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Coconut Production and Cultivation in the Philippines

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Coconut Production and Cultivation in the Philippines Coconut Production and Cultivation in the Philippines Introduction The coconut industry in the Philippines plays a key role in shaping national development. It is among the top ten export produce of the country as exhibited by the good export performance of both traditional and non-traditional coconut products. About one third of the country’s arable agricultural land or 3.26 million hectares is planted to coconut representing sixty four (68) out of total seventy nine (79) provinces, and 1,195 out of the 1,554 municipalities in the country. It provides a sustainable income source for Filipinos by way of employment generation through its many programs. Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.) is popularly known as the “TREE OF LIFE” because of the variety of products and by-products made from the tree namely: coconut meat, oil, juice, husk, shell, shell charcoal, leaves, husk, pith, inflorescence, trunk and roots. Details of specific products and by- products from coconut are enumerated in Chapter VII. Unfortunately, despite the numerous coconut plantations in the country, productivity levels remain low and one of the reasons may be attributed to lack of information on appropriate technologies for Coconut farming. This article is being written in the AGRIFISH Online to provide individual farmers basic technologies appropriate for productive coconut farming. Selection of Breeds There are many varieties to choose from and selection will be based on the needs of the farmer. Majority of the farmers utilize the coconut meat for copra. Copra is the dried meat from where oil is extracted for industrial and domestic use. If this is the primary reason for growing coconut, the farmer must select the breed that produces the most amount of copra per unit area and per unit time. Resistance to pest and diseases and stress factor such as resistance to drought and strong winds is also a consideration. In some cases, farmers consider exotic varieties such as macapuno. There are two recognized types of coconut varieties: the a) dwarf and the b) tall variety. These are simply distinguished according to its height. Dwarf coconuts are usually early maturing. It produces nuts during its earlier years compared to the tall varieties. Tall varieties however yield more nuts than dwarf varieties. Description of some studied coconut varieties are indicated below: Table 1. Nomenclature and Description of Some Selected Coconut Varieties. VARIETY CODE ORIGIN DISTINGUISHING FEATURES TALL Nuts are distinctively angular and ridged at equatorial region; high nut producer often West African WAT Ivory coast exceeding 100 nuts per year; homogenous; good GCA with MYD Very precocious palms with generally pear- shaped nuts; long peduncle and good fruit Rennel RIT Solomon Is. composition; copra per nut is 300 grams; very homogenous and uniform; good GCA with MYD and MRD. Copra per nut is quite heavy although nuts do not really look big; very thin husk; homogenous and produces high number of Baybay BAY Philippines leaves per year; bunches with short peducle and nuts are trapped between leaf axils; stem quite robust and firm; tolerant to FDMT. Usually bears extra large nuts when young San Ramon SNR Philippines needing 3 to 3.5 nuts per kilo copra. Produces nuts with good fruit corn position; Tagnanan TAG Philippines 350 g copra per nut and very homogenous; good GCA with MRD High nut producer (116 per year); very Tahiti TAT Tahiti heterogeneous and susceptible to leaf spots Papua New Very robust trunk; big nuts with very thick Markham Valley MVT Guinea husk Papua New Gazelle Peninsula Tall GPT Guinea Produces many but small nuts and resistant to Vanuatu VTT Vanuatu FDMT Produces a fairly large number of nuts; 190 g Laguna LAG Philippines copra/nut; hybrid cross with CAT green dwarf good A strong and robust palm showing gigantic features. Leaves are long, petioles are long and Andaman Giant AGT India thick, leaflets are long and wide. Nuts are very large and round with about 190g copra/nut. No toddy yield. Fruits are large and round, unhusked nuts prominently flat-bottomed with pointed Bali BAT Indonesia posterior. Copra per nut is 200 to 300g with some having as high as 450g. Slender palm with slightly curved stem covered with rough leaf scars. Fruits are Jamaica JAM Jamaica oblong and large, angular, green or brown with thick husk and shell. Late germinating in the Caribbean Islands and Atlantico Alto. Bears 50 to 100 small nuts per bunch, copra Bodiri BDR Sri Lanka per nut very low at 50g needing 20 nuts for a kilo of copra. Same as Maphrao-Phuang in Thailand. Husk of nut is streaked, making it look around Agta AGA Philippines and tough. Young nuts show black streaks Similar to West Coast Tall (WCT) except for high oil content (72%). Nuts are medium sized Laccadive LCT India