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The American Communist Movement Underwent Several Splits in Its Early Years Index Note: The American Communist movement underwent several splits in its early years. When uni- fied in the early 1920s, it was first called the Workers’ Party and then the Workers’ (Communist) Party; in 1929 it became the Communist Party, USA. This work uses the term Communist Party (CP) to describe the party from 1922 on, and references are indexed in a single category here. [However there were other, distinct organizations with similar names; there are separate index entries for the Communist Party of America (1919–21), the Communist Labor Party (1919–20), the United Communist Party (1920–1) and the Communist League of America (Opposition) (1928–34).] ABB See African Blood Brotherhood American Federation of Labor (AFL) Abd el-Krim 325 and FFLP 124, 126 Abern, Martin 138n2, 139n1, 156, 169–170, and immigrant workers 76, 107, 193 209n2, 212n, 220n2, 252n, 259–260, 262 and IWW 88, 92 ACWA See Amalgamated Clothing Workers and Passaic strike 190–193, 195–197 AFL See American Federation of Labor and Profintern 87, 91–92 Africa 296, , 298–299, 304–308, 313–317, 323, and TUEL 106–108, 118 325–327, 331–332, 342–346, 355, 357, 361, and women workers 193 363n2 anti-Communism 21, 83, 91, 112, 125–126, French colonies 313, 325 148, 191, 193, 196, 210, 284, 324, 326 See also pan-Africanism; South Africa anti-strike activity 193 African Americans See blacks, American bureaucracy 75n2, 106, 118, 211, 215, 284 African Blood Brotherhood (ABB) 23, bureaucracy, racism of 102, 306, 324, 298–304, 306, 312, 317, 322–324, 343 326–327, 330 See also Briggs Comintern on 21, 83–84, 87, 91–92, 109, African sailors, Communist work among 317 210, 256, 285 agricultural workers, Communist work Communist work in 14, 21, 75–76, 83, 85, among 95, 287, 323, 326, 340, 348, 360n3 115, 215 Alabama 5, 11, 348, 360n3, 362, 363n1 dissent within 75, 100, 108, 113 See also Scottsboro Boys expulsion of Communists 110, 125–126, All-American Anti-Imperialist League 187, 149, 196–197 331–332 Foster in 98, 100–102, 106–107, 109, Allen, James S. 295, 360 192–193, 330 All-Russian Cooperative Society 213 lack of militancy 2–3, 75, 100–101, Amalgamated Bank 181 195–196 Amalgamated Clothing Workers (ACWA) left opposition to 25, 76, 85, 115, 285, 366 104, 107–108, 122, 124, 148–149, 181, 188 Lenin on 83, 285 See also textile workers Lovestoneites and 284 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 72, membership figures 74, 114 198n3, 202–203 racist policies 102, 107, 306, 324, 326–327, American Communist Party (CP) See 330 Communist Party support for bourgeois politicians 3, 113 ‘American exceptionalism’ 231–234n, 238, support for La Follette 146–147 241–248, 274–276, 348 support for Socialists 25 American Federationist 125, 126n1 support for WWI 100 412 index American Federation of Labor (AFL) (cont.) in Communist Party 136–137, 142, unorganised workers 25, 84–85, 193, 154–158, 186, 225–230, 237, 250–251, 195–197 259–264, 266, 282, 338 See also CFL; dual unionism; Fitzpatrick; See also Engdahl; Gusev; Lovestone; Gompers; Lewis; UMWA; UTW Pepper; Ruthenberg; Stalin American Fund for Public Service 72n2, 181 anti-Trotskyist violence 12–13, 229, 264 Americanisation, Comintern role in 5–6 Appeal to Reason 28, 173, 358n1 Americanisation, of Communist Party 1, Aptheker, Herbert 362n1 5–7, 70, 172 Arbeter Ring (Workmen’s Circle) 184 American Labor Alliance 59, 198 Argentine Communist Party 45, 91 American Labor Monthly 124n2 Armenian federation 45n1 American Legion 247n1 Aronberg, Philip 209n2, 259n3, 359 American Negro Labor Congress (ANLC) 23, Asher, Martha Stone 191 187, 319–328, 331, 333–336, 341, 362 Ashkenudzie, George 62, 66 American Revolution 246–247 Ashleigh, Charles 79, 88, 89n1, 90n1, 96 American Workers’ Party Asian immigration 289 See Communist Party Askeli, Henry 139 Amsterdam News 298, 306, 317 Atlanta 362 Amter, Israel 73, 104, 119, 122n3–123, 132, Australia 84n1, 271n2, 306, 355 141–143, 185, 264, 305n4, 312–314, 316, 323n1 anarchists back-to-Africa movement 296 and Comintern 80 See also Garvey movement and Profintern 87, 94 Baker, Charles 33 arrests 2 Baldwin, Kate 363 Cannon on 94 Baldwin, Roger 72, 181, 198n3, 199–200, deportations 50 202–203 in Soviet Union 309 Ballam, John J. (Curtis) 38–39, 62–64, 66, in TUEL 105 139, 206, 209n2, 210n1, 211, 333 recruited to Communism 79, 89, 96, 297 Ballister (Minor) See Minor, Robert See also Haywood, William D.; Industrial Baltimore 362 Workers of the World; Sacco and Barrett, James 4n2, 10, 14, 16, 19, 99n1, 105, Vanzetti case; Wobblies 109, 124, 150 anarchy, criminal, charges of 35n2, 51, 66 Bebel, August 208n2 Anderson, John 44 Bedacht, Max 15, 18n2, 28n1, 41, 51–52, 54, Andreytchine, George 11, 12n1, 81, 88–90, 93, 63, 68–70, 91, 143, 155n1, 158, 164, 169–170, 96, 177 184, 201, 204, 206, 210n1, 220, 232, 269, 271, ANLC See American Negro Labor Congress 274n1, 278–281, 285, 314 anti-colonialism 293, 298, 301, 304–305, 309, Belgium 298, 305 331–332, 340, 342–343, 352, 355–356 Bell, Thomas 239n2, 260, 262n2, 275, 316 anti-Communism, former Bennett, A.J. (Petrovsky) Lovestoneites 123, 272, 284, 338 See Petrovsky See also Gitlow; Lovestone; Wolfe Berger, Victor 25, 27, 35–36, 55, 57, 116, anti-imperialist united front 213, 331, 356 130–131, 150, 173, 289 anti-Trotskyism Berkman, Alexander 50 in Bolshevik Party 159, 163, 205, 227 Berlin syndicalists 93 in Communist International 136–137, Bernstein, Irving 74 152–153, 159, 213, 226–227, 229, 240–241, Biedenkapp, Fred 199 263, 266–268, 359 Billings, Warren 202.
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