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The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia

COVER DESCRIPTION: Andrew Tau, one of Missouri's preeminent photographers, cap­ tured this winter scene in Chicago's Jackson Park sometime between 1928 and 1945. Tau donated more than 400 photographs to the State Historical Society of Missouri, and they have become one of the Society's most important collections of photography as a fine art. For more information see: "Andrew Tau: Missouri Photographer," by Susan Yeshilada in the January 1988 issue of the Missouri Historical Review. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

R. DOUGLAS HURT ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright © 1989 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed Saturday during VOLUME LXXXIII the Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanks­ giving, Christmas and New Year's weekends. NUMBER 2 On the day of the annual meeting, October 7, 1989, the Society will be closed for research. JANUARY, 1989 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1986-1989 JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis, President AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G.J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1989 MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1990 H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence Webster Groves ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1991 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Six Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society constitute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West. Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manu­ scripts on PC/DOS, 360K floppy disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably a Displaywrite 3 or 4 program. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accepted. Orig­ inality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation and style are criteria for acceptance and publica­ tion. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of The State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be pub­ lished elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors. Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly and The Journal of Ameri­ can History. Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

RICHARD B. RUSSELL AND LYNDON B. JOHNSON: THE STORY OF A STRANGE FRIENDSHIP. By Gilbert C. File 125

THE GREAT-LITTLE BATTLE OF PILOT KNOB. [PART I]. By Joseph Conan Thompson 139

THE ARCHITECTURAL CAREER OF NELLE PETERS. By George Ehrlich and Sherry Piland 161

DANIEL R. FITZPATRICK: A MISSOURI CARTOONIST.

By Susan Yeshilada 177

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Holds Annual Meeting 187

News in Brief 196

Local Historical Societies 200

Gifts 211

Missouri History in Newspapers 216

Missouri History in Magazines 224

In Memoriam 233

BOOK REVIEWS 235

BOOK NOTES 244 Richard B. Russell Memorial Library, University of Georgia Richard B. Russell and Lyndon Baines Johnson became friends soon after Johnson's election to the House of Representatives in 1937. Johnson cultivated Russell's support because it brought prestige and power. By the end of Johnson's presidential ad­ ministration, however, their friendship had ended over matters of domestic policy and personal politics.

Richard B. Russell and Lyndon B. Johnson: The Story of a Strange Friendship BY GILBERT C. FITE* One of the strangest personal and political friendships in the twentieth century was that between Richard Brevard Russell, Jr., of Georgia and Lyndon Baines Johnson of Texas. The claim sometimes made that opposites draw one another is surely confirmed in the Russell-Johnson relationship. They were both intelligent, ambitious and talented men, but of very different background, temperament and character. And hereby hangs an interesting political tale. First, something about Dick Russell. Born on November 2, 1897, he was a member of a prominent Georgia family and lived in Winder, a

•Gilbert C. Fite, former Richard B. Russell Professor of History at the University of Georgia, presented this paper on October 22, 1988, at the annual meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri. 125 126 Missouri Historical Review small town some forty miles northeast of Atlanta. Russell's father had served in the Georgia legislature in the 1880s and later became a state judge. His mother was a bright and talented woman who taught school before resigning in the early 1890s to begin rearing a family of thirteen children. The elder Russell was an extremely ambitious man who later ran for governor and other high offices only to be denied victory in a statewide campaign until 1922 when he was elected chief justice of the Georgia Supreme Court. Young Dick Russell had all of the advantages of the southern elite. He attended Gordon Military Institute at Barnesville, Georgia, one of the best secondary schools in the South. Then he obtained a law degree from the University of Georgia, the state's premier institution of higher education. After graduating from law school in 1918, he served in the navy for a few months and then entered the practice of law with his father in Winder. A county-seat law practice, however, did not satisfy or challenge Dick Russell. In 1920, at age twenty-two, he ran for the Georgia House of Representatives, defeating a veteran legislator. Russell had found his niche in life—public service. He served in the Georgia General Assembly until 1931, the last four years as speaker of the house. During the 1920s, he built up a network of friends and political supporters in the state which provided a power base for his later statewide campaigns. Al­ though very few people believed that he had a chance to win, he decided to run for governor in 1930. To the surprise of most Georgians, except Russell, he won the governorship against a strong field. When he was inaugurated in June 1931, he was only thirty-three, the youngest governor in Georgia's history. His main claim to fame as governor was the enactment and implementation of an extensive government re­ organization plan. Fate opened the way for Russell to soon seek even higher political office. In the spring of 1932, Senator William J. Harris died suddenly. Although he had been governor for less than a year, Russell decided to seek the unexpired term of Senator Harris. He won that race handily and took the oath of office on January 12, 1933, less than two months before Franklin D. Roosevelt became president. He had just passed his thirty-fifth birthday. Within a decade after arriving in Washington, Russell had estab­ lished himself as a power in the Senate. He was not as well known as many of his colleagues because he did not seek publicity. Indeed, Russell liked to work behind the scenes. He was interested in results rather than in recognition. His growing power came from a reputation for integrity, fairness, a deep and comprehensive knowledge of the Russell and Johnson: The Story of a Strange Friendship 127 issues, and his detailed understanding of the Senate rules, practices and traditons. Many viewed him as the chief guardian of the Senate's history, traditions and values. His committee assignments also were important. He was appointed to the Appropriations Committee, something very unusual for a fresh­ man senator, and then was named chairman of the subcommittee on agricultural appropriations. Although Russell was a strong supporter of the New Deal in its early years, he worked especially hard for farmers. As chairman of the subcommittee on agricultural appropriations, he was in a key position to get funds for farm programs when other equally devoted agricultural spokesmen were less successful. It was this situation that first brought Lyndon Johnson and Dick Russell together. Lyndon Johnson's background stood in stark contrast to that of Dick Russell. Rather than coming from one of the state's leading families which enjoyed wide opportunities and an upper-middle-class standard of living, Johnson was raised by poor parents in the Hill Country west of Austin. He attended an inferior high school in Johnson City, and later enrolled at Southwest State Teachers College in San Marcos. At best, this was a third-rate institution with miserable facilities and a poor faculty. By the time Johnson finished college, however, he had developed unusual political talents. From 1931 to 1935, he was a legislative secretary for Congressman Richard Kleberg, and then re­ ceived the appointment of director of the National Youth Administra­ tion in Texas. When he decided to run for Congress in February 1937, following the death of the incumbent, he won with a combination of hard work, skillful politicking, luck, and most of all because of an uncanny ability to use other people. Early on, Johnson developed a remarkable knack for attaching himself to those who could help advance his career. The extension of electric lines in Texas was extremely important to rural residents of the state. Johnson was intensely interested in expand­ ing the Rural Electrification Administration's activities. By the late 1930s, however, conservative opposition to various New Deal programs resisted the kind of appropriations and loan guarantees that REA supporters believed were necessary. Where could he get help? Looking at the Senate, he saw that the main point of power on matters relating to agriculture and agricultural agencies was Dick Russell, chairman of the subcommittee on agricultural appropriations. So Johnson went to see Russell and to solicit his help. From their first meeting, Russell liked this lanky, energetic and ambitious young congressman, and he assisted him and his projects on several occasions in conference com­ mittee. 128 Missouri Historical Review

