Castle Rock, CO Information & Instruction Manual

Castle Rock, CO

““TThhee bbllluueebbiiirrdd ccaarrrriiieess ttthhee sskkyy oonn iiitttss bbaacckk...”” –– HHeennrryy DDaavviiidd TThhoorreeaauu

Information & Instruction Manual

Updated 2018

In cooperation with

PACKET CONTENTS:

1. Program Overview 2. General Instructions 3. Volunteer Monitor Code of Conduct 4. Monitoring Manual 5. Monitoring Datasheet a. Example Completed Datasheet b. Blank Datasheet c. Common Datasheet Mistakes 6. Nest Status Photos 7. Young Stages of Development 8. Bird Identification Sheets a. 3 Bluebird Species b. Other Native Birds c. Non-native Birds d. Female Bluebirds on Nests 9. Troubleshooting Tips 10. Parasites & Mites 11. Safety Information 12. Box Locations 13. Overall Town Site Map

WELCOME!

The Town of Castle Rock Parks and Recreation Department and POST Partners Volunteer Program would like to thank you for volunteering your time to help monitor bluebird boxes, recording data and submitting your observations. We are truly grateful for your assistance with the Colorado Bluebird Project!

Your Bluebird Packet: We have gathered information related to the monitoring project from the North American Bluebird Society, Colorado Bluebird Project, Cornell Lab of Ornithology and NestWatch, and assembled that information into a valuable and helpful packet for volunteer monitors. This packet contains helpful advice, tips, photographs, reminders and general instructions but is not intended to be a full source. Recommended books include a good bird field guide, The Bluebird Monitor’s Guide and The Stokes’ Complete Guide to Attracting Bluebirds.

Contacts: Questions about the Colorado Bluebird Project and natural resources:  Barbara Spagnuolo, Natural Resource Specialist, at 720-733-2294 or [email protected]. Work cell phone is 303-472-6986.

Questions about the POST Partners Program and volunteering:  Marcy Jones, POST Partners Volunteer Coordinator, at 303-814-7456 or [email protected]. Work cell phone is 720-357-0205.

Emergency Parks Department contact phone: 303-435-3345.

Castle Rock Police Dispatch (for non-emergencies): 303-663-6100. In an emergency, please dial 911.

PLEASE CONTACT US IMMEDIATELY IF: • You find a rare bird nesting in a box. • You find a House Sparrow or European Starling nesting in a box. • You find dead adult or fledgling bluebirds.

• You find hatchlings with blowfly parasitism.

On-line Resources: Town of Castle Rock bluebird page: www.crgov.com/bluebird Audubon Society of Greater Denver: www.denveraudubon.org North American Bluebird Society: www.nabluebirdsociety.org NestWatch: www.nestwatch.org Cornell Lab of Ornithology: www.birds.cornell.edu General bluebird info: www.sialis.org

There is an official email listserv for the Colorado Bluebird Project, created to provide an opportunity for bluebird enthusiasts to network and share ideas. Anyone interested in the project is encouraged to participate by sending an email to: [email protected].

Information Sharing Using Google.com: In order to facilitate tracking of the monitoring data by several different and unrelated volunteers, all monitoring data will be recorded electronically using Google Documents, which is now referred to as Google Drive. This is a free and easy way to share our data on-line, and will also allow all volunteers to follow the status of the nest boxes.

All volunteers must create a Google Account at the beginning of the monitoring season for access to Google Documents to view and share data. Google Accounts established by returning volunteers should still be active should be confirmed before the start of the monitoring season. To set up a Google Account, go to www.Google.com/Documents then follow the instructions to get started.

Here are the steps to set up a Google Account and edit the data sheets: 1. Go to www.Drive.Google.com. 2. Sign in to access the documents if you are a returning volunteer, or, click on the red "Sign Up" button on the upper right corner of the screen to start an account. 3. Enter the required information for a Google account. 4. Send an email to me at [email protected] with your email address so I can "invite" you to view the documents related to the monitoring data. 5. You will be directed to your My Drive page, which contains the monitoring datasheets and folders for each site. 6. Click on a folder to open and the datasheets for that site will open. 7. Click on a specific datasheet to open that document and enter data. Data will be saved automatically. 8. Close the document after data is entered and sign out.

Photographs: Volunteers, such as yourself, have provided many of the images in this packet. We encourage the submittal of your photographs of birds and people and other sights observed during your involvement in this project.

Tree Swallows at a nest box

Mountain Bluebird female on mullein stalk

PROGRAM OVERVIEW

What is the Colorado Bluebird Project? This project operates under the guidance of the Audubon Society of Greater Denver. Its mission is to improve the vitality of bluebird populations throughout Colorado and to inform and educate the public about bluebirds.

