ndex
Country Paper – India 04 B.N.S Murthy
Philippines - reigning the global coconut market 11 Deepthi Nair S
Research efforts on coconut improvement at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode 16 T. Vanaja, P.R.Suresh and M.Esakkimuthu
Non food uses of nata de coco, a microbial cellulose 19 Kumaravel S
Pest and disease free coconut 24 P. Chowdappa, Vinayaka Hedge, Chandrika Mohan, A. Josephrajkumar, Merin Babu
Fake new alert: The American Heart Association proclaims coconut oil unhealthy 26 Bruce Fife
News 32
Monthly Operations 34
Market Review 36 Country Paper
Country Paper – India
B.N.S Murthy* Chairman, Coconut Development Board, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer’s Welfare, Government of India
Introduction Rs.2,50,000 million (US$ 3788 M) to the country’s Coconut is one of the most useful crops to mankind. GDP and earns export revenue of around Rs.43,654 Because of its multifaceted uses of its products; it is million (US$ 661 M). Coconut and coconut products called the Kalpavriksha or Tree of abundance. It is an are gaining global importance as a contributing factor important food crop of economic importance to many to the health, nutrition and wellness of human beings. of the Asian and Pacific countries in the world. The This is due to its multiple medicinal and nutraceutical crop provides livelihood security and employment properties which are being revealed day by day. This opportunities to a major segment of the rural mass new development in health sector has brought in an of these countries. India being the largest coconut unprecedented increase in the demand of coconut producing country in the world, occupies 31% of products in domestic and international markets. It is global production. Coconut palm provides food estimated that there are five million coconut holdings security and livelihood opportunities to more than and 12 million farmers in the country, covering 16 12 million people in India. It is also a fiber-yielding states and three Union Territories. This country crop. More than 15,000 coir based industries provide paper mainly encompasses the major developments employment to nearly six lakhs workers of which 80 in Indian coconut sector along with other salient per cent are women folk. The crop contributes around outcomes.
4 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Country Paper
In India, coconut is predominantly a small holders million nuts to 22,237.97 million nuts. Droughts crop where about 98% coconut holdings are owned due to the insufficient monsoon in major coconut by small and marginal farmers. As per the All India growing states coupled with natural calamities like estimate for the year 2016-17, the area and production cyclonic storms and effect of pests and diseases are of coconut in the country is 2.096 million hectares and mainly attributed to this decreasing trend in coconut 22237.97 million nuts respectively. In comparison production. to the figures of the previous year, the area under The four southern states, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, coconut cultivation and coconut production increased Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh accounted for 88.87 by 0.38 per cent and 0.32 per cent, respectively. percent of the coconut area and 90.81 percent of the India, the largest producer of coconut in the coconut production in the country. Kerala, with the world is having sufficient raw material surplus, good largest area under coconut cultivation and production reputation in global markets and access to good accounted for 36.86 percent of the area under coconut technologies in the production of virgin coconut and 33.57 percent of production at national level. oil, packed tender nut water, minimally processed The productivity of coconut at national level for tender coconuts, activated carbon etc. The presence 2016-17 is 10,611 nuts per hectare. The highest of dominant ethnic population in the Gulf, UK and yield is reported from Chhattisgarh at 16508 nuts per US are the strengths of India. India is having good hectare followed by Andhra Pradesh (13759 nuts/ ha) network of organizations for conducting research and Tamil Nadu (13423 nuts/ ha). Andhra Pradesh in coconut. Central Plantation Crops Research and Tamil Nadu out perform to about 40 % over the Institute (CPCRI) was established in 1970 as one other two major coconut growing states of Karnataka of the agricultural research institutes under the (9744 nuts/ ha) and Kerala (9663 nuts/ ha). Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and an International Coconut Gene Bank for South Asia As per 2015 statistics, India contributes 30.49% (ICG-SA) was established at Kidu, Karnataka in of world coconut production and enjoys the first 2013.The Research Centre at Kidu helps to cater to position in terms of production. 75.60 % of area under the needs of the farmers by supplying elite planting coconut and 74.55 % of production are contributed materials of the mandate crops, in addition to serving by three leading coconut growing countries viz., as the International Coconut Gene Bank for South India, Indonesia and Philippines. India ranks second Asia. in terms of productivity (10349 nuts per ha) next to The All India Coordinated Research Project on Brazil (11574 nuts per ha), among the major coconut Palms, started in the year 1972, is coordinating growing countries. research in coconut, oil palm and palmyra under During the period from 2012-13 to 2016-17, the different agro-climatic regions for the identification of area under cultivation of coconut decreased from location specific technologies. The project provides 21.37 lakh hectares to 20.96 lakh hectares. The adaptive research support for coconut through decrease in area is mainly because of the rapid collection, conservation, cataloguing and evaluation urbanization taken place especially in Kerala coupled of germplasm, evaluation of new hybrids and high with the effects of back to back cyclone hit coastal yielding varieties of coconut, standardization of agro- Andhra, Tamil Nadu and Odisha. techniques for various agro-climatic regions including Coconut is a traditional crop in the major coconut development of appropriate farming systems growing states of the country, which is cultivated over and development of efficient pest and disease centuries. As coconut is grown as a homestead plant management strategies. and cultivation is mainly taken up by the small and Coconut Production - 2015 -17 and marginal farmers, the major part of the palms are retained even after their economic life. Hence about forecast for 2018 20% of the palm population in India is estimated to As per the statistics of APCC for the year 2015, be senile and unproductive. A massive Replanting India tops world production of coconut with 20440 & Rejuvenation programme is being taken up in million nuts. As per the latest data of the Government the country after the successful implementation of of India, 22237.97 million coconuts (2965 MT of copra the pilot projects in few areas of the country. The equivalent) are produced in the country. Over the seedlings of new and improved varieties are being period from 2012-13 to 2016-17 coconut production planted under the area expansion programme in the country decreased by 1.95% from 22,680.03 assisted by the Central and State Governments in
Indian Coconut Journal 5 April 2018 Country Paper
India. It is estimated that about 10 % of the palms in rehabilitation for enhancing coconut production and India are still in the juvenile phase. productivity are listed below: Non-availability of sufficient quantity planting materials of new and improved high yielding Replanting/new planting, rehabilitation varieties is one of the major obstacles faced by the and farm productivity programmes farmers who are interested in coconut cultivation. India started Replanting and Rejuvenation (R&R) Coconut is a smallholders’ crop and the homestead/ of traditional coconut gardens in the country. To begin fragmented nature of coconut cultivation makes it with, the programme was introduced in Kerala, the difficult to adopt modern scientific technologies and state with the longest history of coconut cultivation farm mechanization for higher income and reduced where 1/3rd of palm population was old, senile and production cost. Dearth of skilled labourers for farm disease advanced. Apart from the longest recorded operations including harvesting, plant protection history of coconut cultivation, the state is under the measures, crown cleaning, etc. are the reasons grip of a lethal disease called root wilt. Cutting and for lesser productivity. The natural calamities like removing the disease advanced trees and giving droughts due to deficit monsoons, cyclones and management care to the existing palm population is climate change affect the coconut production and the only strategy to manage the gardens. Therefore the productivity. The incidence of pests and diseases in R&R programme was implemented in the state from coconut is increasing due to the constraint that most 2009 and is still continuing. The main objective of the of the plant protection operations are to be carried scheme is to enhance the productivity and production out on the crown. This makes the process tiresome. of coconut by removal of disease advanced, old The old/ senile and uncared palms due to absentee and senile palms, replanting with quality seedlings landlordism are breeding sites for the insects and and rejuvenating the remaining palms by giving pathogens. The wild fluctuation in coconut prices due compensation to farmers for cutting and removal, to its seasonal nature and too many middlemen in the replanting and rejuvenation. The scheme is extended supply chain also are the reasons for reduced interests to other traditional coconut growing states from 2016- in coconut cultivation by the farmers which ultimately 17 onwards. So far more than 3.5 million palms have leads to reduced production and productivity. been cut and removed under the scheme and nearly 3.05 lakh ha. is rejuvenated. Policies to Promote Farm Productivity and increase Farmer’s Income: In India, development programmes and policies in coconut are mainly carried out by Coconut Development Board under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Production and distribution of quality planting materials, expansion of area under coconut especially in non-traditional states, promotion of adoption of integrated nutrient management, pest management and coconut based farming systems by establishing farmer participatory demonstration plots, replanting and rejuvenation of old and senile coconut gardens, Technology Mission on Coconut for promoting value addition, facilitating formation and handholding farmer producer organizations for promoting production, processing and marketing of coconut are the major policies adopted in India for promoting coconut sector. Formation of farmers’ collectives in coconut sector is encouraged by the government for aggregation, farm level processing, collective plant protection measures and production of value added coconut products. The development programmes in coconut is undertaken by the Board for replanting, new planting,
6 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Country Paper Production and distribution of planting material Establishment of Demonstration cum Seed Production (DSP) Farms in different parts of the country for creating infrastructure facilities for production of quality planting materials besides demonstrating and educating the scientific coconut cultivation and processing to various stake holders in those regions, establishment of regional coconut nurseries for extending support to various participating states for strengthening the seedling production programme, distribution of hybrids/dwarf seedlings in government Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS) sector and establishment of nucleus coconut seed gardens and coconut nurseries in private sector are The Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme intends to taken up under this programme. Last year nearly provide insurance coverage to coconut crop. Under 7.20 lakhs seedlings were produced and distributed the scheme all healthy bearing palms in the age under this scheme. 10 DSP farms have so far been group from 4 to 60 years are eligible to get insurance established in different parts of the country. coverage against natural perils leading to death or becoming unproductive. 50% of the insurance Expansion of Area under Coconut premium is borne by the Board and the balance is This programme is for extending adequate shared between the state government and farmers technical and financial support to the farmers to take @ 25% each. up coconut cultivation on scientific lines in potential areas to attain a significant achievement in the future production potential. Financial and technical assistance is extended under the scheme for taking up new planting of coconut in potential areas. Integrated Farming for Productivity Improvement programmes The objective of the programme is to improve production and productivity of the coconut holdings through an integrated approach and thereby increasing the net income from unit holdings with the component programmes under Laying out of Demonstration Plots and establishing Organic Manure Units by providing incentives. Scientific integrated management practices including coconut based Technology Mission on Coconut farming systems are promoted under the scheme by establishing farmer participatory demonstration plots The Technology Mission on Coconut programme in farmer’s field. gives emphasis on the development of technologies for the management of insect pest and disease Publicity and Extension activities affected gardens and product diversification besides demonstration and promotion of these technologies The Board is disseminating information on various for adoption. Under the Mission, research projects aspects of coconut cultivation and industry through and clinical studies are sponsored through reputed various media and publications besides organizing institutions in the area of technology development and awareness training programmes for farmers, also for establishing the medicinal and nutraceutical stakeholders and training programmes for imparting properties of coconut products especially coconut oil. skills and knowledge to farmers, unemployed youths Technical and financial support is given to establish and rural women in various fields related to coconut. 479 processing units with processing capacity of Board also regularly participates in exhibitions and 2785 million nuts per year. fairs across the country and abroad.
