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Notes Introduction: President and Peacemaker 1 . Niels Lesniewski, “McCain Says Obama Is Worse than Carter,” Roll Call , January 21, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2015, http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb /mccain-calls-obama-worse-than-carter/; Reid Epstein, “Mitt Romney Uses Jimmy Carter as Campaign Weapon,” Politico , May 12, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2015, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0512/76229.html ; Walter Russell Mead, “The Carter Syndrome,” Foreign Policy (2010): 58–64. The White House correspondent for The New York Times once wrote that President Barack Obama sought to emulate Bill Clinton, “Because, in the end, it’s better than being Jimmy Carter.” Peter Baker, “Education of a President,” New York Times Magazine , October 12, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2015, http:// www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/magazine/17obama-t.html?_r=0. 2 . 30 Rock , 2006–13, NBC. Retrieved May 12, 2015, http://www.nbc.com/30 -rock . 3 . For varying takes on Carter’s post-presidential activities, see Douglas Brinkley, The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter’s Journey Beyond the White House (New York: Penguin, 1998); Nicholas Dawidoff, “The Riddle of Jimmy Carter,” February 23, 2011, Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 12, 2015, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-riddle-of-jimmy-carter -20110201 ; Joshua Muravchik, “Our Worst Ex-President,” Commentary Magazine 123, no. 2 (February 2007): 17–26. 4 . Lawrence Davidson, “Truman the Politician and the Establishment of Israel,” Journal of Palestine Studies 39, no. 4 (2010): 28–42. 5 . E f r a i m K a r s h , “ I s r a e l , ” i n The Cold War and the Middle East, ed. Yezid Sayigh and Avi Shlaim (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 156–85. 6 . G e o r g e L e n c z o w s k i , American Presidents and the Middle East (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990), 157–211. 7 . R a s h i d K h a l i d i , Brokers of Deceit: How the US Has Undermined Peace in the Middle East (Boston: Beacon Press, 2013), xviii–xix. 8 . N a s e e r A r u r i , Dishonest Broker: The Role of the United States in Palestine and Israel (Boston: South End Press, 2003). 9 . Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 , Revised ed. (New York: Vintage, 2001), 494–560; Charles Smith, 190 NOTES Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict , 2nd ed. (New York: St. Martins, 1992), 240–78. 1 0 . L a w r e n c e W r i g h t , Thirteen Days in September: Carter, Begin, and Sadat at Camp David (New York: Knopf, 2014). 1 1 . K e n n e t h S t e i n , Heroic Diplomacy: Sadat, Kissinger, Carter, Begin, and the Quest for Arab-Israeli Peace (New York: Routledge, 1999), 35–45, 187–259. 12 . Another difference is that Quandt’s analysis ends with the conclusion of the Egypt-Israel treaty, whereas this book extends into 1980. William Quandt, Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics (Washington: Brookings, 1986), xi–xii. 13 . Gary Orren, “The Salience of Public Attitudes on the Middle East,” in US Middle East Policy: The Domestic Setting , ed. Shai Feldman (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1988), 33–36. 14 . Dan Caldwell, “The Demise of Det é nte and US Domestic Politics,” in The Fall of Dé tente: Soviet-American Relations during the Carter Years, ed. Odd Arne Westad (Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1997), 95–117. 15 . In this, I borrow generally from the theory of Neoclassical Realism. See Gideon Rose, “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy,” World Politics 51, no. 1 (1998): 144–72. 16 . Burton Kaufman and Scott Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. , 2nd ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), 250. 1 7 . J u l i a n Z e l i z e r , Jimmy Carter (New York: Times Books, 2010). 18 . Erwin Hargrove, Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988). 19 . Randall Balmer, Redeemer: The Life of Jimmy Carter (New York: Basic Books, 2013). 2 0 . J o h n D u m b r e l l , The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1993). 21 . “University of Notre Dame,” May 22, 1977, Public Papers of the Presidents: Jimmy Carter, 1977, Vol. I (Washington: GPO, 1978) (hereafter PPP: Carter), 954–62. 