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Home , Years of Lead (Italy)

Lecture Course

Santa Reparata International School of Art Course Syllabus

Semester: Spring 2020 Course Title: History of Contemporary : Literature, Cinema, Politics and Culture SRISA Course Number: POLI 3102 Maryville University Course Number: PSC 370 Credits: 3, Contact Hours: 45 Meeting times: Tuesdays-Thursdays: 10:45am-12:15pm Location: Main Campus, room 207 Instructor: Lorenzo Pubblici Ph.D. E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 055 4627374 #9 Office Hours: Mondays: 9-11am. I am also available by appointment (please contact me by e- mail).

1. COURSE DESCRIPTION In this course students will study the history of Contemporary Italy from WWII and continue on through to the development and the radical change of the country during the 1960’s, the long Anni Settanta and the so called “”, contemporary Italian politics up through most recent historical events. Introduction to major literary, cinematographic and artistic movements are covered as well as social aspects of Italian life including topics such as the Italian political system; the development of the Italian educational system; the roots and influence of the Italian Mafia; and the changing role of women in Italian society.

2. CONTENT INTRODUCTION This course introduces students to the history and politics of contemporary Italy from the time of WWII to the present. The course is divided into five parts, with the first part focusing on the transformation of the country and its eventual industrialization. We will study the reconstruction and economic boom of the 1950s and 1960s, social post-war conflict, and the year 1968 - with the student and worker protests - and the final changing of Italian social geography. Great importance will be given to internal migration, from south to north and to the development of the Mafia. The second part of the course focuses on the history of the 1970s, later called the “Years of Lead”, because of terrorist escalation culminating with the of MP in May 1978 by the . The third part of the course focuses on the 1980s, the economic consecration of Italy between the world’s big countries, and the progressive de-industrialization. The fourth part is devoted to understanding the present. We travel through the establishment of the European Union and the birth of the new currency: the Euro. We investigate Italian politics of the 1990s; the political earthquake that goes under the name of Tangentopoli; and the terrorist strategy of the Mafia at the beginning of the decade (bombs in , and and the assassination of Judges G. Falcone and P. Borsellino) until the rise and the final affirmation of Silvio Berlusconi and Berlusconismo. The fifth and final part is devoted to the evolution of the current Italian society and politics, the economic crisis and the end of the so-called "Second Republic". The course is organized along a chronological and inter-related thematic sequence. The lectures will be organized in order to always provide a historical introduction to the topics addressed, followed by a lecture given by specialists on the subject. There will be many guest lecturers: scholars who will allow us to delve deeply into the themes. We dedicate an abundance of space to fashion, design, fine arts, music, literature and film, without ever losing sight of a basic concept: Italy is easier to be loved than to be understood. The goal of this course is to accomplish both. There will also be an in-depth analysis of the political crisis and transformation of the Italian democratic system today.

3. PREREQUISITES As this course is an introduction to modern and contemporary Italian history, there are no special requirements to attend.

4. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES At the successful completion of this course students – whether they are majors in History, Political Science or whether they have taken only an introductory course – will have a firm knowledge of Italy in its most relevant historical problems. The course is intended to stimulate discussion and critical thinking about representations and idealizations of the concept of Italy, its role during the 20th century in particular, as well as its current significance. Students will develop their awareness and understanding of the major historical and political issues that characterize modern Italy, and they will be able to trace them through the history of the past century and the beginning of this one. They will also be able to identify the main regional cultural traits and differences. Students should gain a command not only of the "facts" of contemporary Italian political history; the dates of key events; the importance of major personalities and such, but also come to understand the dynamics involved such as the basic trends of continuity and change; and the cause and effect and the role and influence of regional, national and international events in the Italian historical and political scenario.

5. REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS AND MATERIALS Textbook necessary for this course is: GINSBORG, P., A History of Contemporary Italy – Society and Politics 1943-1988, London: Penguin, 1990.

Students are required to keep notes from class. At least two of the following books are strongly recommended (the books can be arranged together with the instructor):