Indian Coconut Journal 7 April 2018 Country Paper
Performance of the Coconut Processing carbon, shell charcoal etc. Indian products are moving Industry to US, UK, Germany, Japan, France, Middle East, and African Countries. Advancement in technology During the financial year 2016-17 export of development and the technical and financial support coconut products (excluding coir items) was valued extended by India through the Coconut Development at Rs.20776.50 Million (US$ 314.77 M) against Board under the Technology Mission programme Rs.14502.40 Million (US$ 220 M) during the previous for starting coconut based industries have been year, recording an increase of 43.26% in terms instrumental for this success. Added to these, the of value. Activated Carbon was the single largest Board has been designated as Export Promotion item of export both in terms of quantity and value Council (EPC) for various products other than of export. Significant increase was recorded in the coir based products from 1st April 2009 which also export of desiccated coconut, activated carbon and has contributed to a perceptible improvement in coconut oil. Activated carbon accounted for 39.23% export. of the total export of coconut products from India during 2016-17. Major coconut products such as coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, and coconut Table - 1: Export of coconut products (2009-18) shell charcoal registered significant growth in exports Year Export value during the year 2015-16. The export details in 2017- (In INR Million) (In USD Million) 18 (till January 2018) is presented in Table 1. 2009-10 4323.84 91.71 The export earnings are picking up with the surge in growth of industries like virgin coconut oil, activated 2010-11 5256.50 115.61 2011-12 8386.47 174.60 2012-13 10225.33 187.92 2013-14 11561.19 190.24 2014-15 13123.85 214.20 2015-16 14502.44 221.07 2016-17 20837.4 311.01 2017-18 14748.7 228.97 (till January 2018)
8 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Country Paper
In the capacity of EPC, Board has so far given Ireland and Mauritius. USA, Korea, US, Russia and registration to 3273 exporters of coconut products. Netherlands are the major buyers of activated carbon. This has enabled the Board to monitor the export Major Market Destinations of Non-Traditional scenario more closely. Coconut Products As far as the non-traditional coconut products are Average price of Major Products per MT in USD (2018) concerned, VCO has good demand in Brazil, France, USA, UAE, Oman, Mexico, Qatar and the United Activated Carbon 1944.89 Kingdom. Countries like UAE, Kuwait, Oman, USA, Coconut oil 2888.88 Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Canada and UK have good Fresh Coconut 580.77 markets for products like coconut water and coconut Desiccated coconut 3000.00 milk powder. Government Policies Related to Coconut Trade Consumption pattern and Market The Government of India implemented Goods and Coconut Processing Plants and their Capacities Services Tax (GST) on 1st July 2017 with the aim to During the year 2015-16, 61 coconut processing improve ease of doing business in the country. GST units were assisted by the Coconut Development was implemented by amalgamating large number of Board for producing copra, coconut oil, flavoured Central and State taxes into a single tax which would coconut juice, virgin coconut oil, packaged tender mitigate cascading or double taxation in a major way coconut water, neera and neera based products, shell which paves way for a common national market. GST, charcoal, activated carbon, etc. Around 30 units were being a simple tax regime, is expected to reduce the assisted during 2016-17. Board has sanctioned the complications in doing business and improve trade. establishment of 22 processing units in the country The GST applied on various coconut products ranges during 2017-18. The coconut shell based activated from 0 to 28%. carbon units are run with about 80 % of the installed Coconut and coconut products have very good capacity to produce 9300 MT activated carbon. market potential within as well as outside the country. Update of Recently Adopted National Quality Towards expanding the market for Indian coconut Standards of Coconut Products products across the globe, the Board is extending CDB Institute of Technology is engaged in the support for sales outlets/ kiosks for value added development and demonstration of technologies coconut products, facilitating participation in domestic for product diversification and by-product utilization exhibitions/ trade fairs and buyer-seller meets in of coconut. The centre is devoted to product metropolitan cities within the country, encouraging development, microbial analysis of coconut based coconut product exporters with award for export products, apart from skill development programmes excellence, overseas and domestic industrial to interested entrepreneurs and self help groups exposure visits to prosperous manufacturers, for acquiring technologies on post harvest coconut organising workshops/ seminars for entrepreneurs processing and process demonstration. The Institute and exporters etc. received the recognition of NABL. Many value added Coconut Research and Development and novel products were developed by the institute during the last year and the institute has now been India was lagging behind in technology designated as CDB Institute of Technology (CIT). development for product diversification till the last two decades. Introduction of Technology Mission has Marketing and Product Promotion given momentum to this area and now India possesses many technologies in value addition. Acceleration to Major Market Destinations of Traditional Coco- the activities of CDB Institute of Technology, further nut Products quickened coconut product development. In the The UAE, China, Iran, Oman and Saudi Arabia are world, for the first time, technology for processing and the major markets for fresh coconuts. Copra attracts packing of neera and various downstream products good demand from countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, like neera sugar, jaggery, honey etc have been Iran, Vietnam and Hong Kong. Coconut is having developed. Food products like sweet/spicy chips, a good market in Indonesia, Malaysia, Srilanka, sweet chunks, chocolate, cookies, burfi, lemonade,
Indian Coconut Journal 9 April 2018 Country Paper
problems faced by coconut growers. With a view to tackle this problem, the Board is conducting skill development programme from 2011-12 onwards, to train unemployed youths in developing special skills and confidence in coconut climbing and plant protection activities for the benefit of coconut farming community. The skill fetches the youth handsome income for their decent living and help to make available sufficient manpower in coconut harvesting and other plant protection activities. Other Issues/Problems/ Recommendations Indian coconut sector has to improve in many areas in spite of the unprecedented progress achieved in selected sectors. There are many issues flavoured juice, ice cream and milk spread are also to be addressed and solutions to be arrived at. the other new additions of CIT's contribution in the Inadequate availability of quality planting material in product basket. tune with the increasing demand, low pace of value Three tier Farmer Producer Organization addition, low level of productivity than the potential, (FPO) in coconut sector. low pace of expansion of crop and low level of Replanting and Rejuvenation of old plantations, non CDB started a novel extension approach to availability of disease tolerant and short statured organize farmers by formation of three tier Farmer high yielding varieties are issues that still need Producer Organization (FPO) with Coconut Producers solution. Against the annual requirement of 10 million Societies (CPS) at the primary level, Coconut seedlings, the present supply is only 3.5 million Producers Federation (CPF) at the intermediate level seedlings. Considerable area suitable for coconut is and Coconut Producer Company (CPC) at the apex available in traditional and non-traditional areas in the level. The CPCs are engaged in the production of country which need to be utilized for expanding the value added products from coconuts procured from crop. Through convergence of various programmes the member farmers. So far 9582 CPSs, 735 CPFs and bridging the gap in existing schemes, India and 67 CPCs are formed and functioning in the will try to make coconut a more remunerative crop country. by enlarging the scale and size of operations and reducing production costs giving more thrust on Skill Development Training Programmes- irrigation, drought management and soil and moisture Friends of Coconut tree (FoCT) conservation. Restructuring of planting population Acute shortage of palm climbers to harvest giving more stress on hybrids and dwarf and more and adopt plant protection measures is one of the diversion of production to value addition, improvement in quality standards matching with international standards, adoption of new marketing strategy for tapping domestic and international markets and widening the skill development in all essential areas of production and processing will be other areas of priority. Indian Coconut sector is striving hard to grow further for the benefit of millions of farming community. The country is aiming at sustaining the premier status enjoyed at global level in production and productivity and also in the process of gaining the prime position in export front. *Country Paper - India - Dubai Global Conference 17th-19th April 2018.g
10 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Scenario
Philippines - reigning the global coconut market
Deepthi Nair S, Assistant Director, Marketing, CDB, Kochi-11
Philippines leads in the production and export of diversified value added products from coconut. The Philippines is the leading exporter of coconut products in the global market and stands second in area under coconut behind Indonesia and third in production. The present status of Philippines with respect to various traditional and non-traditional coconut products is presented below.
Traditional Coconut Products of 85%. Disaggregating according to coconut oil types, Philippines imports of Europe comprise mainly crude coconut oil, while the US is top buyer of cochin oil. On the other Copra and Coconut Oil hand, RBD coconut oil has the most diverse market As primary material, crude coconut oil itself is with Asia & Pacific, notably China and Japan, as key marketable overseas. Locally, major consumers of markets until 2012. Since 2013 the US took over as this oil are the coconut oil refineries, unless a refinery market leader. has integrated operation, that is, from copra crushing Copra meal to refining. Other oil millers (effectively considered The copra meal by-product is exported exclusively also as refiners) produce only semi-refined oil mainly to Asian countries. Previously, almost the entire for export. Called cochin oil, it is semi-refined oil in production of copra meal was shipped to Europe for that the processes involved are only refining (chemical use in feed compounding for cattle but the Philippines and/or physical) and bleaching. The coconut aroma lost the market eventually due to strict limits on may still be present as no deodorization was done. aflatoxin contamination. The last shipment to Europe RBD coconut oil is refined, bleached and deodorized was made in 2007. Meanwhile, copra meal found coconut oil or fully refined coconut oil. new markets in South Korea and Vietnam for the The US and Europe are the major importers of countries’ growing livestock industries. The local Philippine coconut oil with combined market share of market likewise has substantial share of the copra
Indian Coconut Journal 11 April 2018 Scenario
meal market. Lately, India has become an aggressive charcoal’s export market where Japan takes the buyer of copra meal and has overtaken Japan in the leading position and China takes the second spot. In number three slot in the importers’ list since 2014. contrast, trade of activated carbon is global in scope Oleochemicals with Europe as top export market followed by Japan, US and Korea. The demand is on the rise over the Philippine oleochemicals derived from coconut years both for coconut shell charcoal and activated oil are for the most part intermediate chemicals: carbon from cited key importing countries. coconut fatty alcohol, fatty acid, methyl ester, and the by-product glycerin. Major market for these oleochemicals is in Asia & Pacific, primarily coco fatty acid. Europe is a much smaller market accounting for 21% as opposed to 78% of Asia & Pacific as a group. Export to Europe is mostly methyl ester. US ceased to be a market since 2013, it was importing coco fatty alcohol in 2012 and coco fatty acid in 2013. The main market of glycerine is in Asia & Pacific, accounting for 94.2% of which Japan dominates followed by China and Korea. Oleochemical are further processed into amides, Coconut water surface active agents, soap chips, soap noodles, biodiesel, aviation fuel, MCT oil and other fractions. Coconut water, the clear to slightly turbid liquid Alkanolamide also has Asia & Pacific as its primary found inside the coconut kernel, apart from being a market. Within the region, Thailand, Australia and beverage, is raw material for the production of nata Vietnam were consistent buyers during the five-year de coco, coconut vinegar, and coconut wine. It is also period to 2015 with Thailand dominating followed by a sought after sports drink as more and more sports Australia and Vietnam. Shampoo is shipped mostly enthusiasts appreciate its many health attributes. The to Asia & Pacific. coconut water drink comes from coconuts between six and nine months old. Athletes and individuals value Non Traditional Coconut products the coconut water for its being a natural beverage that is biologically pure, tasty, no sugar added, and high in Coconut shell charcoal and activated carbon nutritional value, among others. A comparison of the Coconut shell charcoal and activated carbon are components of coconut water drink and typical sports traditional coconut shell products which are exported drinks show coconut water has the edge because it regularly. Apart from export, demand for coconut is low in sodium and sugars and high in potassium, shell charcoal comes from local activated carbon making it an ideal sports drink. Distribution of coconut manufacturers too. Asia has been coconut shell water in consumer packs took some time to take off