When Johnson was elected to the Senate in 1948, Russell was the first colleague he sought out. A man of unbounded ambition, Johnson believed that his passion for a leadership post could be best advanced if he identified himself with Russell. Being a shrewd political observer and a keen judge of people, Johnson viewed the Senate as being made up of "whales" and "minnows." If he could get close to Russell, he would be associating with one of the Senate's leading whales. As Doris Kearns wrote in her biography of Johnson, Russell was the "undisputed leader of the Senate's inner club." How Russell viewed Johnson undoubtedly would effect the views of other senators toward the Texan. So Johnson set out to court Russell and to win his admiration and support. Lady Bird wrote years later that "Lyndon was always quick to identify whoever were the major figures on the stage, whoever was running the show." The key to getting to know Russell better and to demonstrate his political talents was to obtain an appointment on a major committee where Russell was a leading member. The recently formed Armed Services Committee seemed to be the best avenue to get close to Russell where he ranked second only to chairman Millard Tydings on this most important committee. Johnson sought an appointment to Armed Ser­ vices and received it. This was a reasonable appointment since he previously had served on the House Naval Affairs Committee. Now he was in a position to see Russell almost daily and to learn the inner workings of the Senate from a master. While closeness in the work environment was essential to impress Russell, Johnson had other ways to ingratiate himself with the Georgia patrician. Russell, a bachelor, was often lonesome. Weekends in Wash­ ington especially were lonely times. Lyndon and Lady Bird soon began inviting Russell for supper, as both Johnson and Russell called the evening meal, and the family would then sit around visiting the evening away. The small Johnson daughters, Lynda Bird and Lucy, took an immediate liking to Russell and soon were calling him Uncle Dick. Sometimes on Sunday Russell would go to the Johnsons and spend much of the day visiting, reading the newspapers and enjoying the family environment. In November 1949, the Johnsons invited Russell to their Texas ranch. Russell wrote after returning home that "everything was so perfect that it is difficult to realize that it could happen in real life. My only regret is that I could not have stayed longer." Replying with his usual flattery, Johnson said that Russell could not be dreaming because he was the "most wide-awake man in the Senate," and added that the Johnson ranch would always be available "for Dick Russell to return and enjoy 365 days a year." By mid-1949, the Johnsons and Russell were exchanging gifts. Russell and Johnson: The Story of a Strange Friendship 129

Despite their differences in personality and character, Russell and Johnson soon developed a genuine liking for one another. And they were about as different as two men could be. Russell was a quiet, reserved, thoughtful, deliberate, courteous person. He was patient, did not anger easily and sought to understand and appreciate the views of others. He tried to achieve his objectives through reason and persua­ sion. He was not a man who revealed the depths of his feelings. He was a man of the mind and intellect who read widely in history and literature. Johnson was almost the exact opposite. He was gregarious, an expansive extrovert who slapped people on the back and put his arm around their shoulders. Johnson expressed an intimacy completely foreign to Russell. Johnson was rough, often ill-mannered and profane. He was more inclined to use raw power instead of reason or argument to gain his ends. Finally, he was an inveterate flatterer. For example, in October 1949, he wrote Russell: "I am young and impressionable, so I just try to do what that Old Master, the junior Senator from Georgia, taught me to do." Yet, these seemingly different men had some similarities. They both had quick, sharp minds and an uncanny ability to size up people. They were both politically ambitious, although Russell had an outward

Richard B. Russell Memorial Library, University of Georgia By 1949, Lyndon John­ son had served in Con­ gress for more than a decade. During that time, he had sharpened his considerable skill of flattery to win friends and influence enemies. He sent this picture to Richard B. Russell with the inscription: "To Dick Russell who is liv­ ing proof that not all great men are Texans." Despite this flattery, Johnson and Russell genuinely liked each other, and Russell con­ sidered Johnson a prom­ ising young politician in the Democratic party. 130 Missouri Historical Review modesty that Johnson did not possess. Moreover, Johnson and Russell had goals that the other could help to achieve. By the 1940s, Dick Russell had become the leader of the Southern Bloc which was doing everything it could to block President Harry Truman's civil rights program. Russell and Truman had served together in the Senate for about a decade, but Russell had never been much impressed with his colleague from Missouri. Years later Russell said that if anyone had asked individuals inside or outside the Senate to rank Truman as a senator, he would not have been in the top 20. Yet, Russell, as a loyal Democrat, supported much of the Truman program in the immediate postwar years. The main exception was civil rights. Truman's support for a permanent Fair Employment Practices Com­ mission and his subsequent call for broad civil rights legislation greatly alarmed and angered Russell and other southern Democrats. Russell called Truman's request for civil rights legislation in 1948 the "most outrageous affront to the people of our section that we have had to face since Reconstruction." It was clear that the civil rights issue was producing sharp divisions within the Democratic party. Indeed, Russell had been part of that growing fracture when he reluctantly permitted his name to be placed in nomination by southerners at the 1948 Democratic convention. Russell, though, did not want to see his party wrecked over the emotional and seemingly insoluble civil rights issue. After all, Dick Russell was deeply devoted to his party. He would have nothing to do with the Dixiecrats, and, despite his opposition to the Democratic platform, voted for Truman. In looking at the growing strains within the Democratic party, Russell asked himself what leader might reconcile the differences be­ tween the southern and northern Democrats on civil rights? The most logical person, Russell concluded, was Lyndon Baines Johnson. It turned out, then, that Russell and Johnson needed one another as they pursued their goals. Johnson wanted a position of leadership and power which Russell could help him achieve; Russell hoped to advance a leader in the Democratic party who would understand southern racial views. Johnson had been raised in a segregated society and had voted with Southerners on civil rights bills, but he was not identified so clearly with white supremacy and segregation that he could not work with northern liberal and moderate Democrats. Thus, Russell began to push his new friend into positions of Senate leadership. By 1950, Russell was in a position where he could have had any place of leadership among Senate Democrats that he wanted. Many of his colleagues urged him to accept the Majority Leader spot in 1950, but he declined. He could not take that post, he said, because he could Russell and Johnson: The Story of a Strange Friendship 131 not honestly be a spokesman for the Truman Administration's program. Besides, he wanted to maintain his complete independence. While Russell would not accept any special leadership role himself, he had the power to determine who would get the leadership positions. In 1950, he supported Ernest McFarland for Majority Leader and Lyndon Johnson for Majority Whip. The Whip position was not very important at the time, but it put Johnson in a place where he could begin demonstrating his political skills to Russell and other colleagues. It was an important first step in Johnson's rise to political power, and it had been arranged by his friend, Dick Russell. As a result of the elections in 1952, the Democrats became the minority party. Ernest McFarland, the Majority Leader, had even been defeated, leaving open the position of top Senate leadership on the Democratic side. Russell immediately began to plan for Johnson's election as Minority Leader. Johnson had no claim to the position in terms of seniority or experience. He had only been in the Senate four years. But all he needed was Russell's support. After the November elections, Russell and some close associates announced that they favored advancing Johnson to the post of Minority Leader. That was to discourage any other candidates. Then through a series of letters and telephone calls, Russell lined up support for his friend. He scribbled on one of his desk calendars on November 10, 1952, that he saw Johnson, "and buttoned up leadership for him." When the Democratic Caucus met on January 2, 1953, Russell nominated Johnson for the Minority Leader position. There were no other nominees. Russell spoke of Johnson's courage, ability, experience and praised him as a great conciliator. He added that his nominee was not the best parliamentarian, nor the most personable man in the Senate, nor did he have the best mind. But, Russell added, "he is the best combination of all these qualities." Johnson was then unanimously elected Minority Leader and chairman of the Democratic Policy Com­ mittee. It paid to have a powerful friend. Two years later, when the Democrats returned to power, Johnson, again with Russell's support, was elected Majority Leader. Meanwhile, Johnson had returned some favors to his friend, Dick. When Russell sought the Democratic presi­ dential nomination in 1952, Johnson was at his side doing all he could to promote Russell's candidacy. How would Russell and Johnson work together on civil rights legislation? Would Johnson be that moderating influence that Russell had hoped for? Through 1956, Russell and his southern colleagues had been successful in defeating all general civil rights bills. However, it was clear when Congress met in 1957 that sentiment was so strong for a 132 Missouri Historical Review broad civil rights measure that some kind of bill would pass. Russell clearly recognized that the best Southerners could do would be to make the final bill as weak and ineffective as possible—a measure that would do the least in disturbing Southern race relations. Thus, Russell, with Johnson's help, set out to weaken the bill that had passed the House in June. Russell talked publicly and privately about the great danger of giving the federal government, especially the attorney general, such extraordinary powers as were written in the House bill. Johnson then set out to round up the votes to help eliminate features most objection­ able to the South. Shortly before the Senate debate began on the civil rights bill, Johnson had arranged a political deal that had Russell's approval. In 1956, the Senate had defeated a proposal for building a hydro-electric dam at Hell's Canyon, Idaho. Although Russell had historically been a supporter of public power, he and a number of other Southern senators voted against the Hell's Canyon bill. The issue was again before the Senate in June 1957. Johnson convinced a number of Southern sena­ tors, when civil rights legislation was ready to be considered, that they should vote for the Hell's Canyon project. On June 21, Russell, George Smathers, James O. Eastland, Sam Ervin and Russell Long changed their votes from a year earlier and helped the bill win approval. Now Johnson concentrated on gathering votes of Western senators, and others for whom he had done favors, to eliminate Part III of the civil rights bill. Having reduced the powers of the attorney general and inserted a jury trial provision, the Senate passed the 1957 civil rights bill by a large margin. Thomas Stokes, writing in the Washington Evening Star on August 5, said that Johnson had nearly compromised the civil rights law into oblivion. He had been the "errand boy for Senator Richard B. Russell, who put Lyndon Johnson in the post of leadership," Stokes said. Both men shared the overall strategy, Stokes continued, with most of the credit "going to Dick Russell." During the next several years, Russell and Johnson continued to work closely together. This especially was the case on defense matters. But Majority Leader Johnson discussed every major issue with his mentor. Recognizing how much Russell had meant to his political advancement, Johnson wrote in 1959 that "for many years I have been sensible to the fact that without Dick Russell, Lyndon Johnson would be a man who sorely lacked a trusted and wise counsellor." Although the two men spent a great deal of time together on legislative affairs, they also continued a close social relationship. Russell made an annual trek to the Johnson ranch, they went to baseball and football games Russell and Johnson: The Story of a Strange Friendship 133

