. LiJ tt Matsqui ER skwc'-oqwci s

Rosedale CT tt Katzie RB skw'aqwcis

Chehalis EL tt Musqueam skw'aqwcas 5.68

tt Harrison Mills HP tt Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF tt Shell Beach AL tt

tt Lekemel HT tt Kuper I. AG

tt Tzeachten NP - Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

30. red huckleberry American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ e'uie'i/ip

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG G'uie'iyiip

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER e ^e e'oie'i'iip 'uw 'i^iip

Rosedale CT Katzie RB e'uG'iyiip

Chehalis EL e'o-ie'iip Musqueam ialac'aip

Harrison Hills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL 9 'if; -waq'aip

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG ialic'aip

Tzeachten HP e'al9'ay aip Cowichan ialic'aip

Soowahlie SW

31. long Oregon grape American Bar LuJ laxwsqel xwixwal Wellington LaJ 'bushy' 'bush used for whips' Union Bar SP II it Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK " Kilgard PB " 'brush, whip'

Seabird I. LiJ i9xwsqeie-c Matsqui ER s^xyixyic

Rosedale CT " " Katzie RB

Chehalis EL " 9 simlicel Musqueam sqai 5.l6 'underbrush' Harrison Mills HP " Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF " Shell Beach AL sxwaimc 'bushes , young shoots ' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

II Tzeachten NP 'bush' Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

32. underbrush American Bar LuJ sq'aple•c Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP sq'sGle*c Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK q' spale* c Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ q'eG'ele- Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT sq'eG'ale Katzie RB

s Chehalis EL sq'epale• Musqueam 3 spnec g_pc

ti Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF II Shell Beach AL sq'ap'nec

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

33. bushes bunched American Bar LuJ p'aliyi'ws Wellington LaJ »

Union Bar SP tt Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK I! Kilgarde PB (bark of bush or young tree)

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT it Katzie RB

tt Chehalis EL Musqueam p»al ay ?a' w?s 1.38

Harrison Mills HP tt Nanaimo SJ p'aii?

Scovlitz DF tt Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

3*+. bark (of a tree) American Bar LuJ 1 /v Wellington LaJ sle *y

Union Bar SP siaqwey Aitchelltz JG 'bark of anything » 'cedar bark' Cheam AK Kilgarde PB "

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER sle'-y?

Rosedale CT Katzie RB sley?

'bark of the Douglas fir' Chehalis EL Musqueam sley 5.30

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL siaqw' 'cedar bark' 'bark of whole tree, fir, cedar' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ Soowahlie SW

—j co 35. bark of fir tree American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER kw'i'xw

Rosedale CT Katzie RB camax 'thin, syrupy pitch' 'thick, hardened; used for caulking' Chehalis EL Musqueam AG

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL camsx

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

vo 36. pitch American Bar LuJ sq'xe-p Wellington LaJ q'xe'-p

Union Bar SP " Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK " Kilgarde PB s?i*lac

Seabird I. LiJ " Matsqui ER s?xlic

Rosedale CT " Katzie RB s'alec

Chehalis EL " Musqueam s?elac 5-18

Harrison Mills HP " Nanaimo SJ s?alnac

11 Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL «

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG 11

Tzeachten NP " Cowichan AJ it

Soowahlie SW

CO o 37' stump American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ sikwale;xy

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB S3kwelexy

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB skwelexy / e'smen / sqole. 'gun

Chehalis EL sikwale-xy Musqueam ©'smen 8.13 ' arrcw, gun Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF w S3k ale-xy Shell Beach AL „ a / skw9l-

' gun' * gun' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

38. arrow American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ sikwele-sytil

Union Bar SP G'esi'la Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK c'ilxwelstil Kilgarde PB

Seabird I. LiJ siyet'ele Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB l3qwe

'any kind of bag' Chehalis EL w Musqueam retrix e'lst3l l*£e 8.13 Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

39• quiver American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ „

Union Bar SP 0 'n = Aitchelltz JG 'spear he Kilgard PB Cheam AK it » Matsqui ER Seabird I. LiJ -» n Katzie RB 9'aqwiten Rose dale CT n

Musqueam s'anam t£?ei 8.1, 8.2 Chehalis EL u » Nanaimo SJ n Harrison Mills HP n n Shell Beach AL n n Scowlitz DF n Kuper I. AG » » Lekemel HT

Cowichan AJ " n qe9axw Tzeachten NP e'a*-qwitn 'spear point'

Soowahlie SW

ho. fish spear American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP ciaq'tel Aitchelitz JG c'iysq'tel

Cheam AK c'e*qtil Kilgard PB sc'iye*q'

Seabird I. LiJ c' iyaqtel Matsqui ER

sc'iyaV Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL sex aq Musqueam

SxeV 8.10 Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL

ti Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

ti Tzeachten HP c iye-q' Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

hi. weir American Bar LuJ piqwil Wellington LaJ »

Union Bar SP » Aitchelltz JG n

Cheam AK " Kilgarde PB tt

Seabird I. LiJ " Matsqui ER tt

Rosedale CT tt Katzie RB y . Veyaleq'ten .(from 'squeeze')

Chehalis EL » Musqueam ' pi?q"Sn

Harrison Mills HP »» Nanaimo SJ tt

Scowlitz DF » Shell Beach AL »

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG »

Tzeachten NP » Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

CO h2. split roasting stick American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ q lqi'smasti 1 q'ama-stil

Union Bar SP q'amastal / Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB q' amastil q'lq'mastal

Seabird I. LiJ q'sq'ma'stal Matsqui ER qalec

Rosedale CT q' ama'sti 1 Katzie RB

Chehalis EL ? w Musqueam ca k amt9n

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF ? w Shell Beach AL ak 'in / 'axeim'tan

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ 'exsim'tan

Soowahlie SW sq'eq'amastel

k3. dip net, oo ON American Bar LuJ , , . / Wellington LaJ " /kw'ikw'am uuu kw'aqwle-ctil / kw'qwam 'axe'. 'hatchet' Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

» ti Kilgarde PB tt

Cheam AK tt n Matsqui ER w sk 'qw9m Seabird I. LiJ » Katzie RB kw,qwaman Rosedale CT » Musqueam " (Suttles, p.c.) Chehalis EL tr

Nanaimo SJ skw,qwsm Harrison Mills HP tt n tt Scowlitz DF „ 'double-headed Shell Beach AL axe' Lekemel RT kw'q«3m Kuper I. AG tt 'axe'

Cowichan AJ " / skw'xkw'qwam Tzeachten NP tt

Soowahlie SW »

5f hk. axe American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ tt

Union Bar SP e'iqwelcip Aitchelitz JG »

Cheam AK tt Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ tt Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT tt Katzie RB sq'a'lcap

Chehalis EL t'amit Musqueam

tt tt Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ sq'als t'at'amit 'splitting od' 'choppin 'hammering'

Scovlitz OF tt Shell Beach AL sq'alcap

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG sq'al7 cap

Tzeachten HP tt Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SV

^5. chop wood American Bar LuJ ie-c'til Wellington LaJ n

Union Bar SP 11 Aitchelltz JG H

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB u

Seabird I. LiJ ti Matsqui ER »

Rosedale CT II Katzie RB ieVtan

Chehalis . EL ti Musqueam " g 2Q

Harrison Mills HP II Nanaimo SJ ^pt3n , ?^tsn

Scowlitz DF it Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT II Kuper I. AG "

Tzeachten HP II Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

k6. knife American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK v -, Kilgarde PB x*£ptil xyipeltjfl 'a tool for shaving wood' Seabird I. LiJ

Matsqui ER xyfptal

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL x*pe'ltil Musqueam Sxatak"' 8.21

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL §ape'ytin / . sxatak"' 'digging out tool' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP sxe'-t'k^els Cowichan AJ U;"'gxattekw' saptan 'thing for digging or carving' Soowahlie SW

^7. woodcarving knife American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB sxwti'at'imel