12 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Scenario
notably Saudi Arabia. Like the US, there are many Filipinos working in Saudi Arabia as well. Coconut meat The Philippines, world’s biggest supplier of desiccated coconut, presently has 13 desiccated coconut plants. The other exporters are Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Vietnam. DC remains the second biggest export earner in the coconut industry next to coconut oil. The US is the single biggest market for Philippine desiccated coconut followed by the European market, the key importers being the because of the difficulty in packing coconut water Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom and Germany. and preventing it from fermentation. New packaging In the Asia & Pacific region, Australia is the market methods developed nowadays make the product leader in the region followed by China, Singapore, accessible to the consumers in Tetra Pak, aluminum Japan and Korea. can, glass or PET bottle. In coconut growing countries like the Philippines, however, people still prefer taking coconut water straight from the coconut, particularly in the countryside, to ensure freshness apart from price consideration. Coconut water is also exported in concentrate form although still in limited volume compared to the regular coconut water or termed as single pass. Export of coconut water saw a phenomenal rise in 2011 and 2012 but suffered a setback in 2013 owing to reduced purchases from the US. Export of coconut water was merely less than 1 million liters until 2010 when it first exceeded the 1 million-mark. Volume Coconut milk liquid thereafter hit more than 10 million liters. The last two The domestic market for liquid coconut milk years saw a huge spike in export from 35.848 million remains limited and concentrated in urban centers. liters to 71.735 million liters (+100%). The US has Consumers still prefer manually doing the extraction been a top buyer of coconut water. The European of coconut milk from fresh coconuts because it market saw radical increase in uptake from 6.3 million is cheaper and easy to do and the assurance that liters in 2014 to 30.0 million liters the following year, the milk product is fresh. The US is a major market for a 376% increase. In Europe, the top consumers followed by the European market, mainly the United are United Kingdom and Netherlands. Interestingly, Kingdom and Germany. Japan is the third biggest export prices virtually followed a rising path even with market. The market for liquid coconut milk is more increasing volume traded, suggesting rising demand diversified compared to the powder form. Itwas for the product. shipped to around 40 countries in the last five years Other products from coconut water are coconut of which eight regularly take orders from each year. wine, vinegar and nata de coco. There is limited data on coconut wine while figures on vinegar and nata de coco do not disaggregate the raw material used to produce these products.Nevertheless, a good part of vinegar produced comes from coconut water and as to nata de coco, from coconut milk. Export of vinegar is largely to the US. Vinegar is an important condiment and cooking ingredient for Filipinos, which explains for the significant market share of the US where many Filipinos reside permanently or otherwise. In 2013, there were huge purchases by the Middle East,
Indian Coconut Journal 13 April 2018 Scenario
Coconut milk powder The local market for coconut milk powder, like liquid coconut milk, is limited to institutional users like hotels and restaurants. In the export side, coconut milk powder counts about 35 country markets led by Japan, the US, Netherlands and France. The combined market share of EU comes to 29%. Out of the 35 importing countries, only Japan, the US, Korea and Australia had annual purchases during the five- year period. Coconut flour The US was principal destination cornering nearly one-third (32.6%) of total sales trailed by Korea, Australia and Europe. Its important use in nutrition makes it a highly priced product. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) VCO has risen to prominence for its anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-protozoal properties Record in the past five years show volume and that is has become well-known as a special premium value uninterruptedly growing by over six folds. US product from coconut, even in countries which do remained the market leader. Decade ago, the US not grow coconuts like United States and European monopolized the VCO market, cornering about 95% countries. VCO still retains its tocopherols, which of total Philippine export. However, since the entry of has been cited as an advantage over traditional Canada into the market in 2006, the US market share coconut oil. Since VCO is solid most of the time started to dwindle and continued on with market at room temperature in importing countries like the expansions into Europe and Asia & Pacific. In Europe, US and Europe or when refrigerated, it can be used the major players are Germany, the Netherlands, as a butter or margarine substitute for spreads or for United Kingdom and Belgium while in Asia & Pacific baking. Most recipes calling for butter, margarine, or are Japan, China, Australia and Malaysia. any other oil can be substituted with virgin coconut oil. Nata de coco is basically for the Japanese market For non-food applications, it has always been used with Japan cornering more than 80% (81.4%) of nata as hair and scalp conditioner, as massage oil, body de coco market. The second biggest market is the US lotion, body scrub, among others. Other products which accounts for around 7%. While the Japanese have been formulated using virgin coconut oil like market takes nata de coco as a low or no calorie specialty soaps, lip balms and skin creams. The VCO food, in the US market, which comprised mainly of industry in the Philippines is largely a small scale the Filipino community, it is an important ingredient one. However, big operators also exist and these are in fruit salads. largely from the desiccated coconut sector.
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taken the initiative to Strength of the Philippine processing rally the Asian and sector Pacific Coconut Apart from the concerted activities of PCA for Community the sustained development of the coconut sector, (APCC) and the Philippines also has an organized processing sector private sector in of coconut. The United Coconut Associations of opposing this smear the Philippines, Inc. (UCAP) is a confederation of campaign against associations/organizations involved in the various coconut oil, pointing activities of the coconut industry. The objectives out that it is based of UCAP are to unite all elements of the coconut on flawed research industry and work for their common good. UCAP which endangers promotes harmonious coordination among the the economies of various sectors of the industry for the common benefit the major coconut of the producing, trading, processing and consuming producing countries public; inculcate and preserve high standards of as well as the honor and integrity among its members and promote livelihoods of millions of coconut farmers throughout just and equitable principles and practices of trade. the world. In partnership with the Department of It also serves as a center of information about the Trade and Industry (DTI), a Coconut Road show and coconut and related subjects; and provide a forum Outbound Business Matching Mission was sent to the for the discussion of problems, issues affecting the US in September 2017 to conduct a press relation, coconut industry and/or any of its sectors, inter alia. market intelligence and promotion campaign for UCAP serves as a forum for discussion on various coconut oil and other coconut products. issues involving the coconut industry and/or any of Challenges faced its sectors and members. UCAP published UCAP Monthly Review, Monthly Export Statistics, Coconut Climate change is the major challenge faced by Statistics, Directory of Coconut Establishments in the the country. Philippines has been ranked second Philippines are to name a few. only to Bangladesh among the countries in Asia to be most at risk from the changing temperatures and The major associations or organizations in weather systems. The country has been ravaged by the coconut sector in the Philippines include numerous disasters, both by climatic and tectonic Philippines Coconut Producers Federation Inc forces. The Philippines is exposed to various hazards (COCOFED), Coconut Oil Refiners Association because of its geographic location. Being situated in (CORA), Association of Philippine Coconut the Pacific rim of fire, the country is no stranger to Desiccators (APCD), Organic Coconut Association earthquakes. This is further compounded by the fact of the Philippines (OCAP), Association of Coconut that the Philippines is in the path of Pacific typhoons Brokers Inc (ACBI), Philippines Activated Carbon averaging 20 per year. The names Ondoy, Pepeng, Manufacturers Association Inc (PACMA), Philippine Pablo, and Yolanda have been etched in the memories Coconut Oil Producers Association ( PCOPA), Virgin of Filipinos because of the destruction these typhoons Coconut Oil Producers and Traders Association of have brought upon the country. Yolanda-hit areas are the Philippines Inc (VCOP) etc. UCAP is organizing coconut producing regions leaving many coconut the 1st World Coconut Congress during 14-16 August farmers economically marginalized. As per PCA 2018 in the Philippines. reports, around 33 million trees in seven provinces US Roadshow were damaged in varying degrees. It will take three to five years to rehabilitate the coconut farms using Coconut being a major export commodity, fast-growing varieties. Apart from the decreased Philippines Government addresses any challenge production due to varying climatic factors and the or threat to the industry with utmost concern and climatic risks and threats, there is also the Coconut urgency, In the year 2017, the same old issue of Scale Insect (CSI) invasion which caused massive saturated fats as the chief culprit for cardiovascular destruction in coconut areas. Increasing population disease was again revived by the American Heart of senile coconut trees and the prevalence of low- Association (AHA). Coconut oil has been singled out yielding varieties of coconut trees around the country by AHA, as it did in the late 1980s. The Philippines has are other major challenges to be addressed. g
Indian Coconut Journal 15 April 2018 Theme article
Research efforts on coconut improvement at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode
T.Vanaja*, P.R.Suresh** and M.Esakkimuthu*** *Professor, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode-671 310, Kasaragod **Associate Director, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode-671 310, Kasaragod ***Assistant Professor, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode-671 310, Kasaragod
Introduction Research Project (NARP), these stations were pooled Coconut research in India was started as early as together elevated as Regional Agricultural Research in 1916 with the establishment of research stations Station with an objective of strengthening agricultural at Kasaragod, Nileshwar-l (Pilicode), Nileshwar II research in the Northern regions of Kerala, comprising & Ill. These station were located the west coast of the Districts of Kasaragod, Kannur, Kozhikode and the erstwhile Madras State, representing the three Malappuram with effect from June 1st 1980. major soil types on which coconuts are generally The Regional Agricultural Research Station, grown. Later, these stations were taken over by the Pilicode is located in Pilicode Village of Hosdurg Indian Central Coconut Committee in 1947. With the Taluk in Kasaragod District and is geographically formation of Kerala State in 1956, three stations of located at 13°N latitude and 75°E longitude at an Pilicode & Nileshwar came under the Department elevation of 15m above MSL. It is about 55 km North of Agriculture. The Kasaragod station was taken of Kannur town by the side of NH-66. The Station is over by ICAR in 1970 and is functioning as CPCRI, 130km South of Mangalore Air port and 3 km East Kasaragod. The Stations at Nileshwar II and Pilicode of Cheruvathur Railway Station. Nileshwar station were taken over by the Kerala Agricultural University in is situated in Nileshwar village of Hosdurg Taluk in 1972. During implementation of National Agricultural Kasaragod District and is about 65 Km North of Kannur