Richard B. Russell Memorial Library, University of Georgia In 1952, Richard Russell was the most powerful Democrat in the Senate. Preferring to work behind the scenes, he engineered Lyndon Johnson's election to the position of Minority leader. Here, John­ son and Russell, along with Missouri's Stuart Symington, engage in an informal discussion near the Senate. together, and Dick enjoyed scores of suppers prepared by Lady Bird. And affections grew between Russell and Lynda Bird and Lucy. At the same time, Russell worked quietly to push Johnson for president. In 1959, he contacted a number of leading Democrats on behalf of a Johnson candidacy in 1960. When it became evident that Johnson could not be nominated, Russell advised his friend against accepting the vice presidential nomination. Johnson, however, did not heed Russell's advice, arguing that he might be left out of the national Democratic main stream if he refused the post. While this disappointed Russell, who believed that the Majority Leader in the Senate was much more powerful and influential than the vice president, he accepted Johnson's decision. However, he said that he would not campaign for the Kennedy-Johnson ticket because of his abhorence of the Democratic platform. Russell actually went to Europe to inspect military bases in October 1960, to remove himself from the campaign. When he returned home a few days before the election, he found a very tight presidential race. 134 Missouri Historical Review

There was even serious doubt if Kennedy and Johnson would carry Lyndon's home state. What the Democrats needed in Texas was a strong conservative to campaign for the ticket. Russell was resting at home in Winder when the telephone rang. It was his friend, Lyndon. Johnson asked Russell if he would come to Texas to help out in the campaign. Russell explained that he could not speak on behalf of the ticket because of the platform. Johnson was disappointed but accepted Dick's decision. But a day or two later he phoned again. His voice expressed extreme urgency. "Dick, you've got to come," he said. Again Russell said no. A short time later, Johnson made a third phone call. He put his request on the basis of their long personal friendship. "Come for my sake, Dick," he said. Russell finally agreed to go to Texas to campaign, and many observers thought that it was his influence that finally carried the state by a narrow margin for the Democrats. By the early 1960s, Johnson and Russell had moved miles apart on many national issues. After the election of 1960, Russell told Lyndon that he was depending on him to protect southern interests in the Kennedy Administration. This was not likely to happen, even though up to that time Johnson had been a moderating influence in civil rights matters. But now Johnson was angling for national, not regional leadership. This meant that he would have to support civil rights and certain social programs opposed by Russell and most other southern leaders. By that time Johnson was trying to lead the South out of its past; Dick Russell was doing everything he could to help the region hold to its historic roots. The room for agreement or even compromise was small. So, by the early 1960s, Johnson and Russell remained close personal friends, but their differences over national political, social and economic policies widened. When Johnson became president in No­ vember 1963, Russell was one of the first people he telephoned after arriving back in Washington from Dallas. During the next few days, Russell was probably in and out of the White House more than any other senator. While Johnson regularly solicited Russell's advice, he accepted Dick's suggestions less and less frequently. Johnson had become fully committed to national programs that Russell with his regional outlook could not support, including a comprehensive civil rights bill, and housing, health, education and other legislation. Russell vigorously opposed the 1964 civil rights bill, and tried to defeat much of Johnson's Great Society program as well. He also was critical of the country's growing involvement in Vietnam. In light of their irreconcilable differences over some major national Russell and Johnson: The Story of a Strange Friendship 135 issues, how could Dick and Lyndon remain such close personal friends? Russell explained it by saying that he and Johnson simply did not discuss those questions on which they differed so sharply. In 1965 Russell wrote that the president understood his philosophy and "does not expect me to support all of his recommendations." Moreover, both men provided a kind of personal support for the other that each treasured. Johnson, for example, did not like to be alone, and he found Russell to be a well informed and engaging companion. One evening Lady Bird returned to the White House about 9 RM. and immediately looked for her husband. She said that she found him in a small office visiting with Dick. Then Lady Bird wrote: "I'm always glad to find Dick Russell with Lyndon. Whatever lack of red- hot enthusiasm he may have for the Great Society, when the going is rough and Lyndon needs the advice or an old hand, a wise old hand, Dick Russell will usually be there." Lady Bird recalled another occasion when Marvin Watson brought Russell to the White House and "we had a quiet dinner, just Lyndon, Dick and I." Russell said that "we'd sit around and have a highball and eat supper and talk about things and people." These were valued times in the lives of both Dick and Lyndon. Their friendship, however, had some strange qualities. For instance, they both kept lists of favors they had done for each other over several years. Sometimes, too, they got on one another's nerves. One Saturday morning, for example, when Johnson was vice president he appeared outside the Senate Office Building in his chauffeur-driven limousine where he spotted G. W. Buddy Darden, then a student on Russell's patronage, about to enter the building. "Hey, boy, is Dick in," Johnson shouted out the car window. Darden replied: "yes, sir." "Well," Johnson said, "tell him I'm out here in the car and want to see him." Darden hastened to the senator's office and gave him the vice president's message. Obviously annoyed, Russell said, "you just tell the SOB I'm not here. I don't want to fool with him today." Young Darden was on the spot. It seemed wise just to do nothing, so he stayed in the senator's outer office. Shortly, Johnson came bustling into Russell's office and they had a most cordial conversation. Another time Russell said that he hated to go to the White House on some occasions because Johnson was so emotional. It was not the differences over civil rights or Russell's opposition to the Great Society which destroyed a friendship of some two decades. Rather it was the result of differences and misunderstandings over the seemingly small matter of appointing a federal judge in the South District of Georgia. In February 1968, Russell nominated Alexander Lawrence, a close friend from Savannah for a federal judgeship. Russell 136 Missouri Historical Review considered Lawrence admirably qualified and he expected that Johnson would push the appointment through promptly. But that did not happen. Some civil rights activists in Georgia discovered a speech that Lawrence had made a decade earlier in which he had sharply criticized the Supreme Court. He said that a kind of judicial tyranny had developed where the judges were acting more on "whim" than on the basis of law. This was a common view of the Supreme Court in the South in the 1950s. Russell himself had expressed such ideas. The critics of Lawrence feared that he would not be a reliable enforcer of Supreme Court decisions on civil rights if he became a federal judge. They urged Attorney General Ramsey Clark and the president to reject the nomination. Meanwhile, Johnson had nominated Abe Fortas for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Homer Thornberry, a Texas friend, to fill another vacancy on the Court. Strong opposition developed to both of Johnson's nominees. As he did in so many cases, he turned to Russell for support in the Senate. Russell indicated that he would probably vote to confirm both Fortas and Thornberry. However, he stressed that there was no relationship between his support for Fortas and Thorn­ berry and his expectation that Lawrence would be appointed. Russell waited impatiently for word that Lawrence's nomination had been sent forward for Senate confirmation. He visited with John­ son about the matter on several occasions. On May 11, Ramsey Clark told Russell that he could not support Lawrence. Russell, who thorough­ ly detested Clark, was furious. He believed that the attorney general was being influenced by "fanatics, mystics and publicity seekers." Clark's opposition to Lawrence, placed Johnson in a tough posi­ tion. He wanted to do this favor for Russell, but Clark was so strongly opposed to Lawrence that he would probably have resigned if Johnson had ordered him to send the nomination forward. This might have ignited more street demonstrations by young people and others who viewed Clark as the administration's leading spokesman for civil rights and broad social reform. The president did not want that. He explained to Clark that he wanted to make the appointment, and that "Dick Russell was the dearest friend he had in the Senate," the man who had promoted him for every position and honor he had achieved in Wash­ ington. Could not Clark agree to the nomination? Ramsey simply said that he would not. It was an agonizing situation for the president. Russell believed that Johnson should overrule his attorney general. He once said to Johnson, "are you President or is Ramsey Clark?" When he had heard nothing by July 1, Russell wrote Johnson a stinging Russell and Johnson: The Story of a Strange Friendship 137

