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Czerniakow, Adam
Czerniakow, Adam (1880-1942), Chairman of the Warsaw Judenrat. Born in Warsaw, Czerniakow was trained as a chemical engineer. He served on the Warsaw Municipal Council from 1927-1934, and was elected to the Polish Senate in 1931. Even though Czerniakow was a member of the Jewish community's executive council before World War II, the Jews of Warsaw did not consider him to be one of their leaders. He was not a member of any Jewish political party, was considered to be an assimilated Jew, and could not speak Yiddish very well. In spite of this, when the Nazis invaded Warsaw and the chairman of the Jewish community council fled the city, the mayor asked Czerniakow to take his place as the leader of the Jews. The Germans ordered him to establish a Judenrat in October 1939. During the first few months of the occupation, some leading Judenrat members managed to leave the country. Czerniakow also had this opportunity, but he refused to shirk his leadership duties and criticized those who did. The Warsaw Ghetto was established in October 1940. At this point, the Judenrat, led by Czerniakow, took on many new municipal-like responsibilities, including food, work, sanitation, housing, culture, and health services for the inhabitants of the ghetto. The Judenrat grew to encompass 25 different departments and 6,000 employees—more than 11 times the number of workers in Warsaw's Jewish Council before the war. Czerniakow was strenuously criticized by Warsaw's underground resistance for what they saw as collaboration with the Nazis. However, Czerniakow's policy of trying to work within the system was his attempt at saving lives. -
THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust
THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE NOVEMBER 17, 2016 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, April 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jan Grabowski THE INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE, endowed by the William S. and Ina Levine Foundation of Phoenix, Arizona, enables the Center to bring a distinguished scholar to the Museum each year to conduct innovative research on the Holocaust and to disseminate this work to the American public. Wrong Memory Codes? The Polish “Blue” Police and Collaboration in the Holocaust In 2016, seventy-one years after the end of World War II, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs disseminated a long list of “wrong memory codes” (błędne kody pamięci), or expressions that “falsify the role of Poland during World War II” and that are to be reported to the nearest Polish diplomat for further action. Sadly—and not by chance—the list elaborated by the enterprising humanists at the Polish Foreign Ministry includes for the most part expressions linked to the Holocaust. On the long list of these “wrong memory codes,” which they aspire to expunge from historical narrative, one finds, among others: “Polish genocide,” “Polish war crimes,” “Polish mass murders,” “Polish internment camps,” “Polish work camps,” and—most important for the purposes of this text—“Polish participation in the Holocaust.” The issue of “wrong memory codes” will from time to time reappear in this study. -
La Place De L'helvète : Considérations Sur Un Vivant Qui Passe
RubriqueUn vivant cinéma qui suissepasse 77 Un vivant qui passe La place de l’Helvète : Considérations sur Un vivant qui passe 1 Le cinéma « alternatif » Spoutnik, à Genève, l’a montré en septembre 2001. par Alain Freudiger 2 Cette phrase d’un discours de Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, alors président de la Confédéra- tion, prononcée en 199 avait été relevée par l’écrivain Adolf Muschg dans un essai intitulé « Wenn Auschwitz in der Schweiz liegt », paru en Réalisé par Claude Lanzmann en 1997, Un vivant qui passe n’a jamais été français peu après. Voir Adolf Muschg, Cinq dis- 1 cours d’un Suisse à sa nation qui n’en est pas projeté en Suisse – à une exception notable . Cela est d’autant plus sur- une, Ed. Zoé, Genève, 199. prenant que, outre l’importance majeure de Lanzmann comme réalisa- 3 « Dr Rossel : mais ils avaient l’impression de teur depuis Shoah (1985), ce film touche à des questions particulièrement faire quelque chose d’utile. C’est l’impression cruciales pour la Suisse : la neutralité, la Croix Rouge, l’humanitaire, la que ça donnait, parce que, si on leur parlait des non-implication… Il est possible que personne n’ait souhaité program- camps, des prisonniers, des détenus, quoi, et des choses comme ça, ils disaient : ‹ Oui, mais mer ce film à sa sortie, puisque la Suisse était alors empêtrée dans la crise enfin, l’Allemagne fait maintenant, ici, un travail des fonds en déshérence. Pourtant, il constitue une excellente réponse invraisemblable, extraordinaire, dont toute l’Eu- rope nous sera reconnaissante. › » Claude Lanz- au trop fameux « Auschwitz, ce n’est quand même pas en Suisse ! » de mann, Un vivant qui passe. -
Using Diaries to Understand the Final Solution in Poland