16 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Research town lying on either sides of NH-17 and is about coconut and performance of Dwarf x Dwarf hybrids 1 .6 km South West of Nileshwar Railway Station. The of coconut in different agro- climatic regions. Third extent of area of RARS, Pilicode is 57.87 ha and that generation inbred plantation is another unique of Nileshwar is 17.25 ha. The Station receives 3379 programme of this station. mm of average annual rainfall. The mean maximum The details of varieties released from Regional and minimum temperature of the location is 33°C and Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode are given 23°C respectively. below. The thrust area of research is to perform as the lead centre for research on coconut and coconut Lakshaganga based farming system. Hybrid vigour in coconut was This variety was developed through first reported from this station. The first ever hybrid hybridisation method. Parentage is Laccadive T x D ( WCT x CDG) was developed and planted Ordinary X Gangabondam. It was released in 1988. at Nileswar campus during 1936 which still exists The features of this variety are early bearer, suitable at this campus. Later under the crop improvement for rainfed system, drought tolerance, copra weight programme this station had released the high yielding 195 gm, and 70 % oil content. Key characteristics are coconut varieties namely, Lakshaganga (Laccadive tall tree with nut weight of 677 gm, weight of husked Ordinary X Gangabondam), Keraganga (West Coast nut is 380gm. Annual productivity is 108 nuts/tree. Tall X Gangabondam), Ananthaganga (Andaman It can be recommend for cultivation at any part of Ordinary and Gangabondam), Kerasree (West Kerala. Coast Tall X Malayan Yellow Dwarf), Kerasowbhagya (West Coast Tall X Straight Settlement Apricot), Keraganga Kerasagara (Pedigree is Seychelles of South East This variety is developed through hybridisation Asia) and Keramadhura (Pedigree selection from method. Parentage is West Coast Tall X Malayan Green Dwarf). Of these Keramadhura Gangabondam. It was released in 1989. This variety is a variety suited for tender nuts. It has good takes five years for flowering, 75% more copra copra yield compared to dwarf palms. Most of the yield (201 gm) than WCT, 69 % oil content. Key package of practice recommendations of coconut for characteristics are tall tree with nut having 20.20 cm management and crop protection were developed polar diameter, 16.45 cm equatorial diameter and from this station. 1182 gm weight. Weight of husked nut is 760 gm and The station maintains a unique collection of coconut Kernel thickness is 1.20 cm. Annual productivity is germplasm consisting of 35 exotic and 40 indigenous 100 nuts/tree. It can be recommend for cultivation in types. Philippines Ordinary, Lakshadweep Ordinary, rainfed, coastal and mid-land regions. Cochin China, Java, New Guinea and Spicata were found to be highly suitable for cultivation in the Ananthaganga northern zone under rainfed conditions. Philippines This variety was developed through hybridisation Ordinary and Lakshadweep Ordinary ranked first between Andaman Ordinary and Gangabondam. It in yield of copra and number of nuts, respectively. was released in 1989. The features of this variety are Under All India co-ordinated programme of Palms two it takes six years for first harvest. Copra yield (216 programmes are being conducted namely, collection, gm)- 77%, which is more than WCT, drought tolerant, conservation and evaluation of local germplasm of oil content of 68%. Key characteristics are tall tree
Lakshaganga Keraganga Ananthaganga
Indian Coconut Journal 17 April 2018 Research
Kerasree Kerasowbhagya Keramadhura
with nut having 22.6 cm polar diameter, 16.85 cm gives 75 % more copra yield (203.4 gm) than WCT equatorial diameter and 1100 gm weight. Weight of and oil content 68 %. Key characteristics are tall tree, husked nut is 795 gm and kernel thickness is 1.29 light green nut with 27 cm polar diameter, 1.05 cm cm. Annual productivity is 95 nuts/tree. It can be equatorial diameter and 1300 gm nut weight. Weight recommend for cultivation in rainfed, coastal and mid- of husked nut is 575 gm and kernel thickness is 1.5 land regions. cm. Annual productivity is 99 nuts/tree. It can be recommended for cultivation throughout Kerala. Kerasree This variety is developed through hybridisation Keramadhura method. Parentage is West Coast Tall X Malayan This variety is developed through selection from Yellow Dwarf. Released in 1992. it takes six years Malayan Green Dwarf. It was released in 2013 as a for first harvest. Suitable for all types of soil under dual purpose variety suited for tender coconut and rainfed system and the copra yield is (216 gm). The copra products. It is a superior genotype suitable for oil content is 66%. Key characteristics are tall tree, dual purpose with excellent quality as tender nuts. light green nut with 17.02 cm polar diameter, 16.52 The copra yield is (196 gm/nut). Key characteristics cm equatorial diameter and 1011 gm weight. Weight are semi-tall tree, oval nut, crown and nuts green of husked nut is 524.65 gm and Kernel thickness is in colour, thickness of kernel is 1.27 cm. Annual 1.13 cm. Annual productivity is 140 nuts/tree. It can productivity is 119 nuts/tree. It can be recommend for be recommend for cultivation in rainfed, coastal and rainfed and irrigated conditions. mid-land regions. Conclusion Kerasowbhagya Under crop production programme, the station This variety is a hybrid between West Coast has been producing and supplying hybrid seedlings Tall X Straight Settlement Apricot. It was released of the above varieties. These varieties are preferred in 1993. The features of this variety are suitable for throughout the state and in many places of southern moderate management conditions and is drought India. Distribution of seedlings starts from June and tolerant. Copra content is 196 gm and the oil completes by August through farmers registration. A content is 68%. Key characteristics are tall tree, light network programme on centre of excellence in value orange nut with 21.08 cm polar diameter, 17.07 cm addition of agricultural crops is being operated at this equatorial diameter and 1019 gm nut weight. Weight station. Technologies for commercial level production of husked nut is 694 gm and the kernel thickness is of various value added products from coconut have 1.3 cm. Annual productivity is 130 nuts/tree. It can be been standardised at this centre. This includes Virgin recommended for cultivation in coastal regions. Coconut Oil (hot & cold processed), Danthapala oil, coconut water syrup, coconut water vinegar, coconut Kerasagara water wine, coconut chutney powder, coconut chips, This variety is developed through selection method coconut pickle, coconut curry paste, coconut laddu of crop improvement. Parentage is Seychelles (South and face cream. The training has conducted training East Asia). (Was released in 2006.) The features of programmes on value addition in coconut based this variety are, it takes eight years for flowering and products for the farmers of North Kerala. g
18 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Theme article
Non food uses of nata de coco a microbial cellulose
Kumaravel S, Development Officer, Coconut Development Board, Kochi
ellulose is the most abundant organic polymer Con earth. It is an important structural component Nata de coco is a chewy, translucent, of the primary cell wall of plants, many algae and Oomycetes. Paper and paper boards are mainly jelly-like food produced by the produced from lignocellulosic material (plant origin). fermentation of coconut water The derivatives like cellophane and rayon are also which gets converted into cellulose made in smaller quantities. Wood pulp and cotton are through the microbial action of the main sources of cellulose for industrial use. Acetobacter xylinum. Originating However, plant materials are not the only source in the Philippines, nata de coco is of this valuable polymer. Microbial cellulose is a form of cellulose that is produced by bacteria. Some most commonly used as a candy or bacteria from the genera Aerobacter, Acetobacter, dessert, and can garnish a variety Achromobacter, Agrobacterium, Alacaligenes, of foods, including pickles, drinks, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Sarcina ice cream,puddings and fruit can synthesize cellulose when they are cultivated cocktails under adequate conditions. Of the above, Acetobacter xylinum, now known as Gluconacetobacter xylinus is
Indian Coconut Journal 19 April 2018 By product most preferred for commercial production due to its Wound dressing behaviour for producing enough cellulose. G. xylinus The dried, translucent, semi-opaque, biosynthetic extrudes glucan chains from pores into the growth cellulose membrane are widely used for wound medium. These aggregate into microfibrils which dressing. The commercial products claim that forms into a three-dimensional coherent network the fluid balance is improved and the mechanical of pure cellulose nanofibers or microbial cellulose cellular matrix bridges the wound bed, thus promotes ribbons. The production occurs mostly at the interface distribution and concentration of growth factors and of liquid and air. nutrients needed for healing, while protecting the The bacterial cellulose is finer and more intricate in wound from environmental contamination. Studies structure, the fibres are longer and stronger and has have shown that the bacterial cellulose accelerates more absorbent per unit volume compared to the plant the process of healing of the skin in comparison with cellulose. The quality of the pellicle is determined by conventional wound dressings. It was further reported the strain of G. xylinus and media used. It has higher that these coverings reduce wound pain, accelerate purity, crystallinity and degree of polymerization. It re-epithelization and reduce wound infection rates can be produced on a variety of substrates, can be and scarring. grown to any shape virtually. No hemicellulose or lignin need to be removed as done in plant cellulose production. Bacterial cellulose is kept pure and handled carefully during subsequent manufacturing. It remains hydrated during other processes like pasteurization and infusion with ingredients based on the need. Conversely, wood pulp or cotton fibers are heavily processed and chemically treated. Various kinds of sugars are used as substrate for production of bacterial cellulose. Coconut water is also one of the substrate from which microbial cellulose called Nata de coco is widely produced and mainly marketed as a dessert food. It is also used as an ingredient in other food products, such as ice creams, fruit cocktails, etc. Nata de Coco is low in calories, has no cholesterol and is high in dietary fiber Tissue engineering which is good for digestive system. Microbial cellulose has been used as a Bacterial cellulose is an interesting, renewable and scaffold for tissue engineering application due biodegradable material with extended commercial to its biocompatibility. The scaffolds should have application due to its high purity, dietary fibre content interconnecting pores of appropriate scale to favor and special physico-chemical characteristics. Apart tissue integration and vascularization, appropriate from food sector, the bacterial or microbial cellulose surface chemistry to favor cellular attachment, is widely used in the paper industry, electronics, differentiation and proliferation, adequate mechanical cosmetics and tissue engineering considering its properties and should be made from materials with remarkable mechanical properties, conformability and porosity. Medical nonfood uses of bacterial cellulose Bacterial cellulose is biocompatible and non- toxic and hence it is a suitable material for medical applications. The use of bacterial cellulose gels for the fabrication of biomedical products has advantages over the use of other types of cellulose and polymers. These advantages include the fact that the three dimensional shape and the fiber network architecture can be controlled.
20 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 By product controlled biodegradability so that tissue will eventually made from nata de coco, several very thin layers of replace the scaffold. Most of these requirements are biocellulose membranes fused together by a special met by the microbial cellulose, except biodegradability process to produce the biocellulose diaphragm. due to its high degree of crystallinity and a compact structure. However, researchers have overcome this by an in vitro chemical treatment which kept the original network structure intact and made a bacterial cellulose based scaffold that it could degrade in water, phosphate buffered saline and the simulated body fluid. The investigations are on to create artificial blood vessels using bacterial cellulose as it is strong enough to cope with blood pressure and works well with the body's own tissue. It is claimed that the material also carries a lower risk of blood clots than the synthetic materials currently in use. The laboratory trials have positive response on the use of bacterial cellulose modified for addressing the issue of blood clotting, The loudspeakers with biocellulose membranes were as real blood vessels have an internal coating of cells found to exhibit acoustic response in a wider frequen- that ensure that the blood does not clot. cy range and of higher effectivity and high sound quality in comparison with that produced from a plant Other uses cellulose diaphragm. Improvement of the mechanical Other less-documented biomedical applications properties can be achieved by treating the biocellu- include the use of bacterial cellulose for the production lose with alkali or oxidant solutions. It means that the of contact lenses, electro conductive composite replacement of cone paper loudspeaker with a cone hydrogels biosensors, membranes for topical delivery biocellulose is prospective. The nata de coco dia- of lidocaine, synthetic dura mater, bladder neck phragms are already in use in high-end earphones/ suspension, implantable soft tissue replacement, etc. headphones of popular brands. Non medical applications of microbial Use in cosmetics cellulose: Not all cellulose is the same. Most of the facial masks in the market use paper, technically made Use in acoustics of cellulose from wood or cotton fiber. There is a Traditionally, membrane of cone loudspeakers tremendous difference. Biocellulose is hydrophillic, are made of paper (cone paper), formed with which has the ability to both absorb or donate cellulose fibers. The biocellulose cone is normally moisture to the surface it is in contact with. Bacterial made from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), also called cellulose’s inclination to reach moisture equilibrium Deccan hemp and Java jute. Considering the makes it more helpful as it moisturizes dry skin and good mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose normalizes oily skin simultaneously. Cosmeceutical ingredients are even added for the facial masks.