Upon Johnson's election to the vice-presidency, he increasingly became committed to national programs, such as civil rights legislation, that Russell, as a Southerner, could not support. John­ son 's advocacy of civil rights legislation began the end of his long friendship with Russell. In 1968, that friendship shattered forever over a trivial dispute involv­ ing the appointment of a federal district judge. In this editorial cartoon entitled "Not as Bitter as You Think,"S.J. Ray captured the South's reluctance to accept Johnson's support of civil rights legislation.

State Historical Society of Missouri letter telling him that he could deal with the Lawrence matter in any way he wished. He was washing his hands of the affair and would never again ask for a federal appointment. In the vernacular of the 1960s, he was saying, take the appointment and shove it. Then Russell added that he considered himself freed from any previous commitment on Fortas and Thornberry. He explained that the long delay had embarrassed his friend, Lawrence, and gave the appearance that Lawrence would not be appointed until Russell had voted for Fortas and Thornberry. He considered this an insult to his integrity and self-respect which he would not tolerate. Johnson was shocked and surprised at the harshness of Russell's letter. Indeed, he was so upset that a few days later he telephoned Russell and said he was returning the letter. He did not even want a copy in his files. In his official reply prepared by staff members, Johnson assured Russell that Lawrence would be appointed, but that it would take time to work things out. He denied that there was any connection between Russell supporting Fortas and Thornberry and the 138 Missouri Historical Review

appointment of Lawrence. The president said that his own standards of public service would preclude any such association. There is every indication that in Johnson's mind there was no connection between Lawrence's appointment and the senator's vote for Fortas and Thornberry. But the delay caused Russell to perceive that there was. And perceptions are often as important as facts in human relationships. Johnson stalled in hopes of finding a way to make the appointment and still satisfy his attorney general. Russell seemed unable or unwilling to understand this. Perhaps this was because he had become so angered over the fact that Johnson was paying more attention to Ramsey Clark than to him. He had made up his mind not to suffer any further humiliation. His patience snapped. This seemingly small conflict destroyed a long, close personal and political relationship between two proud and independent men. There were no more suppers at the White House, or evening chats over highballs, or morning visits to the president's bedroom to discuss national affairs. From the summer of 1968 until Johnson left Wash­ ington in January 1969, they saw one another on official business only. Johnson clearly wanted to repair the rupture with his old friend. He wrote Russell the usual warm birthday greeting on November 2, 1968. He spoke of their long and close association and stressed how much their friendship had enriched his life. But Russell was silent. When the newspapers began carrying stories about a rift between the senator and the president, Russell had no comment. When Joe Frantz contacted Russell's office to arrange an interview for the oral history program at the Johnson Library, Russell refused to see him. According to Frantz, Russell was one of the very few persons who turned down the opportunity for an interview. Russell gave the excuse that he planned to write his own book. When Russell died in January 1971, Johnson did not attend the funeral. The Russell-Johnson friendship had provided much happiness and satisfaction for both men. It had been both a working and a social relationship. There had been frustrations and differences, as is often the case between friends, but until the Lawrence affair these had been submerged under the respect and admiration they had for one another. It is regrettable that their lives ended estranged. Only death ended the sadness which both men felt as a result of their broken friendship.

No Argument

LaGrange Democrat, January 21, 1876. The valleys are as old as the hills. State Historical Society of Missouri In 1864, Confederate leaders sent a 12,000-man expedition into Missouri to capture St. Louis and force Union officials to divert soldiers to the West. Federal and Rebel forces met in late September on the plain south of Pilot Knob Mountain. Today, Fort Davidson lies within the trees at the left while Pilot Knob overlooks the once bloody battlefield.