Seabird I. LiJ / . ,, , •, /n Matsqui ER nayli'til / t'et'emi'l 'chopper1 ' chopping Rosedale CT st et'emeis Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam st'et'emeis 8.22

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ sxwt'et'emewei

Soowahlie SW

vO h8. D-adze American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL , , , Musqueam xee'ey? 8.53 p aq'sawai 'half-done canoe' Nanaimo SJ

Harrison Mills HP Shell Beach AL

Scovlitz DF Kuper I. AG

Lekemel HT Covichan AJ

Tzeachten NP

Soovahlie SW h9. unfinished hull American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK xlaxalawitil Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ s9'aiawalt'il Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT iaxalawaiti1 Katzie RB

Chehalis EL ixalawiiti1 Musqueam x\'alawait an

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL gxaX'wi'tan

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG ixalawaitan

Tzeachten HP s6'axialawal Cowichan AJ sxa^'wiltan

Soowahlie SW

50. thwart American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP masflatil Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK it Kilgarde PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT masi'yaltil Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam q«sa'ntan 8.h9

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ iqaWen

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL tt

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

51. anchor w American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ e'aq iiestii

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK c'3qw'elistil ta p'a'til Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ se'aiswaitii Matsqui ER (cf 'thwart') Rosedale CT Katzie RB

w Chehalis EL c'q 'e-x3tii Musqueam xwat'3lie'?tan

Harrison Hills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

vo

52. "boom (on sail) American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ II

Union Bar SP sti'lswi1 Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK II Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ II Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

w Chehalis EL II Musqueam sy3q '9m 8.58

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

53. cedar-writhe rope American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Aitchelitz JG Union Bar SP it

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER xwcayqwals 'something to dig with' Rosedale CT Katzie RB saspal / lapen

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG ti

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ it

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL " / geay?q*al'>s

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG it

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ lapen

Soowahlie SW

5^. shovel American Bar LuJ w Wellington LaJ tt sk 'a-wis

Union Bar SP tt Aitchelltz JG tt

Cheam AK ti Kilgarde PB w sx qa-m 'something to carry water in' Seabird I. LiJ it Matsqui ER sk^.fa'was

tt Rosedale CT tt Katzie RB

Chehalis EL tt Musqueam . 8.33

Harrison Mills HP it Nanaimo SJ tt

Scowlitz DF tt Shell Beach AL tt

Lekemel RT tt Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP tt Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

55. bucket American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ '

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG 11

Cheam AK Kilgard PB 1

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER hi?q"i-i

Rosedale CT Katzie RB sxwi?qwx-n?

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG hay'q^in

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ hay ?qwu • n f

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG hayVu-n

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

vo vo 56. lamp, light American Bar LuJ sle *xa9 Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP sle"xat Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB sxyec'it

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB sk^anxVin

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG tt

Harrison Mills HP slex^at Nanaimo SJ skwansan

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL " / kwanstan

Lekemel HT slexat /la'ltal Kuper I. AG tt •flashlight, 'lantern' Tzeachten HP torch• Cowichan AJ

Soovahlie SW

57. lantern, flashlight, torch American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP t'slp'eitil Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB 'rack for drying skins'

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER tsp'aitil Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis £L Musqueam ?ay7 amen 8. 6l

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL " 'loom, drying rack' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP stsp'q*4 Covichan AJ tt 'stretching frame' Soowahlie SW

58. loom American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ 11

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgarde PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB Vewkw,m9n

Chehalis EL Musqueam it 8.17

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ - '. o_ sya*y?as

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

59. tools American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ sqw£•txwcls

Union Bar SP kwaxwmi1 'deer hoof, rattle' Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ skw'£•txweis Matsqui ER

'deer hoof 'rattle' Rosedale CT Katzie RB kwaatun

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL kwaxwman 'deer hoof Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP kwacmin Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

60. deer-hoof rattle American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ it

Aitchelltz JG Union Bar SP tt

Cheam AK Kilgard PB sie•wal 'cover, "blanket' Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER laxwt/l

Rosedale CT Katzie RB X'axwten

Chehalis EL Musqueam 11 Q.lh

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ laxwtan

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL tt

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG tt

tt Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

6l. blanket American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ 11

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG 11

Cheam AK Kilgard PB n

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER 11

Rosedale CT Katzie RB qw'e'?ean

Chehalis EL Musqueam 11 8.31

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ sxwixwals

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL ?axwtan

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG sxw?ixiaeat

Tzeachten NP Covichan AJ ?axwtan

Soovahlle SW

o 62. broom American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP xap'iyiwei Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK it Kilgard PB qxiyiwai

Seabird I. LiJ kw'i'kw'iiyiw,;,ai Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

w w ? 8.72 Chehalis EL q ai yuwii Musqueam tq 'alas

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DP Shell Beach AL qwea'las

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ qwsa'las

Soowahlie SW

63. long diah, platte American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ t!

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG II

Cheam AK Kilgard PB II

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER kw'axwa?

Rosedale CT Katzie RB kw,axwa?

Chehalis EL Musqueam 8.32

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ xGam

Scovlitz DP Shell Beach AL n

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG II

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ ti

Soowahlie SW

3 61*. "box American Bar LuJ (s ame as Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP TT Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK TT Kilgard PB it

IT Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER 11 / sme-qw'e

II Rosedale CT Katzie RB snaw3kw'a'?ela

II ' Chehalis EL Musqueam nawakw'e k. 131

Harrison Mills HP II Nanaimo SJ maqeya

II Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL TT

II Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG Tt

II Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ II

Soowahlie SW

H O 65. coffin CO American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ SXW9?1-XW Matsqui ER 'grave, tomb1 Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL 9Xw?a-mat 'grave, deceased' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

66. gr ave American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ »

Union Bar 8P Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB "

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Roaedale CT Katzie RB sxwmekw'ela

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ "

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG "

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

67. cemeter American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG "

Cheam AK Kilgard PB pi *ls 'planting' Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER pi • 1

Rosedale CT Katzie RB panet pi'It pi lest 'cover up, make a hill' Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ " pi Item

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG 11

Tzeachten BP n it Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

68. bury American Bar LuJ SXW?E• Wellington LaJ [ae]

Union Bar SP » Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK „ Kilgard PB

Matsqui ER ? Seabird I. LiJ tt la*l wis

w Rosedale CT Katzie RB sx a?m9t

Chehalis EL „ Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ "

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT tt Kuper I. AG " / ^7{t3t

tt / tt Tzeachten NP u Cowichan AJ 1 (old word) Soowahlie SW

69. bed American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ t'p'aitil

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB t'eiawsi te

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam sxaA'wiltan 8.28 st'iiwiltil

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ t!

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL It

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

70. beam (in house) American Bar LuJ s^iitx™ si-qacii Wellington LaJ si-qacil .'boards' '.shingles' Aitchelltz JG Union Bar SP

Kilgard PB sc'eltaxw siqacal Cheam AK

Matsqui ER s?iltxw Seabird I. LiJ sc'a-itaxw

Katzie RB s?iqacan Rosedale CT si-qecii

Chehalis EL ? w s^iltx" Musqueam s iltax 8.29

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL s?itxw

n Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG II

it Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

71. roof American Bar LuJ 4axiiaptii Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP le-iawis Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK » Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ „ Matsqui ER ixilap

Rosedale CT iaxiiaptii Katzie RB iaxanaptan

Chehalis EL iaxe'ylaptil Musqueam " s-PC

Harrison Mills HP „ Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF „ Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT „ Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP „ Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

72. floor American Bar LuJ kw'ca-stil Wellington LaJ k«'ca'-stn

w w k 'ik 'casam kw'ikw'casam m

w, Union Bar SP sk ca-stil Aitchelitz JG kw'aca'stil w. skw,ikw'casam

Cheam AK w kw,aca'stil Kilgard PB sk 'ca'-stii w,m

Seabird I. LiJ w sw'acastil Matsqui ER sk 'ca•stal w,m sw,ikw,ca*sam

Roeedale CT w Katzie RB s 'ca-stil

w w, sk^-'aeastan w,m s 'ik ca-stil w w Chehalis EL w sk 'ik 'casam m s 'acastil Musqueam AG skw,acastan w,m sw'ikw'casam m Harrison Mills HP w ? kw'ca-stil Nanaimo SJ " / sx al' mastan'?