Indian Coconut Journal 21 April 2018 Innovation
cellulose. This is due to the low volumetric yields, high priced sugar substrates and lack of large scale production. Since it is a cultured material which takes minimum ten days to manufacture and because the entire organic process must be done cleanly and avoid harsh chemicals it is more expensive to create. Future thrust Microbial cellulose is biocompatible and non- toxic. The research is to be geared up to evaluate a possible role for bacterial cellulose in the several new applications, making the product cheaper by improvement in production process to enhance the yield. Development of new strain of G. persimmonis for producing substantial amounts of bacterial As the fibers are stronger, the bacterial cellulose cellulose both under stationary and submerged masks are more durable. These can be applied, agitated conditions has also been reported. Cellulose production using laboratory fermentor removed, and re-applied if necessary. The super has substantially reduced the duration from 12-14 hydration also helps it cling tightly to the skin which days (stationary cultivation) to 5-7 days (agitated aids in gentle opening of pores during use. conditions). The effects of different parameters like Other uses strain, agitation, dissolved oxygen levels, media Researches are ongoing to evaluate a possible rheology, etc. on bacterial cellulose production are to role for bacterial cellulose in the following applications be investigated and standardized. of matrix for electronic paper; high strength paper; Popularizing the products for dessert, dietary, substrates for OLEDs; gloss surface finish in medical and other uses may attract more magazines, etc. entrepreneurs in the fields. India is the world leader in coconut production. Several industries in the With some fusion of science and creativity, fashion country are manufacturing value added products designers manage to create non-woven, eco-friendly like desiccated coconut powder, virgin coconut oil, dress materials from bacterial cellulose. coconut oil, coconut milk and milk based products, It is reported that nata de coco hydrogel, where the coconut water is wasted except for making systhesised using radical polymerization from nata some vinegar. For appropriate largescale production, de coco, finds application as nano reactors for a specific knowledge about these byproducts and a preparation of iron nano particles from ferrocenium proper standardization of them are required. This may reduction. The nanoscale iron particles are widely yield additional income to the existing entrepreneurs used in medical and laboratory applications. or may help in flourishing small entrepreneurs. Researches have found that nanoscale iron particles The Government of India through Coconut can be effectively used to treat industrial sites Development Board extends financial assistance as contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds. back ended credit linked subsidy at different levels However, these are not commonly used due to lesser for development of technologies; demonstration production and higher price. of technologies; adoption of technologies; market research and promotion under the Technology Mission Disadvantages of bacterial biocellulose on Coconut programme.. Interested government Though the microbial cellulose produced from institutions, societies, research organizations, various substrates, including coconut water, have cooperative societies, NGOs, individuals and other several advantages, large scale commercialization organizations are eligible for submission of projects is prevented as the price is much higher than plant under TMoC for availing financial assistance. g
Source n Handbook of natural fibres: Types, properties and factors affecting breeding and cultivation, RM Kozłowski - 2012 n https://www.belmondobeauty.com/what-is-bio-cellulose/ n https://www.belmondobeauty.com/what-is-so-special-about- biocellulose-facial-masks-2/n https://www.biorepublic.com/blogs/news/biocellulose-its-benefits n https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Microbial_cellulose n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_coco n http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4895233 n https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284051871_Applications_and_Products-Nata_de_Coco
22 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Theme article
Indian Coconut Journal 23 April 2018 Pest & Disease Pest and disease free coconut
P. Chowdappa, Vinayaka Hedge, Chandrika Mohan, A. Josephrajkumar, Merin Babu Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasargod, Kerala
Introduction Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) in coconut is a holistic concept wherein all components of management strategies are integrated in as compatible manner as possible so as to prevent the insect population/ diseases attaining action threshold. While ensuring the pest and disease incidence under tolerant level, IPDM maintains a quality environment for the use by next generation. Adoption of IPDM practices enable sustainability of ecosystem which is extremely important in economic productivity in agriculture. It considers whole production system and always leaves a pest residue for the natural enemies to sustain. Coconut is affected by a wide array of insects, mites, rodents and lethal / debilitating diseases. The grub incidence. Timely crown cleaning reduces the IPDM tools for a united convergence for sustainable damage caused by coreid bug and coconut eriophyid pest/ disease management tactics will be discussed mite. Destruction of red palm weevil infested palms, hereunder. With the formation of Coconut Producer's beyond recovery reduces the floating weevil population Society and Federation throughout the coconut quite considerably. Avoiding injuries to palm and growing tracts of the country, community-mode in cutting petiole beyond 1.2 m from trunk is advised extension outreach of pest/ disease management to ward off red palm weevil attack. Avoid succulence options are wide open and many a time is successfully by excess application of nutrients. Farm hygiene and accomplished through farmer-participatory approach. removal of breeding grounds of rhinoceros beetle is the foremost option in the management of rhinoceros Approaches in Pest and Disease beetle. Soil-test based nutrient application along Management with dolomite and in situ biomass recycling through Cultural Approaches: Simple adoption of good its raising cow pea in palm basin and incorporation agricultural and agronomic practices will be handy for during flowering are sound techniques to improve the pest avoidance as prevention is always better than palm health after invasion by coconut eriophyid mite cure. Planting coconut seedlings with correct spacing and leaf eating caterpillars. Removal and destruction and fully exposed to sun light ad libidum are the best of heavily infested leaves are sound options in the agronomic practices to avoid infestation by rhinoceros management of black headed caterpillar and slug beetle, red palm weevil and rodents. Shallow planting caterpillars. Summer ploughing exposes the white leads to heavy incidence by red palm weevil and grubs for avian predators. Mulching of palm residues pits of size 1 m3 are recommended for seedling around the basin, raising green manure crops as well planting. Coconut seedlings planted in shallow pits as providing summer irrigation improves the health of show exposed bole region and proliferating roots the palm significantly. that invite bole entry of red palm weevil. Never mulch For a perennial crop like coconut, cultural practices seedlings with coconut leaves during the early stage form an important component of integrated disease of establishment. Poorly-drained soil is unsuitable management (IDM). Phytosanitation plays a vital role for coconut planting and seedlings in water logged in the management of crown diseases viz., bud rot, condition would invite skipper butterfly attack and root leaf rot and grey leaf spot of coconut. Removal of the
24 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Pest & Disease infected tissues eliminates or reduces the amount of Use of Mechanical Tools inoculum facilitating the effective management of the Use of mechanical devices and direct involvement disease by biological/ chemical means. Moreover, of mankind are grouped under this category which rotten/fermented tissues in palms with leaf rot and is quite compatible with all techniques. Collection of bud rot diseases produce a spectrum of odorants that emerging adult beetle of white grubs during June-July elicit stronger attraction in red palm weevil. and use of light traps in monitoring the pest reduces The attracted weevils lay eggs on the moist rotten the incidence of white grub. Mechanical hooking tissues in the disease affected portions of the palm. of rhinoceros beetle is perhaps the best method These diseased tissues serve as the point of entry/ of management that a marginal farmer can adopt. breeding site of the pest. In bud rot endemic areas, Banding the palm trunks using polythene sheets or priority has to be given to the removal and destruction metal bands avoids climbing of rodents to the crown. of severely affected or dead palms as they may serve Tying fertilizer gunny bags on the crown as well as as inoculum reservoirs of the pathogen. Removal baiting with traps are sound techniques in rodent of inoculum/ infected tissues help to bring down the management. Establishment of light traps could help possibility of recurrent infection and prevent greater both in monitoring and reducing the population of the losses incurred from the spread of the disease. slug caterpillar moths in endemic tracts of Andhra Providing proper irrigation and drainage in the field Pradesh and Kerala. plays a critical role in the incidence and spread of bud rot, stem bleeding and basal stem rot diseases. Biological Suppression Since wounds on the trunks predispose the Biological pest suppression is the most ecologically palms to infection by stem bleeding pathogen, care sound and environmental - friendly approach that acts should be taken not to injure the stem base while slowly with long-term effect. Some of the classical ploughing and avoid trash burning near the base of examples in coconut pest management come under the palm. Isolation of diseased palms from healthy this category. Application of an entomopathogenic ones by digging a trench (60 cm deep and 30 cm green muscardine fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae wide) around the affected palm (1.2 m away from on the breeding pits @ 5 x l011 spores / m3 is an the base of the trunk) and avoiding flood irrigation or effective low cost farmer friendly technology in the ploughing reduce/ check the spread of the basal stem sustainable management of rhinoceros beetle. rot disease. Application of farm yard manure, neem This has been successfully implemented through cake, recommended dose of nutrients and moisture farmer participatory mode by the Institute. Oryctes conservation by coconut husk burial enhances the rhinoceros nudivirus is utilized for bio-suppression health of the palm and reduce the severity of disease of rhinoceros beetle. Release of 10 -12 virosed in root (wilt) disease (RWD) affected palms. beetles/ha reduced rhinoceros beetle incidence. Placement of three filter paper sachets containing 12- 15 Heterorhabditis indica-infected Galleria mellonella cadavers on the leaf axils after application of 0.002% imidacloprid sup- Rhinoceros Beetle, Rhinoceros- affected Coconut Leaves, and Rhinoceros traps pressed the grubs of red palm weevil. Augmentative release of stage-specific parasitoids viz., the larval parasitoids Goniozus nephantidis (Bethylidae) @ 20 parasitoids/palm, Braconbrevicornis (Braconidae) @ 30 parasitoids/ palm, the pre- pupal parasitoid, Elasmusnephantidis (Elasmidae) @49%/100 prepupae, and the pupal parasitoid Brachymerianosatoi (Chalcididae) @32%/100 pupae at the appropriate time was found effective in the sustainable management of black headed caterpillar. This technology also has been validated in large area demonstrations by ICAR CPCRI. Application of talc based preparation of Hirsutellathompsonii @ 20g/1/palm containing
Indian Coconut Journal 25 April 2018 Pest & Disease