The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob [Part I] BY JOSEPH CONAN THOMPSON* On September 27, 1864, the Confederate army of Missouri en­ countered a force of 1,000 Union soldiers at a place called Pilot Knob, Missouri. In the battle that ensued, the Federals ably repelled an assault by a force exceeding 7,000 Rebels. Writing about the event nearly forty years later, one of the participants, Sergeant Henry Wilkinson, USA, dubbed it, "The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob." Wilkinson justified his use of the oxymoron thusly: The battle appeared "great" because it

•Joseph Conan Thompson received his B.A. degree from East Stroudsburg Univer­ sity and his M.A. degree from Kent State University. He is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History at the University of Florida. 139 140 Missouri Historical Review saved St. Louis from a Rebel attack, and "little" because of its "comparative insignificance" in terms of numbers when measured against such battles as Gettysburg, Antietam and Chattanooga. On the second point there can be no argument. However, the first has been debated by both the belligerents and historians since the days im­ mediately following the battle.1 The Battle of Pilot Knob resulted from one of many confronta­ tions between the Union and Confederate armies that occurred during Sterling Price's raid into Missouri in 1864. Unlike the others, Pilot Knob was of decisive importance to the success or failure of Price's invasion. The significance of the battle can best be understood by examining the background of Price's expedition. Exploring the Con­ federacy's motives in launching the raid, the routes taken by Price's Army of Missouri and the decision which led them to Pilot Knob will all serve to place the battle into proper perspective. Motivated by the knowledge that Missouri stood inadequately defended and that military and political benefits could be reaped by an invasion, General Edmond Kirby Smith, commander of the Confed­ eracy's Trans-Mississippi Department, began formulating plans for a cavalry campaign in May 1864. Kirby Smith's optimism was not unfounded. Confederate spies had determined that the size of the Union army in Missouri remained small. Less than 14,000 Federal volunteers and 2,600 members of the state militia, scattered throughout 50 gar­ risons, faced the difficult assignment of guarding Missouri's 68,995 square miles. The questionable loyalty of some members of the state militia further compounded the difficulties of the Union army. In mid- July 1864, Missouri's Paw-Paw militia, an outfit made up of members with uncertain loyalty, staged an uprising. Although short-lived, the rebellion sent a tacit message to the Southern government; the ranks of the Missouri Militia had been infiltrated by members of secret societies, and these men appeared willing to fight for the Confederacy in the event of an invasion.2 Many in the Confederate hierarchy considered the obvious military advantages of an expedition into Missouri. In 1864, St. Louis, the nation's seventh largest city, contained substantial military stores. The capture of such a metropolis not only would serve as a great military 1 Henry Wilkinson to CA. Peterson, circa 1904, Letter No. 18 from the private collection of Jack Mayes, Ironton, Missouri. Hereafter this manuscript collection will be referred to as the Jack Mayes Collection. 2 Robert L. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy: The Trans-Mississippi South 1863- 1865 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), 323, 336; Howard V. Canan, "The Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864," Missouri Historical Review 62 (July 1968):433, 435, 442-444. The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob 141 coup, but also would enhance the prestige of the Confederacy abroad. Much needed manpower would be obtained as Missourians, loyal to the Confederate cause, flocked to the Southern army. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, Confederate leaders hoped that a new offensive by their army would alleviate some of the pressure on the beleaguered troops in the East by forcing the Union to divert troops to the West.3 Advocates of the raid also were motivated by political considera­ tions. Members of Missouri's government-in-exile had devised a plan to seize Jefferson City, oust Governor Willard Hall and install themselves in power. In addition, they believed a successful invasion of Missouri would discourage Northern voters weary of the war. They hoped this discouragement would result in a victory for Democratic candidate George B. McClellan, a man whom many felt would sue for a peace favorable to the Confederacy.4 Kirby Smith chose Major General Sterling Price, commander of the District of Arkansas to lead the expeditionary force. As governor of Missouri from 1853 to 1857, Price enjoyed tremendous popular support, an important factor in Kirby Smith's final decision. He believed that Price's renowned influence in Missouri would guarantee some measure of success to the recruiting aspect of the raid. On August 4, 1864, Price and Kirby Smith met in Shreveport, Louisiana, to discuss the particu­ lars of the raid. The army, to be composed solely of cavalry, had instructions to avoid deliberate acts of destruction, to enlist "loyal" southerners into their column and to capture St. Louis. Price under­ stood that political dividends might also be realized, so he included Jefferson City on the invasion path. He hoped to capture that city and place in office Governor-in-exile Thomas C. Reynolds, who would accompany the raid.5 3 Thomas C. Fletcher, "The Battle of Pilot Knob and Retreat to Leasburg," in War Papers and Personal Reminiscences, 1861-1865; Read Before the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Missouri Commandery, vol. 1 (St. Louis: Becktold and Co., 1892), 29; Cyrus A. Peterson and Joseph M. Hanson, Pilot Knob, The Thermopylae of the West (New York: The Neale Publishing Co., 1914), 24, 34; Thomas A. Belser, "Military Operations in Missouri and Arkansas 1861-1865" (Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1958), 687-688; Albert Castel, "War and Politics; The Price Raid," Kansas Historical Quarterly 24 (Summer 1958): 130; Norman Potter Morrow, "Price's Missouri Expedition, 1864" (Master's Thesis, University of Texas, 1949), 24-25. 4 Morrow, "Price's Missouri Expedition," 15, 24; Kerby, Kirby Smith's Con­ federacy, 335-336; Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 26-29; Belser, "Military Operations in Missouri," 688. 5 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 4 ser. 128 vols. (Washington, D.C, 1890-1901), ser. 1, vol. 41, pt. 2, 1040-1041. Hereafter cited as O. R. with all subsequent citations from series 1; Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 335. 142 Missouri Historical Review

Following the meeting with Kirby Smith, Price returned to his headquarters at Camden, Arkansas, worked out the final details and gathered the necessary ordnance stores. On August 28, 1864, he re­ signed his post as commander of the District of Arkansas and left Camden to rendezvous with his army in Princeton, Arkansas. He arrived there the following day and assumed command of the Army of Missouri, alternately titled the Army of the Field.6 The morning after he reached Princeton, Price assembled his newly created force and began the long march towards St. Louis. Present from the onset were two of the army's three divisional commanders, Major General James Fleming Fagan and Brigadier General John Sappington Marmaduke. The third, Brigadier General Joseph Orville Shelby, had been sent behind enemy lines with orders to enlist recruits for the new army, and join the march at a later date.7 Marmaduke's understrength division of 1,200 men, accompanied by two small companies of engineers under the charge of Captain Thomas J. Mackey led the column as it departed Princeton. General Price and his escort, which included a marching band, followed the 6 O. R., 41, pt. 1, 626; Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 36. 7 Richard Brownlee, "The Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron County, Missouri, September 27, 1864," Missouri Historical Review 59 (October 1964):6; Morrow, "Price's Missouri Expedition," 63; Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 338.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Major General Sterling Price led the Confederate raid into Missouri. General Edmond Kirby Smith, com­ mander of the Confederacy's Trans- Mississippi Department, selected Price because he had been a popu­ lar governor of Missouri. Kirby Smith hoped that Price could in­ spire those loyal to the South to enlist in the Confederate army. The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob 143

