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Rus Kaynaklarina Göre Ilk Müslüman Türk Devleti: Itil Bulgar Devleti

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Rus Kaynaklarina Göre Ilk Müslüman Türk Devleti: Itil Bulgar Devleti T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZİ RUS KAYNAKLARINA GÖRE İLK MÜSLÜMAN TÜRK DEVLETİ: İTİL BULGAR DEVLETİ Hazırlayan Dinçer KOÇ 2502060052 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Abdülkadir DONUK İSTANBUL 2010 ÖZ RUS KAYNAKLARINA GÖRE İLK MÜSLÜMAN TÜRK DEVLETİ: İTİL BULGAR DEVLETİ Dinçer KOÇ Bir müddet Avar Kağanlığı ve Gök-Türk Kağanlığı’nın hâkimiyeti altında kalan Bulgar boyları Kubrat Han’ın liderliğinde birleşerek 631 yılında Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde Büyük Bulgar Devleti’ni kurdu. Fakat Kubrat’ın ölümünden sonra oğulları anlaşamayarak devletin birliğini bozdu. Bu durumdan yararlanan Hazarlar, Bulgarlara saldırdı. Kubrat Han’ın oğullarından Asparuh kendine bağlı boylarıyla Hazar boyunduruğundan kaçarak Slavlarla meskûn olan Tuna Nehri dolaylarında 681 yılında ayrı bir devlet kurdu. Kubrat’ın büyük oğlu Batbayan ise Hazarların hâkimiyetini tanıdı. Tam da bu sıralarda Bulgar boyları Orta İtil boylarına kitlesel olarak göç etmeye başladı. Hazar Kağanlığı’nın hâkimiyetindeki Bulgarların X. yüzyılın başlarına kadar devam eden dört büyük göç dalgasıyla Orta İtil’e yerleşmelerinden sonra bölgede Türkler nüfus olarak üstün duruma geldiler. Devlet geleneğine sahip olan Bulgar boyları yerli Fin-Ugorlar üzerinde Türk hâkimiyetini sağladı. X. yüzyılın başına gelindiğinde Bulgarlar artık büyük ölçüde Müslüman olmuşlardı. 922 yılında Bulgar İlteberi Almuş’un girişimiyle İslamiyet resmi devlet dini halini aldı. Bir müddet daha sembolik olarak Hazarların hâkimiyetinde kalan İtil Bulgar Devleti 965 yılında tamamen bağımsız hale geldi. Orta İtil’in doğu ile batı arasında işleyen ticaretin transit merkezi olması konumundan yararlanan Bulgarlar önemli ölçüde zenginleşerek büyük şehirler kurdu. Buna mukabil olarak iş kolları ve üretim faaliyetleri de gelişti. İtil Bulgar toprakları Arap-İran bölgesi, Kuzey Kafkasya ve Orta Asya’dan gelen tüccarlar ile Batı ve Kuzey Avrupa’dan kürk başta olmak üzere getirilen malların buluşma noktası oldu. Böylece kalkınan devlet Rusların İtil’e doğru yayılmasına da engel olabildi. İtil Bulgar Devleti 1236 yılında Moğollar tarafından zapt edilene kadar 300 yılı aşkın bir süre Türk tarihinin en uzun ömürlü devletlerinden biri olarak Doğu Avrupa tarihinde parlak izler bıraktı. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk, İslamiyet, İtil, Bulgar, ticaret, Ruslar, Hazarlar. iii ABSTRACT VOLGA BULGARIAN STATE: THE FIRST MUSLIM TURKISH STATE ACCORDING TO RUSSIAN SOURCES Dinçer KOÇ Bulgarian tribes who had been dominated by Avar and Gokturk Khanates by uniting under the leadership of the Han Kubrat founded the Great Bulgarian State in the north of the Black Sea in 631. However, after the death of the Han Kubrat his sons did not get on well and broke the unity of the state. With the advantage of this situation the Khazars attacked the Bulgarians. Asparuh who was the son of Kubrat Khan with his dominated tribes escaped from the yoke of the Khazars and formed a separate state with the Slavs who inhabited in the neighborhood of the Danube River in 681. Batbayan who was the eldest son of Kubrat recognized the dominance of Khazars. At those days, the Bulgarian tribes began to migrate massively to middle Povolje. After the Bulgarian’s, being under the dominance of the Khazar Khanate, four major waves of immigration to middle Povolje until the beginning of the X. century, Turks prevailed in the population. The Bulgarian tribes who had a long tradition of government provided Turkish ruling over the indigenous Finno-Ugor tribes. When it came to the beginning of the X. century, the Bulgarians had already been Muslims to a great extent. With the initiative of Bulgarian İlteber Almuş in 922, Islam became the official state religion. The Volga Bulgarian state which stayed under the domination of the Khazars symbolically for some time, became completely independent in 965. The Bulgarians who benefited from the position of Povolje which was in the middle of east and the west of the transit trade, became rich significantly and founded large cities. On the other hand, business and production activities were developed as well. The Volga Bulgarian territory became the meeting point of the goods, fur being the first, between Arab-Iranian region, the traders coming from the North Caucasus and Central Asia and the Western and Northern Europe. Until it was conquered by the Mongols in 1236, The Volga Bulgarian state left behind brilliant traces as being the one of the most long-lived states in the Turkish history for over 300 years. Keywords: Turk, Islam, Volga, Bulgarian, Trade, Russians, Khazars. iv ÖNSÖZ Tezimizin amacı bugüne kadar ülkemizde pek fazla bilinmeyen İtil Bulgar