pest management. Since time immemorial, use of botanicals has been leading from the front in sustainable pest management in coconut. Incorporation of the common weed plant, Clerodendron infortunatum on the manure pits to induce larval-pupal abnormalities in feeding grubs is an easily adoptable practice against rhinoceros beetle. Filling up top most leaf axils with 250 g neem cake/ maroti cake / pongamia cake along with equal volume of 1.6 x 108cfu with a frequency of three sprayings per sand in palms reduced rhinoceros year significantly reduced eriophyid mite population beetle attack. Spraying 2% neem oil garlic mixture or on coconut. Drenching aqua suspension of EPNs azadirachtin 10,000 ppm @ 0.004% or root feeding Steinernema carpocapsae in the, interspaces of with neem formulations containing azadirachtin palms at 5-10 cm depth with a dosage of 40 - 50 50,000 ppm at 7.5 ml or azadirachtin 10,000 ppm at lakh infective juveniles/5 liter of water suppressed 10 ml with equal volume of water three times during white grub incidence. The application of EPN shall March-April, October- November and December- be repeated as and when needed based on the January is recommended for the management of the grub population. Coccinellid beetles, Chilocorus coconut eriophyid mite. Placement of tablet-mode nigritus, Cryptognatha nodiceps, Pseudoscymnus botanical cake on the leaf axils was found effective anomalus, Pseudoscymnus dwipakalpa, Scymnus in the management of rhinoceros beetle. Spraying luteus, Rhyzobius spp. and Telsimianitida suppress of azadirachtin 300 ppm (Nimbecidene) @ 0.0004% the scales and mealy bug population by predation. (13 ml / 1) reduced the coreid bug incidence at the Hence, chemical pesticides in management of these highest level. Two rounds of azadirachtin spray on sucking pests have to be judiciously used. young 1-5 months old coconut bunches during May- Management of disease using bioagents is an June and September-October are quite essential for ecofriendly and sustainable component of IDM in satisfactory control of coreid bug in the field. coconut. Use of antagonistic microbes with biocontrol Host plant resistance: The most effective, at potential has been proved to be an effective tool in the same-time a very difficult and time consuming the management of leaf rot, stem bleeding and basal approach in perennial crop system, is the stem rot diseases. Application of 10% solution of development of tolerant cultivars against biotic talc based formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescensl stresses. Kalpaharitha (a selection of Kulasekaram Bacillus subtilis/consortium of these microbes(50 g talc Tall) recorded the lowest mite incidence in the field and based formulation in 500 ml water) to the spindle leaf could be a preferred choice in endemic zones. Dwarf axils twice in a year can be adopted as a prophylactic genotypes such as CGD, MGD and Gangabondam measure during April- May and October-November are relatively more susceptible to red palm weevil in leaf rot disease endemic areas. Placement of attack than Tall genotypes. Disease resistant/tolerant Trichoderma coir pith cakes (2 nos.) in the inner varieties are the cheapest and effective means of most leaf axils protects the palms from bud rot. For disease management especially in a perennial crop stem bleeding affected palms, smearing of a paste which remains in the field for many years. Use of of talc based formulation of Trichoderma harzianum a resistant genotype reduces the cost involved in (CPCRI TD 28) on bleeding patches along with the plant protection and is of utmost importance in the basin application of neem cake (5 kg) enriched with management of phytoplasmal diseases which are not T harzianum per palm during September- October cured by any known chemical/ biocontrol measures. effectively manages the disease. Basin application of Use of disease free quality seedling is recommended neem cake (5 kg) fortified with T harzianum (CPCRI for planting in disease endemic areas as this will TD 28) manages basal stem rot disease. help in the better initial establishment. ICAR-CPCRI Use of Botanicals: Botanicals constitute has released two resistant/tolerant varieties viz., yet another biorational approach in coconut Kalparaksha (selection from Malayan Green Dwarf),
26 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Pest & Disease
Kalpasree (selection from Chowghat Green Dwarf) and a hybrid Kalpasankara (Chowghat Green Dwarf X West Coast Tall) for RWD endemic tracts. Behaviour modulation tactics: Volatile chemistry is the buzz word in innovative pest management approach and uses of semiochemicals has been very successful in monitoring as well as trap and kill strategy. Use of PVC pheromone traps `Oryctalure [ethyl 4 methyoctonoate]' and field delivery using nanomatrix @1 trap / ha is an innovative method in pest suppression. Avoid installation of traps in gardens with juvenile palms. Installation of pheromone traps with ferrugineol embedded on nanoporous matrix @ 1 trap / ha was found effective in mass trapping of weevils. Impregnation of kairomonal blends containing host-induced volatiles enhanced the weevil catches substantially. Timely servicing of traps with fresh food baits once in 6 days and avoiding placement of traps Chemical control: This is the most powerful in gardens with juvenile palms or palms intercropped technique that needs to be judiciously used only with tall intercrops (banana) are essential in on a need based manner. Residual toxicity need to successful adoption of the technology. A farmer- be studied before recommendation of a chemical participatory community approach would be the key pesticide. Application of imidacloprid 18.5 SL 0.02% factor in successful field realization. Pheromone lures (1 ml per 1 of water) or spinosad 2.5 SC 0.013% (5 to attract Opisinaarenosella moths are available in ml per 1 of water) or indoxacarb 14.5 EC 0.04% (2.5 the market. It is dispensed in the field in sticky traps ml per 1 of water) along with other crop management and a trap density of 40 traps/ ha is recommended components for a cost effective productivity of along with parasitoid release for pest management. the crop is essential in making the farmer more Olfactory conditioning of parasitoids using the volatiles competitive to face the challenges of the changing from larval frass enhanced the host searching ability agricultural scenario. Drenching the root zone with and swift recognition of the host, arenosella by the chlorpyrifos 20EC @ 2.5m1/lit orimidacloprid @ 240 parasitoid. g ai /ha or bifenthrin @ 4.0 kg ai/ha during May- Agro-ecosystem based approach: The June and September- October is recommended stimulo deterrant approach rather pushpull strategy for management of white grubs.Spraying lambda is emerging as an important pest management cyhalothrin @ 1m1/1 on the pollinated bunches was component in perennial cropping system. ICAR- found effective in the management of coreid bug. In CPCRI has developed a crop habitat diversification coconut, application of 10 g Bromadiolone (0.005%) strategy in the management of rhinoceros beetle blocks two times at an interval of 12 days on the crown and red palm weevil through volatile confusion of one palm out of every five palms is recommended and disorientation of pest through diverse cropping for effective control of rat. This method is highly cost- techniques. Habitat manipulation with crop diversity effective. If the damage is restricted to certain palms, (nutmeg, rambutan, papaya, banana, glyricirdia, curry only such palms require baiting. leaf, coral vine, and sunflower) along with coconut Use of plant protection chemicals in disease subdued disease management needs in rhinoceros management gained momentum with the discovery beetle attack to 53.2%. Disease management needs and development of Bordeaux mixture by PA Millardet. in inter/mixed cropping system differ from those in The introduction of fungicides revolutionized the pure stands. With the increase in crop diversity due to entire concept of disease management and became multi-species cultivation, the incidence and intensity the most widely adopted and accepted component of of diseases may increase or decrease. The intercrop IDM. Crown application of 300 ml of fungicidal solution should not serve as an alternate/ collateral host of the containing 2 ml of hexaconazole 5 EC in the cavity pathogens affecting coconut. Growing non host crops around the base of the spindle is recommended as helps to check the spread of soil borne diseases like prophylactic (April- May and October-November) and basal
Indian Coconut Journal 27 April 2018 Pest & Disease
upon accidental entry. The diseases prevalent in other countries viz., cadangcadang, lethal yellowing and foliar decay virus are the major biosecurity threats to coconut sector in India. Domestic quarantine stations with diagnostic labs have to be equipped to prevent the spread of RWD to non endemic areas. The upsurge curative treatment in disease endemic areas. Crown in the report of new diseases cleaning and application of Bordeaux mixture (1%) on coconut in recent years from other coconut to palms in disease endemic areas before the onset growing countries warrants the strengthening of the of monsoon preferably during the first week of June disease surveillance, diagnostics and management protect the palm from bud rot disease. Bordeaux paste techniques. (10%) is recommended for the curative treatment of bud rot affected palms. Root feeding of hexaconazole Conclusion SEC 2% (100 ml solution per palm) and soil drenching Judicious integration of all aforesaid techniques with hexaconazole 5EC @ 0.2% or Bordeaux mixture in a need based manner with sustained scouting @ 1% (40 1 solution per palm) at quarterly intervals and surveillance are key factors accomplishing plant are recommended for the management of basal stem health management for enhancing productivity in rot disease. coconut. A social outreach programme through these Legislative mode: The most needed one but tools would be realistic for the sustainable coconut the least emphasized tool in pest and disease production which has redefined its position through management is the legislative component. Sustained product diversification and creating demand among surveillance, scouting and sensitization programme public. Integration of IPDM practices along with other have already been made in the look out of the invasive crop management components for a cost effective pest, coconut leaf beetle, Brontispalongissima productivity of the crop is essential in making the which has not so far entered our country due to farmer more competitive to face the challenges of the strict quarantine programme. However, this needs changing agricultural scenario. g to be further strengthened with the formation of an (Reproduced from: Cocoinfo International incursion management team for tackling the disaster Vol. 2; 2012)
Coconut Development Board participated in Organic Farm Fest
Coconut Development Board participated in Organic Farm Fest organized by Kerala Organic Charitable Trust held at Kochi from 10th to 15th April 2018. Farmers seminar, organic farmers meet, training programme and exhibition was held as part of the progarmme. Coconut Development Board displayed coconut based value added products including neera products, handicraft items and publications of the Board in the CDB stall. Around 35 stalls displaying various organic products participated in the progarmme.
28 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 ThemeCulinary article Tender coconut with Black Pepper Sauce
Ingredients Tender coconut 350 g [cut into pieces] Celery 50 g [cut into strips] Carrot (s) 50 g [cut into strips] Green onion(s) 2 pcs [sectioned] Crushed Black Pepper 3 tbsp Water 2 tbsp Marinade Crushed Black Pepper 2 tbsp Corn starch 1 tbsp
Method of Preparation Mix tender coconut with marinade. Blanch carrot and celery in boiling water for a short while and then drain. Sauté green onions in two tbsp oil. Add tender coconut and stir-fry until done. Stir in carrot, celery, water and black Pepper sauce. Stir well until heated thoroughly.
Tender Coconut Mango Panna Cotta
Method of Preparation Ingredients Mango Puree Mango Puree In a small bowl, add mango juice and sprinkle • 4 medium mangos peeled and pitted gelatin on top. Wait for five minutes for gelatin to • 1 cup mango juice soften and then mix well. Microwave on high for • 1 tsp unflavored gelatin or agar one minute and stir again. Keep the mixture in a 250 ml Mango juice wine glass. Mix well the mango puree and mango juice. Pour into glasses to a half inch below the 1.Tender Coconut brim and chill for two hours to set. (coconut flesh with 50 ml coconut water blended) Panna Cotta Panna Cotta In a medium sized saucepan, add milk and • 1 1/2 cups whole milk powdered gelatin and wait for ten minutes cook in • 1/3 cup sugar medium flame. Add sugar and stir several minutes • 2 tsp powdered gelatin to dissolve. Remove saucepan from heat and stir • 1/2 tsp salt in the cream, coconut cream and salt. Once the mixture is at room temperature, pour into the • 1 1/2 cups fresh cream glasses. Make sure that the mango is covered well. • 1/4 tsp vanilla extract Chill for 1-2 hours until it is set. Well. Decorate with raspberries and diced mango. Serve and enjoy!
Recipe perpared by Royjoseph Pothen, Executive chef , Flora Airport Hotel, Kochi
Indian Coconut Journal 29 April 2018 Health Coconut water and coconut milk healthy products from the tree of life
Coconut milk and coconut water are completely different products, both in terms of flavor and in terms of nutritional value.