What is a Bluebird? Bluebirds are social migratory songbirds and one of the few North American birds that are mostly blue in color. There are three species of bluebirds but only two have been sighted in Castle Rock: the Mountain Bluebird and the Western Bluebird (the Eastern Bluebird is found mostly in eastern parts of Colorado). They are secondary cavity nesters, meaning they must rely on other species’ used nesting cavities or artificial nest boxes. They feed mainly on insects but also wild fruit, berries and mealworms.

Mountain Bluebird Western Bluebird

What is a Bluebird nest box?

A nest box is an artificial nesting cavity for bluebirds, but can also be used by Violet-green Swallows and Tree Swallows, usually made of untreated pine, redwood or cedar wood. The boxes are installed in late March, before the bluebirds return from winter migration. There are specifications for nest boxes designs provided by the North American Bluebird Society, which are designed with an overhang, a pivoting side or top for monitoring and cleaning, as well as features to keep out predators and other non- native bird species.

Why do we put up nest boxes? Over the years, bluebird habitat has been cleared for development and natural nesting cavities (old trees and wooden fence posts) have been greatly reduced or replaced with metal posts. Even though these events led to a population decrease, providing artificial nest sites (bluebird nest boxes) is an important step to help bring back the bluebird. Nest boxes are placed within public open space areas either along fence lines or near existing trails creating a bluebird trail. Since placement of the boxes in suitable habitat is one of the most important factors for attracting bluebirds, these boxes are placed in open grassland areas with scattered trees or shrubs and plenty of perch sites such as fence lines.

Why do we monitor nest boxes? It is very important that bluebird nest boxes are actively monitored or checked at least once a week. Opening a nest box once a week should not excessively disturb the parents, and doing so increases the chances of success for bluebirds and provides important information to track population trends. Monitoring also identifies cases of blowfly parasitism or non-native and unwanted species, such as the House Sparrow, using the box. Monitoring usually occurs between April and the end of August or early September, after the nesting efforts have ended for the season.

Why do we report our data? Researchers are hoping to answer critical bird-related questions using the data gathered and reported by citizen scientists, such as you. Some of the questions that could be answered include: . How do breeding parameters such as clutch size, nesting success, and daily nest survival vary across time and space? . Does nest monitoring impact nesting success? . Can conservationists use nesting data to detect changes in the environment? . What factors limit breeding success in areas from rural to urban? . Can people modify backyard habitat to affect breeding birds? . Are bluebird populations stable, decreasing or increasing?

How is the Town of Castle Rock involved in this Project? In Castle Rock, this project is managed through the POST Partners Program. The monitoring data sheets are submitted to the Colorado Bluebird Project and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology for the national database of bluebird populations. Castle Rock has been involved with the Bluebird Project since 2007.

What if I am working to become an Eagle Scout? Boy Scouts looking to earn their Eagle Scout rank are encouraged to participate in the Bluebird Project. Participation includes nest box construction and installation, as well as a minimum one-year commitment to monitor the boxes and collect nesting data. The location of the bluebird trail will be determined by Town staff, based on habitat, site availability and monitoring access.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Monitoring Activity Bluebird boxes are checked weekly during the breeding season, generally between April through the end of August and occasionally into September. Volunteer monitors will record any bird activity near and inside the box.

Month-By-Month Expectations Bluebirds arrive at their breeding grounds in February and March and will begin courtship behavior soon afterwards. On average, bluebird nest box monitoring begins in April and continues through August or early September. Here is a brief summary of general box activity month-by-month. • March: Existing boxes are checked for maintenance issues or new boxes are installed at new locations. • April: Courtship behavior. Check your boxes this month and become familiar with the area. Nest building activity may begin this month. Weekly checks will begin depending on box activity. • May: Egg-laying and incubation. Weekly checks will begin May 1st. • June: Egg hatching. Young will fledge about 21 days after hatching. • July: Second clutch is possible. • August: Egg hatching. Young will fledge about 21 days after hatching. • September: Monitoring ends. Boxes are prepped and cleaned to remain outside through the winter.

Important Reminders: • Use a separate data sheet for each nest box. • Boxes should be checked weekly. • Too many nest visits can lead to nest abandonment by the parents. • Ideal time of day for checking: 10 AM -2 PM. • Do NOT check boxes on windy, rainy or snowy days. • Alert birds to your presence before checking by talking or tapping on the side of the box. • The female bluebird may remain on the nest when checking. • Do NOT check boxes more than 14 days after hatching to prevent early fledging. • Wasp nests may form in the box and can be removed on cold days early in the morning. • Do not allow House Sparrows or European Starlings to build nests in bluebird boxes.

