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SINGAPORE and MALAYA ANALYSIS of POLITICAL DIFFERENTIATION YUSOF M, HASHIM Bachelor of Economic a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fu

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SINGAPORE and MALAYA ANALYSIS of POLITICAL DIFFERENTIATION YUSOF M, HASHIM Bachelor of Economic a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fu SINGAPORE AND MALAYA ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL DIFFERENTIATION YUSOF M, HASHIM Bachelor of Economic a Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Economics in the Faculty of Economics (in the School of Government)« University of Sydney December, 1966. CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 INTRODUCTION 3 ABSTRACTS 7 (a) Environment 7 (b) The Elite and Mass Inter-relation 9 (c) The Process of Nation-building 10 (d) The Approach to the problems of nation-building 11 PART I SINGAPORE AND MALAYA CHAPTER I. BACKGROUND (a) Distinct and Parallel Political Development 12 (b) Singapore: Political Determinants 23 (c) Malaya: Political Development 32 CHAPTER II. THE ELITE AND MASS INTER-RELATION 1. SOCIAL SETTING OF THE ALLIANCE 37 (a) The Malays and UMNO leadership 37 (b) MCA leadership and the Chinese 44 (c) The Alliance: Contents 49 (d) Leaders and Political Style 54 2. THE PAP CONTENTS STYLE 68 3. THE PAP AND ALLIANCE: STYLE AND TYPOLOGY 74 PART II SINGAPORE-MALAYA INTERACTION CHAPTER III. THE PROCESS OF NATION-BUILDING 85 CHAPTER IV. THE APPROACH TO THE PROBLEMS OF NATION-BUILDING 105 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION 123 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 • Books 1 29 2• Pamphlets and Official Publications 132 3* Selected Articles 134 4* Newspapers 138 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: - I am indebted to Mr. K. Turner for hie kind assistance and encourage­ ment. When I started writing the thesis, there was no sense of direction as to the approach to the thesis. The whole idea was to tabulate the causes of the separation of Singapore from Malaysia. Since Singapore's secession has been an event of recent occurrence, commentary on such a controversial issue would be coloured by personal ideological commitments. There would be too much accent on the immediate or "sensational" causes. The aim of this thesis is to look at the underlying political differences between Singapore and Malaya. In this way Singapore's secession could be more understood. The political patterns of Singapore and Malaya are such that merger between the two countries was a difficult problem. I should like to thank Dr. Power for his schema on analysis of leader­ ship. The studies of the politics of developing countries are greatly involved with studies in elite formation and recruitment and the question of legitimacy. I should also like to thank Professor Spann for giving me the opportunity to look at political development of developing countries and the recommendations for me to go back to Malaya for interviews. In Malaya I was able to interview Dr. Ismail, the Minister of Home Affairs and graduate of Melbourne University in Medicine. We exchanged views about the Malaysian Problem* His pamphlets titled "Alliance Malaysian Malaysia in Two Stages" is an invaluable help to me to see more deeply into the Malaysian issue and this was helped by our exchanges on his paper* The Assistant Minister of Culture (Assistant to Tunku) explained the aim of hi8 Ministry and to my mind there is a striking similarity to the aims of Singapore*s Ministry of Culture* Both are trying to encourage the development of the Malaysian contents in the culture* I found that most people did not want to talk about the Singapore secession* Most agreed, however, that the patterns of politics in Singapore are different from Malaya* On the whole, politics in Malaya is mild and the event surrounding Singapore's secession was probably Malaya's biggest political involvement which had international repurcussion* 3 INTRODUCTION: - There are many issues which should be considered relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia* Some issues are immediate issues which became very important just prior to separation* Some issues are more fundamental* The immediate issues are involved with practical politics such as finance and taxation, the role of the banks, defence, development etc* The fundamental or underlying issues are more subtle and subjective and are involved with social and economic factors such as attitudes to institution, religions, independence etc* The difference between Singapore and Malaya in these subjective factors are the reflection of the difference in their social make-up* The aim of this thesis is to present the more fundamental differences between Singapore and Malay and not purely the oauses of separation* It is to be concerned with the difference in the social structure between the two countries* Social mobilisation is a dynamic process and the differences would accentuate or diminish in time* The differences between Singapore and Malaya axe not total but are in degrees* They are more concerned with different accent on certain fundamental issues and institutions, but these accents are important for they denote differences in methods of approach and style of politics, and in turn are the products of