Miranda Walston Witnessing Extermination: Using Diaries to Understand the Final Solution in Poland Honours Thesis By: Miranda Walston Supervisor: Dr. Lauren Rossi 1 Miranda Walston Introduction The Holocaust spanned multiple years and states, occurring in both German-occupied countries and those of their collaborators. But in no one state were the actions of the Holocaust felt more intensely than in Poland. It was in Poland that the Nazis constructed and ran their four death camps– Treblinka, Sobibor, Chelmno, and Belzec – and created combination camps that both concentrated people for labour, and exterminated them – Auschwitz and Majdanek.1 Chelmno was the first of the death camps, established in 1941, while Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec were created during Operation Reinhard in 1942.2 In Poland, the Nazis concentrated many of the Jews from countries they had conquered during the war. As the major killing centers of the “Final Solution” were located within Poland, when did people in Poland become aware of the level of death and destruction perpetrated by the Nazi regime? While scholars have attributed dates to the “Final Solution,” predominantly starting in 1942, when did the people of Poland notice the shift in the treatment of Jews from relocation towards physical elimination using gas chambers? Or did they remain unaware of such events? To answer these questions, I have researched the writings of various people who were in Poland at the time of the “Final Solution.” I am specifically addressing the information found in diaries and memoirs. Given language barriers, this thesis will focus only on diaries and memoirs that were written in English or later translated and published in English.3 This thesis addresses twenty diaries and memoirs from people who were living in Poland at the time of the “Final Solution.” Most of these diaries (fifteen of twenty) were written by members of the intelligentsia. -
„Das Gesundheitswesen Im Ghetto Theresienstadt“ 1941 – 1945
Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit „Das Gesundheitswesen im Ghetto Theresienstadt“ 1941 – 1945 Verfasser Wolfgang Schellenbacher angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) Wien, 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt A 312 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt Geschichte Betreuerin: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Brigitte Bailer 1 Index 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Aufbau der Arbeit ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Quellenlage und Forschungsstand............................................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Literatur zur Ghettoselbstverwaltung............................................................................................12 2. Geschichte Theresienstadts...............................................................................................14 2.1 Planungen zur Errichtung des Ghettos Theresienstadt.....................................................14 2.2 Exkurs: Die Festung Theresienstadt ......................................................................................16 2.3 Sammel- und Durchgangslager für Juden aus dem „Protektorat“ (November 1941 bis Juni 1942)............................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Altersghetto..................................................................................................................................21 -
Der Zug in Die Freiheit
Der Zug in die Freiheit Das Schicksal jüdischer Gefangener aus dem KZ Theresienstadt und ihr Auf- enthalt im Hadwig-Schulhaus in St. Gallen im Februar 1945 Eine Untersuchung von Einzelfällen und die Darstellung individueller Schicksale auf der Grundlage von Zeitzeugengesprächen und Quellenanalysen Masterarbeit Verfasserin: Catrina Schmid Feldweg 5 7324 Vilters +41 79 636 56 26 eingereicht am 24. August 2017 Betreuung: Co-Betreuung: Prof. Johannes Gunzenreiner Prof. Dr. Claudio Stucky Seminarstrasse 7 Seminarstrasse 27 9200 Gossau 9400 Rorschach [email protected] [email protected] Masterarbeit: Der Zug in die Freiheit Vorwort Die vorliegende Masterarbeit mit dem Namen „Der Zug in die Freiheit“ ist das Resultat mei- ner Untersuchungen und Recherchen im Zeitraum von Dezember 2015 bis Sommer 2017. Sie bildet den Abschluss meiner Ausbildung zur Oberstufenlehrperson an der Pädagogi- schen Hochschule in St. Gallen. Als ich ein Thema für meine Masterarbeit suchte, war für mich klar, dass ich ein Thema aus dem Fachbereich Geschichte, bzw. ein Thema aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg untersuchen möchte. Von Mai bis September 2015 fand in unserem Hochschulgebäude Hadwig in St. Gallen eine Ausstellung über die Theresienstadt-Flüchtlinge statt. Die Ausstellung über die Flüchtlinge weckte mein Interesse. Der Vorschlag meiner Betreuungsperson, als Thema die Erinnerung der St. Galler Bevölkerung an die Flüchtlinge im Hadwig zu nehmen, sprach mich sofort an. Diese Arbeit richtet sich an ein Publikum, welches ein grundlegendes Wissen über den Ver- lauf des Zweiten Weltkrieges und den damit verbundenen Nationalsozialismus besitzt. Für die grossartige Unterstützung und Begleitung danke ich meinem Betreuer Prof. Johan- nes Gunzenreiner und meinem Co-Betreuer Prof. Claudio Stucky herzlich. -