1. A.J. GREGOR, and Developmental Dictatorship, Princeton 2014. 2. P. MORGAN, Italian Fascism 1915-1845, London 20142. 3. P. MORGAN, The Fall of Mussolini, Oxford 2008. 4. BLACK, Ch., Early Modern Italy: A Social History, Routledge, New York-London 2009. 5. BOSWORTH, R.J.B., Mussolini’s Italy. Life Under the Fascist Deictatorship, 1915-1945, Penguin 2006. 6. CLARK, M., Modern Italy, 1871 to the Present, Longman 2008 (2rd edition). 7. DE GRAND, A. Italian Fascism. Its Origins and Development, Third Edition, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. 8. DOUMANIS, N., Inventing the Nation – Italy, London, Arnold, 2001. 9. J. DUNNAGE, Twentieth Century Italy: A Social History, New York 2014. 10. FORGACS, D. and LUMLEY, R. (eds.), Italian Cultural Studies – An Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. 11. DUGGAN, Ch., A Concise , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 12. GINSBORG, P., A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics: 1943-1988, London 1990. 13. GINSBORG, P., Italy and Its Discontents – Family, Civil Society, State 1980-2001, London: Penguin 2001. 14. HAYCRAFT, J., Italian Labyrinth, London, Penguin, 1987. 15. MCCARTHY, P., The Crisis of the Italian State. From the Origins of the to the Fall of Berlusconi & Beyond, London: Macmillan, 1997. 16. SASSOON, D. Contemporary Italy – Politics, Economy & Society since 1945, London: Longman, 1988. 17. CLARK, M., Modern Italy, 1871-1995, Longman1996. 18. FOOT, J. Modern Italy, Palgrave and MacMillian 2003. 19. J. DICKIE, Cosa Nostra. A history of , Palgrave MacMillian 2005. 20. A.G.D. MARAN, Mafia: Inside the Dark Heart: The Rise and Fall of the Sicilian Mafia, Thomas Dunne 2010. 21. Culture and Conflict in Postwar Italy: Essays on Mass and Popular Culture, ed. by R. Lumley and Z.G. Baransky, Reading 2014. 22. M. B. MIGNONE, Italy Today, Peter Lang 2008. 23. R. SAVIANO, , Ferrar 2007 (all editions are accepted). 24. D. Ward, Contemporary Italian Narrative and 1970s : Stranger than Fact, New York 2011.

NOTE: 1. Not all of these books are available at the school’s library. Handouts will be given by the instructor at the beginning of class when necessary. 2. Further readings will be required and indicated by the professor in class.

6. GRADING POLICY AND EVALUATION PROCEDURES 20 % Attendance 20 % Class participation 20 % Mid-term test 20 % Final Paper 20 % Final exam

The following grading system will be observed: A Excellent 4.0 (95% -100%) A- 3.7, (90% to 94%) B+ 3.3 (87% to 89%) B Above Average 3.0 (83% to 86%) B- 2.7 (80% to 82%) C+ 2.3 (77% to 79%) C Average 2.0 (73% to 76%) C- 1.7 (70% to 72%) D Below Average 1.0 (60% to 69%) F Failure 0.0 (59% and below) W Withdrawal 0.0

7. PLAGIARISM AND COPYING SRISA severally condemns ignorant plagiarism and copying during examinations. Any student that makes use of words or ideas taken from another person’s work without properly citing credit for the specific purpose of deceiving their professor will receive an automatic “F” on that assignment or exam. Should the offense be repeated, the student will receive an automatic “F” in the class.

8. EXAMS There are mid-term and final exams for this course. No make-ups are admitted for the exams and the dates of the exams cannot be changed for any reason. If a student is absent for the mid-term exam the final grade will be lowered by one full letter grade, if a student is absent for the final exam the final grade will be an “F”. A full bibliography must be included at the end of the paper. Web sites consulted should also be cited. All direct quotations from published sources should be acknowledged in your text immediately following the quotation. This is to avoid any inadvertent plagiarism. All papers should be handed personally to the instructor before the final exam review session. If you need to consult with the instructor on anything relating to the final papers (or indeed on any academic question) it is possible to do so by appointment – this should be set up the week before. In the week preceding exams – both mid-term and finals – ‘Office Hours’ will be held at a time and place to be announced.

9. ATTENDANCE AND BEHAVIOR POLICY Students are required to attend all classes. If you miss class without an excused absence your grade will be lowered by one letter grade for each unexcused absence. If you are ill you should obtain a doctor's note in order to receive an excused absence. Missing more than four classes will result in an “F” on your transcript. • Excused absences require a doctor's note or a written note from the Director. • Tardiness: After 20 minutes into class time, students are considered absent. • Students who leave 20 minutes before class time ends will be considered absent. • Arriving in class unprepared to work is considered an unexcused absence. • The use of cellular phones is prohibited during class time. • The use of cell phones and iPods is prohibited in the darkroom at all times. • Using your laptop or the computers in the lab is prohibited during class-time, unless it relates to a photography assignment. • Students are expected to participate in class, act responsibly, and behave properly while on the school premises. • Classrooms are to be left in order and clean. • Students must take care of equipment and materials and promptly report any damage and/or loss.

Students are expected to participate in class, act responsibly, and behave properly while on the school premises. Classrooms are to be left in order and clean. Students must take care of equipment and materials and promptly report any damage and/or loss. See guideline for extra optional etiquette rules you may want to include.

10. COURSE CALENDAR Midterm exam will be on Thrusday March 5, 2020 Final exam will be on Tuesday 22 April, 2020 Note: All the readings will be available in pdf format on MySRISA the day before class. From lecture XV, because of the intrinsic nature of the topics treated, readings will be given by professor according to the latest scholarly literature.