End of the Season  Check the Google datasheets to confirm that all of your monitoring data has been recorded and saved.  Please return the POST Partners Evaluation Survey to the Natural Resource Specialist.  Summary data will be submitted to the Colorado Bluebird Project and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology for the national database of bluebird populations.  Assistance is also needed at the end of the summer to conduct year-end maintenance or enter summary data into the NestWatch database; if available to help, please let us know. 7

MONITORING MANUAL

Supplies There are a few items that will be needed to check the nest boxes and record the data: • Binoculars • Pen or pencil • Clipboard • Data sheets

Other miscellaneous items that are not needed but can be helpful: • Field guide to birds • Small hand mirror • Phillips-Head screwdriver or drill • Disposable gloves • Putty knife • Camera • Cell phone

Monitoring Steps: 1. Walk along the bluebird trail. 2. Stop near each nest box and observe for adults that may be on, near or leaving the box. 3. Approach the nest box with care. Tap box lightly before opening. 4. Open box and quickly observe contents and any other activity. 5. Close and secure box before walking away using a different route. 6. Record all observations at a safe distance away from the box. 7. Report each daily observation electronically using Google Documents.

Remember to be efficient and thorough when checking boxes. Check the nest quickly; your visit should take less than a minute. It’s okay if you miss a day or can’t get an exact count. Safety of the birds should be your first priority.

Collecting Data: As nest box monitors, you will be collecting information related to adult courtship, nest building, egg laying, incubation, hatching and fledging of bluebirds, swallows and possibly wrens. Collecting data means you will report exactly what you see each time you monitor a nest, therefore, it is recommended to provide as much details as you can.

It is important to record the following data: Date: Weather, time. Adults: Species, activity status. Nest: Note presence and amount of material, whether cup is lined and condition after fledging. Eggs: Number, color and first egg date. Hatchlings: Number, age and condition. Parasites: Type, any measures taken. Fledglings: Number, date of fledging (if known), any post-fledging sightings nearby. Comments: Adult presence, competitors, behavioral notes, other observations. 10

Nest box monitoring can be generally divided according to activity. Here is a timetable for how long an average bluebird pair spends at each phase: Nest Building: 1-6 days Egg-laying: 5-7 days Incubation: Eastern – 12-14 days Mountain – 13-15 days Western – 14 days Brooding: 6 days Fledging: Eastern – day 16-21 Mountain – day 19-23 Western – day 19-22

Data Sheets: All monitoring data collecting during the season should be recorded on specific data sheets for year-end data entry with the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and Audubon Society of Greater Denver. Using data sheets will also help you to track the age of the nestlings to avoid checking the box after Day 14 when the nestlings are vulnerable to premature fledging. The following pages provide an example of a completed data sheet and a blank sheet for data collection this year. This data sheet format does not allow for comments; any occurrences of significance or relevance can be relayed to the other site volunteers through email to Barbara Spagnuolo at [email protected].

Remember to use a separate data sheet for each individual nest box.

Electronic Data Reporting: The Project Coordinators (Barbara and Marcy) as well as the other volunteer monitors will need to access your data. All monitoring data collected in the field must be recorded and tracked electronically using Google Documents. Your monitoring data must be entered before the end of your assigned monitoring week to provide accurate updates to the subsequent monitor.

Importance of Monitoring: Your monitoring data is important! Long-term data sets are vital to scientists seeking to unravel the effects of climate and land-use changes on wild bird populations. Data that is collected by our volunteers is submitted to Cornell Lab of Ornithology and tracked through NestWatch each year. NestWatch is a continent-wide citizen-science project and nest- monitoring database of all types of nests; additional information can be found at www.nestwatch.org.

If happy little bluebirds fly

beyond the rainbow

why, oh why, can't I?”

Monitoring Reminders: • Keep track of data on paper sheets, as well as electronic reporting (email and Google Documents). • Use a separate data sheet for each nest box. • Boxes should be checked weekly. • Too many nest visits can lead to nest abandonment by the parents. • Ideal time of day for checking: 10 AM -12 PM. • Do NOT check boxes on windy, rainy or snowy days. • Wait and observe area near/outside box for adult activity before approaching. • Note the species using each box. • Do not allow House Sparrows or European Starlings to build nests in bluebird boxes. • Wasp nests may form in the box and can be removed on cold days early in the morning. • Alert birds to your presence before checking by talking or tapping the box. • The female bluebird or swallow may remain on the nest when checking. If unable to record data, indicate with a “U” for that visit. • Even if adult birds are not visible near the nest, you can still determine if the nest is from a bluebird or swallow by observing the nesting material and color of the eggs. • Swallow nests are feather-lined, which is different than bluebird nests, which are lined with grass only. • Swallow eggs are white and bluebird eggs are blue.

Swallow nest with feathers and eggs. Bluebird nest and eggs.

