Some NEW BOOKS in Review

The Great Experiment: An Introduction to the versify of Bochester, and research student at History of the American People. By FRANK the Institute for Advanced Study, he has gained THISTLETHWAITE. (Cambridge, Cambridge an unusual familiarity with American life, both University Press, 1955. xiv, 335 p. $5.00.) from books and from personal experience. As a result of these unusual qualifications. The Reviewed by David Donald Great Experiment is the most successful attempt yet "to provide the British student with a point DUBING the past ten years or so Englishmen of departure" for the study of American his­ have developed an intense interest in the his­ tory. tory of the United States, but that interest is accompanied by an almost invincible igno­ Mr. Thistlethwaite is convinced "that one rance about our American way of living. When set of influences has dominated American de­ an American teaches in a British university, he velopment: . . . those which relate to migra­ learns that nothing can be taken for granted. tion," and his book synthetizes the Frederick Two years ago my very brightest students at Jackson Turner views of the frontier with the the University of Wales blandly located Hud­ Hansen-Handfin writings on immigration. With son Bay off the coast of Massachusetts. When a clearer focus than most textbooks, and with­ the British college student thinks of America, out any compulsive need to include all the stereotypes drawn from the Western movies, facts, his book should be a provocative one for weffd ideas of geography, and jumbled recol­ both American and British readers. Economic lections of the United States Constitution jostle abundance he believes produced physical mo­ confusedly in his mind. bility of the American population, and both in turn produced a fluid, unstratified society. Eco­ It is hard to prescribe a remedy for such nomic, physical, and social factors all oper­ confusion. You cannot tefl the average English ated together to make of the American a new student to read an ordinary college textbook of type of man and of American history "the great American history, for nearly all such works pre­ experiment," whose results are yet somewhat suppose much basic information on the part in doubt. Mr. Thistlethwaite's general idea is of readers and all anticipate a far more detailed doubtless familiar to most American students, interest than any non-American can muster. but his book is notable for the skiflful integra­ Why should any Briton, however Atlantic- tion of economic, social, political, and intel­ minded, care when Minnesota was admitted to lectual developments around his central theme. the Union or bother with the accomplishments Provocative, too, is his constant use of British of Chester A. Arthur's administration? analogies to American developments, and his What has been needed is a book by a well- stress upon the importance of the migration of informed, sensible Englishman, directed toward European capital as well as population to the English readers. The Great Experiment, by New World. Frank Thistlethwaite, is just such a book. Born and educated in England, now lecturing at St. Inevitably when a writer treats of grand John's College, Cambridge University, Mr. themes he wifl slip into minor errors, and there Thistlethwaite knows firsthand the difficulties are just enough factual mistakes in Mr. This­ of studying and teaching American history tlethwaite's book for him to keep his franchise abroad. As Commonwealth Fund Fellow at the as an Englishman. While most textbook writers University of Minnesota, lecturer at the Uni- try to escape criticism by eschewing generali­ zations, Mr. Thistlethwaite is lavish with sweeping judgments. Often his ideas are stimu­ MR. DONALD is a member of the history faculty lating, but often, too, you wonder at an un­ in Columbia University. He is widely known qualified announcement that American political for his books on the Civil War period. campaigns are "inevitably pitched at a dema-

Winter 1955 341 gogic level," that "the New England Benais- security, to the development of advanced sance drew nourishment from continental [that concepts of civil liberty, and to fruitful ex­ is. Western] America," or that Southern plan­ periments in compensatory spending and tation economy "became increasingly unprofit­ planning." A second major theme is the rapid able" after 1850. Mr. Thistlethwaite depends rise of the United States to "a position of de­ rather too heavily upon the works of J. F. cisive power in the affaffs of mankind," despite Jameson, Charles A. Beard, and Frederick the errors and shortcomings of American diplo­ Jackson Turner, and he seems unaware that macy associated with Taft's ineptness, Wilson's recent historiography has basically altered their failure to inform the people of the real issues key interpretations. And, reflecting the accept­ of world war, the rejection of the League of ed British view that anything happening after Nations, and the isolationism of the inter-war 1900 is "current events" rather than history, period. Mr. Thistlethwaite practically concludes his The author is also concerned with the dra­ study with World War I; there is but one matic expansion of the American economy, the mention of Franklin D. Boosevelt. related progress of science and technology, the There are, then, defects in The Great Experi­ breakdown of a "monolithic'' economic order, ment, but on the whole it is a well-informed, and the evolution of a "mixed" economy in judicious, and at the same time sympathetic which the federal government came to accept presentation of American history. If it is widely a major responsibility for "making it work." used in English universities, this book should Finally, Professor Link sees in the story of the do much to foster genuine trans-Atlantic under­ past sixty years a gradual process of maturing standing. in all areas of life — social and cultural as well as economic, political and diplomatic — until, OUR OWN TIMES in the Truman era, "the American people and their leaders met the challenge of their time American Epoch: A History of the United more courageously and with greater wisdom States since the 1890's. By ARTHUR S. LINK. than their grandfathers had done during Be­ (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1955. xxn, construction and their fathers had done during 724, xxxvii p. Illustrations, maps. $7.95.) the decade following the AiTnistice."

Reviewed by Clarke A. Chambers Professor Link offers objective and balanced evaluations of the great controversial figures of PBOFESSOB Arthur Link, best known for twentieth-century politics, but does not evade his scholarly analyses of the Wilson era, has the responsibihty of judgment when he feels here essayed a survey of twentieth-century the evidence warrants a clear assessment of American history in all its bewildering com­ blame or praise. American Epoch, which is plexity. Four major themes, each intimately designed as a standard textbook for courses in related to the others, furnish the framework recent history, is at its best in drawing signifi­ of interpretation that gives unity and direction cance from the story of political and foreign to his narrative. The author traces the evolu­ affaffs; the sections on economic ti-ends are less tion of the progressive "faith in the ability of clearly written, a shortcoming that some of the men working together to overcome economic graphs unhappily do little to remedy; the occa­ adversity and rectify social injustice by legis­ sional bits on American arts and letters, one lative action" from its beginnings in Populism fears, will neither satisfy the expert nor en­ through the movements led by Theodore lighten the general reader. It is to be regretted, Boosevelt and Wilson until in Franklin BooSe- further, that the spirited text is not supple­ velt's New Deal and in Truman's Fair Deal it mented by more lively illustrations. found its fulfillment in a broad, humane pro­ Arthur Link writes with the same confidence gram of "social welfare democracy." In this and maturity that he admires in the American program the refoiTners gave their "major atten­ people at mid-century. His research is prodi­ tion to the problems of economic justice and gious, his sense of perspective sound. Ameri­ can. Epoch is one of the very best attempts to MR. CHAMBERS is assistatit professor of history date to tell the exciting story of the United in the University of Minnesota. States in our own times.

342 MINNESOTA History UNWELCOME NEWCOMERS similar, and that no useful purpose is served by the perpetuation of such terminology. Strangers in the Land: Pattens of American The volume proceeds with accounts of the Nativism, 1860-1925. By JOHN HICHAM. influence of depression and nationalism in the (New Brunswick, New Jersey, Butgers, Uni­ 1890s, the first attempt to put through Con­ versity Press, 1955, xiv, 431 p. Illustra­ gress a hteracy test restiiction bill in 1896-97, tions, $6,00.) the return for a time at the turn of the century to more friendly attitudes toward immigration, Reviewed by Carlton C. Qualey the rise of racism and its prophets, such as THE TITLE of this excellent work is some­ Madison Grant, the impact of yellow peril doc­ what misleading, for it implies a study of im­ trines, the rising fear of radicalism, the growth migrants themselves. The subtitle is more of anti-Catholicism, and the failure of nativists accurate, and the author, a professor of history to secure enactment of genuinely restrictive in Rutgers University, states clearly in his legislation before World War I. There follows preface that the book is "a history of the hos- an analysis of wartime hysteria, the passage of tflities of American nationalists toward Euro­ the literacy test act in 1917, the postwar red pean immigrants." The volume is a chapter scare, and the movement to close the doors in American intellectual and social history, more effectively by means of percentage re­ an able analysis of the ideas and acts that striction laws. The book comes to a climax in made up the reactions of older stock Americans the story of the combination of racism, ultra- to the flood of immigrants to the United States nationalism, organized labor, and nativist pres­ in the period from the 1880s to the 1920s. The sure groups that brought about the national impact of nativism upon the immigrant groups origins law and the end of unrestiicted immi­ and on their relations with one another and gration to the United States. with older stock Americans is not here treated. Professor Higham has written an important One can understand the author's reluctance to and useful book which answers a longfelt need tackle the multilingual materials of the immi­ in the literature of the history of American grant groups, though one regrets the resulting immigration. There are generous chapter notes, limitation of the subject. The book is based on a well-selected bibliography, and a good index papers of leading nativists, files of the Immi­ In the middle of the volume are sixteen pages gration Restriction League, writings of political of pictures and cartoons that add much to leaders, records of the justice department, one's enjoyment of the book. American newspaper files, and much second­ ary material. CIVIL WAR NEWSMEN After two chapters of generalized survey of earlier manifestations of American nativism. The North Reports the Civil War. By J. Professor Higham settles down to a more de­ CUTLER ANDREWS. (Pittsburgh, University tailed examination of the origins and manffesta- of Pittsburgh Press, 1955, x, 813 p. Illus­ tions of revived antiforeign agitation in the trations, maps, $6,00.) 1880s, culminating in the organization of the American Protective Association and kindred Reviewed by Kenneth Carley groups. The author, in explaining this renewed nativism, accepts the terms "old" and "new" PIONEEBS of modern combat reporting were immigrants to describe a "significant transition" hundreds of Northern newsmen who barraged in immigration history. The terms, with theff eager readers with eyewitness accounts of Civil imphcations of superior and inferior races, were War battles, marches, and camp life. These part of the vocabulary of the restriotionist correspondents often shared front-line dangers controversy, but it has been repeatedly demon­ and discomforts with soldiers to keep people strated that the patterns and problems of "old" informed, and they helped transform news­ and "new" groups were more alike than dis- papers from organs of editorial opinion into dispensers of news. MR. QUALEY is profcssor of American history Of the numerous recent books to focus on in Carleton College, Northfield. Civfl War news hawks, by far the most corn-