group. A 300-vehicle quartermaster wagon train with ambulances and eighteen giant pontoon boat wagons occupied the position behind Price's entourage. Fagan's understrength division of 2,000 men took up the rear. A large contingent of unorganized enlistees marched ahead of Fagan and to the rear of the quartermaster's rolling stock and increased as the column advanced northward. These men would later be in­ corporated into a third division from Shelby's brigade.8 The march between Princeton and Pilot Knob moved slowly, plagued by morale problems. Price's army traveled an average of eighteen and one-quarter miles per day, a slow pace for cavalry. The reasons for the leisurely rate of progress included poor roads, inclement weather and the army's need to gather supplies and forage along the way. Price's inept leadership only exacerbated the army's sluggish pace. The infantry officer never appreciated the primary advantage of cavalry: speed. Low morale became another difficulty which confronted Price during the journey to Pilot Knob. Soldiers complained of saddle sores, acquired from long hours atop their horses, delinquent pay from "Uncle Jeff" and the food. One soldier lamented in a letter home of supple­ menting his meager diet with acorns. Discipline was almost nonexistent. Troopers looted villages and farms in their wake with little fear of reprisal from their superiors.9 Upon leaving Princeton, the column proceeded north 165 miles to Dardanelle, Arkansas, where, on September 7, 1864, it forded the Arkansas River. From that point, it progressed in a northeasterly direction for 173 miles to the town of Powhatan, Arkansas. There, on September 15, the column rendezvoused with General Shelby who had been waiting with his brigade and 3,000 conscripts and recruits. His army at full strength, Price marched one more day to Pocahantas, Arkansas, before reorganizing the army into what would be its final form. This action integrated the new soldiers into the existing command structure and created a provisional division for Shelby.10 The reorganization took three days to complete, the end result being a corps of three divisions. These units were comprised of under­ strength brigades and regiments, so structured to accommodate the 8 Brownlee, "Battle of Pilot Knob," 4. 9 O. R., 41, pt. 1, 642-645, 706, 716, 719-720; Morrow, "Price's Missouri Expedi­ tion," 64, 76; Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 337-339; St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, 14 October 1864; John Darr, "Price's Raid Into Missouri," Confederate Veteran Magazine 11 (1903):359; William G. Hazen to Alexander R. Hazen, 21 December 1864, State Historical Society of Missouri Typescript Collection, Vol. II, item 44, Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Columbia and State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts. 10 O. R., 41, pt. 1, 622-626; Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 338-339. 144 Missouri Historical Review

Brigadier General John Sappington Marmaduke led one of the three newly created divisions of the Con­ federate army of Missouri. Union forces captured Marmaduke at the end of the Missouri campaign and held him prisoner until August 1865. In 1884, he became the gov­ ernor of Missouri.

State Historical Society of Missouri thousands of men expected to enlist in the army as it marched through Missouri. General Fagan's Arkansas Division, the largest of the three, consisted of brigades under Brigadier General William L. Cabell, Colonel W.F. Slemons, Colonel Archibald Dobbin, Colonel Thomas H. McCray, two unattached regiments, Captain W.L. Anderson's bat­ talion and an additional section of artillery. Marmaduke's Missouri Division included Brigadier General John Clark, Jr.'s brigade, compris­ ing two batteries of artillery, Captain James T. Hogan's engineering company and Colonel Thomas H. Freeman's brigade. The third divi­ sion, under Brigadier General Shelby, contained his own Iron Brigade, commanded by Colonel David Shanks, Colonel Sidney Jackman's brigade, Colonel Charles Tyler's brigade and the 46th Mounted Infantry commanded by Colonel W.O. Coleman.11 Because of the influx of new men and the desertion of others, the 11 O. R., 41, pt. 1, 641-642; Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 339. The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob 145 exact size of the Confederate Army of Missouri was impossible to discern. In his official report, Price estimated that nearly 12,000 men marched with him into Missouri. His Inspector General, Major James R. Shaler, disputed that number and testified that only 9,000 men accompanied Price, 2,000 of whom remained unarmed. With verifica­ tion of either assessment impossible, most sources agree that Price's estimation was the more accurate and that one-third of these men served without firearms. The assortment of shoulder arms for those fortunate enough to possess them consisted primarily of the old- fashioned muzzle loading variety, including Springfield and Enfield rifled muskets, shotguns and "Mississippi" muskets. Only Shelby's men carried the more modern breach loading Sharps rifle. The army's fourteen piece artillery force consisted of 12-pounder mountain how­ itzers and 20-pounder rifled Parrot guns, all captured from the Union army.12 In order to provide better forage for the animals and facilitate the deployment of troops to the front, Price divided his army into three columns at Pocahantas with plans to reassemble at Fredericktown, Missouri, eighty miles due south of St. Louis. Price accompanied Fagan's division as it advanced in the center column. They crossed into Missouri on September 19, 1864, and continued toward their destina­ tion via Martinsburg, Reeve's Station and Greenville. General Marma­ duke's division maintained a distance of between ten and thirty miles to the east of Fagan. Shelby's division, which remained at least ten miles from the center column at all times, protected Price's left flank.13 This large body of men did not escape detection by their enemy. On September 2, the commander of the Union Department of Missouri, Major General William Starke Rosecrans, received positive information of a raid in progress. Acting in response, he ordered scouting parties to be dispatched from the various outposts in southeastern Missouri to obtain more information regarding the enemy's movements. Several of these patrols encountered Confederate foes, and skirmishes ensued. The bloodiest of these involved approximately 350 members of Shelby's division near the town of Doniphan, Missouri, on September 20. The remainder of these fights were short lived with few casualties on either side.14 12 O. R., 41, pt. 1, 627-722; Morrow, "Price's Missouri Expedition," 68, 74; Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 635; Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 340; Robert Shalhope, Sterling Price, Portrait of a Southerner (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1971), 263. i3 O. R., 41, pt. 1, 627-628, 679, 687. 14 Ibid., 652; ibid., pt. 3, 25-27; Darr, "Price's Raid," 359. 146 Missouri Historical Review

By the evening of September 25, all had arrived in Fredericktown except Marmaduke's division, encamped eight miles to the south. Marmaduke's proximity to the rest of the army made it possible for him to attend a council of war held that night at Price's headquarters. Price called the meeting to discuss his options in light of new informa­ tion regarding Union reinforcements. Through intelligence reports, he had learned that an additional 8,000 men (actually 6,000) under Union General Andrew Jackson Smith had arrived in St. Louis to help provide for that city's defense. Price later testified this knowledge had led him to abandon his plan to attack St. Louis and seek valuable military stores at a less fortified position. According to his spies, a mere 1,500 Federals manned the Union garrison at Pilot Knob, a town located 20 miles to the west of Fredericktown. It contained the materials Price sought. To the general, this outpost seemed too vulnerable to ignore, and of his three subordinates, only Shelby disagreed, urging an immediate assault on the original target. Price decided to leave Fred­ ericktown the following morning with the bulk of his army and travel west toward Pilot Knob. As the Confederates approached, the Union forces poised themselves for a possible confrontation.15 15 O. R., 41, pt. 1, 628, 652, 706; Belser, "Military Operations in Missouri," 699; Brigadier General Joseph O. Shelby to Major C.C. Rainwater, 5 January 1888, Civil War Collection—Pilot Knob Papers, box 2, Missouri Historical Society Archives, Jefferson Memorial Building, St. Louis, Missouri. State Historical Society of Missouri

Brigadier General Joseph Orville Shelby recruited 3,000 men in Missouri for Price's Confederate Army of Missouri. When the war ended, Shelby and his men, known as the "Iron Brigade," refused to surrender and escaped to Mexico where they offered their services to Emperor Maxi­ milian. The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob 147