• Do NOT check boxes more than 14 days after hatching to prevent early fledging. • Any dead chicks or unhatched eggs should be reported to the Volunteer Coordinator immediately for removal. • Do not assume a nest is abandoned just because you don’t see or hear an adult bird in the vicinity, even for long periods of time. • Record all data at a safe distance away from the nest box to reduce potential stress on the birds. • Report flattened nest, which determines successful fledging. 12

TOWN OF CASTLE ROCK BLUEBIRD NEST BOX MONITORING DATASHEET - 2018 SITE NAME:___EXAMPLE SITE______BOX #:____1______SPECIES: MOBL______PREDATOR GUARD (Y/N):__Y____

# Un- Check for # Eggs # Live # Dead Nest Adult Young # Mgmt Observer hatched Notes Date * Young Young Status Status Status Fledged Activity Initials Eggs ** Below

4/4 ------NO NO NO ------BS

4/11 0 0 0 IN VA NO ------MJ

4/18 0 0 0 CN VA NO ------BS

4/25 4 0 0 CN AA NO ------MJ

5/2 U U U CN RA NO -- - - BS

5/9 0 5 0 CN FA NY - - - MJ

5/16 0 5 0 CN VA PY - - - BS

5/23 0 5 0 CN NO FY - - - MJ X

5/30 U U U CN NO U - - - BS X

6/6 0 0 0 FN NO YY - 5 RN MJ

* If eggs or young are present but not countable, enter “U” for unknown. ** Unhatched eggs are only counted after chicks have fledged SPECIES: MOBL = Mountain Bluebird; WEBL = Western Bluebird; EABL = Eastern Bluebird; TRES = Tree Swallow VGSW = Violet-green Swallow; HOWR = House Wren; HOSP = House Sparrow; BCCH = Black-capped Chickadee

ADULT STATUS: NO = No adults seen or heard; AA = Adults at/on then flushed from nest; BA = Adults seen building nest or carrying nest material; DA = Dead Adult; FA = Adult feeds young at nest; RA = Adult remained on the nest; VA = Adults in vicinity of nest

NEST STATUS: NO = No Nest; IN = Incomplete Nest; CN = Complete Nest; DN = Damaged Nest; FN = Flattened Nest

YOUNG STATUS: NO = No Young or presumed dead; HY = Hatching Young; NY = Naked Young; PY = Primary feathers in pin; FY = Fully feathered young; VY = Vocal young, heard only; YY = Young fledged from nest

MGMT ACTIVITY: RN = Removed Nest; PM = Pest Mgmt (wasp nest); EM = Unhatched eggs removed; AM = HOSP nest

NOTES: MJ 5/23: Chicks ready to fledge, do not check next week. BS 5/30: Did not check to prevent premature fledging. 6/6 MJ: Removed nest and cleaned out box.

TOWN OF CASTLE ROCK BLUEBIRD NEST BOX MONITORING DATASHEET - 2018 SITE NAME:______BOX #:______SPECIES:______PREDATOR GUARD (Y/N):______

# Un- Check for # Eggs # Live # Dead Nest Adult Young # Mgmt Observer hatched Notes Date * Young Young Status Status Status Fledged Activity Initials Eggs ** Below

NEST STATUS: NO = No Nest; IN = Incomplete Nest; CN = Complete Nest; DN = Damaged Nest; FN = Flattened Nest

MGMT ACTIVITY: RN = Removed Nest; PM = Pest Mgmt (wasp nest); EM = Unhatched eggs removed; AM = HOSP nest

NOTES:

NESTING ATTEMPT SUMMARY (Fill in information after the nesting attempt is complete.)

IMPORTANT DATES First Egg Date

Hatch Date

Fledge Date

TARGET SPECIES TOTALS Unhatched Visits to Nest Clutch Size Live Young Fledglings Eggs

NEST FATE (Record the outcome of the nesting attempt, whether successful or failed.) Chose one option below: At least one young (or all) successfully fledged (left the nest) All young found dead in or nearby nest All young disappeared from nest before fledge date, reason unknown Predator known to cause nest failure Nest was taken over by another species Invasive species management No eggs hatched Unknown outcome No breeding behavior observed

ADDITIONAL BREEDING DATA EXPLANATIONS Date & Time — Record month and day of each nest visit. Young Status — Describe the appearance of young birds. Eggs* — Record the number of host eggs counted. NO = No young present at nest Live Young* — Enter the number of live young of species in the nest. HY = At least 1 chick hatching or just emerged from egg Dead Young* — Enter the number of dead young of species in the NY = Nestlings naked and pink, eyes typically closed nest. PY = Wing feathers emerging, some skin still visible, eyes Nest Status — Describe the status of the nest at each visit. open NO = Cavity, nest box, or platform with no nest present, or FY = Body feathers completely cover skin, tail feathers use this code for species that do not build nests stubby IN = Nesting materials present, but nest incomplete VY = Vocal young, heard only CN = Nest structurally complete, with an obvious cup Management Activity — Describe any human management activities DN = Damaged nest at the nest site for each visit. FN = Flattened nest with fecal matter NO = No management activities conducted AN = New avian nest found in same site (new attempt) AM = Avian competitor nest/eggs/young removed (House NN = Non-avian nest found (describe in “NOTES”) Sparrow & European Starling only) RN = Nest disappeared for unknown reason BM = Banded adults or young at nest (only to be done by a Adult Status — Describe activity of adults seen or heard near the nest permitted individual) for each visit. EM = Unhatched host eggs removed NO = No adults seen or heard NM = Nest box management (cleaning, plugging, BA = Building nest or carrying nest material unplugging, or replacing boxes; removing old nesting RA = Remained on the nest during check material, etc.) AA = Left nest and flew from vicinity during check PM = pest management (wasps, ants, mice, etc.) VA = Remained in vicinity of the nest during check FA = Feeding young at nest, or seen carrying food *Enter “U” if eggs or young are present but exact number is unknown. DA = Dead adult(s) at or near nest site Leave blank if you cannot determine if eggs or young are present.