their societies* With regard to Malaysia, there was at the outset a similar attitude* There was a good measure of similarity between the government of Malaya and Singapore* The drive towards merger showed a conscious effort 4 of the two countries towards congruence of views* On deeper analysis, the process of merger and the areas of discard were played down. Merger could he seen as being created rather than evolved as a natural development• The areas of similarity were imposed. Their agreements were super­ ficial. For a while, there was a semblance of similarity but as the process of nation-building went on, the difference became quite irreconcilable. Merger meant different things to different parties and as a result, the ends and means of merger were looked at differently. Merger has been brought about by the two parties, the PAP of Singapore and the Alliance of Malaya. Hence the difference between Singapore and Malayan politics is measured mostly in terms of the interaction of these two parties. There are as many similarities as there are differences. While the PAP is to the right of Barisan Sosialis in strictly limited ideological term, the Alliance is to the left of the Pan Malayan Islamic Party (PMP). In other words, if there’s a point of similarity between the parties of Malaya, as far as Multi-racial nationalism is concerned, then the PAP and the Alliance would be most compatible. The studies on the areas of political differentiation between the Alliance and the PAP are not total, at the point of interaction, when Singapore became part of the Federation, though at the point of separation the differentiation looked total. I propose to present the political differentiation between Singapore and 5 Malaya within this framework. The top national elites of the two countries had many things in common in their educational background, but they come from distinct cultural backgrounds. Their politics are, in part the reflection of their environments* They are prepared to co-operate where their interests merged but they have different views in the vital question of the forms of nationalism* They have different ideas in the question of equality and rights and liberty and above all the questions of loyalty* Though they both aspired to the same goal of a Malaysian nation, the contents of the nation they had envisaged were different* Nationalism as an ideology connotes different things to different people* They differ in the cultural form of nationalism as well as the economic form of nationalism* They differ in degrees, not complete, otherwise there would not be Merger in the first place* Broadly, the attitude of the Alliance in the question of nationalism would be in the evolution of Malay norms and the PAP in the evolution of the Overseas Chinese norms* In spirit they point to a convergence because of the equality balanced population* In practical politics, total form of Malay nationalism as expounded by the PMIP would be impractical and dangerous* In the same way total form of Overseas Chinese form of nationalism would be inappropriate because of the population structure and geo-politics* The middle course approach by the Alliance by playing down Malay nationalism managed,to a certain extent, to appeal to the aspiration of the people of Malaya* The same could be 6. said about the PAP to Singapore in dampening Chinese chauvinism and inculcating multi-racial nationalism* The difficulty in Merger is the incorporation of the two aspirations within a system, where two similar systems exist. Merger failed because the two systems cannot be completely merged without upsetting the aspirations of the two countries* POLITICAL PARTIES ABBREVIATED The Alliance composed of: UMNO: United Malays National Organisation* MCA : Malayan Chinese Association* MIC : Malayan Indian Congress* THE PMIP: Pan Malayan Islamic Party. The PAP: People's Action Party. The PPP: People's Progressive Party. NOTATION Emergency: Period of National emergency in view of Communist disturbances, 1948-1960. Expatriate Officera: British Officers in the Malayan Public Service* Merdeka: Independenc e• Merger: Used in terms of unification of Singapore with Malaya* The analysis in this thesis is strictly in terms of Singapore and Malaya* 7 ABSTRACTS. The Environment:- This is an analysis of the differences of the environments of the two countries which had produced the difference in the politics of Singapore and Malaya. The population structure, the economics, the development towards independence and socialisation constitute the *historical experience* of the two countries which shape the form of politics of the countries. Singapore and Malaya are inter-related under the British Administration for a very long time. The inter-war period is the most crucial period. It shows the ‘harmony' of the two areas within one economic unit. Singapore unofficially became the capital of the whole of Malaya. This period lasted for about thirty years. The period beginning in 1914 roughly saw the development of parallel political system. They shared many similar institutions but they were never united. The war brought a jolt to the whole of Malaya and ironically enough the interim occupation period saw the achievement of a unified Japanese military command with Singapore as the headquarters.
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