Winter 1955 343 prehensive and valuable is this detailed study The best reporters, he feels, were Whitelaw lay J. Cutler Andrews, professor of history at J. Beid of the Cincinnati Gazette, Charles G. Pennsylvania College for Women in Pittsburgh. Coffin of the Boston Journal, George W. Smal­ Dr. Andrews spent several years digging into ley of the New York Tribune, and Sylvanus reporters' letters, diaries, and printed news CadwaUader of the Chicago Times and later stories, and then "compressed" this and other of the New York Herald. material into 653 pages of text, plus ahnost a hundred pages of documenting notes. CANADIAN FUR TRADE Although one wishes the author had inte­ The Pedlars from Quebec and Other Papers on grated his facts more than he has, his bulky the Nor'Westers. By W. STEWART WALLACE. book is not as formidable as it sounds. Its con­ (Toronto, The Byerson Press. 1954, xii, tent is almost always interesting and the 101 p. Frontispiece. $3.50.) author's style is readable, ff not as sparkling as, say, Louis M. Starr's in his briefer study of Reviewed by W. L. Morton Civil War "Bohemians." Mr. Andrews traces chronologically the work AMONG THE MANY services of W. S. Wal­ of numerous correspondents (he identifies more lace to scholarship perhaps the discovery and than three hundred) in all theaters of action ordering of surviving documents of the North from Fort Sumter to Appomattox. He shows West Company is to be placed highest. This that Eastern campaigns were given the best work was crowned in 1934 by the pubhcation news coverage, but he takes pains to follow by the Champlain Society of his Documents newsmen in the West, too. No matter what the Relating to the North West Company. Now, in area, news hawks battled erratic censors, tem­ The Pedlars from Quebec, Dr. Wallace com­ peramental generals, enemy gunners, cold, bines certain published papers on Nor'Westers hunger, and one another to cover triumphs as and the Northwest fur trade with some hitherto well as disasters for the folks at home. unpublished, which he asks the reader to ac­ If gathering the news took resourcefulness cept as "a series of postscripts" to the Docu­ and endurance, so did getting stories to tele­ ments. So modest a description should not be graph stations. Often correspondents had to allowed to depreciate the interest and value bear dispatches all the way to the newspaper of these essays. They are at once research office for lack of telegraph facilities or depend­ papers of considerable virtuosity and pungent able messengers. Many a "beat" was scored this historical reading. The reader sees as never way. before the continuity and scope of the North­ In his summary of the over-all performance west trade and particularly the early return of of Northern newsmen, Mr. Andrews admits French traders after 1763. there was some dishonesty in reporting (like The guilt of Peter Pond in the murder of puffing up certain generals in retmn for favors) Wadden is made as evident as it is ever likely and also considerable inaccuracy — much of it to be. Personalities emerge, such as that of the result of necessary haste, confusion during Simon McTavish, in this instance in a new and after battles, and "varying reliability" of and gracious light. Names are sorted out; from news sources. He criticizes most seriously, how­ one Simon Eraser in the fur trade, we advance ever, the persistence of Northern newspapers to the identification of five. Knots are loosened, in printing infoiination that was of help to the if not untied — why Alexander Mackenzie South. broke with Simon McTavish in 1799, and why Although he makes apparent many short­ Forsyth, Bichardson and Company stood aside comings, Mr. Andrews shows that many cor­ from the conffict of the North West and Hud­ respondents did a remarkably able job of son's Bay companies. Many allusions recall the reporting under the most difficult circumstances. importance of the "southwest trade" below the Canadian border, and remind the reader that MB. CARLEY, who is a feature loriter for the the North American fur trade was not, as it Picture Magazine of the Minneapohs Sunday Tribune, has a wide familiarity with the liter­ MR. MORTON is a member of the history faculty ature of the Civil War period. in the University of Manitoba at Winnipeg.

344 MINNESOTA History sometimes seems, a Canadian monopoly. There can buffalo and many lived longer in the re­ is a dehcate and sympathetic essay on "The gion; many were more lovely and some more Wives of the Fur Trade,'" and, happily, the fine intelligent. . But whether larger or more in­ paper on Fort Wifliam is reprinted from The telligent, none grew as numerous as the buffalo; Beaver. Finally, Dr. Wallace enters that for­ perhaps no animal of any size except the much gotten land of the fur trade — the height of punier creature, man, ever grew as numerous on land located between the Great Lakes and the the whole earth as the American bison upon the Bay. Great Plains, and no animal ever adjusted to The author and publisher are to be thanked his environment more completely." for making convenientiy available this rich Miss Sandoz, who established her reputa­ store of learning, so much of it Dr. Wallace's tion as a good storyteller with Old Jules, runs alone. true to foiTn in The Buffalo Hunters. This is vast­ ly entertaining reading. It is not a definitive book DISAPPEARING BISON on the buffalo, however, and readers who want such a volume must still turn to Frank Gilbert The Buffalo Hunters: The Story of the Hide Boe's The North American Buffalo (Toronto, Men. By MARI SANDOZ. (New York, Has­ 1951). tings House, 1954. xii, 372 p. Illustrations. The book has a bibliography "for the general $4.50.) reader" but lacks an index.

Reviewed by Jay Edgerton PICTURING SETTLEMENT

IN THE sixteenth century buffalo were found The Settlers' West. By MARTIN F. SCHMITT as far south as central Mexico. In the seven­ and DEE BROWN, (New York, Charles Scrib­ teenth century they were noted near the head ner's Sons, 1955, xxviii, 258 p. Illustra­ of navigation on the Potomac. They ranged as tions. $7.50.) far north as northern Saskatchewan and west to the coastal plains. Then, in a few rapid-fire Reviewed by Eugene D. Becker years after the Civil War, they were gone. The guns of the buffalo hunters had made them an THE AUTHOBS of this new pictme book on all but extinct species. the West have scored again. The present vol­ Miss Sandoz' book is a rich, colorful, and ume is the third produced by this team in re­ popular account of what happened, with major cent years in an effort to tell the story of emphasis on the great herds of the central Western settlement in pictures and text, and high plains and the Southwest. Only summary the new book lives up to the pattern set by its treatment is given to the northern plains, and predecessors — Fighting Indians of the West the great Bed Biver hunts are all but ignored. and Trail Driving Days. This is a book abounding in stories and char­ Most of the three hundred illustrations in­ acters. Buffalo Bfll, Lfftle Phil Sheridan, Cus­ cluded are photographs, a fact that largely ter, and Wild Bill Hickok take up many pages. accounts for the book's realistic air. A few So do the famous Indian chiefs. Sitting BuU, descriptive broadsides, line drawings, and let­ Spotted Tail, and Yellow Wolf. There are re- ters also are reproduced. Some of the pictures workings of the famous "battle" annals of the selected to depict the pioneers' hfe and experi­ West, such as the Beecher Island and Washita ences in the West are among the best this fights, the attack on Adobe Walls, and Wound­ reviewer has seen. In most cases, only one or ed Knee Creek. two photographs are used on each page, and The buffalo, however, remains the cential they are large enough to be enjoyed. The book character of the book. Miss Sandoz remarks was produced by offset, and while it suffers that many animals "were larger than the Ameri- from the flatness inherent in this technique, it is a good job, at times approaching letterpress in quality. MR. EDGERTON is a member of the editorial page staff of the Minneapolis Star. He has contrib­ uted to his paper numerous feature articles on MR. BECKER is curotor of the Minnesota Histori­ Minnesota and Northwest history. cal Society's picture department.