Lecture I: Introduction • Introduction to the course • Italy: A difficult historical concept • Nation, State, Country: The legacy of Enlightenment and Romanticism

Lecture II: Fascism • Italy between WWI and WWII. Fascist Italy Readings and Documents: 1. Gregor, chapter 4: The Program of San Sepolcro, pp. 96-126. 2. I. Balbo: Dobbiamo dare agli altri il senso del terrore, from Diaries (Milan 1932). 3. C. Levi: L’eterno fascismo italiano, from Christ stopped at Eboli ( 1983).

Lecture III: The War • The Declaration of War • 1940-42 Readings and Documents: 1. Video: 10 June 1940, the Declaration of War in piazza Venezia 2. U. Eco, Ur-Fascism, 1995. Pdf here 3. Morgan 2004 chapters 6 and 7: pp. 176-216.

Lecture IV: 1943: The Catastrophe • The Italian Military situation: from Russia to Campo Imperatore • July 25th 1943: Mussolini arrested. It is the end of Fascism, but the war goes on • September 8th: The armistice and the beginning of the civil war Readings and Documents: 1. Morgan 2004, chapter 7: pp. 221-232. 2. Morgan 2008, chapter 2: pp. 34-73.

Lecture V: The Resistenza • Partigiani and Repubblichini • The end of the war and the new world order Readings and Documents: 1. Morgan 2004, chapter 8: pp. 224-232. 2. Morgan 2008, chapter 5: pp. 98-126. 3. Ginsborg 1990, chapter 2: pp. 39-71

Lecture VI: Post war Italy. The difficult reconstruction • The new Constitution • The Elections of 1948 • Christian Democracy vs Communism Readings and Documents: 1. Lumley-Baransky, Introduction: pp. 1-26. 2. M. Donovan, Democrazia Cristiana: party of Government, ch. 4: pp. 71-86. book here 3. Ginsborg 1990, chapter 5: pp. 141-185.

Lecture VII: The 1950’s. A new deal for Italy • A poor and illiterate Country • Unemployment and Inflation. The situation of Italian workers • City vs Countryside Readings and Documents: 1. Ginsborg 1990, chapters 3 and 4: pp. 72-140. 2. Dunnage, chapter 4: pp. 139-147.

Lecture VIII: 1955-1965. The baby-boom • Vertical and Horizontal immigration: the industrial triangle Milan--Turin • A new model, never old: Adriano Olivetti and the dream of a human capitalism Readings and Documents: 1. Ginsborg 1990, chapter 7: pp. 210-250. 2. Lumley-Baransky, chapter 7: pp. 139-159. 3. Dunnage, chapter 5: pp. 148-166.

Lecture IX: The 1968 in Italy • The roots of the protests • Valle Giulia • Students and workers Readings and Documents: 1. Ginsborg 1990, chapter 2. Dunnage, chapter 5: pp. 167-189.

Lecture X: 1969-1979 • The Strategia della tensione. Italy and the Cold War • 1970: The . A failed upraising, but why? • Years of lead, Red Brigades and Black Terrorism. Why and how? • Some Italian mysteries • The Affaire Moro Readings and Documents: 1. Ginsborg 1990, chapter 7: 348-400 2. Ward, introduction: pp. 1-34.

Lecture XI: Italy in the 1980’s. The Great illusion and the harsh awake • The Lira goes upon the Bpound • Italy as the 5th economy of the world (!?) • The real economic situation • Craxi and the in power • Una Milano da bere Readings and Documents: 1. Ginsborg 1990, chapter 6: pp. 406-425. 2. Ginsborg 2003, chapter 1 (pages depend on the edition).

Lecture XII: Focusing on Italian Mafia, part I • From the origin to the economic boom Readings and Documents: 1. Dickie 2004, introduction. 2. Ginsborg 2003, chapter 6 (pages depend on the edition).

Lecture XIII: Italy and the tv • The public channels (1954-1979) • Private tv • Canale 5 and Silvio Berlusconi Readings and Documents: 1. Ginsborg 2003, chapter 9-part I(pages depend on the edition).

Lecture XVI: Italy in the 1990’s, Part I • The collapse of the Communist block. • Death of the PCI Readings and Documents: 1. Ginsborg 2003, chapter 9-part II (pages depend on the edition).

Lecture XV: From Tantentopoli to the turning point • The scandal of corruption • The Mafia attacks the State • Silvio Berlusconi scende in campo

Lecture XVI: The political change: Centro-destra and Centro-sinistra • The Technocracy in Italy, and the Dini Government • Romano Prodi and the Ulivo. The elections of 1996

Lecture XVII: Italy today • The Elections of 2001 and 2006 • 17 years of Berlusconi

Lecture XVIII: Italy today, at the eve of a new election • The fall of Berlusconi • Technocracy again • The elections of February 2013 to March 2018

11. ACADEMIC ACCOMMODATIONS SRISA strives to foster an all-inclusive learning environment that best caters to its students’ needs. While faculty frequently work one-on-one with students, there are some situations in which special accommodations are required. Should a student have any academic accommodations regarding test taking or otherwise, they must present an official letter from their home University to the SRISA Director within the first week of class stating the accommodations.

11. DISCLAIMER This Syllabus may be amended as the course proceeds. You will be notified of any changes.