Unconfirmed reports that the Confederates had actually launched an invasion began to circulate the day Price's army left Princeton. Verification of these rumors came three days later, September 2, when Major General Cadwallader C. Washburn reported to Rosecrans that Price had been located in the vicinity of Batesville, Arkansas, with 12,000 men. The mixture of factual and false information found in Washburn's dispatch was typical of later correspondence. While it usually gave the army's correct location, it invariably exaggerated its size. Accurate intelligence concerning the position of the Rebel army continued to reach General Rosecrans. Charting its course became an easy task for the Federals because Price often stopped in hamlets and spoke to its citizens at length about his intentions and destination. With each new report came information that confirmed Rosecrans's fears: Price was coming to Missouri. On September 10, he learned that Price had crossed the Arkansas River, ten days later he received word of the incident at Doniphan, and on September 24, he related to Governor Willard Hall that his scouts had discovered the enemy massing at Fredericktown. Soon the alarm spread to the citizenry as word of the raid reached the newspapers.16 General Rosecrans reacted swiftly to the news that the arrival of the Rebel army seemed imminent. Assuming it would enter the state from the southeast, he quickly arranged fortification of the supply depots at Springfield and Rolla as well as the railroad lines that connected those places to St. Louis. Then he telegraphed Major General Henry W. Halleck and requested that Major General Andrew Jackson Smith's division of 6,000 men, at that time in Cairo, Illinois, on their way to join General Sherman's army, be diverted to his command. On September 9, Halleck, fully cognizant of the manpower shortage facing Rosecrans and the threat Price's army posed to Missouri, granted the request. With the arrival of Smith's division in St. Louis, the number of soldiers defending that city increased four-fold. Troops continued to arrive, and by the time Price's army reached Fredericktown, nine regiments of Illinois 100-day volunteers, members of the city's National Guard, and armed civilians protected St. Louis and the surrounding countryside.17 16 O. R., 41, pt. 2, 936, 940; ibid., pt. 3, 25-27; ibid., 223; Morrow, "Price's Missouri Expedition," 73; Richard J. Hinton, Rebel Invasion of Missouri and Kansas and the Campaign of the Army of the Border, Against General Sterling Price, in October and November, 1864 (Chicago: Church and Goodman, 1865), 18; O. R., 41, pt. 3, 143, 342; Wiley Britton, The Civil War on the Border (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1899), 2:392-393; St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, 13, 26, 27 September 1864; St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, 16 September 1864. 17 O. R., 41, pt. 1, 307-308; ibid., pt. 3, 70, 74-75, 117-118; ibid., pt. 1, 318; ibid., 39, pt. 2, 490. 148 Missouri Historical Review

Major General William Starke Rosecrans commanded the Union Department of Missouri. Although his department was undermanned, Rosecrans acted quickly to counter the threat posed by Price's Confederate Army of Missouri. Rosecrans had lost command of the Army of the Cumberland because of his performance at Chickamauga in 1863. He was assigned to Missouri in January 1864.

State Historical Society of Missouri On September 24, Rosecrans received information via telegraph that a Union scout had observed General Jo Shelby, along with 5,000 men and four pieces of artillery, marching toward Farmington, Mis­ souri, a small town located about 75 miles south of St. Louis. This news prompted Rosecrans to send a number of the city's defenders under Brigadier General Thomas Ewing, Jr., the commander of the District of Southeast Missouri, to appraise the situation. Ewing had been ordered to "concentrate the troops in the southern part of his district at Pilot Knob and Cape Girardeau, and to verify the accuracy of this report." On the 25th, just before leaving his headquarters for Pilot Knob, Ewing received further instructions to "find out whether any more than Shelby's division was in Southeast Missouri, and to that end to hold Pilot Knob until he was certain." With these orders, Rosecrans relin­ quished the immediate responsibility for the garrison at Pilot Knob to General Ewing. The next day, General A.J. Smith received orders to take two brigades as far south on the Iron Mountain Railroad as he The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob 149 could venture without being forced to retreat. Ideally, the maneuver would keep Smith on the railroad between the enemy and St. Louis.18 On September 25, General Ewing left Jefferson Barracks, a large military base ten miles south of St. Louis, with an escort of nine companies of the 14th Iowa Infantry Volunteers commanded by Cap­ tain William J. Campbell. Traveling south on the Iron Mountain Railroad, the troop train halted at strategic points along the line to detach parties of soldiers to protect the vital rail line. In all, nearly five companies participated in this endeavor. That evening, those who remained with the train camped at Mineral Point. The next morning, Ewing, Campbell and Companies B, C, D, and E and eighteen men from Company H embarked for Pilot Knob, reaching that place about noon, September 26, 1864.19 The village of Pilot Knob, located 86 miles south of St. Louis, was the terminus of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad. The presence of the rail line made the small mining town a place of some military importance, serving as a supply depot for all the region's military outposts. To protect the military stores and rail depot, the Union army erected a fort there in 1861. Situated on a plain 400 yards south-southeast of the town, the citadel could accommodate a garrison of 500 men. Named Fort Davidson in honor of General John Wynn Davidson, the hexagonal earthwork covered an area of 700 square yards. Each of its six earthen walls stood 100 feet long, between 4 and 5XA feet high, and about 4 feet wide. Constructed of dirt and gunnysacks filled with dirt, the fort was surrounded by a dry moat 10 feet wide and 6 feet deep. Sandbags along the walls inside the fort elevated sharp­ shooters and helped to give them a field of fire extending 900 yards over the unobstructed surrounding plain. A powder magazine 40 feet long and 12 feet wide, located just east of the center of the fort, provided the only bombproof structure inside the works. This building had a staircase leading down to its core where powder and fixed ammunition usually filled it to capacity. While a man could traverse the fort's earthen walls with some difficulty, horses, wagons or other large objects could enter the fort only through the sally port on the east wall. A drawbridge spanned the moat outside the lone portal. On the south side of the fort, a rifle pit emanated from the moat and extended 170 yards due south. A similar pit extended from the moat along the northern wall in a north-northwesterly direction. Perpendicular to the

18 Ibid., 41, pt. 1, 308. Unless otherwise noted, all subsequent citations from the O. R. will be taken from Volume 41, pt. 1. 19 O. R., 325, 445; Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection; Lewis Sutton to CA. Peterson, 12 February 1903, Letter No. 1, Jack Mayes Collection. 150 Missouri Historical Review walls from which they emanated, the pits provided cover for additional riflemen and increased the scope of the area commanded by the Union gunners.20 The artillery at Fort Davidson consisted of four 32-pound siege guns, three 24-pound howitzers mounted en barbette and two mortars. The mortars remained useless, however, for no man present at Fort Davidson during General Ewing's stay there knew how to operate them. Prior to the battle, an ordnance officer reported an inventory of 280 rounds of fixed ammunition for the large cannon and 320 rounds for the smaller ones. On September 22, Battery H of the 2nd Missouri Light Artillery arrived to strengthen the garrison with six 3-inch rifled field pieces and caissons loaded with rifled conical balls, conical per­ cussion shells and canister shot.21 The fort stood on a plain of 1,000 acres surrounded by four small mountains. To the north lay Cedar and Rock mountains, the gap between them being the site of the railroad line and the heart of the town of Pilot Knob. The forward slopes of the other two mountains reached upward approximately 1,200 yards to the east and south of the fort; Pilot Knob Mountain to the east and Shepherd Mountain to the south and west. All four mountains rose abruptly from the plain, ranged from 500 to 600 feet high and were covered by loose rocks, tangled oaks and thick undergrowth. Pilot Knob Mountain, the rockiest of the four, proved the most difficult to climb. The most accessible, Shepherd Mountain, had several mining roads leading to its summit. Along the base of Shepherd Mountain and through the quarter mile wide gap between it and Pilot Knob Mountain flowed Knob Creek. The fort sat atop a gradual slope which began one-quarter mile south, affording to the occupants an excellent vista of its southern ap­ proaches.22 Four roads connected Pilot Knob, a village of 200 people, with its neighboring communities. The road to Potosi led north along the western base of Cedar Mountain. Middlebrook Road ran alongside the railroad between Cedar and Rock mountains. The road to Farmington 20 O. R., 715; Dorothy Reese, "History of Iron County," in Centennial of Iron County, 27, found in the Ozark Regional Library, Ironton, Missouri; Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 43, 102, 186, 225; Britton, Civil War on the Border, 2:396; Belser, "Military Operations in Missouri," 689. 21 O. R., 446, 458; Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection; St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, 4 October 1864. 22 O. R., 446; Letter No. 18, Jack Mayes Collection; Brownlee, "Battle of Pilot Knob," 16-17; Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 188; Birdie Cole, "The Battle of Pilot Knob," Confederate Veteran Magazine 22 (1914):417; Morrow, "Price's Missouri Expe­ dition," 77; Britton, Civil War on the Border, 2:396. The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob 151