Winter 1955 345 Each of the book's eight chapters is inti-o- Clark, these Indians were living in long com­ duced by a brief text, for which the authors munity lodges, and were dependent for food have drawn liberally from settlers' letters and upon fish and camas bulbs. Within a few years diaries. The quotations used are wefl chosen, they had abandoned the permanent lodge for and they are combined with contemporary say­ the tipi and were sending hunting and war ings and bits of humor to give the feeling of parties across the Rockies onto the Plains. the times. There are chapters dealing with Except for use on these periodic expeditions, westward migration, with the "Big Boiling the horse did not become an essential part of Land," with the founding of towns, and with their culture, and yet they became expert the development on the frontier of "The Finer horse breeders. They were particularly noted Things of Life" — religion, education, and the for their success in breeding Appaloosa, or arts. Other chapters show how the pioneers spotted, horses. In 1831 a delegation of Nez amused themselves with "Wild West Shows Perces made the long trip to St. Louis to plead and Rodeos," and depict the rise of "Law, for missionaries, but forty years later one of Order and Politics." Also included is a chapter their greatest statesmen. Chief Joseph, declared on "The Myth and Its Makers," in which the that they did not want churches, because authors examine the writers, entertainers, hon­ "They wifl teach us to quarrel about God as est dupes, and sundry characters who were the Catholics and Protestants do." responsible for the spread of a false view of This paradoxical story becomes almost un­ the West. believable in ffs final stages. Except for occa­ Any reader interested in Western settlement sional skiiTnishes with the Blackfeet and the or in the value of pictures as historical records Sioux, the Nez Perces had had httle experience will find this book satisfying and rewarding. in warfare; nevertheless they managed to de­ The authors have achieved a realistic portrayal feat two separate units of the United States of pioneer life that would have been impossible Army. Young Joseph has usually received without the use of pictures. credit for the ingenious strategy employed in fighting the soldiers, but the author demon- shates that there were other Nez Perces leaders RETREAT TO THE EAST who perhaps better deserved the title of "Bed Napoleon," which was given to him. Although The Nez Perces: Tribesmen of the Columbia technically on the war path, the Nez Perces Plateau. By FRANCIS HAINES. (Norman, refused to consider all white men their enemies University of Oklahoma Press, 1955. xvii, and fought only against the army, leaving the 329 p. Illustrations. $5.00.) settlers along their route unmolested. This limited war concept can hardly be compared Reviewed by F. Sanford Cutler with the attitude of Little Crow and his fol­ THE DBAMATIC STORY of the retreat of the lowers in 1862; nevertheless there are certain 'Nez Perces from their Washington homeland similarities in the experiences of the Santee eastward across the Rocky Mountains and then Sioux and the Nez Perces. Both tribes adopted north almost to Canada has been told many part of the Plains buffalo culture, but neither times. Mr. Haines, however, is the first person became a typical Plains tribe. After years of to tell the complete story of this important hibe mistreatment, both were forced into desperate from its earliest contact with white culture to last stands. the present. With deft strokes, he has sketched Although Mr. Haines does not aitempt to the characters and abilities of the main figures draw broad conclusions applicable to other in his story — the missionaries, the traders, and groups, the student of any Indian tribe wifl do the Indian leaders, stressing particularly the well to consult this masterful historical study. period from 1845 to 1870. Although he is The illustrations include two portraits by Catlin writing on a topic that tempts one to become and a number of photographs, several of which emotional, or even cynical, Mr. Haines remains were taken by Wilham Henry Jackson. calm and judicious. The history of the Nez Perces is full of MR. CUTLER is cwator of the Minnesota His­ paradoxes. When first visited by Lewis and torical Society's museum.

346 MINNESOTA History HISTORY IN ARCHITECTURE should have been poorly proofread, and one might question the intrusion of so great a num­ The Living Past of America: A Pictorial Treas­ ber of personal matters in a book dedicated to ury of Our Historic Houses and Villages so vast a purpose as our historic past. For in­ that Have Been Preserved and Restored. By stance, in the description of Theodore Roose­ CORNELIUS VANDERBILT, JR. (New York, velt's house at Oyster Bay, nothing is gained by Crovm Publishers, Inc., 1955. xiv, 234 p, knowing that the auth:r (regrettably) was Illustiations, $5.95.) gassed in the First World War, nor that, as a child, he "probably ate ice-cream" at Fraunces Reviewed by Mathilde Rice Elliott Tavern, New York's oldest restaurant. THERE ARE many ways to develop a taste for But these are narrow matters, and we should the study of history. Travel is one of the most be grateful not only to Mr. Vanderbilt for add pleasant and luxurious. Proxy armchair tiavel ing this book to the panorama of America, but has its quiet, easy merits also, and this latest to the countless individuals, societies, and foun­ of Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jr.'s books gives us an dations who through theff gifts of money, time, informal bird's-eye view of our country's archi­ and devotion have helped to preserve a daring tectural past from north to south, from Atlantic and splendid past. to Pacific, with all its variety of Indian, Span­ ish, French, Dutch, and English tiaditions. FARMERS IN POLITICS A great deal of histoiy can be learned from the combination of short texts and many illus­ Political Prairie Fire: The Nonpartisan League, trations. We are reminded that just before the 1915-1922. By ROBERT L. MOBLAN. (Min­ middle of the last century Russia had a toe hold neapolis, University of Minnesota Press, on our west coast. We see our Spanish past in 1955. 408 p. Illustrations. $5.75.) some detail, spreading from Florida in the sixteenth century, through Louisiana, and Reviewed by Donald F. Warner across the Southwest to California in the eighteenth. It is inevitable that a large share THIS BOOK, continuing evidence of the lure of this volume should be given to the Atlantic which agrarian protest movements practices on states, since the past of these regions is so richly scholars, is the first adequate history of the preserved in hundreds of distinguished build­ Nonpartisan League to appear. ings dating from the early seventeenth century The volume opens with the standard gambit through the middle 1800s. — a recitation of agrarian grievances in 1915. While these dwellings, churches, and public Though farm prices were high, the exactions of buildings, as English as the men who designed, middlemen shced deeply into net returns. The hved, and worked in them, serve to remind us farmer simmered in helpless anger until Ar­ of our continuity with older and suaver civili­ thur C. Townley, latter-day agrarian messiah, zations, stifl it is salutary to be reminded as launched the Nonpartisan League in North Da­ wefl of the struggles of our westward-forging kota. The League did not ape the political error ancestors — Fort Osage, Missouri, with its string of earlier protest movements which had suffered of essential blockhouses; the Gordon Stockade from the farmers' tenacious loyalty to old par­ in South Dakota; Fort Laramie on the Oregon ties. Townley planned to unravel this problem Trail; our own Fort Snelling and the stockade by novel tactics, submitting League candidates at Grand Portage. in the Bepublican primary election, capturing that party, and entering his chosen instruments This is a well-made book; the illustrations under its ancient label in the general election — there are nearly 450 — are for the most part Another daring innovation was the assessment excellent, though many of necessity are smafl. of stiff biennial dues of sixteen doflars, a shrewd It is a pity that so simple a "picture history''

MRS. ELLIOTT is o formcr member of the staff of MR. WARNER is chairman of the department of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. She has history in Macalester College, St. Paul. He is made a special study of historic buildings in the author of articles on third-party movements the Twin Cities area. published in this and other magazines.

Winter 1955 347 gamble that members would work harder for balance and scolds the League for its short­ the League if they had such a stake in it. comings. Finally, the story seems occasionally Thus the need, the plan, and the man met, ta be insulated from contemporary national and the League organized the farmers of North trends. For example, the decfine of the League Dakota for political action. By 1919, it had was partly caused by the national political reac­ gained contiol of the state government. Pre­ tion of 1920 as well as by conditions in North vious agrarian movements once in power had Dakota and defects in the organization itseff. exhibited political ineptitude and lack of dis- Despite these criticisms, this is a good book. cipfine; the League, carefully guided by Town- The research is exhaustive and the coverage ley, moved with relentless precision in enacting thorough. The author has set a good stage for legislation to establish such state-owned enter­ the enactment of a dramatic story by colorful prises as a bank for rural credits, a terminal characters and has distilled the morals and con­ elevator, flour mifls, and a home-builders' clusions of the narrative in a splendid summary association. chapter. It is a book which every student of the Fffmly estabhshed in North Dakota, the or­ history of this region should have and must ganization ramified in a bewildering series of read. ventures. It sponsored a chain of newspapers, launched myriad economic enterprises, and MACHINERY ON THE FARM expanded into neighboring states. Its organizers appeared in Minnesota in 1916 and made con­ Machines of Plenty: Pioneering in American siderable headway. Political action followed, Agriculture. By STEWART H. HOLBROOK. but the League failed to duplicate the victories (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1955. won in predominantly agricultural North Da­ 246 p. Illustiations. $4.00.) kota. This repulse influenced local leaders to discard the League and its attempts to appro­ Reviewed by Reynold M. Wik priate the Bepublican party, and to evolve into the Farmer-Labor party. STEWABT H. HOLBROOK'S versatility as a free-lance writer during the last twenty years The League met organized and often vicious is well known. With a breezy, free-wheeling opposition. In 1917-18, it was accused of ob- style, he has dramatized incidents in the hves stiucting the war effort; thereafter, it was of lumberjacks, Yankee migrants, business mo­ denounced as "communistic" because of its guls. Little Annie Oakley, and Davy Crockett. program of state enterprise and the Socialist His ideas are seldom profound and, fortunately, background of its leaders. Such criticisms and seldom dull. the fact that it had largely fulfilled its program Machines of Plenty is cast in the same pat­ by 1920 led to its decline in North Dakota, tern as his earlier books. The primary purpose where it remains as a Bepublican faction. is to glorify the Case farm implement company Though its day of power was brief. Dr. Morlan of Racine, Wisconsin, and to present its found­ demonstiates that its accomplishments were er, Jerome Increase Case, as a noble folk hero. significant and lasting, as its political effects Rather than duplicate the usual run of sub­ certainly were in Minnesota. sidized centennial business histories with theff Despite its over-all excellence, this book is saccharine platitudes, the author wisely gives open to some criticisms, perhaps due to the his story wider scope. He tosses in descriptive material rather than the author. Organization bits concerning hving conditions on early Mid­ suffers from Dr. Morlan's attempts to trace out western farms, the crudeness of the pioneer's the great variety of activities spawned by the machinery, the operation of bonanza farms in League while adhering basically to a chrono­ the Red River Valley and the Far West, and logical order; several of the chapters are be­ wildering conglomerates of topics with the reader yanked from one to another. MR. WIK, who is the author of a study of Steam Conservative readers may feel that the author Power on the American Farm (1953), is a mem­ sometimes too readily accepted the League's ber of the history faculty in Mills College at judgments of its opponents and of its own Oakland, California. At present he is in Berlin as program, though he generally preserves his a Fulbright lecturer.