Scovlitz DF kw,ca'-stil Shell Beach AL " " kw'ikw'ca-sam Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ " "

Soowahlie SW

H H ON 73. window, mirror American Ear LuJ Wellington LaJ «

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG "

Cheam AK Kilgard PB »

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT Katzie RB "

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG "

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ s^'sialic'

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL i'elic' e'apalas '"bad eye sight' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG *'a?iic'

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ s9 'a/,?palas

Soowahlie SW

i—• lh. be blind American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT KatZie RB meqar n

Chehalis EL Musqueam " 1•71

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ se'itan

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG "

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

75. hair American Bar LuJ sma9'qai Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP it / sma9'alaqw Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK » Kilgard PB sma9 'aialaq'

Seabird I. LiJ t'aimai Matsqui ER ma9' aiaq'

Rosedale CT w Katzie RB ma'e'ailaq sma9'qan

Chehalis EL smaG 'qal Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ ti

ScOWlitZ DF mi'e'qal Shell Beach AL it

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG sma9 'qan

Tzeachten NP sm/e'qai Cowichan AJ sxalamas

Soovahlie SW

r-H> vo 76. "brain American Bar LuJ sqalxwe/,le Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP it Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK ti Kilgard PB tt

Seabird I. LiJ tt Matsqui ER xwaha•ma4 q'£yaqw' 'windpipe' Rosedale CT it Katzie RB sxwqanxw£la

Chehalis EL ti Musqueam sqanxweyla

Harrison Mills HP tt Nanaimo SJ sxwqanxwela

Scovlitz OF it Shell Beach AL xaminai 'windpipe

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten BP Covichan AJ

Soovahlie SW

77. throat American Bar LuJ q'(9)p'a-ieatii Wellington LaJ q'p'alstil

Union Bar SP sq'(a)p'a/-ieatii Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK tt Kilgard PB sq'p'al6itil

Seabird I. LiJ tt Matsqui ER q'p'a'lctil

Rosedale CT tt Katzie RB sq'p'alGatim

Chehalis EL Musqueam sqp'al9aten 1.75

Harrison Mills HP sq'p'a-ls£il Nanaimo SJ sq ewam

Scowlitz DF tt Shell Beach AL

tt Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

tt Tzeachten NP sq'ap'a-letii Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW q'ap'a'lstil

ro 79. knee American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG 11

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

? Rosedale CT Katzie RB s i-nas

Chehalis EL Musqueam 3.ho

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ e'axemen

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL I . sc'mi'nas

'breast bone' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP it Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

78. chest American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB II

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER sxw?a-cisxyil

Rosedale CT Katzie RB sxw,?a6isqan 3.36 / xy Chehalis EL Musqueam sxw?a9asxyan

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ snaxwaisan 'arch' Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL sxaGis

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG it it

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

80. sole of foot American Bar LuJ sxw?a0 Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP t? Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ » Matsqui ER 'CISCIS

Rosedale CT it Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam qelemces 3.30

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL sxa'Gis ten9 celis 'palm of your hand' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP sxw?aec Cowichan AJ qelemcis 'the very centre of your hand' Soowahlie SW

H ro 8l. palm of hand American Bar LuJ p'iaqw'xyil Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB " / sakwxyil 'twist the hone' 'sprain Seabird I. LiJ II Matsqui ER se'94aqw'xyil

Rosedale CT w Katzie RB w 1 c'4a-q xyil p'4eq xysn

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG. it w " / q ayaxyi

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ qwaya?s3n

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL n

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG it

Tzeachten BP Cowichan AJ n

Soovahlle SW

82. sprain leg American Bar LuJ 4cu.s. Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP ?ewkw'ixyil Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK S3C1WS Kilgard PB p'qwilas

w Seabird I. LiJ tx at te'al s4E'-qw3m Matsqui ER t'qwilis

Rosedale CT ?awate s4e'qw3m- Katzie RB

Chehalis EL iciws Musqueam

w Harrison Mills HP ?E-k 'slxyil Nanaimo SJ iciws

w Scowlitz DF wite siE*q um Shell Beach AL ?ewkw'aina4

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG IT

?o-kw'xuil Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ IT

Soowahlie SW

83. be out of breath American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam GaGax™ k.126

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL xw4\'as

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

81*. girl's puberty American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER sy-im'yim •

Rosedale CT Katzie RB sysm?ysm

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL it

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG tt

Tzeachten HP Ccvichan AJ

Soovahlle SW

85. pregnant American Bar LuJ malq'fwssm Wellington LaJ malq'awai

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

n w Cheam AK Kilgard PB x malq'wai maA'

ti Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER malqi'wsam 'to be stumpe

it Rosedale CT Katzie RB II

it Chehalis EL it Musqueam AG maA'el 'to see a spi

n Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ it

Scowlitz DF it Shell Beach AL II

Lekemel HT II Kuper I. AG n

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

86. pass out, faint American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ „

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG -

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER ti

Rosedale CT Katzie RB IT

Chehalis EL Musqueam q'aq'ay k.222

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ q'aq'i7 'sick, die' Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL ><

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG »

Tzeachten IIP Cowichan AJ » I sxai 'sick, ache' Soowahlie SW

87. sick w American Bar LuJ st' al(a)max Wellington LaJ st'almax'

Union Bar SP it Aitchelitz JG tt

Cheam AK tt Kilgard PB it

Seabird I. LU it Matsqui ER ti

Rosedale CT ti Katzie RB it

Chehalis EL ti Mu8quee%Q it

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ / siexan?

Scovlitz DF tt Shell Beach AL it

Lekemel HT tt Kuper I. AG ti

Tzeachten NP ti Covichan AJ

Soowahlie SW t' almax'

88. medicine American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ ? "

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG "

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER c'q'at

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ 6q' it

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL j c eqwtam 'poking like with Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG c'aq" needle'

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

89. poke American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB xeyp

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT Katzie RB "

Chehalis EL c * xat Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ "

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG " / xip

Tzeachten HP yp' Cowichan AJ "

Soovahlle SW

90. scratch American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ it

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG tt

Cheam AK Kilgard PB ^t'xyeyxati 'shatter, burst Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER it

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG n

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ ti

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL it

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG tt

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soovahlle SW

91. smash American Bar LuJ xwte•t Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP " Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK " Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ " Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT " Katzie RB

Chehalis EL " Musqueam AG

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DP " Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT " Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP " Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG ? e-p'it

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam e'p' et 2.20

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ ?ee'et

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel RT Kuper I. AG xwelat

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

93. wipe American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER IT

Rosedale CT Katzie RB 4at'qwam

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG ii

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL 4ap'qw3m

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG it

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ it

Soowahlie SW

9k. boiling (intrs American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB A'pi-lastsx" 'lowering it down' Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB A'pilstax*

Chehalis EL Musqueam AQ miq'sst 'push him down into Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ the water, dunk him'

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

co 95. sink (it) CO w American Bar LuJ Sx atim p a*m Wellington LaJ 'bread rising' Union Bar SP " Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK " Kilgard PB t>

Seabird I. LiJ " Matsqui ER it

Rosedale CT " Katzie RB t!

