CLASS STRUGGLE, THE COMMUNIST PARTY, AND THE POPULAR FRONT IN CANADA, 1935-1939 A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada © Copyright by Martin Schoots-McAlpine, 2016 Canadian and Indigenous Studies M.A. Graduate Program January 2017 ABSTRACT Class Struggle, The Communist Party, and the Popular Front in Canada, 1935-1939 Martin Schoots-McAlpine This thesis is an attempt to provide a critical history of the Communist Party of Canada (CPC) during the Popular Front era, roughly November 1935 to September 1939. This study contains a detailed examination of the various stages of the Popular Front in Canada (the united front, the height of the Popular Front, and the Democratic front), with special attention paid to the CPC’s activities in: the youth movement, the labour movement, the unemployed movement, the peace movement, and the anti-fascist movement. From this I conclude that the implementation of the Popular Front, the transformation of the CPC from a revolutionary party to a bourgeois party, was not a smooth process, but instead was punctuated and resisted by elements within the CPC in what can be considered a process of class struggle internal to the CPC itself. Keywords: Communist Party of Canada, communism, Soviet Union, labour, Popular Front, Great Depression, socialism, Canada ii Acknowledgements I would first like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Bryan Palmer, for his patience and assistance in writing this thesis. I benefitted greatly from his expertise in the field. I would further like to thank Cathy Schoel, the Administrative Assistant and Graduate Programs and Research Centre Coordinator, for her assistance in helping me to navigate the convoluted rules and regulations of graduate studies at Trent University. I would like to thank the staff at the Thomas Fisher Library, Library and Archives Canada, Mills Library at McMaster University, the McMaster Special Collections, the Toronto Reference Library, and the Hamilton Public Library, many of whom went above and beyond in helping me access sources. I would like to thank my family for their love and support over my entire academic career. I would also like to thank my friends and comrades who have patiently feigned interest while I bounced ideas off of them, and who provided critical input on various parts of this thesis. In turn, a special thanks goes to those who have struggled with me over the years to help refine my politics; our debates have proven invaluable to me in interpreting the historical data that went into this thesis. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my partner, Alexandra Lepine, who not only kept me sane during the writing of this thesis, but was an unending source of support. Despite her own academic commitments, she helped at every step of the way, including the tedious task of editing. Without her this would not have been possible. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii I. Introduction 1 A Brief History of the Communist Party of Canada 2 The International Level 12 What is the Popular Front? 15 How Should the Popular Front be Understood? 19 II. The Genesis of the Popular Front: October 1934 – November 1935 39 Canada and the Lead-Up to the Seventh Comintern Congress 39 The Seventh World Congress of the Comintern 57 From the Seventh World Congress to the Ninth 61 Central Committee Plenum The Ninth Central Committee Plenum 68 The Balance Sheet of the United Front Period 70 III. The Height of the Popular Front: November 1935 – October 1937 73 The Road to Unity 73 Building the Popular Front 86 The Popular Front in Decline 112 The Height of the Popular Front in Review 132 IV. The Eighth Dominion Convention: October 1937 137 V. From Popular Front to Democratic Front: November 1937 – June 1938 145 VI. The Democratic Front: May 1938 – September 1939 163 iv Attempting to Build the Democratic Front 163 Beginning of the Long Decline 170 The Tragedy of the Democratic Front 186 VII. Conclusion 189 Bibliography 208 v 1 I. Introduction This thesis is an attempt to provide a critical history of the Communist Party of Canada (CPC) during the Popular Front era, roughly November 1935 to September 1939. In this introduction I will briefly introduce the history of the CPC, before exploring the nature of the Popular Front, and finally looking at the place of the Popular Front in the current historiography of Communism: both Canadian and international. From there, I examine the period from October of 1934 to November of 1935, which I term the Genesis of the Popular Front. I then describe the period of the Popular Front proper, from November of 1935 –the Ninth Central Committee Plenum of the CPC- to October of 1937 –the Eighth Dominion Convention of the CPC. I briefly look at the Eighth Dominion Convention of the CPC, which took place in October of 1937. I describe the process by which the Popular Front transitioned into the Democratic Front between November 1937 and June 1938, when the CPC held its Thirteenth Central Committee Plenum. Finally, I finish by looking at the Democratic Front proper, from June 1938 to September 1939. From this I conclude that the implementation of the Popular Front, the transformation of the CPC from a revolutionary party to a bourgeois party, was not a smooth process, but instead was punctuated and resisted by elements within the CPC in what can be considered a process of class struggle internal to the CPC itself. 