348 MINNESOTA HistOTy activities around the threshing rigs of the grain- original research. In a large measure, the book growing states. There is some notice of people's consists of a more pofished sample of materials reactions to such innovations as fencing, light­ affeady in print. The pubhsher's blurbs promise ning rods, and steam traction engines. more than the writer managed to deliver. A In viriting this popularized version of the sound history of the Case company, as wefl as Case company, Mr. Holbrook uses the tech­ of the entire farm implement business, still re­ niques of the Hollywood scenarist. The hum.an mains to be written. interest angles get full play, minor incidents are blown up, and key individuals become TOMORROW'S FARMERS dashing figures symbolic of the best in Horatio Alger. Here is the "glamour and cheesecake" That Inspiring Past: The Future Farmers of formula applied to such drab items as plows, America in Minnesota, 1930-1955. By AGNES cattle sprayers, side-delivery rakes, peanut pick­ HARRIGAN MUELLER. (St. Paul, Webb Pub­ ers, stump pullers, combines, threshing ma­ lishing Company, 1955. xiii, 195 p. Illus­ chines, and manure spreaders. tiations. Cloth, $2.00; paper, $1.25.) The result is a nostalgic, episodic account, Reviewed by Merrill E. Jarchow full of rambhng digressions which often leave the reader in mid-air. But the book is interest­ ONE OF THE truly spectacular achievements ing and readable. It wifl appeal to those who of the past quarter century has been the mag­ recofl from serious reading and prefer lighter nificent increase in the productivity of Ameri­ fare. Indeed there are many who hke to be re­ can agriculture. With only sflghtly over thirteen minded that farmers feed the world and that per cent of the population of the United States the manufacturers of better machinery helped living on the land, farmers today are producing emancipate the "Man with the Hoe." fifty-four per cent more than they did in 1930 These positive aspects, however, are tarnished when twenty-five per cent of the population by shortcomings. Mr. Holbrook's reverence lived there. Playing a significant role in this for a good yarn often leads to gross exaggera­ achievement have been the thousands of young tion and at times to serious distortion of the men who since 1928, when the organization evidence. Perhaps a more precise title for the was founded, have passed through the various volume would have been "Tall Tales a' Plenty.'' degrees of the Future Farmers of America, or A rather typical misrepresentation concerns the the FFA as it is commonly known. The Minne­ description of the work done on a large ranch sota association of the FFA was officially or­ near WiUows, Cahfornia. The author in afl ganized at the University Farm in May, 1930, seriousness states that Dr. Hugh Glenn threshed at a convention attended by delegates and their a record-breaking 6,183 bushels of wheat ffi advisers from twenty-two high schools. Since one day in July, 1879, using a Case threshing that time, over fifty thousand Minnesota farm madiine with a forty-eight-inch cyhnder, which youths have served their state and nation by "Glenn said was just the ticket." A story of such participating in the manffold activities of the proportions would warm the heart of any adver­ FFA, gaining for themselves, at the same time, tising manager. But it is generally known that skills, knowledge, financial returns, and a sense this particular machine was built by a local of pride in farming. blacksmith, George Hoag, who used parts taken Although it was the forty-second state to from Geiser, Pitts, and Nichols and Shepard join the national FFA, Minnesota by 1951-52 was seventeenth among the states, Hawaii, and separators. Gaar Scott and Enright engines fur- Puerto Bico in total membership, and late in rushed the power. The Case company was not 1954 came much rejoicing when the goal of even in the picture. This is good fiction but bad ten thousand FFA members in the Land of Ten history. Some of the personal letters of J. I. Case Thousand Lakes was reached. The organization are reworded to add zest to the story. Too many in Minnesota has had its ups and downs, but victories are claimed for Case which rightfully belong to worthy competitors. Since there is no documentation, the author MR. JARCHOW is dean of men in Carleton Col­ leaves the impression that much of his data, lege, Northfield, and the author of a history of analogies, and anecdotes spring from his own agriculture in Minnesota.

Winter 1955 349 since World War II progress has been solid HOOSIER IMPRINTS and continuous. A Bibliography of Indiana Imprints, 1804-1853 From the start, the blue-jacketed lads of (Indiana Historical Collections, vol. 35). By Minnesota have been fortunate in the quality CECIL K. BYRD and HOWARD H. PECKHAM. and continuity of their leadership. Quite re­ (Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Bureau, markably, three of the men who helped found 1955. xxi, 479 p. $10.00.) the state association are stfll at the helm: Dr. A. M. Field, who more than any other person brought the FFA to Minnesota; Mr. G. B. Reviewed by James Taylor Dunn Cochran, the state FFA adviser; and Mr. W. J. IT IS ALMOST twenty years since Douglas C. Kortesmaki, the present executive secretary. McMurtrie's check list of Indiana imprints be­ These men and hundreds of others, especially came available and even longer since B. E. the agriculture instructors in the high schools, Banta published Mary Alden Walker's attrac­ have led the way in elevating Minnesota agri­ tive and useful study of The Beginnings of culture to the most bountiful condition it has Printing in the State of Indiana (1934). Com­ ever known. Their aim has been to help theff paring this new volume with the older ones students establish themselves in the farming shows how much hitherto unlisted material has business and to serve as leaders in their com­ turned up during the intervening years. This munities. It would appear that their efforts fact in itself makes the publication of the have met with unusual success. For example, a volume worth while. The greater number of study made by Dr. Field in 1949 showed that state imprint bibliographies appearing in the seventy-two per cent of the Minnesota boys 1930s were sponsored by the WPA and were who had earned the American Farmer degree released mainly in mimeographed form. Evi­ up to that time were farming as owners, renters, dence of a revival of interest in this type of or in partnership with their fathers. compilation is to be found in books such as this Mrs. Mueller has made a fine contiibution to and in a series sponsored by the Bibliographi­ the agricultural history of Minnesota. In twenty cal Society of America. brief, but fact-packed, chapters she has pre­ Indiana Imprints is arranged chronologically, sented a lively account of a very important and alphabetically within each year. Among agrarian movement. The volume itself does government documents the compilers have in­ credit to the Webb Publishing Company; the cluded session laws, revised statutes, separate format is attractive, the print is easy on the printings of single laws, Supreme Court re­ eyes, errors seem to be nonexistent, and many ports, official documents of the constitutional illustiations add interest. conventions, and House and Senate journals. A veritable mine of facts is contained in the There is need, they state, for a revised bibli­ appendixes compiled by Mr. Kortesmaki. To ography of Indiana state documents as a sepa­ be found there are such items as: the names of rate work. Magazines and newspacers have American Farmers from Minnesota together been excluded from the present bibliography. with their advisers; a list of honorary American The volume under review reveals approxi­ Farmers; the slates of official delegates to the mately two thousand Indiana imprints before national conventions; the names of state offi­ 1854 and locates copies in 253 different librar­ cers, of state contest winners in such fields as ies and private collections throughout the United farm mechanics, farm and home electrification, States, including the libraries of the Minnesota soil and water management, farm safety, and Historical Society and the University of Minne­ pubhc speaking; a list of state agriculture in­ sota. A five-page addenda lists unlocated titles structors; brief FFA chapter histories, and the known at some time to have existed. There are hke. The only thing lacking is an index. also two very complete indexes, the first giving It is to be hoped that the book will be widely authors, subjects, and titles, and the second distributed and read not only in Minnesota but listing printers, publishers, and printing offices. outside the state's borders as well, Indiana Imprints will undoubtedly serve as a model for future state bibliographies. Espe­ MR. DUNN recently joined the staff of the Minr- cially welcome to all who work with books is nesota Historical Society as librarian. the authors' warning to "book dealers and col-

350 MINNESOTA HistOTy lectors . . . that the number of copies [of a Lakes. Such familiar Lake Superior landmarks work] located is not to be consti-ued as evidence as the lighthouses at Split Rock on Minnesota's that only that number of copies exists." North Shore, on Isle Royale, at lonely Stannard Rock, and among the Apostle Islands are men­ NAVIGATORS' GUIDES tioned, but little historical information about them is provided. Keepers of the Lights. By HANS CHRISTIAN ADAMSON. (New York, Greenberg: Publish­ er, 1955. xviii, 430 p. Ilustiations. $5.50,) LAKE-SIDE VILLAGE