22 . Kenton Clymer, “Jimmy Carter, Human Rights, and Cambodia,” Diplomatic History 27, no. 2 (2003): 245–78; Nicholas Evan Sarantakes, Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, The Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Itai Sneh, The Future Almost Arrived: How Jimmy Carter Failed to Change U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Peter Lang, 2008); Richard Thornton, The Carter Years: Toward a New Global Order (New York: Paragon House, 1991). Also see Thomas Maddux et al., “H-Diplo Roundtable Review of Nicholas Evan Sarantakes: ‘Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, The Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War,’” H-Diplo, Retrieved May 10, 2015, http://h-diplo.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable -XII-26.pdf . 23 . Yael Aronoff, “In Like a Lamb, Out Like a Lion: The Political Conversion of Jimmy Carter,” Political Science Quarterly 121, no. 3 (2006): 425–49; Betty Glad, An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, NOTES 191 2009); Scott Kaufman, Plans Unraveled: The Foreign Policy of the Carter Administration (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2008); Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason, and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York: Hill and Wang, 1986). Also see Erwin Hargrove et al., “H-Diplo Roundtable Review of Betty Glad: ‘An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisers, and the Making of American Foreign Policy,’” H-Diplo, Retrieved May 10, 2015, http://h-diplo.org/roundtables /PDF/Roundtable-XII-6.pdf . 2 4 . R a y m o n d G a r t h o f f , Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan , Revised ed. (Washington: Brookings, 1994), 623–65. 25 . John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War, Revised and expanded ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 345. 26 . David Skidmore, Reversing Course: Carter’s Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics, and the Failure of Reform (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1996). 2 7 . B r i a n A u t e n , Carter’s Conversion: The Hardening of America’s Defense Policy (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008). 28 . Nancy Mitchell, “The Cold War and Jimmy Carter,” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War: Volume 3: Endings. , ed. Melvin Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 66–88. 2 9 . F r e d H a l l i d a y , The Making of the Second Cold War , 2nd ed. (London: Verso, 1986). 30 . Odd Arne Westad, “The Fall of Dé tente and the Turning Tides of History,” Westad, The Fall of D é tente , 3–33. 31 . Carol Saivetz, “Superpower Competition in the Middle East and the Collapse of D é tente,” Westad, The Fall of D é tente , 72–94. 32 . Carter made energy policy the centerpiece of his domestic program. He called it the “moral equivalent of war” and outlined goals for reducing American consumption, including slashing US oil imports by half. “The Energy Problem—Address to the Nation,” April 18, 1977, PPP: Carter, 1977, I , 656–62. Also see Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 107–68; David Painter, “Oil and the American Century,” The Journal of American History 99, no. 1 (2012): 24–39. 33 . Jerel Rosati, “Jimmy Carter, a Man Before His Time? The Emergence and Collapse of the First Post-Cold War Presidency,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 23, no. 3 (1993): 459–76; David Schmitz and Vanessa Walker, “Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: The Development of a Post-Cold War Foreign Policy,” Diplomatic History 28, no. 1 (2004): 113–44. For critiques of Carter’s approach, see Jeanne Kirkpatrick, “Dictatorships and Double Standards,” Commentary Magazine 68, no. 5 (1979): 34–45; Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD: Hamilton Press, 1986). 34 . William Stueck, “Placing Jimmy Carter’s Foreign Policy,” in The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post-New Deal Era , ed. Gary Fink and Hugh Graham (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2001). 192 NOTES 35 . Douglas Brinkley, “The Rising Stock of Jimmy Carter: The ‘Hands On’ Legacy of Our Thirty-Ninth President,” Diplomatic History 20, no. 4 (1996): 505–29; Robert Strong, Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000). 36 . Peter Hahn, Crisis and Crossfire: The United States and the Middle East since 1945 (Washington, DC: Potomac, 2005), 1, 7–8. Also see Rashid Khalidi, Sowing Crisis: The Cold War and American Dominance in the Middle East (Boston: Beacon Press, 2009); Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2003). Other writers contend American policy stems from cultural factors and engagement, as much as strategic interests. Matthew Jacobs, Imagining the Middle East: The Building of an American Foreign Policy, 1918–1967 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011); Melani McAlister, Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S.
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