Chehalis EL " Musqueam " 2.100

Harrison Mills HP " Nanaimo SJ p' a*m

Scovlitz DF » Shell Beach AL tt

Lekemel HT " Kuper I. AG it

Tzeachten HP " Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

96. swell American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG tt

Cheam AK Kilgard PB it

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER ti

Rosedale CT Katzie RB nayai

Chehalis EL Musqueam 2.66

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ yen am

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG "

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

H O 97. laugh American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG ti

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER tt

Rosedale CT Katzie RB xWnay3mas

Chehalis EL tt Musqueam^ AG

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ I T ' xwy3nsm3s Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL tt

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG tt

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

98. smile American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG "

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT Katzie RB "

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG "

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ A'awam wa?was 'yapping' 'barking Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ "

Soovahlle SW

99. (to) bark American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER tt

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG am 'i

Harrison Mills BP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DP Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

LAJ

100. come American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ II

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG it

Cheam AK Kilgard PB II

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER II

Rosedale CT Katzie RB xwanxyensm

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ xwcenam

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL II

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG it

Tzeachten IIP Cowichan AJ II

Soowahlie SW

101. run American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar 8P Aitchelltz JG :

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

102. swim American Bar LuJ kw'scit k^aciex* Wellington LaJ " 1! 'look at .it' 'see' Union Bar SP " 11 Aitchelitz JG " II

Cheam AK kw'acit kw'sclaxw Kilgard PB IT 'look at it' 'see'

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER " TT

Rosedale CT Katzie RB kw,e'kw,ac

Chehalis EL Musqueam kw'acnaxw 1.79

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ le'mat

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL le'mat la'mnaxw kw'ecit kw'e'cnaxw Na. Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG 11

TI Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ "

IT Soowahlie SW

103. see, look American Bar LuJ kw'scxyil Wellington LaJ kw'acxyil 'scout' 'look for tracks' Union Bar SP kw'acxyit Aitchelitz JG 'look for footprints

w w Cheam AK k 'acXyil Kilgard PB k 'acxe-lem •look for footprints 'to look backwards, to be aware' Seabird I. LiJ kw'akw'acxyit 'scouting' Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT kw'acxyil 'look for tracks' Katzie RB

Chehalis EL kw,scxyil 'see the tracks' Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP kw'cile.p 'scout' Nanaimo SJ

w Scovlitz DF k -' acxye • lam xw Islam? Sans xwle/?lamaxanam 'scout' Shell Beach AL 'looking for tracks" 'always lookin around' Lekemel HT sa-lqw,t 'look for tracks' Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP kw'aca'ma 'hunting around' Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

iQk. scout American Bar LuJ ku-.t mi£.t kfaie'is Wellington LaJ " 'hold' 'take' 'hold' 'carry along' Union Bar 8P It Tl Aitchelltz JG "

Cheam AK TT IT Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ TT TT Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT » TT Katzie RB kwanet 'hold' Chehalis EL TT TI Musqueam AG

Harrison Mills HP n » Nanaimo SJ kwariat kwanet 'take' 'hold' Scowlitz DF it II Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT n „ Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten UP it it Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW n

105. take, hold American Bar LuJ eahi-eat xya'-iamaGat k"akw,aiax Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG akw,ac6at

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ la'lam'aGat.

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL kw'a'-kw'acit

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP w w Cowichan AJ k 'ak '3ceat

Soowahlie SW

106. "be careful American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG "

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LU Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT Katzie RB wsVa*'

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ waA'ac'

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG 11

Tzeachten IIP Covichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

i—• 107. fall down, stumble American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP it Aitchelitz JG "

Cheam AK it Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LU sq'elax" Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT II Katzie RB "

Chehalis EL n Musqueam " 1.82

Harrison Mills HP II Hanaimo SJ stat3i?stexw

Scovlitz DF II Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT it Kuper I. AG "

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

H H 108. know American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG it

Cheam AK Kilgard PB ti

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER ti

Rosedale CT Katzie RB kwintal

Chehalis EL Musqueam 2.97

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ tt

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL it

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG tt

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ it

Soovahlle SW

109. fight American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG ste?3xwai

II Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER IT

Rosedale CT Katzie RB II

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG TT

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ sA'aliqei

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL TI

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG II

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

110. children American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

H

111. lazy American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG it

Cheam AK Kilgard PB ti

Seabird I. LU Matsqui ER it

Rosedale CT Katzie RB it

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ w x qel9wii

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL xwW?

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG ti

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

112. stingy American Bar LuJ scuwat Wellington LaJ " 'quick' 'know how'

Union Bar SP ,, Aitchelltz JG "

Cheam AK „ Kilgard PB " q'a?ilis 'adept, capable' 'sensible, level-headed' Seabird I. LiJ „ Matsqui ER " xwq'3?£*lss ' smart' Rosedale CT „ leq'si-iss Katzie RB w x q?il9S 'well-behaved' Chehalis EL „ Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP „ Nanaimo SJ sieyc'ai

Scowlitz DF „ Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT „ Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP „ Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

113. smart American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JO "

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB sWx*

Chehalis EL Musqueam it ^..Q^

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ skw£s

Scovlitz DP Shell Beach AL sne'?

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG »

Tzeachten NP Covichan AJ »

Soovahlle SW

I—1 Hk. name American Bar LuJ s?aliya Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP it Aitchelltz JG 11

Cheam AK it Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ it Matsqui ER " ?a'liya a 'spirit power' 'dream' tl Rosedale CT Katzie RB s'al'aliye

tt Chehalis EL Musqueam ?al?alys ~ qal^qal^aGan *+.91

It Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ sqalqalaean

tl Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

It Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

tt Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ " ? ay lama t

Soowahlie SW

i—1 CO 115. dream American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kil«ard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER wilam?

tt Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG

tt Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL

tt Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

" tawtaw^alaqsp Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ tt tt Soowahlie SW

H 116. echo American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG it

Cheam AK Kilgard PB ti

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER it

Rosedale CT Katzie RB sesq EC

Chehalis EL Musqueam U.121

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ w ? 9 ' amaq ' as peps£\Lw\s 'giant' 'hairy man' Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG tt

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ ti

Soowahlie SW

117. hairy giant ? American Bar LuJ stem amixy Wellington LaJ stem kws tamixy

Union Bar SP si lei'mamixy Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK it Kilgard PB selcimamixy

Seabird I. LiJ secima'mixy Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT it Katzie RB sc9kwal'?a'?l3s

it Chehalis EL it Musqueam AG

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ tu?skwalss

ti Scovlitz DF it Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG tt

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

118. What colour is it? American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL 9£ee'axwam 'colours at sunset' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG ti 'blue' Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ cqway 'blue, green' Soowahlie SW

ON 119. blue American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG "

Cheam AK Kilgard PB "

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER " r C1C9

Rosedale CT Katzie RB Gi?

Chehalis EL Musqueam ei* S-PC

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ "

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL 9i?

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG e£*

Tzeachten IIP Cowichan AJ "

Soovahlle SW

120. big American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ „

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB „

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER ce

Rosedale CT Katzie RB n

Chehalis EL Musqueam it 2.79

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ iec

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL it

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ ti

Soowahlie SW

121. dark American Bar LuJ t'et'i'-l st'a-yxw Wellington LaJ 'lonely' 'sorry' Union Bar SP it Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK n Kilgard PB

Seabird I. UJ it Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Hills HP II Nanaimo SJ sqiqalss

Scovlitz OP II Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG qiias

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soovahlie SW

122. sad ? ? w American Bar LuJ ?i?9xwii ?amimal Wellington LaJ e ax i*l mimal 'small' 'tiny' Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB ?exwi'-l "

Seabird I. LiJ tt Matsqui ER

7e'7axwi-n'? Rosedale CT Katzie RB ''ax'-in7

Chehalis EL ?sxwii Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL tt

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG tt

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soovahlle SW

ON ON 123. small American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG 'eyiG'e 'smooth-of clothes, fabric' Cheam AK Kilgard PB yalisam syayA'al (as shake) Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT ? iya*lisim laq'alep Katzie RB salic' 'smooth, level ground' Chehalis EL Musqueam yilsp

'even ground' Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ yalisem

? Scowlitz DF ? aliy3p Shell Beach AL saliq' silq'anap i?yalas 'smooth, level ground' 'even' 'level ground' (as shake)' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP ? i(a)li-q' eyie'e, Cowichan AJ 'level, smooth' Soowahlie SW

124. smooth American Bar LuJ GeV" Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP e'i*-kw' Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK „ Kilgard PB sGsGik"'

e w Seabird I. LiJ 'aV" Matsqui ER caq

Rosedale CT t'akw' Katzie RB

Chehalis EL l^g' Musqueam

w Harrison Mills HP c'aq Nanaimo SJ GaGeq"'

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

125. straight American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB tqe•ce?