Reviewed by June Drenning Holmquist Minnetonka Beach: Our History, Our Munici­ pality, Our Home Rule Charter, 1855-1955. IN HIS AVOWED PUBPOSE to "capture and By BERGMANN BICHARDS. (Minnetonka recreate , , , the old days of the old-time Beach Civic Association, 1955. 87 p. Illus­ keepers on the old-time hghts,'' the author of trations, maps.) this volume succeeds admirably. Besearchers, however, will look in vain for comprehensive, Reviewed by Grace Lee Nute documented historical data on any one light. IT IS NOT every member of a viflage council As his title implies, Mr, Adamson's emphasis is who has the ability and the interest to look up on the keepers of the hghts, on the human story the little-known history of his community in of their faithfulness to duty, theff patience, and out-of-the-way sources and to publish a volume their heroism. Drawing upon the laconic, color­ of nearly a hundred pages on the subject. Mr. ful, often humorous reports submitted by the Richards states on the title page that his has men and women of the Lighthouse Service, the been a labor of love; after reading his highly author paints a many-hued portrait of the light useful and informative little book, one is ready tender before the days of automatic electronic to believe his statement. devices. Almost haff of the booklet is devoted to the Although Mr. Adamscn's primary concern is history of Minnetonka Beach, including the story with the personal aspects of his story, many in­ of Lake Minnetonka from its earliest known teresting details in the development of various discovery until settlement began in the 1850s. types of visual aids to navigation — buoys, light­ For this section Mr. Bichards has done a lot of ships, etc. — may be gleaned from his account. original research, so that some hitherto un­ Such devices as rotating lenses and steam- known facts about the lake and its history are operated foghorns came into use after the Civil included. In addition, many interesting maps War to aid the fight tender in his battle with and pictures have been found and printed. the elements. Whale oil gave way to kerosene The second half of the booklet is devoted to and then to electricity, simplifying the keepers' technical information about the municipahty duties and providing them with ever more — its taxes, schools, water plant, streets, parks, powerful beams. and officers. Then comes "Our Home Bule The bulk of the material presented is con- Charter," the document under which the tiny centiated in the period before 1939, when the community operates. Coast Guard took over the work of the Light­ A few misprints are to be noted, such as the house Service. Arranged by geographical areas, date 1833 for Theodore H. Lewis' survey of the text touches on American-operated lights mounds in the vicinity of Lake Minnetonka and from Alaska to Florida and from Hawaii to the year 1951 for the publication of the first Boston. A brief section deals with navigational newspaper in St. Anthony. aids on the Mississippi Biver and the Great

BOOKS and pamphlets reviewed in this sec­ MRS. HOLMQUIST is assistant editor of this maga­ tion and the one that follows will be avaflable zine. in the society's library as soon as they have Miss NUTE is research associate on the staff of been catalogued. They may be consulted in the Minnesota Historical Society and professor the reading room on the first floor of the His­ of history in Hamline University. torical Building.

Winter 1955 351 . . . on the HISTORICAL HORIZON

BOTH STUDENTS and professional writers The publication of such a magazine, according wifl find many useful suggestions in Homer to Mr. Hamilton, "is the principal way in which Carey Hockett's recently pubhshed volume on one great objective of the [historical] society The Critical Method in Historical Research and is reahzed — that of making local history better Writing (New York, The Macmiflan Company, known." 1955. 330 p. $5.00.). The work is an expanded and revised version of the same author's man­ ALEXANDER HAMILTON'S "estimate of the ual pubhshed in 1931 as an Introduction to ultimate value of Louisiana to the United Research in American History. Sections on the States" is the subject of "A Newly Identified "Development of Historical Method" and on Editorial from the New-York Evening Post," "Principles of Historical Criticism" are followed which is reprinted with an introduction and by detailed instructions for the preparation of notes in the Aprfl issue of the William and masters' and doctoral dissertations in history. Mary Quarterly. Hamilton's views on the Lou­ The author also presents a "Brief Survey of isiana Purchase, as stated in the editorial of American Historiography," and he touches up­ July 5, 1803, reveal "how clouded could be on such tiends as the study of local and busi­ his prophet's crystal bafl upon occasion," for ness history. The classified bibhography should he felt that "the possession at this time of any provide a helpful guide for those seeking in­ territory west of the river Mississippi" had formation on specific subjects, though the sec­ only "problematical' advantages for the United tions devoted to the individual states are sur­ States. "After all," he wrote, "it is the Island prisingly uneven in content. of N. Orleans . . . that gives to this inter­ esting cession, its greatest value." THE DIVEBSE currents of ideas, from the Protestant Reformation through Pragmatism, MANY NAMES of importance for Minnesota that have molded American Political Thought as well as Canadian history dot the pages of a are thoroughly surveyed by Alan Pendleton Preliminary Inventory of the Pubhc Archives Grimes in a recently pubhshed volume (New of Manitoba, recently issued by the Provincial York, Henry Hoff and Company, 1955. 500 p.). Library in Winnipeg (1955. 52 p.). Repre­ "To a large extent," writes Mr. Grimes, "Ameri­ sented there are Jean Baptiste Cadotte, the can pohtical thought consists of the articula­ elder La Verendrye, Peter Garrioch, Lord tions and modifications by Americans of the Gordon Gordon, Henry Y. Hind, Bishop Pro- political thought of others. . . . Few original vencher, Peter Fidler, James Wickes Taylor, and contiibutions to pohtical theory have been many others whose activities were significant made by Americans, despite our distinctive on both sides of the border. Students of the pohtical institutions. We have however inter­ fur trade, of the Sioux War, of the Riel re- preted, adopted and modified Western pohtical belfions, and of numerous other topics wfll do thought to better suit our cffcumstances." Min­ well to consult this Inventory. It provides a nesotans wifl be particularly interested in a sec­ guide to a rich store of material that has been tion devoted to Thorstein Veblen and his little used by those concerned with Minnesota impact upon the American social order and history. political system. R.W.F. THE TEXT of a little-known "North West IN THE LATEST of the Bulletins issued by Company Agreement of 1795" is reproduced the American Association for State and Local and discussed in an article by Elaine A. History (vol. 2, no. 7), Milton W. Hamflton Mitchell in the June number of the Canadian discusses The Local History Magazine and Its Historical Review. According to the author, a Publication (September, 1955). The author, copy of the agreement recently found in Scot­ who is now editor of publications for the New land sheds new light on the fur company's York State Division of Archives and History, operations and on the conflict between older takes up the value of a magazine devoted to and younger members of the firm over the size local history, and makes suggestions on how of the latter's interest in the business. The role to go about publishing it, on printing and of Alexander Mackenzie in formulating the format, on the role of the editor, on how to agreement, which was accepted at Grand Por­ find contributors, and on methods of financing. tage in 1796, is clearly set forth.

352 MINNESOTA HistOTy THE OPENING on July 16 near Ghadron, a forty-eighter who became one of the leaders Nebraska, of a new museum devoted to the of the German group in Chicago and who en­ history of the American fur trade is noted in gaged actively in local politics as a member of the July issue of the Nebraska State Historical of the new Republican party. Minnesota is Society's News Letter and in the September 1 represented by Amelia Ulhnann, some of whose number of Museum News. Sponsored by the recollections of "Frontier Days on the Upper Museum Association of the American Frontier, Mississippi" appeared in Minnesota History in the new institution will be know as the Mu­ 1953 and 1954. To illustrate the narrative of seum of the Fur Trade and will feature appro­ this pioneer St. Paul housewife, a view of the priate exhibits. river town of 1855 is reproduced. In his intro­ duction to the first volume of the set. Professor THE OPINION regarding the carving of the Marcus points out that the "autobiographical Kensington rune stone expressed by a Minne­ narratives" he has selected "describe in detail apolis sculptor, John Karl Daniels, is reported the realities of immigration, of business life, of by Jay Edgerton in the Minneapolis Star of emerging Jewish communities, of a changing August 1. Mr. Daniels contends that "the in­ Judaism, of the subtle processes of accullnira- scription was put on quickly with sure deft tion and integration," all of which represent the stiokes by a person thoroughly familiar with "essence of nineteenth-century American his­ carving runes." In addition, he observes that tory." Thus "every aspect of Jewish life" pic­ while most of the carving was done with a tured in these pages "is part of American life." hammer and chisel working from right to left The preparation of these memoirs by the Amer­ the last part of the inscription was carved from ican Jewish Archives at Cincinnati and their the opposite direction, suggesting the possibil­ publication were occasioned by the American ity that it was done by two carvers or by a Jewish Tercentenary of 1954. B.L.H. man who was ambidextrous. F.S.C. A THOUGHTFUL discussion of "The Causes BASING her narrative on documents of the and Consequences of Emigration in Sweden" fourteenth century, Laura Goodman Salver- is contributed by Franklin D. Scott to the son presents in Immortal Rock: The Saga of Spring number of the Chronicle, pubhshed by the Kensington Stone a fictional version of the the American Swedish Historical Foundation. events supposedly recorded on the Minnesota Mr. Scott utilizes quotations from America let­ stone (Toronto, 1954). The writer attempts to ters to point up the ideological, social, and eco­ reconstruct the life story of each of the men nomic causes of the Swedish exodus. He says in Paul Knutson's expedition, as well as to de­ that mass emigration to the United States in scribe theff adventures in the heart of the the nineteenth century "led to worried soul- North American continent. "The Vikings in searching" by "the guardians of Swedish soci­ America: A Critical Bibhography" by T. J. ety" and brought about subsequent reforms and Oleson, appearing in the Canadian Historical changes in the Swedish church and state. Review for June, hsts many books and articles about the stone published for the most part THE AMEBICAN Association for State and from 1939 to 1954. Local History has conferred on the City Art Museum of St. Louis and the WaU