TOWN OF CASTLE ROCK Add species BLUEBIRD NEST BOX MONITORING DATASHEET name here

1. SITE NAME: Example Site BOX #: 1 YEAR 2017 SPECIES:

2. BREEDING DATA:

# Un- Check for # Eggs # Live # Dead Nest Adult Young # Mgmt Observer Date hatched Notes * Young Young Status Activity Status Fledged Activity Initials Eggs ** Below

5/3 X X X IN Use this column only at end of nesting cycle for 5/10 0 0 0 CN eggs that never hatched . No 5/17 2 0 Do not use “X” to 2 indicate no eggs or No 5/24 5 0 chicks in nest. 5 No 5/31 5 0 0 CN VA 5 No 6/7 0 ? 0 CN RA Use a “U” to indicate unknownNo 6/14 0 5 0 CN AA eggs or chicks because the female remained on the nest. Don’t use a No 6/21 0 5 0 CN VA question mark. No 6/28 0 5 0 CN FA No 7/5 0 0 0 FN NO 5 Flattened nests need to be removed as soon as possible.

* If eggs or young are present but not countable, enter “U” for unknown. ** Unhatched eggs are only counted after chicks have fledged SPECIES: MOBL = Mountain Bluebird; WEBL = Western Bluebird; EABL = Eastern Bluebird; TRSW = Tree Swallow; VGSW = Violet-green Swallow; HOWR = House Wren; HOSP = House Sparrow

ADULT ACTIVITY: NO = No adults seen or heard; AA = Adults at/on then flushed from nest; BA = Adults seen building nest or carrying nest material; DA = Dead Adult; FA = Adult feeds young at nest; RA = Adult remained on the nest; VA = Adults in vicinity of nest

NEST STATUS: NO = No Nest; IN = Incomplete Nest; CN = Complete Nest; DN = Damaged Nest; FN = Flattened Nest

MGMT ACTIVITY: RN = Removed Nest; PM = Pest Mgmt (wasp nest); EM = Unhatched eggs removed; AM = HOSP nest

NOTES:

In some cases, you may not know the exact hatch date of the young, and you may need to estimate their age. It is important to keep track of the hatchlings age, since the boxes should not be opened or checked when the young are fully feathered, as this can cause premature fledging (leaving the nest early when frightened). Most bluebird young will fledge approximately three weeks after hatching (estimated 19-23 days). The datasheets, revised in 2015, provide a description of young status that correlates with the NestWatch timetable.

After you are certain that the young have fledged, check the nest to determine if it is intact and flattened, and in some cases covered with fecal matter, which indicates successful fledging. If the box is empty, but appears disheveled or depredated, remember to describe what you see on the data sheet.

Bluebirds will likely raise more than one brood (clutch of eggs) per breeding season, so it is helpful to completely remove the first nest before the pair attempts a second brood. Remember to use a separate data sheet for each new nest attempt. Swallows rarely raise more than one brood in a season.

This table gives you guidelines for estimating hatch date and age of the young:

Day 1: Bright coral-pink skin, eyes sealed, down in sparse tufts. Described as Hatching Young. Day 2-4: Wings, head, spine look bluish due to developing feathers under skin. Described as Naked Young. Day 5-7: Feather sheaths begin to emerge on wings. Eyes still closed. Day 7: First feathers burst from tip of sheaths. Eyes open as slits. Brooding by female stops. Day 8-11: Eyes fully open. Feathers continue to burst sheaths. Described as primary feathers in pin. Day 11-12: Feathers of wing and tail reveal cobalt blue in males, duller gray-blue in females. Day 13: Cut-off date for box checks. Fully feathered young become increasingly active, and may fledge prematurely if box is opened. Day 14-22: Fledging and first flight. Empty nest soiled, flattened. Young remain in cover while parents bring food. Day 28 on: Fledglings fly strongly, following parents who feed them. Day 30 on: Fledglings feed unassisted.