Devleti tarihini ana hatlarıyla aydınlatmaktır. Bu anlamda tezimiz Bulgarların tarih sahnesine çıkışı, Orta İtil boylarına göç etmeleri, burada kurdukları devletin siyasi münasebetleri ve Moğol istilasının İtil Bulgarlarına tesirlerini ele almaktadır. Bunlardan başka tezimizde İtil Bulgar Devleti’nin idari, askeri, iktisadi ve kültürel yapısına da değinilmiştir. Türk tarihinin birçok alanında olduğu gibi İtil Bulgarlarıyla ilgili olarak da Rusya’da pek çok araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmalar genellikle arkeolojik kazılar ve bunların sonuçlarıyla birlikte yürütülmüştür. Araştırmaların önemli bir kısmı Kazan Türkleri tarafından gerçekleştirilmiş olmasına rağmen onların çalışmaları da esasen Rusça olarak yayınlanmıştır. Böylece önemli eserler meydana getirilerek araştırmacıların hizmetine sunulmuştur. Bu anlamda İtil Bulgarlarıyla ilgili yapılacak bilimsel araştırmalarda Rusça bilinmesi zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Bu doğrultuda 2004-2006 yıllarında beni Rusya Federasyonu Tataristan Özerk Cumhuriyeti’ne ve Kırgızistan’a görevlendirerek Rusça öğrenme fırsatı sağlayan Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Turan YAZGAN’a müteşekkirim. Tataristan’da görev yaptığım dönemde Devlet Gumaniter Enstitüsü’nde beraber çalışma şansını elde ettiğim ünlü Tatar Türkolog Prof. Dr. Ferit HAKİMCANOV ve tarihçi Prof. Dr. Gamircan DEVLETŞİN bana yakın ilgi göstererek Bulgar-Tatar tarihi konusunda çalışma yapmam için teşvik ettiler. Onlara teşvik ve desteklerinden dolayı teşekkür borçluyum. Esasen Türkiye’de bugüne kadar yapılan tarih araştırmalarında İtil Bulgar Devleti’nin genel tarihiyle alakalı herhangi bir doktora çalışması yapılmamış olması bizi bu konuyu araştırmaya yönelten bir diğer sebeptir. Bu yönde beni destekleyen hocam Doç. Dr. Mualla Uydu YÜCEL’e de teşekkür borçluyum. Araştırmam esnasında bana maddi destek sağlayan Türk Petrol Vakfı’nı da minnetle anmak isterim. Araştırmamın önünde duran en büyük engel tespit etmiş olduğumuz kaynakların teminiydi. Tataristan’da görev yaptığım esnada İtil Bulgarlarıyla alakalı olarak çok sayıda eseri de toplayarak getirmiştim. Ancak daha temin etmem gereken bazı Rusça kaynaklar vardı. Bu kaynakların bir kısmını öncelikle başta Türk Tarih v Kurumu Kütüphanesi olmak üzere Türkiye’deki diğer kütüphanelerden topladık. Fakat bazı eserleri Türkiye’de bulma şansımız olmadığı için Rusya’dan temin etmemiz gerekiyordu. Bu noktada Rusya’da tespit etmiş olduğum kaynakları bana temin eden dostum Babur BATURAY’a ve abim Sait KOÇ’a çok teşekkür ederim. Çalışmamızın her bir başlığı ayrı bir tez konusu olmakla birlikte gerek kaynakların yetersizliği gerekse de İtil Bulgar Devleti hakkında öncelikle genel bir tarih araştırmasının yapılmasının zorunluluğu bu çalışmamızın önceliğini belirlemiştir. Bu anlamda gerek tez planımın oluşturulmasında gerekse de çalışmamın her merhalesinde yol göstererek ve yazmış olduğum konuları üşenmeden okuyarak yanlışlarımı tespit edip düzelten muhterem hocam Yrd. Doç Dr. Ali AHMETBEYOĞLU’na şükranlarımı sunarım. Son olarak da bana desteğini esirgemeyen sayın danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Abdülkadir DONUK’a sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Dinçer KOÇ İstanbul, 2010 vi İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ..............................................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................... v İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………………………………..vıı KISALTMALAR....................................................................................................... xi GİRİŞ.......................................................................................................................... 1 1. BÖLÜM BULGARLARIN KÖKENİ ve İTİL BULGAR DEVLETİ’NİN KURULUŞU......U 18 1.1. Bulgarların Kökeni......................................................................................... 18 1.1.1. Bulgarların Kuzey Kafkasya ve Karadeniz’in Kuzeyine Göçü .............. 18 1.1.2. Kubrat Han ve Büyük Bulgar Devleti..................................................... 31 1.1.3. Büyük Bulgar Devleti’nin Yıkılışı ve Bulgar Boylarının Hazar Kağanlığı’nın Hâkimiyetine Girmesi................................................................ 41 1.2. İtil Bulgar Devleti’nin Oluşumu .................................................................... 46 1.2.1. Bulgar Boylarının Orta İtil Bölgesine Göçü ........................................... 47 1.2.1.1. Birinci Göç Dalgası ....................................................................... 48 1.2.1.2. İkinci Göç Dalgası ......................................................................... 49 1.2.1.1. Üçüncü Göç Dalgası...................................................................... 54 1.2.1.4. Dördüncü Göç Dalgası .................................................................
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