Winter 1955 353 common stature for his time," noting that his INDIANS PAST AND PRESENT comparison of the Russian steppes and the northern plains was the first official sign of the AMONG recent articles dealing with archeo- "breakdown of the desert idea" that had long logical work in Minnesota is Lloyd A. Wilford's dominated American thinking about the tians- outline of "A Revised Classification of the Pre­ Mississippi West. Mr. Meinig's conclusions help historic Cultures of Minnesota," in the Octo­ to explain news reports and editorials in Min­ ber number of American Antiquity. Fourteen nesota newspapers of the 1850s which urged years have elapsed since Dr. WiUord pubfished Americans, and especially Minnesotans, to his pioneering study of this subject in the Jan­ move onto the northern plains as the Russians uary, 1941, issue of the same magazine. He were moving into Siberia. H.M.W. has since modified some of his conclusions, but in the main his earlier theses have been sub­ PHOTOGRAPHS and brief descriptions of stantiated. Students wifl be happy to find that numerous models of cars and tiucks popular Dr. Wilford has included in his new paper a from 1893 to 1952 appear in A Chronicle of fist of the various prehistoric cultures of the the Automotive Industry in America recently area in their chronological sequence. He de- issued by the Automobile Manufacturers Asso­ hneates the early, middle, and late Woodland ciation (Detroit, 1955. 68 p.). Famous "firsts" periods in Minnesota, and he separates the of various lines of cars and trucks stifl in pro­ Hopewell manifestations from other Woodland duction have been included, and an effort has sites. In addition, recent excavations have en­ been made to depict popular or unusual de­ abled him to amplify the section of his classi­ signs "for every year since 1893." fication dealing with Mississippi culture. A new method of recording the shapes of THE WORK of a neglected government agen­ stone projectile points is described by Louis cy that "spans the years from James K. Polk to H. Powell in a leaflet on Spring Lake Archae­ Harry S. Truman" is examined by George L. ology: Point Profiles, issued by the St. Paul Anderson in an article on "The Board of Equi­ Science Museum as part 1, number 3 of its table Adjudication, 1846-1930" in the April Science Bulletins. This represents a major step issue of Agricultural History. As an agency con­ toward the establishment of a system of classi­ cerned wffh the administration of pubhc lands, fication for lithic materials comparable to that the board was established in 1846 and it "func­ used for pottery. The text of the leaflet is il­ tioned in connection with every major land lustrated with sketches of a number of the law." According to the author, its purpose was points found in the Spring Lake area. "to confirm the title to a particular tract of land A more general account of the Spring Lake to a person who had tiled to comply with the excavations is contiibuted by Phflip S. Taylor law, but had failed in some particular through to the September issue of the Conservation ignorance, error, or obstacle over which he had Volunteer. Writing under the title "The Gave no control." Mr. Anderson indicates the types Dwellers," the author suggests that the absence of cases handled by the board and points up of pottery at the lower levels of the cave ex­ the importance of its records for students of cavation may make the site a major find for the the public lands. Archaic period. Investigations on the site of Fort Stevenson A CONTINUING DEMAND for a book first in North Dakota, made under the supervision ubhshed in 1931 and long out of print has of G. Hubert Smith, are described by Paul L. Eid the University of Minnesota Press to re­ Cooper in The Archeological and Paleonto- issue John D. Hicks' study of The Populist Re­ logical Salvage Program in the Missouri Basin, volt: A History of the Farmers' Alliance and 1950-51, a report pubhshed by the Smith­ the People's Party (1955. $6.00.). Students of sonian Institution as volume 126, number 2 of Northwest history and of third-party move­ its Miscellaneous Collections (1955. 99 p.). ments will be especially grateful to the press Eleven sites in the Missouri Basin area, some for once more making this useful work avail­ prehistoric and others evidencing white con­ able. The first edition was reviewed in the tact, are discussed in the recently published re­ issue of Minnesota History for December, 1931, port. by John D. Barnhart, who commented that "The Besources of the National Archives for '"The book is a valuable contribution to the the Study of the American Indian" are de­ political and agrarian history of the nation since scribed in the summer issue of Ethnohistory by the Civil War, and it is particularly significant Gaston Litton. He notes the various groups of to the people of the Mississippi Vafley." records which contain material on the Indians,

354 MINNESOTA HistOTy and suggests the need on the archives staff for of Mr. Killen's material appears with valuable a special consultant in Indian and frontier af­ documentation in the June number of the faffs. F.S.C. Minnesota Law Review under the title "Min­ nesota Chippewas: Treaties and Trends." TO ISSUES of the Murray County Herald published at Slayton on September 8 and weekly thereafter, Bobert B. Forrest contiib­ SOME ANNIVERSARIES utes articles entitled "When Murray County Was Indian Country." In them, he describes THAT the "Pike Treaty Was Long Disputed" and locates some stone figures that are believed is brought out by Jay Edgerton in the Minne­ to have had special significance for the Sioux. apolis Star of October 8, where he calls atten­ The author reports that outlines of a buffalo, a tion to the one-hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary man, a bear, a turtle, and a crane were once of Lieutenant Pike's purchase in 1805 of apparent on Buffalo Bidge, a high point in the future site of Fort Snelling. He expresses Chanarambie Township that formerly was used the opinion that Pike's negotiations "laid the by the Sioux for dances, ceremonials, and foundations of modem Minnesota." Mr. Edger­ burials. ton mentions the many legal questions later raised about the treaty's validity and notes Major Lawrence Tahaferro's action to secure THE BIOGBAPHY of Crazy Horse, The title to the land in 1838. Pike's purchase is also Strange Man of the Oglalas, written by Mari discussed by George Bice in the October 7 Sandoz and first published in 1942, has been issue of the same newspaper. reprinted by Hastings House (New York, 1955. $4.50.). In tracing the career of this Indian chief, the vvriter pictures him, rather than Sit­ STEPS IN the "Early Movement for the St. ting Bull, as the "real leader" in the battie of Mary's Fafls Ship Canal" are tiaced by Clark the Little Big Horn that resulted in Custer's F. Norton in the leading article published in defeat. Michigan History for September. This and other items in the issue call attention to the THE BEVIVAL of ancient Chippewa cere­ centennial of the Sault canal, which completed monies and methods of harvesting wild rice a hundred years of continuous use on June 18. on the Lac Court Oreilles Beservation near Contemporary descriptions of Sault Ste. Marie Hayward, Wisconsin, is described in an article as seen by "two inteUigent Englishmen in 1853 on the "Bich Harvest" in the Duluth News- and 1854" are reprinted in the number. The Tribune of September 18. Photographs of some first, from Wilham H. G. Kingston's Western of the ceremonies and steps in the harvesting Wanderings, has been edited by Lewis Beeson; process accompany the article. the second, extracted from Laurence Oliphant's Minnesota and the Far West, was prepared for publication by Roy F. Fleming. "The Story of THE PROCEEDINGS of a conference on the Sault" is reviewed by another Michigan present-day Indian problems, held at the Uni­ writer, F. Clever Bald, in the Autumn number versity of Minnesota in April, have been edited of the Beaver. This author suiveys the record of by Helen P. Mudgett and Hillis G. Kay and exploration in the area as well as the story published by the university in a mimeographed of the planning, building, and later use of the work on Indian Tribes and Treaties (1955. canal. 171 p.). Among useful materials here included are the texts of talks on recent federal legisla­ tion, on current tribal affairs, and on the HIGH LIGHTS in the development of a Twin Canadian government's Indian program. Of Cities' wholesaling firm are sketched by James special interest are Dean Julius M. Nolte's Gray in a booklet entitled Our First 100 Years: paper on "The Historical and Theoretical Base The Story of General Trading Company (1955. of Indian Treaties" and John Killen's historical 138 p.). The author treats his material chrono­ survey of "Treaties with the Minnesota Chip­ logically, tracing the company's origins to the pewa." Two maps showing the locations of pioneer firms of Nicols and Berkey, Nicols, Chippewa reservations in the state in 1863 Dean and Gregg, and the Minneapolis Iron and Chippewa land cessions from 1837 to 1955 Store. Although there are many gaps in the accompany the articles. An appendix brings record, the account provides an outline of the together the texts of treaties and executive parent companies' growth as wholesalers of agreements made with the Minnesota Chip­ hardware and automotive supphes. Some bi­ pewa from 1837 to 1889. An expanded version ographical data is included on members of the