Abandonment: If you find a nest with eggs and no parents, verify whether the nest is indeed abandoned. Prior to incubation, birds may leave their eggs unattended for most of the day. During incubation, adults may leave the nest for periods of up to 15 minutes to feed.

Threats of predation, harsh weather, or infestations of insects can case the parents to leave. Frequent or aggressive disturbances from humans also can cause nest desertion, and care should be taken to eliminate this possibility.

The eggs may remain viable for up to two weeks after being laid even before they are incubated, so as a rule of thumb, you should wait at least two weeks after the expected hatch date before concluding that a nest is abandoned.

NEST STATUS

This is a photographic documentation of the stages of development in the nest. The nest building timeframe is 1-6 days, and then the eggs are laid.

Box Claim Incomplete Nest Complete Nest

YOUNG STATUS

After hatching, all chicks in the nest can be categorized into 4 phases of development: Hatching Young (HY), Naked Young (NY), Primary Feathers in Pin (PY) or Fully Feathered (FY).

Ha tching Young (HY) Hatching Young (HY)

NNaakkeedd YYoouunngg ((NNYY))

PPiiinn---FFeeaatthheerreedd YYoouunngg ((PPYY))

FFuullllyy FFeeaatthheerreedd ((FFYY))

YOUNG STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT This is a photographic documentation of the stages of young (nestling) development in the nest. At hatching, chicks are blind and featherless but grow quickly and are ready to fledge after 21 days. Bluebird and swallow chick development is very similar.

Hatching Young Hatching Young Hatching Young is only

used for Hatch Day. Naked Young are

chicks in development

between Hatch Day until pin feathers are

significantly noticeable

(about 7 days).

11 ddaayy--oolldd cchhiicckkss == 4 day-old chicks = 4 day-old chicks = NNaakkeedd YYoouunngg NNaakkeedd YYoouunngg

1100 ddaayy--oolldd cchhiicckkss ((eeyyeess hhaavvee ooppeenneedd ))

19 77 ddaayy--oolldd cchhiicckkss

YOUNG STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT (cont.)

1122 ddaayy--oolldd cchhiicckkss

PPrriimmaarryy ffeeaatthheerrss iinn ppiinn

1144--ddaayy oolldd cchhiicckkss REMEMBER!

Chicks will be ready to fledge 21 days after hatching but are easily startled between 14-21 days of age.

DO NOT check the boxes 14 days from Hatch Day (Day 14) to prevent the chicks from early fledging (leaving the

boxes) before they are ready.

FFllaatttteenneedd NNeesstt == YYoouunngg FFlleeddggeedd ffrroomm NNee sstt

2211 ddaayy--oolldd cchhiicckkss ==

FFuullllyy--ffeeaatthheerreedd YYoouunngg 20

BIRD IDENTIFICATION SHEETS

Correct identification of the adult birds using the nest boxes allows you to record accurate breeding data. Although our bluebird nest boxes are designed and intended for use by Mountain and Western Bluebirds, occasionally other species of birds will use the boxes. There is a low likelihood that Eastern Bluebirds will be found in Castle Rock, but it is possible. Other native birds known to use bluebird boxes include Violet-green Swallows, Tree Swallows and less frequently, House Wrens, Black-capped and Mountain Chickadees. These birds are native and therefore allowed to use the boxes. However, there are two other species of birds that should not be allowed to use the bluebird boxes under any circumstances: House Sparrow and European Starling. These birds are non-native and aggressive, and are known to attack bluebirds and swallows.

Mountain Bluebird (male) photo courtesy Dick Vogel

It is recommended that volunteer monitors carry along a bird field guide, or download a bird identification app for smartphones, when checking the boxes to correctly identify adult birds seen in, on or near the boxes. If you do not have access to a field guide, the following pages are provided as a quick reference guide to the three different species of bluebirds, and other species of birds that are either allowed or prohibited from using the bluebird boxes.

A bird does not sing because he has an answer. He sings because he has a song. 21

BIRD IDENTIFICATION SHEET

MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD MALE FEMALE

Key ID: bright blue overall; whitish Key ID: mostly gray with blue wings lower belly; longer wings. and tail; white eye ring.

WESTERN BLUEBIRD MALE FEMALE

Key ID: blue throat & head creates Key ID: head and back brownish a blue hood; brown back and chest. gray; brown chest; gray throat.

EASTERN BLUEBIRD MALE FEMALE

22 Key ID: brown throat extends Key ID: light gray head; brown down to belly; blue back. throat extends to belly.

OTHER NATIVE BIRDS THAT MAY USE BLUEBIRD BOXES In addition to bluebirds, swallows are often found using our nest boxes. The two species of swallows in our boxes are Tree Swallow and Violet-green Swallow. These birds are more defensive than bluebirds and may swoop around the box during box checks, making a loud chattering call.