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT Katzie RB "

Chehalis EL Musqueam " 2

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ t e9 c1s

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG 11

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

126. w American Bar LuJ sk '(i)Xyas iqelc' Wellington LaJ » 'moon, month' 'month'

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

ti Cheam AK Kilgard PB "

'moonlight' 'moon, month' Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT Katzie RB "

Chehalis EL Musqueam "

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ "

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL "

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG "

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie Sw

127. moon, month American Bar LuJ sy a*qwam Wellington LaJ II

Union Bar SP it Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK it Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ it Matsqui ER

II Rosedale CT Katzie RB syaqwam

II Chehalis EL Musqueam 1.27

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ sem'saGat /s

Scovlitz DF II Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT II Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten IIP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

3 128. sun American Bar LuJ sqwatxyim Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP ii Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK II Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ n Matsqui ER it

Rosedale CT II Katzie RB it / spe'x^m

Chehalis EL ti Musqueam sqwatxy3m

it Harrison Mills HP ? w Nanaimo SJ spe x

it Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL ti

Lekemel HT II ? w Kuper I. AG spe x am

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

129. fog American Bar LuJ piwatem Wellington LaJ

ti Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

II Cheam AK Kilgard PB

II Seabird I. LiJ pislwals Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB spawels

Chehalis EL Musqueam pawels 7.68

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ Gimatam

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL I pipawatam

Na. 'becoming solid' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

n Tzeachten HP pawels Covichen AJ

II Soowahlie SW

3 130. freeze American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG sp£w?

Cheam AK Kilgard PB n

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT Katzie RB "

Chehalis EL Musqueam » 2.1+3

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ sGima-?

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL »

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG "

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

131. ice American Bar LuJ w w Wellington LaJ k 'ak 'is

Union Bar SP tt Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK tt Kilgard PB II

w Seabird I. LiJ tt ha-lq am Matsqui ER n 'mild'

Rosedale CT tt II Katzie RB tt 'hot, warm' Chehalis EL ti it Musqueam kw'akw'as

w Harrison Mills HP tt ti Nanaimo SJ k 'e?las

tt Scovlitz DF it Shell Beach AL

ti Lekemel HT ti Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ ti

Soovahlie SW

132. American Bar LuJ sG'i-q'el Wellington LaJ sG'iG'aqal

ii Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG t'aqwt'aqw

it Cheam AK Kilgard PB siyaq'

Seabird I. LiJ si&q~. Matsqui ER st'it'aqal t'aqwt'aqw

'dingy' 'mud' Rosedale CT G'iG'aq'al Katzie RB sGlaqal

Chehalis EL sG'iq'al Musqueam t'aqwt'aqw 7-9

II Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ st'iqel

Scowlitz DF sG'iG'aq'al Shell Beach AL II

Lekemel HP t'aqwt'aqw Kuper I. AG n

Tzeachten NP sG'lqal Cowichan AJ II

Soowahlie SW G'iG'aqal

'muddy'

133. mud it American Bar LuJ syic'am Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK II Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT syic am Katzie RB

Chehalis EL ti Musqueam 1.33

Harrison Mills HP ti Nanaimo SJ p'qwacan?

Scovlitz DF it Shell Beach AL

Lekemel HT it Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

3 13 1+ sand American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB sqGa-9

Seabird I. LIJ Matsqui ER A'ce•s

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL Musqueam w sk 9e?(s) 7.37 AG Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ skw0e?

Scowlitz DP Shell Beach AL skw0e?s A'ce's 'island by Victoria' (off Oak Bay) Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG sqaqeGaq. 'islands ' 'island'

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ w w ? slf island' sk ik 0a •little island' Soowahlie SW

135. island American Bar LuJ skwil Wellington LaJ ca-lqtaqa

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG " Ge-txam 'high -waterfall' ti n Cheam AK w Kilgard PB sk iya •little falls' 'small falls* Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER 'big falls'

Rosedale CT Katzie RB sca'laGat ta qa1

Chehalis EL Musqueam Ge-txam (ta sta'lo)

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL skwac hi?lam qa caVam qa 'fal'falll s by Cowichan 'falling 'jumping River' water' water' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG it 'waterfall* Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ n

Soowahlie SW

3 VO 136. waterfall American Bar LuJ q'ayetam Wellington LaJ titi*m

Union Bar SP xwtilti^m Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK q'ayi-x Kilgard PB q ayax

Seabird I. LU xwilqw'iyam Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT q' ayaxam Katzie RB xwtitim

w Chehalis EL x titi-m Musqueam sq'ay?axam 1.2k

Harrison Mills HP q ayxam hamq'alaq Nanaimo SJ ?iyamtam 'rough water' 'whirlpool'

Scovlitz DF q' eyaxam Shell Beach AL sqeqam

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG qem? q'ayaxam sxalac' 'hack eddy' 'whirlpool' 'cross current' w . : x titim 'river flowing against current' IT Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ > „ /. , qayxam sxalac' 'choppy water' Soowahlie SW

137. eddy, whirlpool American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ ya* lcip xyaicii

Union Bar SP tt Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK it Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ tt Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB w GiGahe'laq sq 'a41e'laq 'big wave' Chehalis EL Musqueam ? ? sme'leq sha ya laq 7.29

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz DF sme' 'yalaq Shell Beach AL hqay'yiiaq

- Lekemel HT sy a lcip Kuper I. AG la'yal^aq GiGe'?laqw 'big wave'

Tzeachten HP sme•laq Cowichan AJ ha'?yalaq

Soowahlie SW

138. wave American Bar LuJ e'e-m Wellington LaJ 'water went down

Union Bar SP t, Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK „ Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT „ Katzie RB " c3kwcakw ' low tide'

Chehalis EL „ Musqueam AG

Harrison Mills HP it ni9qiniil Nanaimo SJ ssVssm?

'low tide Shell Beach AL Scowlitz DF ,t

Kuper I. AG x„ca'kw Lekemel HT

Cowichan AJ 0»E'm

Tzeachten NP u 'water went down'

Soowahlie SW

139. low tide American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG it

Cheam AK Kilgard PB tt

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB sme.nt

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG tt

Harrison Hills HP Nanaimo SJ Jk'sc'a

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL ti

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP Covichan AJ

Soovahlle SW

H CO 11*0. rock American Bar LuJ sp'aA'am Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP tt Aitchelltz JG »

Cheam AK tt Kilgard PB "

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER "

Rosedale CT tt Katzie RB "

Chehalis EL it Musqueam AG "

Harrison Hills HP tt Nanaimo SJ " sA'ayaq' 'cigarette, tobacco' Scowlitz DF ti Shell Beach AL 11

Lekemel HT tt Kuper I. AG " "

Tzeachten NP it Cowichan AJ 11 "

Soowahlie SW

1*+1. smoke American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG csiti la*wtx'

Cheam AK Kilgard PB tl

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER ce'iti l'awtx'

Rosedale CT Katzie RB q'lleVtx"

Chehalis EL Musqueam AG ti

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ it

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL it

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG it

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

lk2. smoke shed for drying fish American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER tilcalaq" 'wind from up-country' Rosedale CT Katzie RB tenia's spa'hsls

Chehalis EL Musqueam tanca?laqw

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

ScOWlitZ DF tilca'-laq" Shell Beach AL tan?ca?la'qw 'wind from uphill' 'west wind' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten NP tiiaia-s Cowichan AJ "

Soowahlie SW

1L3. wind from down-wat Wellington LaJ American Bar LuJ xaA'Gat ta sw£-yl qaqali'm

Union Bar SP sqalam Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

WCOWJ.ASeabirdU I. Li" J maqala'-, m t^ •a• swe*y* l Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT maqalam kws sw£'yl Katzie RB qal swayal