The Last of the Unjust a Film by Claude LANZMANN
SYNECDOCHE and LE PACTE present THE LAST OF THE UNJUST A FILM BY CLAUDE LANZMANN SYNECDOCHE and LE PACTE present THE LAST OF THE UNJUST A FILM BY CLAUDE LANZMANN 2013 - France/Austria – 218 minutes - 1.85 - 5.1 INTERNATIONAL SALES INTERNATIONAL PRESS RICHARD LORMAND - FILM PRESS PLUS www.FilmPressPlus.com 5, rue Darcet - 75017 Paris [email protected] Tel. : + 33 (0)1 44 69 59 59 Tel. : +33 9 7044 9865 / +33 6 2424 1654 Fax : + 33 (0)1 44 69 59 42 www.le-pacte.com Press kit and materials can be downloaded from www.le-pacte.com SYNOPSIS 1975. In Rome, Claude Lanzmann filmed Benjamin Murmelstein, the last President of the Jewish Council in the Theresienstadt ghetto, the only “Elder of the Jews”* not to have been killed during the war. A rabbi in Vienna, following the annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938, Murmelstein fought bitterly with Adolf Eichmann, week after week for seven years, managing to help around 121,000 Jews leave the country, and preventing the liquidation of the ghetto. 2012. Claude Lanzmann, at 87 – without masking anything of the passage of time on men, but showing the incredible permanence of the locations – exhumes these interviews shot in Rome, returning to Theresienstadt, the town “given to the Jews by Hitler”, a so-called “model ghetto”, but a ghetto of deceit chosen by Adolf Eichmann to dupe the world. We discover the extraordinary personality of Benjamin Murmelstein: a man blessed with a dazzling intelligence and a true courage, which, along with an unrivaled memory, makes him a wonderfully wry, sardonic and authentic storyteller. -
Un Vivant Qui Passe a Visitor from the Living Ein Lebender Geht Vorbei
HOMMAGE 2013 UN VIVANT QUI PASSE A VISITOR FROM THE LIVING EIN LEBENDER GEHT VORBEI Claude Lanzmann Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges trat Dr. Maurice Rossel, Schweizer Frankreich 1997 Arzt und Offizier, im Alter von 25 Jahren in den Dienst des Internati- Länge 65 Min. · Format Digital Betacam · Farbe onalen Komitees vom Roten Kreuz (IKRK). In Deutschland eingesetzt, STABLISTE inspizierte er Kriegsgefangenen- und Arbeitslager und war dadurch Regie, Buch Claude Lanzmann auch am Austausch von Kriegsgefangenen beteiligt. 1943 fuhr er Kamera Dominique Chapuis, aus eigener Initiative, allein und unangemeldet, mit dem Auto nach William Lubtchansky Auschwitz. Er hatte die vage Idee, den Gefangenen durch die Liefe- Kameraassistenz Caroline Champetier Gallimard Hélie Foto: rung von Medikamenten helfen zu können. Ein Gespräch mit einem Ton Bernard Aubouy Schnitt Sabine Mamou Lanzmann schreibt als Journalist unter Lagerkommandanten verlief ergebnislos. 1944 war Rossel Mitglied Schnittassistenz Michaël Rosenfeld anderem für„Elle“, „france Observateur“ (Le einer Kommission des IKRK, die mit Genehmigung deutscher Stellen Regieassistenz Corinna Coulmas Nouvel Observateur) und ist als Interviewer das KZ Theresienstadt besichtigte. In diesem „Vorzeige-Getto“ nörd- für das Fernsehen tätig. Als Unterzeichner lich von Prag waren zu großen Teilen prominente oder vermögende DOKUMENTARFILM des „Manifeste des 121“, das französische Juden interniert, ehe sie in die Vernichtungslager deportiert wurden. Soldaten zur Dienstverweigerung im In seinem Bericht nannte Rossel das Lager „zufriedenstellend“. Das Ge- PRODUKTION Algerienkrieg ermutigt, wird er 1960 verhaftet spräch mit ihm führte Claude Lanzmann 1979. Weil Theresienstadt in Les Films Aleph und angeklagt. 1967 ist er Redakteur von Shoah nicht thematisiert wurde, fanden die Aufnahmen dort keine Paris, Frankreich „Le conflit israélo-arabe“, eines 1.000 Verwendung. -
Whole Dissertation Hajkova 3
Abstract This dissertation explores the prisoner society in Terezín (Theresienstadt) ghetto, a transit ghetto in the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia. Nazis deported here over 140, 000 Czech, German, Austrian, Dutch, Danish, Slovak, and Hungarian Jews. It was the only ghetto to last until the end of Second World War. A microhistorical approach reveals the dynamics of the inmate community, shedding light on broader issues of ethnicity, stratification, gender, and the political dimension of the “little people” shortly before they were killed. Rather than relegating Terezín to a footnote in narratives of the Holocaust or the Second World War, my work connects it to Central European, gender, and modern Jewish histories. A history of victims but also a study of an enforced Central European society in extremis, instead of defining them by the view of the perpetrators, this dissertation studies Terezín as an autarkic society. This approach is possible because the SS largely kept out of the ghetto. Terezín represents the largest sustained transnational encounter in the history of Central Europe, albeit an enforced one. Although the Nazis deported all the inmates on the basis of their alleged Jewishness, Terezín did not produce a common sense of Jewishness: the inmates were shaped by the countries they had considered home. Ethnicity defined culturally was a particularly salient means of differentiation. The dynamics connected to ethnic categorization and class formation allow a deeper understanding of cultural and national processes in Central and Western Europe in the twentieth century. The society in Terezín was simultaneously interconnected and stratified. There were no stark contradictions between the wealthy and majority of extremely poor prisoners. -