Winter 1955 355 Nicols, Dean, and Gregg families who have tains information on Elmhurst Cemetery and been associated with the company. St. John's Hospital m St. Paul, projects wffh which the church has long been associated. THE CENTENNIAL of the settlement of the town of Wyoming was commemorated by a BEYOND STATE BOUNDARIES celebration from August 5 to 7 and by the publication of a Souvenir Historical Booklet A HANDSOME booklet dealing with The St. prepared by Brendan Connelly and other mem­ Lawrence Seaway: The Realization of a Mighty bers of the Wyoming Centennial Committee Dream has been issued by the Distiflers Cor­ (24 p.). The pamphlet contains brief bio­ poration-Seagrams Limited of Montieal (1955. graphical sketches of the area's early settlers 40 p.). Originally included in the firm's Annual and some information on the development of Report for 1954, this elaborately illustrated nar­ its schools and churches. Also of interest is a rative, reviewing the history of a "symbol of pictorial section, in which are street scenes, co-operation between two neighbour countries," photographs of business houses, and interior has been made available for a wider audience. views of a local country store, a barber shop, Especially noteworthy are the explanatory com­ and a cigar store. ments on pictures and the detailed "Map and Profile" of the seaway provided in the "Sup­ TO A SPECIAL EDITION of the Hutchin­ plementary Notes" that accompany the booklet. son Leader, issued on June 23 to commemorate The seaway is also the subject of an informa­ the one-hundredth anniversary of the town's tive series of articles by Bob Murphy appearing founding, Esther Jerabek of the Minnesota in the Minneapolis Star from June 6 to 24. Historical Society's library staff contributes an The writer provides firsthand data on the ex­ article on "Czech Pioneers of McLeod Coun­ isting water highway between Milwaukee and ty." Additional information on such phases of Montreal by describing his recent tiip over the the town's history as the development of its route aboard the Dutch vessel "M.S. Prins schools, churches, park system, and business Wfllem IV." By means of photographs and houses, together with data on national groups factual text, he depicts existing port and lock represented there and sketches of members of facilities, present traffic conditions, types of the Hutchinson family may also be found in cargoes carried, and vessels used. In the last this issue of the newspaper. two articles of the series, he speculates on the possible implications for Minnesota of an ex­ THE CENTENNIAL of the founding of the tended and deepened seaway. Additional data village of Spring Vafley in Fillmore County on the seaway's effect on the ports of the Great was marked by a celebration from July 2 to 4, Lakes may be found in a series of articles by by a special edition of the Spring Valley Trib­ Balph G. Martin beginning in Newsweek for une on June 30, and by the publication of an August 15 under the title "Our New Inland fllustrated booklet (1955. 48 p.). In the latter Empire on the Sea." may be found information on the establishment The growth of shipping operations in the of the village by the Spring Valley Association, "Overseas Trade on the Great Lakes-St. Law­ on the subsequent development of its schools, rence Waterway" since the 1930s is analyzed churches, businesses, and organizations, and by Villa B. Smith in the October issue of the on the importance to its growth of agriculture, Journal of Geography. The author surveys the dairying, and mining. Many photographs of number and the types of vessels and shipping significant places and events in the history of companies, and gives detafls on their diversi­ the village are included. The Tribime features fied cargoes and varied destinations. biographical sketches of many early settlers and historical accounts of the viflage fire de­ A FOBMEB Calgary newspaperman, WiUiam partment, the local newspaper, and the opera McCartney Davidson, is the author of a re­ house. cently published biography of the m6tis leader Louis Riel, 1844-1885 (Calgary, Alberta, 1955. ONE OF THE oldest congregations in the 214 p.). Although the work is not annotated, state recently issued an illustrated pamphlet many of the sources are indicated in the text, commemorating its centennial under the title which treats chronologically and sympatheti­ One Century of Lutheran Activities by Trinity cally Biel's life and his stormy career in the Church of Saint Paid (1955. 64 p.). In addi­ Red River country and in the m6tis uprisings tion to a brief sketch of the church's history of 1869 and 1885. Research for the work was since its organization in 1855, the booklet con­ largely completed by Mr. Davidson in the

356 MINNESOTA History 1920s, and the reasons for the book's publica­ are not covered. The guide is arranged by tion now, thirteen years after the author's manuscript types, with sections on autographed death, are not given. papers, account books, church records. Con­ Comment on the causes and results of the federate pension records, diaries and journals, rebellion of 1869 is to be found in some of the hotel registers, local records, military records, letters published in the Dufferin-Carnarvon tax books, and vital statistics. An index is pro­ Correspondence, 1874-1878, edited by C. W. vided. de Kiewiet and F. H. Underbill for pubhcation by the Champlain Society (Toronto, 1955). "It A NORTH DAKOTA pioneer's cabin wifl be is quite evident that the Hudson['s] Bay Com­ preserved and exhibited in an outdoor museum pany had long been a moribund Government," at Bygdoy, Norway, according to the St. Paul wrote Lord Dufferin on October 12, 1874. "As Pioneer Press of July 8. Under the heading soon as Winnipeg became the centre of an "North Dakota Log Cabin in Norwegian Mu­ urban population and Manitoba the home of seum," the paper reports that the cabin was white settlers, its rudimentary structure was no obtained and presented by Nordmanns-for- longer equal to the more complicated functions bundet, a world-wide organization whose mem­ it was required to discharge." bers are of Norwegian descent. Several Minne­ sota cabins were considered, the announcement THE great-great-grandson of Jean Baptiste says, but "a typical one, in good condition," Cadotte, Alec Butterfield, recalls "Early Days found near Kindred, North Dakota, was se­ on Chequamegon Bay" in the Duluth Neios- lected. Tribune for July 31. Among the pioneers active in the Bayfield-Ashland, Wisconsin, area men­ THE STORY of old Georgetown, a community tioned in Mr. Butterfield's reminiscences are north of Moorhead on the Red River, is re­ Henry M. Rice, Asaph Whittlesey, and Isaac viewed by Roy P. Johnson in a detailed narra­ Wing. Included is an account of a trip on Lake tive, the first installment of which appears in Superior made by Rice. the Fargo Forum for July 3. Remnants of the frontier town, which served as a shipping cen­ THE ONTARIO department of travel and ter for the Hudson's Bay Company from 1859 publicity has issued an attractive illustrated to the early 1880s, are still to be seen on a booklet entitled Historic Ontario that provides farm about a mile and a half from the present useful information on the region's principal vfllage of Georgetown, according to Mr. John­ historic sites and spots of interest. Designed son. The opening section, and those published primarily as an aid to tourists visiting the later in the Sunday editions of the Forum, in­ province, the pamphlet contains brief and clude a wealth of information about the history informative descriptions of historic areas. Espe- of Fargo and Moorhead, about steamboat and ciafly useful is a map showing the locations of stagecoach transportation in the Bed Biver fur-trading forts and giving the dates of their country, about Hudson's Bay Company ship­ establishment. A hst of Ontario museums is ments through Minnesota, about the Bed Biver also included. tiail, and about such prominent Minnesotans as Bussell Blakeley, Anson Northup, and B. M. Probstfield. FOR THOSE "readers who desire a brief yet reasonably comprehensive account of the state's growth," the University of Oklahoma Press has THE MINNESOTA SCENE published Edwin C. McReynolds' Oklahoma: A History of the Sooner State (Norman, 1954. MANY ASPECTS of Minnesota life are de­ 464 p.). It makes available between the covers scribed and pictured by Grace Flandrau in an of a single book the story of the last American article on the state in the August number of commonwealth to be opened to settlement. Holiday. Mrs. Flandrau's fond pen sketches a panoramic view of present-day Minnesota. Its A NEWLY PUBLISHED Guide to the Manu­ forests, lakes, farms, mines, praffies, towns and scripts of the Kentucky Historical Society by cities, weather, and the varied national back­ G. Glenn Clfft makes more useful to scholars grounds of its people, together with side hghts the collection assembled by the society since on such native sons as Sinclair Lewis and the late 1880s (1955. 185 p.). The volume is Charles E. Flandrau, are blended by the author, not, however, a complete index to the society's who is herseff a Minnesotan and a member of holdings, since several groups of manuscripts, the Minnesota Historical Society's executive including its extensive genealogical collection, coimcil.

Winter 1955 357 A CHAPTER on Lord Gordon Gordon, "The the Cuyuna formation and its ores and on the Man Who Took Jay Gould to the Gleaners," is progress of recent manganese experimentation included among the accounts of successful there. The authors locate and sketch the de­ hoaxes, frauds, and ruses in Alexander Klein's velopment of many of the mines on the last of Grand Deception (Phfladelphia, 1955). The Minnesota's ranges to be discovered. author reviews the bogus lord's successful rail­ road swindles in Minnesota and New York in A MINNEAPOLIS athlete is the central figure the 1870s, his deception of Jay Gould and of a recent book entitled This Was Football Horace Greeley, the efforts of Minnesotans to (1954. 192 p.). It records the story of W. W. bring him to justice, and the strained relations "Pudge" Heffelfinger, as told to John McCal­ between the United States and Canada caused lum, and it contributes to the sports history by his activities. both of the nation and of Minnesota. Numerous ' The career of another clever scoundrel, references to the Minneapolis background of Alonzo J. Whiteman, is described by Carl Car- this Yale football hero occur in the narrative. mer in a chapter on "The Next Happiest Man in the World," appearing in a volume entitled A SUBSTANTIAL STUDY of a httle-known Dark Trees to the Wind (New York, 1949). Minnesota region has been pubhshed by Her­ According to the author, Whiteman's fortunes man O. Hendrikson as Chronicles of High- took him to Minnesota, where he made his first water Township, Cottonwood County (1954. million by investing in Duluth real estate. He 112 p.). The author is to be commended for was a Minnesota state senator in the 1880s and bringing together a wealth of useful informa­ is said to have been the youngest candidate tion on the township and its inhabitants. In­ elected in the state "up to that time." He left cluded, for example, are lists of settlers with Duluth about 1888, and soon after embarked the dates of their arrival and a breakdown of upon a highly successful series of bank swin­ the areas from which they migrated, a review dles that attracted the attention of the Pinker- of the township's organization with the names ton Detective Agency. Although he was long of its ofiicials over the years and their positions wanted for bold and imaginative crimes in and periods of service, and a compilation of both Europe and the United States, Whiteman population and vital statistics totals for the was not successfully jailed for any appreciable years from 1870 to the 1950s. In addition, Mr. length of time untfl 1905. J.D.H. Hendrikson provides data on such topics as Indian artffacts that have been found in the THE SIOUX OUTBBEAK is the subject of area, the use and construction of sod houses, two articles contributed by Erling Larsen to cattle and sheep raising, early agricultural the June and July issues of Sparks. In the first, methods, the dangers and calamities of pioneer "Background for Violence," Mr. Larsen ex­ lffe, and the development of schools, churches, plores the causes of the conflict, effectively and frontier businesses in the township. The setting the scene for his second article on the work is illustrated and indexed. J.D.H. "Uprising in the Valley." After briefly review­ ing the course of the outbreak, the author con­ "WHAT happened when the news of the as­ cludes that it occurred "because there was no sassination of Abraham Lincoln reached a small longer enough land to support the white man vfllage on the American frontier" is demon­ who wanted to live by clearing . . . and plow­ strated by James Eckman and H. L. Smith in ing and also support the Indian who wanted to an attractive pamphlet entitled A Day in the live by hunting." In the August number of Life of a Country Newspaper (Bochester, Sparks, the same author touches on the de­ 1955. 18 p.). Excerpts from the Mantorville velopment of Pine City and the decline of Press of April 21, 1865, are reprinted to show Chengwatana, now a-ghost town on the Snake the impact of Lincoln's assassination on that Biver, and in the November issue he sketches Minnesota village. the story of the Pigeon Biver in the fur trade. PLANS to provide a new home for the Henne­ IN number 36 of the Bulletins of the Minne­ pin County Historical Society are outlined in sota Geological Survey, Frank F. Grout and the Minneapolis Star of November 9. Accord­ J. F. Wolff, Sr., report much useful informa­ ing to the account, the society hopes to raise tion on The Geology of the Cuyuna District funds for a new museum on a two-acre plot at (1955. 144 p.). As the only geological study of University and Cential avenues in Minneapolis the range to appear in thffty-six years, the and to move there the historic Stevens and volume adds materially to available data on Godfrey houses. A pictorial feature, "Historical