Chehalis EL Musqueam yal'yal'ac' T. 56

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ

w Scowlitz OF qalqe•lam Shell Beach AL scax am 'storm, wind' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG xaA' scux"am 'stormy' Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ skwikwayal xaV 'strong wind' Soowahlie SW

1*4*+. storm American Bar LuJ Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB

Chehalis EL x^cfiiwistil Musqueam 'storm for 8-9days' C'putting the Harrison Mills HP paddles avay'D Nanaimo SJ

Scovlitz OF Shell Beach AL

'wind that never stops' Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ tt

Soowahlie SW

1^5. storm that lasts 3-h days American Bar LuJ li yaxw Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP rT Aitchelltz JG

ti Cheam AK Kilgard PB ?is t'aw3

Seabird I. LiJ n Matsqui ER II

Rosedale CT lltt 3WS Katzie RB ?i4 yaxw 'must be, maybe' Chehalis EL Musqueam

it ? w Harrison Mills HP ? w i4 yax Nanaimo SJ i yax ni'ai yax'

Scowlitz DF Shell Beach AL ni?yaxw ?i4 yaxw

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG ii

Tzeachten HP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

lh6. must (inferential) w American Bar LuJ ?i" 1 t'awa Wellington LaJ tx t'awa

Union Bar SP ya* saws Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK li t'awa Kilgard PB li t'awa

Seabird I. LiJ yaswa t'awa Matsqui ER ya*swa lit'awe 'perhaps' 'mayhe' 'I guess Rosedale CT Katzie RB tawxc'E

Chehalis EL yasaw'a Musqueam 'I don't

? Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ i wa'wa' ?ii t'awa

Scovlitz DF Shell Beach AL it yaswe?

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG tt

Tzeachten HP ya- sawa Covichan AJ tt

SoovahUe SW

lhj. perhaps, maybe IT American Bar LuJ c'ec'ai Wellington LaJ

Union Bar SP <- Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK n Kilgard PB

Seabird I. LiJ » Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB c'e c an

TT

Chehalis EL <> MusqueamA Q

Harrison Mills HP »» Nanaimo SJ *'alim?

Scowlitz DF ti Shell Beach AL IT

Lekemel HT it Kuper I. AG IT

Tzeachten HP » Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

lh8. really (intensifi Wellington LaJ American Bar LuJ tamtE'mis

Union Bar SP iikwis Aitchelitz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB tsmt

Seabird I. LU Matsqui ER

Rosedale CT Katzie RB ti

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ c'8xwie?

Scovlitz DF it Shell Beach AL »

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG "

Tzeachten HP Covichan AJ

Soovahlle SW

1^9. sometimes American Bar LuJ 7awe hieas c'imai Wellington LaJ "

Union Bar SP Aitchelltz JG

Cheam AK Kilgard PB »

Seabird I. LiJ Matsqui ER »

Rosedale CT Katzie RB H

Chehalis EL Musqueam

Harrison Mills HP Nanaimo SJ cale'l

Scowlitz OF Shell Beach AL " II

Lekemel HT Kuper I. AG wai calel

Tzeachten NP Cowichan AJ

Soowahlie SW

150. soon 194 Appendix C. Salish Cognates

Abbreviations and Sources:

Cx Comox Davis, 1968 Se Sechelt unpublished files, Ronald C. Beaumont Sq Squamish Kuipers, 1967, 1969 Nk Nooksack Amoss, 196l CI Clallam Thompsonand Thompson, n.d. Lm Lummi » So Sooke Efrat, 1969 Sa Saanich Pidgeon, 1970 Sg Songish "Mitchell, 1968 NPg Northern Puget Salish Hess, 1976 SPg Southern Puget Salish Snyder, 1968 Tw Twana M. Dale Kinkade, files Sh Shuswap Kuipers, 197^ Li Lillooet Swaboda, 1968 Th Thompson Thompson and Thompson, n.d.

TTK An important secondary source used for this paper was the comparative Salish notebooks of Thompson, Thompson, and Kinkade, especially useful for Comox and Nooksack. These notebooks contain many speculative reconstructions that are not in finalized form. These will be labeled PS-TTK.

BG-A Brent Galloway, 1976a BG-L " b

TH Thomas Hukari WS Wayne Suttles

Forms for So, Sa, Sg, or Nk marked -f are from the files of Barbara Efrat.

Abbreviations used for Halkomelem:

Is Island Ml Mainland Dr Downriver Ur Upriver

Ms Musqueam Cw Cowichan Na Nanaimo Kw Kwantlen Ka Katzie 195 Mats Matsqui Kilg Kilgard Chil all points in Chilliwack area Cheh Chehalis Le kl Lekemel

Two capitals, e.g., AG, RB, indicate informants.

Data from dialects are between commas; languages are between semicolons. Information concerning word analysis is in parentheses. More speculative cognates or analyses are in brackets. indicates that the informant used both forms without distinction whereas / indicates that there were variations in areas but not in individual speakers, or there were two words of slightly different meaning. 196

alder Is kwilal?aip;Sq k^luVai

w w Li-TTK k lul'az'; PS-TTK k -lul

Dr kw'axwsi-£p

Ur xeye'iip ( xaye> 'unripe')

ant Is e'ame'iye, Dr,Kw e'amaG'e. Sg caV'c'iyi; gq c'ac'mxcn

Ur x^e-sam

arrow I s,Dr e'ai'en'.^ ; Sq c'm'a'l? Saa- f c'am'e'n

Ur sikwale'.xy ('arrow, gun')

axe Is skw'qwam, chil, Mats, Kilg kw,qwam . w w w, w Cl-TTK sk 'q am; NPg sk [s]q ab . Nk-TTK skw'q^am (Ur kw,qwam 'hatchet')

w w w w Dr k 'q aman ; Sq q 'q amn

Ur kw'aqwlactal

(to) bark Is wawas; Se wuwum ; Sq su^n Conomatopoeticll

Ml, Na A'awals ; So-f X'sw-

w w fir bark Is siaq ' (sp siaq ey i"bark Qf anything')

Ml sley^ ; Sq slay? bat Is _siap!el^exan' (AG 'sloppy arms*): Sg ialp'ale'xan , Lm-TTK ia4]5alexan

Ur p^ip'ae'ale-xal ("squeezing wings'), skw'ikw:?.:alye-xal [ Cx-TTK p'ip'iamax, Wn sap'iy'axan' ] heam Is, Dr sxa^'wiltan ( x?>•£ 'stretch across' -tan ' instrument') cf thwart, weir

w Ur t'aiawai, t'p'aitil, sx t'liwilti1 ; NPg t'aiusad 'beam in building' ( t'ai[a] 'crossways') 197 saxwt'axwalikw 'beam (architecture)' ( t'axwad 'lay hoards on beam')

Is, Dr sxM?a'?m3t (? amat 'sit up');

(UR sxw,?amat 'sofa, chair, bedroom')

Is also sxw?itat Cold word: (?xtat 'sleep') (Ur sxw?xtat 'bedroom, hotel')

Ur, Kw sx?e'xa9, sxw-?-exes (? exa9 'lie down') ER la^l'wis (old word- sleeping platform) ; NPg lalwa's

Is, Dr ©1, Kw si or tsi (Ur-BG-A ©l- 'bigi'as'ih\L9x9acas 'big hands' ~cas 'hand', 9&:.axyal 'big feet' ~x*al 'foot') [Cx ti; Se ti • ]

Ur hi-kw ; So. hx Nk-TTK hi? (a)kw ; Lm hayx ; NPg hikw ~ hiqw, SPg he' kw

Is, Dr sqw'alis; Se skw'alas ; Sg sqw'ales

Ur mima-q" 'little bird', ma*qw 'big bird, w duck' Nk mo'oq Cheh, Scow, Lekm xweylaq* 'big bird' xweyxwalaqw 'little bird'

Is laxwtan, Ur laxwti. .1 ( lax" 'cover')

Dr A'axwtan (Ur BG-pc A'axwte-1 'blanket robe')

Is A''*' lie'