German Economic Policy and Forced Labor of Jews in the General Government, 1939–1943 Witold Wojciech Me¸Dykowski
Macht Arbeit Frei? German Economic Policy and Forced Labor of Jews in the General Government, 1939–1943 Witold Wojciech Me¸dykowski Boston 2018 Jews of Poland Series Editor ANTONY POLONSKY (Brandeis University) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: the bibliographic record for this title is available from the Library of Congress. © Academic Studies Press, 2018 ISBN 978-1-61811-596-6 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-61811-597-3 (electronic) Book design by Kryon Publishing Services (P) Ltd. www.kryonpublishing.com Academic Studies Press 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA P: (617)782-6290 F: (857)241-3149 [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com This publication is supported by An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-1-61811-907-0. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. To Luba, with special thanks and gratitude Table of Contents Acknowledgements v Introduction vii Part One Chapter 1: The War against Poland and the Beginning of German Economic Policy in the Ocсupied Territory 1 Chapter 2: Forced Labor from the Period of Military Government until the Beginning of Ghettoization 18 Chapter 3: Forced Labor in the Ghettos and Labor Detachments 74 Chapter 4: Forced Labor in the Labor Camps 134 Part Two Chapter -
Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1945
NAZI GERMANY AND THE JEWS, 1933–1945 ABRIDGED EDITION SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER Abridged by Orna Kenan To Una CONTENTS Foreword v Acknowledgments xiii Maps xv PART ONE : PERSECUTION (January 1933–August 1939) 1. Into the Third Reich: January 1933– December 1933 3 2. The Spirit of the Laws: January 1934– February 1936 32 3. Ideology and Card Index: March 1936– March 1938 61 4. Radicalization: March 1938–November 1938 87 5. A Broken Remnant: November 1938– September 1939 111 PART TWO : TERROR (September 1939–December 1941) 6. Poland Under German Rule: September 1939– April 1940 143 7. A New European Order: May 1940– December 1940 171 iv CONTENTS 8. A Tightening Noose: December 1940–June 1941 200 9. The Eastern Onslaught: June 1941– September 1941 229 10. The “Final Solution”: September 1941– December 1941 259 PART THREE : SHOAH (January 1942–May 1945) 11. Total Extermination: January 1942–June 1942 287 12. Total Extermination: July 1942–March 1943 316 13. Total Extermination: March 1943–October 1943 345 14. Total Extermination: Fall 1943–Spring 1944 374 15. The End: March 1944–May 1945 395 Notes 423 Selected Bibliography 449 Index 457 About the Author About the Abridger Other Books by Saul Friedlander Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher FOREWORD his abridged edition of Saul Friedländer’s two volume his- Ttory of Nazi Germany and the Jews is not meant to replace the original. Ideally it should encourage its readers to turn to the full-fledged version with its wealth of details and interpre- tive nuances, which of necessity could not be rendered here. -
Representations of the Holocaust in Texas World
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HOLOCAUST IN TEXAS WORLD HISTORY TEXTBOOKS FROM 1947 TO 1980 by RYAN NOLAN ABT Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON MAY 2015 Copyright © by Ryan Nolan Abt 2015 All Rights Reserved ii Acknowledgements I first thank my patient and encouraging wife, Maggie, who spurred me toward this accomplishment and without complaint accepted the difficulties to which seeking it led. She encourages me and I am the better man for having her. I thank my mother for her diligence in editing the entire work and for her positivity in doing so. To all my family I extend thanks for their support in this endeavor. From my very early time at the University of Texas at Arlington, Dr. Thomas Adam has been an encourager, a mentor, and a firm motivator. His work with me has made me who I am as a scholar and has taught me so very much in the way that I approach the discipline of history. I have found my time in his class and working through my thesis to be of the greatest value. I also appreciate the great time and effort of Dr. Andrew Milson and Dr. Steven Reinhardt. Without their work on my behalf, I would not have succeeded in accomplishing this goal. When I consider how much I have developed in the past few years, I cannot help but thank all those professors whose classes I attended while at UTA.