• One cup of coconut water has much more potassium than one Just because coconut milk and coconut water share the whole banana same source, doesn't mean that they are the same thing. These two beverages are completely different, both in terms • Coconut milk is one of the of flavor and in terms of nutritional value. Coconut water is the healthiest alternatives for fat fluid found in the center of a young, green coconut. Coconut milk, on the other hand, is obtained from the white flesh of a • Eight ounces of coconut water mature coconut. contains 45 calories
What is coconut water? Coconut water is found in a young coconut. This drink is synonymous with hydration. This beverage is sweet and is low in terms of calories. It is one of the best beverages for people who are on a weight-loss spree. In terms of nutrition, one cup of coconut water has much more potassium than one whole banana. It is also rich in sodium. It is recommended for the gym-goers who What is coconut milk? are looking for a way to replace the electrolyte loss they go through when they sweat. Besides this, it contains traces This beverage, unlike coconut water, is of calcium, zinc, and magnesium. Eight ounces of coconut not harvested directly from the coconut. It water contains 45 calories. So it is a great way to give your is obtained from the flesh of coconut. It is taste buds a sweet treat and your body a dose of nutrition. shredded and simmered in plain water or Add it to your smoothies or supplement it with fruit juices coconut water and allowed to soak. When the to maximize its benefits. flavor is absorbed by the water, it is strained and the coconut and white are separated. It is left as an opaque, white fluid. This one is higher in terms of calories and fat content. These calories are obtained from saturated fat. However, it can be used as a plant-based substitute for dairy in cereals and coffee. It is one of the healthiest alternatives for fat and it gives food a distinct, nutty flavor. Besides this, it promotes weight Coconut water VS coconut milk maintenance in people who are looking for a way to gain weight or maintain a healthy For those who are trying to lose weight, coconut water Body Mass Index (BMI). It is also known for is healthier and those who wish to maintain their weight, its ability to increase good cholesterol levels coconut milk is healthier. Coconut milk is a healthier which lowers blood pressure. In terms of alternative to other sources of fat and coconut water is the calorie content, one cup of coconut milk drink of hydration. So it is the purpose and not its properties contains 445 calories and 48 grams of fat which make either of these two the healthier option. which is much more than the calorie content Source: https://doctor.ndtv.com/living-healthy/whats- of coconut water. healthier-coconut-water-or-coconut-milk-1835376
30 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Health
Fake new alert: The American Heart Association proclaims coconut oil unhealthy Bruce Fife*
Today saw it as a way to stir up controversy by attacking the wholesome image of coconut oil with the attention grabbing headline, “Coconut Oil Isn’t Healthy, It’s Never Been Healthy.” Coconut oil has been gaining ground as one of the premier healthy fats. The editors of USA Today knew that a widely perceived healthy fat that was now being labeled as unhealthy by the AHA would generate huge interest, and sell a lot of papers. And they were right! Immediately following publication of the article, other publications quickly jumped on the bandwagon and started producing their own shocking stories with headlines such as: “Coconut Oil As Unhealthy As Beef Fat” and “Coconut Oil May Not Be As Healthy As You think?” These articles stirred up a swarm of confusion. Over the past few years numerous new studies, n June 2017 the journal Circulation published articles and books have sung the praises of Ian online article prepared by the American coconut oil and many people, including doctors and Heart Association (AHA) titled “Dietary Fats and nutritionists have recommend it as one of the good Cardiovascular Disease.” The focus of the article fats. Now, all of a sudden, according to the media, was to reiterate the AHA’s long standing position the AHA is declaring it unfit for human consumption. against the use of saturated fats, recommending that What is going on here? What is the truth? we replace them with polyunsaturated fats, which These articles are examples of fake news they stated, are as effective as cholesterol- lowering perpetuated by editors solely to attract attention statins in reducing the risk of heart disease. to their publications. Did you know that 50 percent This article was not the result of any new study of the media headlines about medical studies are but simply a statement of position by the AHA, deceptively wrong? And that these headlines don’t supported by select (cherry picked) studies. The accurately match the content or conclusions of the article demonized all saturated fats as bad because medical journal articles on which they are based. they increase LDL cholesterol— the so-called bad This fact is from a review published in the New cholesterol; which in turn, supposedly increases the England Journal of Medicine. Today editors are risk of heart disease. Only half of one page, out of the often interested more in sensationalism than in 24 page article, addresses coconut oil specifically, reporting the facts and, consequently, we get a lot along with discussions on dairy fats, trans fats, and of fake health news misleading the public. This is others. The article was not about coconut oil, it was the case with the attack on coconut oil. The AHA about saturated fats. However, the editors at USA article was not specifically about coconut oil, it was
Indian Coconut Journal 31 April 2018 Health a statement of their position on saturated fats. The financial disclosure that generally accompanies AHA has always maintained the stand that saturated scholarly articles. Which strongly suggests that the fats are bad and increase cholesterol levels, which authors may have financial ties with the vegetable they claim increases the risk of heart disease. They oil or pharmaceutical industries. Indeed, Dr Barbara argue that all saturated fats raise total cholesterol and Roberts, a cardiologist, discusses the financial LDL cholesterol and, therefore, increase the risk of connection of the authors in her article here : http:// heart disease. What they conveniently fail to mention www.thedailybeast.com/theheart- associations-junk- is that total cholesterol is not an accurate indicator sciencediet. of heart disease risk. They also don’t mention that The AHA should not be allowed to profit off their saturated fats, including coconut oil, increase HDL own dietary advice, but apparently they do which cholesterol—the good cholesterol that reduces the makes their recommendations questionable. The risk of heart disease. article entitled “Controversial Pharma CEO To Another fact they tend to downplay is that there Chair AHA Charity Ball” by Larry Husten, March are actually two types of LDL cholesterol: one, that 24, 2017 (www.cardiobrief.org) also explains about is small and dense, and another, that is large and the financial relationship between the AHA and the buoyant. The large buoyant LDL cholesterol is also a pharmaceutical industry. This is just one example of form of good cholesterol. It is the type of cholesterol the conflict of interest with the AHA. It’s no wonder that is used to make bile, hormones, and vitamin D; why the AHA is so much against coconut oil and other it is essential not only for good health, but for life health promoting saturated fats. itself. The small dense LDL, on the other hand, is the I am not alone in saying the AHA is misguided on type of cholesterol that becomes oxidized, and all this issue. The following links go to several others who oxidized lipids are unhealthy, and can contribute to have come out with statements regarding coconut oil heart disease. Coconut oil increases HDL, large LDL, and heart disease. and reduces small dense LDL. The overall effect is Dr. Anthony Pearson, a cardiologist at St. that coconut oil reduces the cholesterol ratio, thus Luke's Hospital in St. Louis in his article “Beware lowering the risk of heart disease. The cholesterol of More Misinformation from the American Heart ratio is recognized as being a far more accurate Association on Coconut Oil and Saturated Fats” indicator of heart disease risk than total cholesterol. (https://theskepticalcardiolo-gist.com/2017/06/18 Coconut oil may increase total cholesterol in some beware-ofmore-misinformation-from-the american- people, but it does so by increasing good LDL heart-association-oncoconut-oil-and-saturated- and HDL, not the bad LDL. Blood triglycerides is fats/), provides an excellent rebuttal to the AHA another independent risk factor for heart disease. In article. Bestselling author of Eat Fat, Get Thin, fact, it seems to have a greater influence on heart Mark Hyman, MD, weighs in on the controversy. disease risk than cholesterol. Sugar and refined (http://drhyman.com/blog/2016/04/06/is-coconut- carbohydrates increase triglycerides, while coconut oil reduces triglycerides, thus again lowering risk of oilbad-for-your-cholesterol/) Diana Rogers, heart disease. Did the AHA report mention this? No, RD, explains why coconut oil won’t kill you, but the authors seem to have forgotten to say anything listening to the American Heart Association might! about this important point. In fact, the AHA article (http://sustainabledish.com/ coconut-oil-wont-kill- seemed to leave out a lot of important information listeningamerican- heart-associationmight/) Mary such as the fact that polyunsaturated vegetable oils Newport, MD, who used coconut oil to successfully increase the small, bad LDL cholesterol and increase treat her Alzheimer’s affected husband, comments. the risk of cancer, neurological disorders (including (https://www.facebook.com/ Coconut Oil and mascular degeneration), and autoimmune disease, Alzheimers/ posts/898200733651342) Gary Taubes, or that coconut oil can prevent, and possibly even an investigative science and health journalist and reverse these conditions. bestselling author, gives a detailed analysis. (http:// The report also failed to mention that populations garytaubes.com/vegetable-oils-francis-bacon-bing- that use coconut oil as their primary source of fat crosby-and-the-american-heart- association/) have the lowest rates of heart disease in the world. * Bruce Fife is a certified Nutritionist and Doctor of The report failed to mention a lot of important facts, Naturopathic Medicine, Director of Coconut Research including the financial associations of the authors. Centre USA. I examined the original article and could find no Reproduced from : COCOINFO VOL 24 No.2, 2017
32 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 News State Agriculture Fair
Shri. R Madhu appointed Secretary, CDB
Coconut Development Board , Regional Office, Patna participated in State Agriculture Fair 2018 held in Champaran, Bihar from 13th to 15th April 2018. Shri. Radha Mohan Singh, Hon’ble Agriculture Minister, Government of India inaugurated the fair. Shri. Pramod Kumar, Minister of Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation, Dr. A K Singh, DDG, ICAR, Dr. Ramesh Kumar Srivasthav, Vice Chancellor, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Dr B P Bhat, Director , ICAR, Patna, Dr. Anjani Kumar, Director, ATARI, Patna and other dignitaries were Shri. R Madhu took charge as present during the occasion. Various government th and non government organizations took part in the the Secretary of CDB on 27 March programme. Coconut Development Board, Regional 2018. Prior to this appointment, he was Office, Patna displayed different variety coconut working as Accounts Officer at Rubber bunches, coconut based value added products, Board. Shri. Madhu has earlier worked handicraft items and informative charts, posters and as Audit Officer at CDB. publications on coconut. Shri. Radha Mohan Singh, Hon’ble Agriculture Minister visited the Board’s stall.
Indian Coconut Journal 33 April 2018 Monthly operations
Monthly operations in coconut gardens - May
Andaman & Nicobar Islands: Plant the seedlings in the previously prepared pit palms with 0.02 per cent dichlorvos or 0.05 per cent after half filling the pit with a mixture of wood ash, Malathion. sand and surface soil in a small hole dug in the centre Liberate specific parasites on older palms of the pit. Provide bunds along the edge of the pit to according to the stage of the pest. In a multi-stage prevent water stagnation in the pit. Clean the crown condition of the pest, combined release of all the of all the bearing palms and fill the leaf axil with sand parasitoids is required. When an initial insecticide and napthalene ball mixture to prevent the attack of treatment is given the parasitoids may be released rhinoceros beetles after three weeks of spraying. Andhra Pradesh: Prepare nursery beds. Sow If there is termite problem in the area, raise the seed nuts in the beds. If coconut husk is available bury nursery in sandy soil or apply thick layers of river sand it in trenches taken 3m away from the trunk between on the bed or drench the nursery with 0.05 per cent rows of palms or in circular trenches taken around chlorpyriphos twice at 20 to 25 days interval. If the the palm at a distance of 2m from the trunk. The husk attack of mite is noticed, spray neem oil formulation is to be placed in layers with concave surface facing containing 0.004 per cent Azadirachtin/ Neemazal@ upwards and buried. The husk helps in the retention 4 ml/ litre of water. The spray droplets are to be of moisture and supplies nutrients especially potash. directed towards the second to fifth year old bunches. The beneficial effect of husk burial will last for 5 to Assam: Continue transplanting of seedlings in the 7 years. Apply the first dose of fertilizers i.e. 400 g mainfield. Drain out regularly accumulated rain water urea, 700 g single superphosphate and 750g muriate from the pits of newly transplanted seedlings. Clean of potash to adult palms in the basin. Apply green the crowns of the palms and tie or prop up bunches leaf manure@ two headloads per tree and then to prevent buckling. Take preventive measures finally cover with soil and irrigate the basins. If cattle against diseases. If termite attack is noticed, adopt manure is available, apply 25 kg along with the above soil drenching of the nursery beds and basins of manures. Apply ¼ cartload of tank silt depending on newly transplanted seedlings with 0.05 per cent its availability. Plant one year old seedlings in the chlorpyriphos twice at 20 to 25 days interval. Against main field. If the attack of blackheaded caterpillar leaf rot disease, pour contaf 5EC @ 2ml/300 ml of is noticed, cut down and burn the affected leaves water per palm around the base of the spindle leaf to arrest the spread of the pest. Spray the affected after cutting and removing the rotten portion.