To correctly identify these species, note the differences in white eye patches and back coloring. Tree Swallows are more common but Violet-green Swallows have used our boxes in the past.

Tree Swallow Violet-green Swallow

House Wren

Key ID: iridescent blue-black back and head; Key ID: iridescent green back and head; black around eye; white throat and belly; white iridescent purple on lower back; white throat and patch does not extend over eye. Males and belly; white cheek patch extends above the eye. females are similar. Female has duller markings.

UNWANTED BIRDS THAT SHOULD NOT USE

BLUEBIRD BOXES These birds are non-native and aggressive towards bluebirds and swallows, often attacking and injuring or killing adults, eggs or chicks. They may try to use our bluebird boxes.

House Sparrow

European Starling

Please be on the lookout for these two species! These birds should not be allowed to use the bluebird boxes.

If these birds are observed building a nest in the boxes, you are encouraged, and allowed by law, to immediately remove and dispose of the nest. Please contact us if you find these birds active in or around our bluebird boxes.24 House Sparrows have nested in our boxes in the past but Starlings have not been found in our boxes yet.

FEMALE BIRDS ON NESTS

Mountain Bluebird. Note the gray overall coloring.

Western Bluebird. Note the brown coloring on the upper shoulders.

Tree Swallow. Note the slight variations in iridescent blue color. Feathers are present in nest.

TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS

PARASITES

Parasite control is an important aspect of bluebird box monitoring. Monitoring nest boxes will alert you to problems the birds may be having with ants, lice, mites, fleas and blowfly parasitism. The boxes in Castle Rock shouldn’t have problems with lice, mites or fleas as they are rarely found in boxes mounted in the open on a metal post; ants may be found occasionally, but can controlled by replacing the nesting material and cleaning the box. These parasites rarely cause permanent harm to the bluebirds.

Blowfly parasitism is very concerning and must be controlled immediately if found. Uncontrolled, the larvae of this species may weaken or possibly even kill the nestling bluebirds, but only if the birds are already stressed from food shortages or prolonged rain. If you identify larvae in the nest, you should replace all the nest material with dried lawn clippings in a shape similar to that of the original nest. This will increase the chance that the chicks will survive. Volunteers are encouraged to contact the Natural Resource Specialist if blowflies are detected in a nest box. Do not try to remove any larvae from the live chicks.

All kinds of birds have parasitic mites, although they are more common in swallow nests than bluebird nests. Often, birds’ nests are crawling with thousands of these tiny (pin-head sized) brown or red dots swarming all over the nest and box. They are not usually fatal to the birds but can be an irritant. Nothing can be done until the chicks fledge, then,

remove the nest and rinse out the interior of the box. They are not harmful to humans but it is not recommended to try and brush them off the nest or box.

TICKS WASPS

• Ticks are blood-feeding parasites of animals • Paper wasps may build their nests in nest boxes.

found throughout Colorado. • If wasps move into a box, bluebirds will

• Ticks are most active in spring and early abandon their nest, so wasp nests must be

summer in brushy areas. removed.

• DEET is the most effective tick repellent. • It is best to remove wasps and their nests early in

Apply it to pants or other areas of the lower the morning when they are less active.

body. • A thin layer of Vaseline or Ivory soap rubbed on

• Ticks take several hours to settle and begin the interior ceiling of the nest box can prevent

feeding, so it is important to conduct a wasp nest building.

thorough tick check after walking through • Do not spray insecticides that could kill or harm

brushy areas. the birds.

• To remove a tick, grasp it with blunt tweezers,

as close to the skin as possible.

Rocky Mtn. Wood Tick

POISON IVY

• Poison ivy is a 3-leaved plant found throughout America.

• All parts of the plant (leaves, vines and roots) contain oil, called urushiol, which causes an allergic reaction like a rash.

• Can grow as a bush or climb up trees and across the ground.

• You can get the rash from touching it, or touching something that has touched it.

• There is risk year-round.

• Wear long pants and long-sleeves to prevent direct skin Contact with poison ivy.

• Rinse the affected area with lots of cold water within 1 hour.

RATTLESNAKES

• Rattlesnakes, and many varieties of non-venomous snakes, are common throughout Castle Rock. • Most Colorado snakes are non-venomous (nonpoisonous), harmless and beneficial to people because of their appetites for insects and rodents. • Venomous snakes do not always release venom when they bite. • Rattlesnakes generally are non-aggressive toward people unless they are startled, cornered, or stepped upon. • Rattlesnakes do not always shake their rattles before striking, so do not rely solely on your sense of hearing. • Non -venomous and venomous snakes can be easily distinguished from each other. • Rattlesnakes have a broad, triangular head, elliptical pupils, distinctive, heat-sensing pits on each side of their face and rattles on their tail. • There are two poisonous snakes in Colorado, the Prairie Rattlesnake and Massasauga, but only the Prairie Rattlesnake has been found in Castle Rock. • Non -poisonous Bull snakes are often confused with rattlesnakes since they have similar markings and will vibrate their rattle-less tails on dry vegetation. • Prairie Rattlesnakes are commonly seen in Castle Rock in grassland areas and rocky outcrops, but may also be found along both concrete and dirt trails.