358 MINNESOTA Htstory Society Latch-stiing Out," appearing in the veyor and an early city engineer. The local October 26 issue of the same newspaper, cafls group held its fifteenth annual dinner meeting attention to the successful open house held by on October 25 at Rochester and heard Lester the Hennepin County group on October .30. J. Fiegel discuss the city's banking history.

THE EIGHTH annual tour to spots of historical REMINISCENCES of a blacksmith's lffe in interest in the Jackson County area was spon­ Fosston are recorded by Esten Moen in a series sored by the local historical society on Sep­ of sketches entitled Tales My Father Told Me tember 8. After leaving Jackson, the tourists (1954. 82 p.). The author's father, John Moen, tiaveled to Avoca, Slayton, and Montevideo, emigrated from Norway and settled in Polk where they visited the site of Gamp Release, County in 1898, working there as a blacksmith the Lac qui Parle mission, an Indian burial until his death in 1949. Much useful informa­ ground, and other historic spots. The final stop tion on blacksmithing practices and a detailed on the tour was made at Granite Falls, where description of Moen's shop are included in this participants visited the museum of the Yellow charming account of a Norwegian-American Medicine County Historical Society and the family. Wood Lake battleground, THE RAMSEY County Historical Society's fall THE ISSUE of die Willnuir Dady Tribune for program featured a series of Sunday afternoon September 19 carries a report on the accom­ openings at the Gibbs House. Held on Septem­ plishments of the Kandiyohi County Historical ber 25, October 9 and 23, and November 6, Society during the past year. According to the the events called attention to recent additions account, more than forty volumes of county to the society's museum collection. newspapers were bound. Many of the files were assembled and presented by Mr. Harold A CONDENSATION of a paper on "John Swenson and Mrs. Rhoda Fink. They include Wesley North and Northfield," read by Pro­ early papers published at New London, and fessor Carlton G. Qualey of Carleton Coflege copies of the Willmar Republican Gazette and before the annual meeting of the Rice County the Willmar Argus. Historical Society at Faribault on October 17, appears in the Northfield Independent for Oc­ A LARGE NUMBEB of enthusiastic people tober 20. In the study, which was based on attended a meeting at International Falls on research in the large collection of North Papers October 18 and voted unanimously to reor­ in the Huntington Library, Mr. Qualey calls ganize the Koochiching County Historical attention to North's varied career, concentiat- Society. On hand to assist in framing a con­ ing especially on his activities in Minnesota stitution for the group was Arch Grahn, field from 1855 to 1861, when he was engaged in dffector of the Minnesota Historical Society. promoting the young town of Northfield. Joseph A. Kalar of International Falls was elected president of the local society. THE DIARIES of Charles Ezra Lovett, kept A NEW locally created cartoon series, the from 1873 to 1925, were recently presented to "Morrison County Sketchbook," featuring bits the St. Louis County Historical Society by Mrs. of the area's history and folklore, has been Roella L. Watts and Mrs. Carl H. Lovett. A appearing in the Little FaUs Daily Transcript successful lawyer and businessman, Lovett each Monday since October 17. The first three went to Duluth in 1886, and the recently ac­ sketches, in issues for October 17, 24, and 31, quired volumes, fifty in all, contain information deal with the ghost town of Granite City, the on the business, civic, and social life of the city. viflage of Swan Biver, and the county's fffst courthouse, respectively. The attiactive car­ UTILIZING RECORDS in the possession of toons are drawn by Robert D. Pomeroy, who the Wadena County Historical Society, H. E. obtains much of the information used from the Boen has compiled a "History of the County Morrison County Historical Society. Originals Fair," which appears in the Menahga Messen­ of the cartoons become a part of the local ger of August 11. Although the author notes society's coflections. that "sketchy recordings of proceedings fafl to disclose many pertinent facts concerning the AMONG the Olmsted County Historical Soci­ fair board," he has culled from minutes of meet­ ety's recent acquisitions are the notebooks and ings and faff programs information about the diaries of George Healy, Rochester's first sur­ board's financial struggles and about changes

Winter 1955 359 in the programs over the years from 1897, when Fergus Falls, a notable collection of political the records begin. campaign hterature, and several volumes of the Journal and its predecessors that fill gaps in THE WOBK of the Winona County Historical the society's file. Society in 1954-55 received national recogni­ tion recently in the form of an award from the TWENTY-THBEE items have been added to American Association for State and Local His­ the papers of Henry H. Sibley by his great- tory. The honor was given to the local group grandniece, Mrs. Wflliam S. Killgreen of St. for its "spectacular progress in reactivating a Paul. Among them are letters relating to the dormant" society and for its "outstanding list of organization of the territorial legislature of accomphshments in a period of fifteen months." 1852, Minnesota raihoads and raiffoad bonds, local pohtics, land grants to raihoads, mort­ gages, and the sale of lands. Included also is a NEWS OF THE SOCIETY document of Aprfl 21, 1852, signed by the chiefs and headmen of the Sisseton and Wah- A BEPBINT of The Voyageur, Grace Lee peton bands in protest against powers of at­ Nute's book on the colorful French-Canadians torney aUeged to have been granted by them who played a major role in the fur tiade of to Madison Sweetser after the signing of the Minnesota and the Northwest, has been issued tieaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota in by the society. It reproduces exactiy the text the summer of 1851. and the illustrations of the original edition, pubhshed in 1931 by D. Appleton and Com­ pany and long out of print. Copies of the new ONE OF five known copies of Lewis G. Beck's edition sell for $4.00. Members of the society, Gazet[t]eer of the States of Illinois and Mis­ however, who receive a discount of twenty-five souri (Albany, 1823) is a recent addition to per cent, may purchase the book for $3.0O. the society's library. This important work of 352 pages, which has been described as the first guidebook to the West, contains one of the A DISCUSSION of "The Case of the Clark earliest published descriptions of the Illinois Papers" was presented by Bobert H. Bahmer, settlements and the adjacent country west of assistant archivist of the United States, before the Mississippi. the nineteenth annual meeting of the Society of American Archivists in Nashville on Octo­ ber 11. He dealt with legal and other technical A COLLECTION of maps of 153 Minnesota problems arising out of the discovery of some communities, pubhshed on 1,360 sheets by the WiUiam Clark Papers in St. Paul by the soci­ Sanborn Map Company of New York from ety's curator of manuscripts in 1953. The case 1925 to 1951, has been received from the to quiet title to the papers is scheduled for Library of Congress. The maps show the loca­ hearing before the United States Distiict Court tions of pubhc and private buildings, geo­ in St. Paul on December 13. graphical features, streets, and the like.

THE PAPERS of Ehner EUsworth Adams of A TALK on "Local History Is Coming of Age'' Fergus Falls, comprising some two hundred was given by Mr. Fridley before the Institute thousand items, are the gfft of his son, Mr. for Local History sponsored by the State His­ Samuel P. Adams of the same city. They docu­ torical Society of Wisconsin at Madison on ment the elder Adams' career as publisher and November 5. Both he and Mr. Grahn partici­ editor of the Fergus Falls Journal, stockholder pated in the Second Distiict Historical Assem­ and officer of the Otter Tafl Power Company, bly meeting on October 15 at Henderson president of the Fffst National Bank of Fergus where they led a discussion centering aboul Falls, Minnesota state senator, Bepublican par­ the preservation of the state's pictorial records. ty leader, and spirited promoter of the general The society was represented at the annual economic weffare of western Minnesota. Cor­ meeting of the Society of American Archivists respondence, diaries kept by Adams, scrap- in Nashville from October 9 to 11 by Miss books, and drafts of speeches are included in Kane, who took part in a discussion of the the papers, which cover roughly the period "Defense of Archives against Human Foes." from 1890 to 1950. Mr. Adams also has pre­ Mr. Cutler spoke on the work of local historical sented the papers of Dr. Beginald M. Beynolds, museums before annual meetings of the Fari­ the fffst physician in Fergus Fafls and probably bault and Pine county historical societies on in Otter "Tafl County, some photographs of October 1 and 3.

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