and high yielder of toddy. Flower production and setting percentage are high. Robust palm with round stem and large bole. The base of the button has a rose-ring which Malayan MLT Malaysia can be seen clearly when perianth is removed. Large spherical fruit has a thin shell, sweet aromatic water and an average of 275g copra. A mutant form of the Laguna variety, nuts have soft and jelly-like meat. This character is lethal to the embryo which needs to be grown Macapuno MAC Philippines in artificial medium. Naturally occurring palms grown from normal nuts bear about 25%. MAC nuts may give 100% macapuno nuts. Nuts have very thin husk and the shape of the shell conforms to the shape of the whole nut all Igoh Dukuh IGD Indonesia the way. Shows high biennial bearing tendency. DWARF Nuts are medium sized, round with prominent stigmatic tip; copra per nut is about 200 Catigan CAT Philippines to210g; husk is thick; peduncle and bunch rachis are long; young nuts and petioles are green. Nuts are very small, oblong and smooth; stem quite thin and high yielder of toddy. Copra per Coconino CNO Philippines nut seldom exceeds 100g. Coconino is a green dwarf. Green dwarf, nuts are extra large, robust stem Kinabalan KIN Philippines and copra per nut sometimes exceeds 300g; homogeneous. Nuts are green and round; female flowers, tip of roots and base of shoots of newly Pilipog PIL Philippines germinated seedlings are pink; copra per nut is 100g. Another green dwarf; spikelets are very short; nuts are medium to large oblong with broad Tacunan TAC Philippines equatorial diameter and pointed stigmatic; and unopened spathes are flat on distal end. Aromatic ARO Thailand Leaves are short with wide leaflets; male flowers are small and numerous; nuts are deep green when immature; sweet water and meat; mature nuts show a navel at the eye when split- opened. Very marked dwarfism; good fruit Brazilian Green dwarf BGD Brazil composition; nuts are rounder but much smaller than CAT or TAC nuts Nuts small and prominently long with Sri Lanka Green dwarf SGD Sri Lanka protruding stigmatic tip; strictly autogamous with numerous female flowers. Hybrid cross with WAT called WAWA is high yielding; young nuts and petioles of leaves are Malayan Yellow Dwarf MYD Malaysia yellow; great tendency for alternate bearing; nuts with thin husk and low meat content; autogamous; sensitive to Phytoptora fruit rot Young nuts and petiole of leaves are bright orange; nuts thicker; self-pollinating; cross Malayan Red Dwarf MRD Malaysia with RIT, TAG and BAY are very promising; sensitive to Phytoptora fruit rot Local green dwarf variety of Fiji with very short internodes and very dense crown; short, Niuleka NLA Fiji rigid leaves with closely-spaced wide leaflet and short stubby spadices. Predominantly cross-pollinating with large fruits. Found in Central kerala, COD is early bearing and produces medium-sized orange colored Chowgat Orange Dwarf COD India nuts with 135g copra. This variety retains unfertilized female at spike. A green dwarf which retains hundred of ripe nuts on the crown due to drying of nuts on the Mangipod MGP Philippines tree. Highly self-pollinating and shows very strict dwarfism. An intermediate variety which breeds 96% tru- to-type although showing a mixture of dwarf Gangabondam GGB India and tall characteristics; shows considerable variability in copra per nut rangin from 150 to 230 g with high oil content of 72%. Most famous coconut of Sri Lanka known for its high quality water. Shows a bole and King Coconut (Gon Thembili) GTB Sri Lanka somewhat larger trunk than dwarfs but highly self-pollinating. Produces unbrached inflourescences with more Spicata SPI female flowers than male; may occur in tall or dwarfs and when open-pollinated, some may produce unbranched inflourescence while others may not. Nuts are long and pointed. Shape of shell and Tampakan TMP Philippines cavity conforms exactly to the shape of inhole nut which has a very thin husk. Propagation and Care of Seedlings There are many types of propagation techniques. Natural: Coconut is a monoecious crop (having both the male and female flowers are borne in the same plant). When the male part fertilized the female flower, the resulting offspring is called Inbred. This method follows the same characteristics the mother plant has. Controlled Pollination. The production of hybrid is done by removal of male flowers and artificial pollination of female flowers of a different tree during pollination time. To ensure no inbreeding is accidentally done, male flowers are removed and female flowers are covered to prevent inbreeding. Tissue culture is also practiced. This adopts the genetic characteristics of the mother tree. The advantage of this method is it multiplies easily without using a large area. It may also be a method to replicate pest and disease resistant varieties. Nuts are subjected to selection where those that are barren, dry or not sloshing; deformed and damaged nuts are discarded.
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