Prairie Rattlesnake Bull Snake (non-poisonous)

Myth: All snakes are aggressive and will always bite. Truth: Given an opportunity to escape, snakes will choose flight over fight.

WHAT TO DO IF YOU ENCOUNTER A RATTLESNAKE: • Most importantly, remain calm and still at first. • Give the snake lots of room and walk around it or back away slowly and carefully. • Do not handle, move or harass it. • Quickly seek medical attention for venomous snakebites.

BOX LOCATIONS

There are bluebird boxes distributed around Castle Rock at open space areas, parks, and schools and along both concrete and soft-surface trails. All boxes are located in public areas on public property with parking facilities. Boxes are either attached to existing fence lines or mounted to freestanding metal t-posts. The level of difficulty associated with access to the boxes varies and depends on the site. Also, the success rate (percentage of occupancy) of the boxes varies with location and cannot be guaranteed from year to year. However, the probability of success improves each year the boxes are available since bluebirds will return and nest near where they were raised. Some sites have had boxes and nesting activity since 2007.

Volunteer monitors adopt one property each year and are requested to become familiar with both the nest box locations and the property itself.

This is a current list of locations with bluebird boxes as of 2018:

• Bison Park Bison Park • Native Legend Trail • Butterfield Park • Native Legend Trail East • Castle Rock Elementary • • Philip S. Miller Park • Cedar Hill Cemetery • Plum Creek Park • • Crystal Valley Ranch • Quarry Mesa • Douglas County HS • Red Hawk Ridge Golf • Faith Lutheran Church Course A • Flagstone Elementary • Red Hawk Ridge Golf

• Flagstone Future Park Site Course B

• Gateway Mesa • Renaissance Magnet • Gateway Mesa Interior School • • Gemstone Park • Rhyolite Regional Park • • Matney Park Sage Canyon Elem. • Stewart Trail • Memmen Ridge • • Mesa Middle School • The Rock Church • • Metzler Ranch Park • Woodlands Bowl • • Mitchell Gulch Park • Wrangler Park

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a D Plum e l a i r g y r P a d r c W C Regional G a y e y l e o R a Mount R w Creek m rk u l Park a d Cr P o a ssha P y v R d e e o a l i o n l d R Park P R s la a hty g k erritorial Road ce ig O Oa T V M e a p E l in k R w v a T C t s o o a e s s S a t y O t l n o 5 Boxes em E r re d COLORADO BLUEBIRD PROJECT i v l e L a e C d n t in g n e i O C gl n o g W o w a 4 Boxes M u Wa s at Plum Creek Park rt y o k ne n e s a o e g Driv L t iv S il r u r t u n D D r a ry aet QuarryT Mesao t a to e e o l C on n t in g n e D in cl n Sky Drive m g n Cir a to h e ro el Ridg E b e m e o D y P a r G i J v r e a N O H NEST BOX LOCATIONS B e V l a W u l lf

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k m s r M e l e V D n a FOR 2018 SEASON e L iew P o a E i i rio ne a C L n La o ve ou i r n 5 Boxes r k rt Peak D s Driv y w k e r P d a Circle N a n a est e a y Cr P u w ine Q at Crystal Valley Ranch

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d a r a v o le R t u ur o o p r C B o e o mo g S d id o e R L L re n a C so E w k a D e Legend G y a u F W lc e h Streams

d R i 0 0.25 0.5 1 R o n a w d a S F Parks/Open Space Paved Trail ircle Miles st C re C e in Golf Course P Disclaimer: The data presented has been compiled from

c various sources, each of which introduces varying degrees h Soft-surface Trail

S o Open Space h H arp of inaccuracies or inconsistencies. Such discrepancies in s o Co u l rt l data are inherent and in supplying this product to the public o w

S the Town of Castle Rock assumes no liability for its use or

t t Park

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o f P t Paved Sidewalk C o accuracy. For questions or comments regarding omissions, D in t i e t B e m T n corrections, or updates please visit CRgov.com/directory for d e r a Ci oP n er rcle Ech ai L b a e E a r l ld School iv r e r m r D s i r y i s F n T k contact information. utte i R n B L e a h r Circ C i e tl l g e le a d P d d s i i i n g l Copyright 2018, Town of Castle Rock a R r H c e e o

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D y Coordinate System: SPCS Colorado Central (0502) C

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e i Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic r g e D C d r l E o Ri C c h a rk v er Datum: North American 1983 Sh w o P a do Units: Foot US Creation Date: 1/5/2018

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