34 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Monthly operations
Bihar / Madhya Pradesh/ Chhattisgarh: southwest monsoon. First apply the green leaf and Increase the frequency of irrigation. Search for the then cattle manure and cover with soil. Apply the first incidence of termite attack/fungal disease and adopt dose of fertilizers @ 250g urea, 300 g single super recommended control measures. Start planting phosphate and 400 g muriate of potash per palm. seedlings in the field by taking pit size of 1.2m x 1.2m ¼, ½ and ¾ of the above doses of fertilizers may x 1.2m in laterite soil and 1m x 1m x 1m in sandy be given to 1st year, 2nd year and 3rd year old palms loam soil. respectively. Start planting seedlings in the main field Karnataka: Clean the water channels and repair by taking pit size of 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.2m in laterite soil the bunds. Continue irrigation, if the monsoon has and 1m x 1m x 1m in sandy loam soil. not set in. Sow the seednuts before the onset of Tamil Nadu/Puducherry: monsoon rains and irrigate them if necessary. Give a Continue irrigation in the garden. Apply 80 litres of prophylactic spray with, 1 per cent bordeaux mixture water / day / palm in drip irrigated gardens or apply or any other copper fungicide against fungal diseases. 500 litres of water / palm through basin irrigation once Fresh planting may be done in previously prepared in 6 days in the western region and once in 5 days in pits half filled with wood ash, cattle manure and eastern region. Search for black headed caterpillar. surface soil. Irrigate the seedlings if dry spell prevails. If infestation is observed, cut and burn the infested Apply the first dose of fertilizers, organic manure leaves or portion of leaves. If the attack of black (FYM) @ 50 kg and neem cake @ 5 kg per palm per headed caterpillar is noticed spray the affected palms year. If the attack of mite is noticed, spray neem oil with 0.02 percent dichlorvos or malathion and release formulation containing 0.004 per cent Azadirachtin/ larval or pupal parasites 3 weeks after spraying. Neemazal@ 4 ml/ litre of water. Repeat the spraying with copper oxychloride @ 0.25 Kerala/Lakshadweep: Search for leaf eating per cent / carbendazim 0.1 per cent or root feed with caterpillars and destroy them by cutting and 2 g carbendazim in 100 ml water if grey/lethal leaf burning the leaves infested by them. When an initial blight is observed. Forty-five days interval should be insecticide treatment is given, the parasitoids may be maintained between root feeding and next harvest of released after three weeks of spraying. Search for nuts. Start sowing of seed nuts in the nursery and rhinoceros beetle and red palm weevil in the affected sowing of green manure crops like sunnhemp and trees. The black beetle should be hooked out and daincha in the palm basins. destroyed. Inject the red palm weevil attacked palms Tripura: Weed the garden and improve the with carbaryl 1 per cent using a funnel. Search for bud drainage facilities. Transplanting should be taken rot infection. If infection is found, treat with bordeaux up during this month. Spray one per cent bordeaux paste and spray the neighbouring palms with one per mixture if bud rot is prevalent in the garden. To protect cent bordeaux mixture as a prophylactic measure. the palms from rhinoceros beetle and red palm weevil Take basins around the palm at 2m radius and sow fill the top 3-4 leaf axils of the palm with a mixture of green manure crop in it if it has not been sown in 25g sevidol 8G with 250g fine sand. Prepare nursery the main field. Husk burial can be done to conserve beds for sowing seednuts. In areas of poor drainage soil moisture. Application of sufficient quantities of make raised beds. The seed beds are to be treated organic manures and balanced doses of inorganic with 0.05per cent chlorpyriphos twice at 20 to 25 days fertilizers is recommended to improve the nutrient interval to protect the nuts from the attack of termite. status of palms. Apply organic manure (FYM) @ 50 kg and neem cake @ 5 kg per palm per year. If the West Bengal: Prepare bunds and clean the water attack of mite is noticed, spray neem oil formulation channels. Continue irrigation if the monsoon has not containing 0.004 per cent Azadirachtin/Neemazal@ 4 set in. Sow seednuts before the onset of monsoon ml/ litre of water. The spray droplets are to be directed and irrigate them if necessary. Dig out pits for new towards the second to fifth year old bunches. planting if it is not yet done. Give palms a prophylactic spray with 1per cent bordeaux mixture (Dissolve 10 g Maharashtra/Goa/Gujarat: of copper sulphate and 10 g quick lime separately in Plough the land once or twice and remove the 500 ml water. Pour the copper sulphate solution into grasses. Sow green manure crop such as wild the lime solution to get one litre bordeaux mixture. sunnhemp, dhaincha, sesbania or kolinji @ 28 to 34 Check the acidity by dipping a knife or blade in the kg per hectare. Apply fertilizers if not given earlier. solution. If rusting is seen add more lime solution) to Orissa: Dig basins around the palms. Apply prevent bud rot and other fungal diseases. Apply the green leaf and cattle manure at the beginning of the first dose of fertilizer if not done.
Indian Coconut Journal 35 April 2018 Market review
Market review – March 2018
Domestic price
Coconut Oil During March 2018 the price of coconut oil opened at Rs.19600 per quintal at Kochi market, Rs.19800 per quintal at Alappuzha market and Rs.20900 per quintal at Kozhikode market. During the first fortnight the price of coconut oil in all three markets expressed a declining trend and thereafter expressed an upward trend. The price of coconut oil closed at Rs.19200 per quintal at Kochi and Alappuzha market and Rs.20000 per quintal at Kozhikode market with a net loss of Milling copra Rs.400 at Kochi market and Rs.600 at Alappuzha During the month, the price of milling copra market and Rs.900 per quintal at Kozhikode market. opened at Rs.12850 per quintal at Kochi, Rs.12900 The price of coconut oil at Kangayam market in per quintal at Alappuzha market and Rs.13050 per Tamilnadu, which opened at Rs.17333 per quintal, quintal at Kozhikode market. During the first fortnight expressed a mixed trend and closed at Rs.17667 per the price of copra in all three markets expressed a quintal with a net gain of Rs.334 per quintal. declining trend and thereafter expressed an upward trend. Table1: Weekly price of coconut oil at major markets Rs/Quintal) The prices closed at Rs.12650 at Kochi and Kochi Alappuzha Kozhikode Kangayam Rs.12350 at Alappuzha market and Rs.13200 at 01.03.2018 19600 19800 20900 17333 Kozhikode markets with a net loss of Rs.200 per quintal at Kochi and Rs. 550 per quintal at Alappuzha 04.03.2018 19000 19300 20400 16000 market and net gain of Rs.150 per quintal at 11.03.2018 18600 18600 19500 16667 Kozhikode market. 18.03.2018 18700 18800 19400 17333 At Kangayam market in Tamilnadu, the prices 25.03.2018 18700 18700 19400 17667 opened at Rs. 12500 per quintal and closed at Rs.12100 per quintal with a net loss of Rs.400 per 31.03.2018 19200 19200 20000 17667 quintal.
Table2: Weekly price of Milling Copra at major markets (Rs/Quintal) Kochi Alappuzha Kozhikode Kan- (Rasi Copra) gayam 01.03.2018 12850 12900 13050 12500 04.03.2018 12450 12550 12800 11500 11.03.2018 12100 11850 12150 11000 18.03.2018 12200 11950 12300 11400 25.03.2018 12200 11900 12700 11800 31.03.2018 12650 12350 13200 12100
36 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018 Market review
Edible copra Table5 : Weekly price of Dry Coconut at The price of Rajapur copra at Kozhikode market which Kozhikode market (Rs/Quintal) opened at Rs.14000 per quintal expressed an overall 01.03.2018 9550 upward trend during the month and closed at Rs.16200 per quintal with a net gain of Rs.2200 per quintal. 04.03.2018 9350 Table3 :Weekly price of edible copra at 11.03.2018 9350 Kozhikode market (Rs/Quintal) 18.03.2018 9650 01.03.2018 14000 25.03.2018 9550 04.03.2018 13000 31.03.2018 9550 11.03.2018 13700 18.03.2018 14000 Coconut 25.03.2018 15300 At Nedumangad market the price of partially 31.03.2018 16200 dehusked coconut opened and closed at Rs. 21000 per thousand nuts. At Pollachi market in Tamil Nadu, Ball copra the price of coconut opened at Rs. 18000 and closed at Rs.16000 per thousand nuts with a net loss of The price of ball copra at Tiptur market which Rs.2000 per thousand nuts. At Bangalore APMC, opened at Rs.12500 per quintal expressed a mixed the price of partially dehusked coconut opened trend during the month and closed at Rs.13000 per at Rs. 25000 and closed at Rs. 27500 with a gain quintal with a gain of Rs.500 per quintal. of Rs.2500 per thousand nuts during the month. At Mangalore APMC market the price of partially dehusked coconut of grade-I quality opened at Rs.25000 per thousand nuts and closed at Rs.23000 per thousand nuts with a net loss of Rs.2000.
Table 4 : Weekly price of Ball copra at major markets in Karnataka (Rs/Quintal) Tiptur 01.03.2018 12500 04.03.2018 12100 11.03.2018 11500 18.03.2018 12500 25.03.2018 13000 Table 6: Weekly price of coconut at major markets 31.03.2018 13000 (Rs /1000 coconuts) Dry coconut Neduman- Pollachi Banglore Mangalore At Kozhikode market, the price of dry coconut gad (Grade-1) opened and closed at Rs.9550 per quintal. The price 01.03.2018 21000 18000 25000 25000 expressed a mixed trend during the month. 04.03.2018 21000 17000 27500 25000
11.03.2018 21000 17000 27500 23000
18.03.2018 21000 17000 27500 23000
25.03.2018 21000 17000 27500 23000
31.03.2018 21000 16000 27500 23000
Indian Coconut Journal 37 April 2018 Market review
International price
Coconut oil The international and domestic price of coconut oil in Philippines and Indonesia expressed a mixed trend whereas the price of coconut oil in India expressed a slight upward trend during the month. The price of coconut oil quoted at different international/ domestic markets is given below. Table 8: Weekly price of coconut oil in major coconut oil producing countries International Domestic Price(US$/MT) Price(US$/MT) Philippines/ Indonesia (CIF Philippines Indonesia India* Europe) 03.03.2018 1183 1120 1110 2459 10.03.2018 1098 1080 1070 2562 17.03.2018 1126 1077 1070 2664 24.03.2018 1139 1100 1110 2716 31.03.2018 1143 1098 1100 2716 Copra * Kangayam The domestic price of copra at Philippines, Srilanka and India expressed a mixed trend during the month whereas price of copra in Indonesia expressed a downward trend. The price of copra quoted at different domestic markets is given below.
Table 9: Weekly price of copra in major copra producing countries Domestic Price(US$/MT) Philippines Indonesia Srilanka India* Coconut 03.03.2018 714 639 1531 1768 The price of coconut quoted at different domestic markets in Philippines, Indonesia, Srilanka and India 10.03.2018 654 619 1535 1691 are given below. 17.03.2018 612 591 1535 1752 Table 11: Weekly price of 24.03.2018 614 589 1525 1814 dehusked coconut with water 31.03.2018 617 589 1535 1860 Date Domestic Price (US$/MT) * Kangayam Philippines Indonesia Srilanka India* 03.03.2018 189 182 447 600 10.03.2018 190 182 445 584 17.03.2018 180 175 445 584 24.03.2018 178 175 370 584 31.03.2018 166 167 370 569 *Pollachi market
38 Indian Coconut Journal April 2018