2 A Brief History of the Communist Party of Canada A first attempt at the founding of a communist party in Canada occurred in 1919, in the context of what Craig Heron has termed the post-war “workers’ revolt”.1 Due to a series of police raids in the wake of WWI, the first attempt at the formation of a Communist Party in Canada was forced underground and ultimately failed.2 However, following the Russian Revolution, nascent Communist formations were also formed in the United States. Unable to unify on their own for a variety of reasons,3 the Comintern (an international communist organization comprised of the respective national Communist Parties) sent a representative to the United States in the spring of 1921 in order to help broker a unity deal. Two of these organizations – the United Communist Party of America and the Communist Party of America – also had sections in Canada. The Comintern representative, Caleb Harrison (known as Atwood in Canada)4, travelled to Toronto in April of 1921 in order to arrange for the two Canadian sections of the American parties to unify. He was successful and on May 23, 1921 representatives from the two American parties as well as the Socialist Party of North America met in a barn outside of Guelph and formed the Communist Party of Canada (CPC). While the CPC was conceived of as an underground organization, leading members soon felt the “necessity for public legal work.”5 As a result, they suggested the formation of a broader party; following a series of cross-country tours by leading 1 Craig Heron, The Workers’ Revolt in Canada, 1917-1925 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998). 2 Ian Angus, Canadian Bolsheviks: The Early Years of the Communist Party of Canada (Montreal: Vanguard Publications, 1981), 29-48. 3 For an account of the early American revolutionary left, see: Bryan Palmer, James Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2007. 4 William Rodney, Soldiers of the International (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), 36. 5 Tim Buck eds. William Beeching and Phyllis Clarke, Yours in the Sturggle: Reminiscences of Tim Buck (Toronto: NC Press Limited, 1977), 110. 3 Communists, delegates assembled at the Toronto Labour Temple on December 11, 1921 to form the Workers’ Party of Canada (WPC).6 The WPC quickly grew, and in the ensuing year embraced many sections of the workers’ movement –including sections of the Socialist Party of Canada, as well as large organizations of left-wing immigrants- which had not been included in the initial formation of the CPC. The Fourth World Congress of the Comintern marked an important shift in the tactics employed by the Comintern and its constituent sections. Held from 5 November 1922 to 5 December 1922, the Fourth World Congress put forward the strategy of the united front. The Theses on Comintern Tactics stipulated that “[t]he Communist International requires that all Communist Parties and groups adhere strictly to the united front tactic”.7 The united front was conceptualized as a means of “uniting all the forces of the working class against capital” “involving all workers, and a coalition of all workers’ parties around economic and political issues”, the success of which “depends on a real movement “from below”, from the rank-and-file of the working masses.” Whereas previously the Comintern had emphasized the necessity of breaking from the old socialist parties of the Second International, it now shifted gears, arguing that it was the “reformists” that would benefit from splitting the workers movement. Following the 6 William Rodney, Soldiers of the International (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), 46; Ian Angus, Canadian Bolsheviks: The Early Years of the Communist Party of Canada (Montreal: Vanguard Publications, 1981), 97. 7 Theses on Comintern Tactics, Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/4th-congress/tactics.htm, accessed July 8, 2016. 4 formation of a united front, the Comintern argued that “the entire state apparatus must pass into the hands of a workers’ government.”8 Perhaps most significantly for the CPC was the slogan issued by the Comintern to concretize the united front: the workers’ and peasants’ (or farmers’, in the case of Canada) government.