Ml qiyxas ;Sq qxxus

Is , Dr skwx9'ac

Ka skwx9'ac kwe-y

Ur kwe-y; Nk kwey; Sh skwwey 198

box Is xGam; Sq xcam 'cedar box' Sa-f. xGam

Ml kw'axwa(?); Sq kw'axwa?: Th cw'axwa broom Is ?axwtan, Ur ?axwtil ; Sq ?ixw-tn; [Sh ?ixw-le?p]; ( sxwa/?ix"aeat (old word) ; Sg sxw?iaxwisat; NPg saxw,?ixwicut )

Dr qw'e?t9n (AG qw'et 'sweep') be careful Is la?ama0at. ( lamat 'look' -Gat reflexive') cf s ee, look

Ml kw'a-kw'acit ( k"'acat 'look') chest Is G'xeman (Ur-BG-A Q'xemal 'sternum, breastbone) Ml s'l-nas, s?i*las (-i-las 'chest') (AL sc'minas 'breastbone'); Cx s?i-inas; Nk-TTK s'xlinwas; Lm s'iyanas; NPg s?ilidagwas children Is s^'aliqai ; So sA ii Aqai, CI si.'a'yi^'qi

Ml ste?axwa£, ste'-xwai; Sq s-taw'x™* ; Lm ste?uxw4;NP.gstawixwa'?4;Nk-TTK ste/?exwa4 choprwood Is, Dr sq'alcap (saq' 'split in half, -cap 'wood') EL saq'alcip 'split wood', NP saq'saq'et 'half wood'; Sq saq'nikwup cf tear

Ur e'iqw'alcap (G'iq"' 'punch') coffin Is maqeye; Sg maqeya

Dr nawakw,e, snawakw>a'?ela; Sq nawukw,a

Ur tw'axwa cf box 199 coho Is 0E/?wan; Sq caw^in

Wa q'etceqs ~ /„ 9e?wan; NPg sq'ecqs; CI q'scqs, Lm q'scqs

w w w Ml k 3X^C?)ae; Nk-TTK k ux -ac; w w w w SPg s-k sx ic; Tw sk ax ic

What colour is it? Is, Dr scak^l^a'las (scakwel'? 'how' -a?las ' colour')

Ur silcimamixy, silcimamixy (AG scakwapa?mixy 'What does it look like?)

? 9 ? crab Is, Ml x ; Sq ay. x; Lm 'e'ex . • 9 So ? ? icx 3 ci a cx

Wa ?9y?x^'~ messq"; NP^ besqv

crow I s q'ale'aq'e?; Sq q'l'aq'c CCm- K qw'ulaqa? ' raven'J (UR-BG-pc 'Brewer's blackbird')

Dr, Mats, Kilg spalal, spe'^pal'-al

Ur spa-1 (sps'pal'al 'lots of crows') cf raven dark Is iec; Sq iac; Lm iec, Sg lec, CI iac

Ml 9e«t; Wk cast deer Is, Dr smaye9; Lu,So,Sa smayes; Th smiyc 'game , meat' ; (Ur smiye0 'me at')

Ur A'slqt/ls ( A'^lqt 'long' -i'le 'ears') (Dr,Is • Jt'elqtana 'long ears'); . CTh s^'ule? 'deer']

Kw smeis or t'likt*na 'long ears' 200

Is ?axeim?tan (TH-pc 'i^xeim? CtLp 'dipnetting') ; Sa-f ?ax9im( ?) ten

Ms ca?kwantan

Ur q'ama( •)stal, q'aq'ma'stal dream Is sqalqalaGan ; Sq sqal^qal^asan ; NPg qalqalalitut

Ms qal?qal?a'ean ~ ?al?aliya (ES h.91)

Ml s'aliya (?aliye 'dream, have a vision, trance); Sq n'ali echo Is tawtaw?elaqap 'tree fungus, echo' Is swala?a'm 'echo' , Ml wilam?, wilwile-m; Sq swalam eight Is te?cas; Cx-TTK ta^cis ; Se : ta'acis; CI ta'cs

Ml tqece?; Sq tq-ac ; Nk-TTK tqeci?; NPg tqaci?, SPg tqace; Tw tqacih fall, stumble Is waA'ac', Dr wac'aA' (metathesis) (Ur-BG-pc wac'aA' 'fall, drop off)

calq, cilq; Sq cay-qs-am 'fall off, lose balance' fight Is,Drrkwintal; Sq k^intl; 11 w w w Lm • k ital, So k xn- , Sg k intal; CI kwinatl

Ur ?iya-tal floor Is ,Dr iaxanaptan, Ur iaxelaptil; Sq ixanptan; So 4xanaqwn, Sa iaxnakwan, Sg ixanakwan

Tait lelawis 201

fog Is spe'x"; Lm spe?xwaro , Sg spe'?xw , CI spa?xw3n

Ml sqw9txyem; Sq sqwatsm; NPg sqwsab , SPg sqwesab

,,? w w RB spe x em -.. sq atXy<3m; Nk-TTK sqwatsem . spe?xwam

freeze Is Gimatan

Ml piw9tam (Na pxp9W9t9m '"becoming solid') j, Nk-f pi'w'els 'freezing'; Se piwitam cf ice

frog Is sxs'e'nxw; Sg sxa'enx" s So sis?ensxw

Ml pipa.m?, pip9ha*m; CLi pipae?£a 'bullfrog' 1

hair Is se?itan; Lu si'etan, So si?eten , CI si'aien [metathesisH

Ml m e^9n, me-qel; Cx maq9n;

Se maqin ; , Nk-TTK . , meqinmeqin;; LLii meqin; Th weqxn; PS-TTK maqin

hairy giant Is e'am9qw9s ( sG'am 'bone') i 9'1WS

Ml se'sq-ac

red huckleberry Is,Dr,Kilg,Mats skw'?qwc9s (skw'9qw- 'hit' -ess 'hand'); (BG-L 'berry ready.in mid-July') (PB 'black thimbleberries') Sq skw'9qwc9s

Ur sqel9 hummingbird Is sxwat'c'9li

Ms , Mats^ ti'n? ; NPg teti'ad t" Ka ti'n ~ sxwet'c'ali

Ur p'isk'e j Th p'ssk'e7 202

ice Is sQima7

Ml spiw(?);Se spiw; Nk spiw

w w island Is sk 9e?; Se sk aca; Cx kwu9ays; Sa skwca?s, Lm-TTK skwse'?

Ms skw9e?s ~ X'ces

Ml *'ce'-s (AL *'ces. 'island off of Oak Bay, Victoria'^So*'ces, Sg A'ces;

SPg ^'acas; Nk-f *'c—

? knee Is sq ewam; Lm sq'e'k^an ' Sg sq'ekwei3, CI sq'iyaV'en

Ml sq'ap'a*19atan, SD'apa-19atal (BG-pc q'sp' 'cover over' -©st reflexive- -tal instrument)

knife Is saptan; Sa sipn, Sg srpan

Na saptan ~ ?axtan ('ix 'scrape')

Ml iec'tan, ie-c'til- Sq iac'tn- Se iac'tan know Is statalstaxw

Ml iaq'alax" (BG-A q'al 'believe') lamp, light Is hay^q^'n? Kw hayukwen, w ER hi?q ial5 Ms hay'q"!,^ (ysV Ifire'); Sq hi?qwi*n RB sxwi'?qwi-n'?

w w Ur yaq f*-l; Sg ci?iq sn lantern, torch, Is skwansan, skwanstan w w flashlight Dr sk anxyan5 Kw sk anxyen

Ur sle-xat, sle-xtil (laxawa 'torchlight') CNPg laxsad 'lamp': 203

lazy Is s'em'met

Ml s'u-mit / ?xc'sl

Se s?u'?umat

low tide Is , Dr cekwcekw; Se £ukw te S'IWUC 1far-the-water1

Na sem'sem?; Sq sam 'low tide, be in shallow water, stick up out of the water': So sesm7

Ur 9'em 'the water has gone down' (also I

maple Cw c'aie4p- So-f c'le?e4c, Sa 9'aieip; NPg c'u?iac

Is, Dr q'emeniip, Ur q'amu'jip, q'emeleip; Th q'am'neip ; Sq q'mlay?

medicine Is siexen (AG ie'xent 'medicate it')

Ml, Na st'e'lmex™ (AG t'elmexwt 'medicate it') ; CI stelnex"; NPg st'eljix" moon, month Is, Dr iqe'lc'

Ur iqs'lc' / skw'xya-s ( kw'xye'-m 'count -a*s 'face, round object'); Sq iqalc' ; Nk 'iqaelc' ; Lm iqe'lc', So iq'ecs ~ iqeic', Sg iqelc', CI iqayc name Is sne ( ne'tam 'to be named'); Lm sne, So>'.-ne- 'to name',Sa sne?, Sg ne? 'to be named', CI sna; NPg da?[a], SPg da> • Cx nan; Sq na-n

Ml skwixy , Na sWs; Se sWs ; CSh s-kwest ] 204

long Oregon grape Is, Dr ialac'eip CAG ielec'ales 'yellow' Oregon grape berries source of dyeH

Ur 6'uie'iyiip pass out, faint Is majt'e'l (RB ma?? 'see a spirit') So-f ma)! 'to take revenge' (AG matfeGat 'to take revenge'

Ml melq'iwsam 'forget oneself (BG-A malq 'forget' -i'ws 'in the body' -am middle-passive) pregnant Is x^'al'im? (kw'el-e 'stomach, belly1) (NP kw'ekw'ele-m 'Your stomach's getting big') CSg ?eskw,ay 1

Ml syam^am?, syi'myim CAG syam'tan 'belt'3 girl's puberty Is xwe£es;

Ml eaGix"; Sq ceciV raccoon Is sxeyakw'as ; NPg xa?xalus ( xal 'mark, write1);

(So-f xay- ; 'to write ') melalus Ml males, melis; Sq

Is, Dr, some Ur as borrowing kwecmin deer-hoof rattle w Sg k ecamin Ur kwaxwmal (deer, hoof, rattle') (is skwamen 'deer hooves') / skwe-t'exls, sqwetxwels

? raven Is, Dr, Kilg, Mats spa*l

Ur sqiweqs, sqaqwaqw, skwawels; Sq sqewq NPg kaw'qs, SBg qwaqw

cf crow 205 really (intensifier) Is fc'slim7

Ml c'e'c'an, c'e'c'al ("both also mean 'right, straight') rock Is sme'*nt Ml sme-nt, sme'lt; Sq smant ; Lu sneent, So snenat, Sg sqenalj, ci snanat

Na sme*nt ~ Jc'a'c's;

Nk-TTK c'aVa; upg c'fc'a?,

SPg c'.,e*'a ; Li-TTK k'aVe ; PS-TTK ktoav'a (metathesis) rope of cedar Is, Dr sys<3 3m 'rope made from inner cedar hark'

Ur stilawil 'rope made by twisting branches of cedar tree' sand Is p'q^ecan?; Sg p/Wcan, CI pqwacan', Lm pqwscan? CSq qwpilcn (metathesis): Ml syic'am seagull Is qwani [Nk qene :

Nootka q„ini

w Dr, Kilg.^Mats, Chil q 'alitaq ; w w Sq q *i'tq ; Nootka q itq

Ur sliliwye ^ Li lselujag

see lGok > Is, Na lamnax" »see» ^ ie'met ,look, SPg lab 'see' i^Lu lenet 'look'

w, w Ml Na ik^a'cnax", k a'clax taeei w w w k 'acat, k 'acat ilooki s k 'a'cnax" ,'see. N k-TTK kw'ec 'look' sink (it) Is, Dr ^'pilastax" ( *'pil 'below') (:PB A'pilastax" 'lowering it down')

Ur mi-q'at (AG miq'ast 'pUsh him down into the water by force, dunk him') 206

skunk Is, Dr, Kw spap9'in; Sa-TTK spapac'in?, Tim smamac'an., CI smamac'an7; Sq smac;,' in?, smraac 'in?

Ur s9'apag; Nk-TTK sc'apaq; Sh sc'ipaq ( ~ splant ) smoke Is s^ ayaq'am

Ml sp'a'^'am (is 'cigarette, tobacco'); sp'uVam, Lm sp'a^'an, Sa spaVsn smokeshed (for Is, Dr q'ileVtx" ( sq'i'la 'dried fish') drying fish) Ur ce•itilawtx™ spider Is, Dr qatqatcala

Ur, Kw q'e'sq'escil (BG-L q'eys-et 'tie something') (sx^'aya'asacal 'neeting shuttle') Sq q aq ascxn sprain leg Is qw9y'?san 'twist knee or ankle' Ms qwayaxym

Ml p'iaq'wxyan, p'4aqw'xwil (AG p'iaqwsan 'sprain knee or ankle (less Sq p'alq^lsn seriously) squirrel- Is c'apsiy?a9an CPB c'ic'piya9al 'rodent that carries food in cheeks:: chipmunk, squirrel, marmot, pocket golpher'D Dr, Kilg, Cheh skwaye (NP name in stories) ; Nk-TTK skwaya? ; SPg skajo; PS-TTK skwayu(h)

Ur sqw'a9ai, skw'a9'ai ; NPg sqw'aci 8'chipmunk' spring salmon Is, Dr s9'aqwi? (Ur, Kw s9'aqwi 's almon, gen.) Ur A'/lxyil ( fc'eix 'spotted' -xyil 'foot, tail') pa*qw' 'fall spring on Chehalis and Harrison rivers1 207

sk"axam 'silver spring salmon, runs in winter' s6;^ala-4 'spring salmon which runs in 'Chehalis Creek in May'"1 (EL) p'qis 'early white spring' (CT)

steelhead Is sxax'q'am

Ml qe'wx ; Sq sqiw'x stingy Is xw*'i? ( fc'i? 'desire, want')

[no Ms formD w w Ml sk 'ik 'iy stump Is s?alnac, Dr, Mats,J>Kilg s^alac ( -nac, -lac 'stump')

Ur sq'xep sun Is sam?sa6at; CI sRiU^act

Ml syaqwam; Se syayaq" swell Is p'a-m (Ml 'bread rising'); Sa pum?, Lm p'apa'aq , Sg p'a-n: Nk pohomtam

Ml cxwatam: Sa cxwatm; Nk-TTK cx"atam ; CSPg sax" 1 tear (it) Is, Dr sq'et (sad;' 'half')

Ur x"t'et

Scotch thistle. Is, Dr xawxawiniip

Ur e'aG'aq"'(iip) ( e.'>aqw' 'poke') tools Cw sq"ay-xcam , KI, Na, Chil, Ur sxwyayis ( yayas 'work'); NPg sax".uyayus 'what you work with'

Ms, Ka ?ewkw'man 'engine, tool' 208 tree frog Is ,Dr,Kilg,Matswexes, waxes;

So w.exei 'frog', waxes 'March frog'

Ur wilik'; [NPg welis, waq'waq'J

w warm Is k 'elas ; Lm k^e'les, Sg CI kw'a?us

Ml kw'akw'as ( 'hot' or 'warm') Cx kw'as Se ' qw'as; Sq kw'a-i? waterfall Is skwec [no forms for Ml Qe-txam 'high falls'small falls' Ms, Kan [Sq s caxwm 1 skwel 'falls skwikwel 'small waterfall' weir Is, Dr sxeX' (xeA' 'stretch across') cf beam, thwart

Ur c'laqtil, sc'iaq ; Sq c laq window, mirror HI skw*ecasten, skv"aca,stil ; Sq kw,q*eustn; So sx"kw'enasn Sg skw'anasar ; Th nkw'en'-us-tn'

Cw sxwal?masten?