cut into the foothills that separated Rock and Pilot Knob mountains. Through the gap between Shepherd and Pilot Knob mountains, the fourth road passed into the Arcadia Valley.23 The Arcadia Valley was an immense area with thousands of acres of farmland and two small towns. Ironton, the largest town in Iron County, served as its county seat. Less than a mile south of the courthouse, which marked the center of Ironton, lay Arcadia, and the juncture of the roads that connected Ironton and Pilot Knob to Fredericktown. On a hillside overlooking that crossroad stood a dilapi­ dated earthwork called Fort Curtis. The government abandoned it in 1861 for Fort Davidson, because the newer fort was nearer to the military warehouse and rail terminus. Two miles east of Fort Curtis the Fredericktown Road passed through Shut-In gap, the most direct route from Fredericktown to Pilot Knob.24 Given the vulnerability of a fort surrounded by four mountains, all within artillery range, the Union army, in the summer in 1864, sent engineers to Fort Davidson to seek a more defensible spot for the garrison. None could be found that adhered to the fiscal and engineer­ ing constraints set by the army, so the troops strengthened the existing structure, deepening the moat, reinforcing the parapets, and adding the rifle pits. Workers also attempted to hinder the enemy's access to the high ground by obstructing all roads leading up the mountains and by denuding the mountainsides. Work had been completed by the time General Ewing arrived at Pilot Knob.25 Prior to his departure from St. Louis, General Ewing had ordered Major James Wilson, a member of the 3rd Missouri State Militia Cavalry and commanding officer of the military sub-district head­ quartered at Pilot Knob, to consolidate at Fort Davidson all of the personnel stationed at the outposts in Centreville, Farmington, Fred­ ericktown and Patterson. With the completion of this reinforcement and the arrival of General Ewing and his escort, the Federal garrison at Pilot Knob attained its maximum fighting strength of 1,051 officers and enlisted men. Just over half of these men had combat experience. The group of combat veterans included Captain Campbell's 14th Iowa Volunteers, six companies of Major Wilson's 3rd Missouri State Militia Cavalry, Company L of the 2nd Missouri State Militia Cavalry com­ manded by Captain Amos P. Wright, Company G and a section of artillery from the 1st Missouri State Militia Infantry under Lieutenant John Fessler and Battery H of the 2nd Missouri Light Artillery led by * O. R., 708. 24 Ibid., 446; Britton, Civil War on the Border, 2:395. " O. fl.,446. 152 Missouri Historical Review

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Captain William C. Montgomery. The majority of the 489 inexperienced soldiers belonged to the 47th Missouri Infantry. This regiment had been mustered in on September 15, 1864, by its commander, Colonel Thomas C. Fletcher, Missouri's radical Republican gubernatorial candidate in 1864. Six companies of the 47th were stationed at Pilot Knob the day General Ewing took command of that post. Company F of the 50th Missouri Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Captain Robert L. Lind­ say, represented the other body of raw troopers present at Fort Davidson.26 Approximately 100 armed civilians also had arrived willing to fight. These men, all volunteers, lived in the vicinity of Pilot Knob. Additional support came from a small company of "colored" troops led by a black civilian named Charles Thurston. Captain P.F. Lonergan, the provost marshall of Pilot Knob, acted as military liaison to Thurston's men. Lieutenant David Murphy, an adjutant in the 47th Missouri, had charge of all artillery in the fort, and surgeon Seymour D. Carpenter served as the chief of medical staff.27 Soon after he stepped off the train at Pilot Knob, General Ewing met with Major Wilson to learn the latest news concerning the enemy's position as well as its estimated strength and destination. The major reported that between September 22 and September 25, he had dis­ patched reconnoitering parties of four to eight men along all of the roads leading out of Pilot Knob. One party on its daily patrol of the Fredericktown Road discovered the trail of several hundred horsemen five miles west of Fredericktown. He had wired this news immediately to General Ewing, then in transit between St. Louis and Pilot Knob. Early in the morning, September 26, a much larger party of 100 men under Captain Hiram A. Rice drove an advance guard of Shelby's division out of Farmington, a town 18 miles northeast of Pilot Knob. A Rebel prisoner captured during that rout revealed that General Price intended to attack Pilot Knob that evening or the next morning. While many doubted the veracity of the prisoner's statement, few seemed 26 Ibid.; Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection; Fletcher, "Battle of Pilot Knob," 32-34; Sceva B. Laughlin, "Missouri Politics During the Civil War," Missouri Historical Review 24 (July 1930):269; "The Battle of Pilot Knob by One Who Was There," typescript memoir of an unknown observer of the Battle of Pilot Knob, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, Columbia; Britton, Civil War on the Border, 2:394. 27 Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection; Morrow, "Price's Missouri Expedition," 78; Britton, Civil War on the Border, 2:395; Fletcher, "Battle of Pilot Knob," 31, 42; Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 122; Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection; Recollec­ tions of Sam Rowe, Civil War Collection—Pilot Knob Papers, box 2, Missouri Historical Society. 154 Missouri Historical Review willing to dismiss it completely, including Major Wilson who called the men to arms for the second time in as many days.28 General Ewing expressed satisfaction with all the efforts except one of the scouting expeditions sent forth by Major Wilson. This group had patrolled only eight miles along the Fredericktown Road on the evening of the 25th, a distance General Ewing believed far too short. Therefore he sent two companies of the 2nd Missouri State Militia Cavalry under Lieutenant J. A. Rice to make a thorough reconnaissance of that road as far towards Fredericktown as he could safely progress. He sent a second scouting party under Captain Pinkney L. Powers to Ironton and Arcadia to learn from the loyal citizens "as much as possible as to the force of the enemy."29 Meanwhile, in Fredericktown, the Confederates massed in prepara­ tion for their assault on Fort Davidson. General Shelby was the first to arrive with his division on September 23, followed the next day by General Price's escort and General Fagan's division. Just after dawn on September 26, the first members of General Marmaduke's division entered Fredericktown. Price ordered Shelby to take his division and destroy the railroad tracks and bridges in and around Irondale, a small town located on the rail line between St. Louis and Pilot Knob. Shelby and his men completed this task with little difficulty that afternoon, thus denying General Ewing an important avenue of escape and rein- forcments. In concert with Shelby's departure, an advance guard of 200-300 men from Fagan's division marched west along the Frederick- town-Ironton road and secured the narrow Shut-in pass. At mid- morning, Price and about 7,000 officers and men, joined by all of Marmaduke's contingent, began their march toward Pilot Knob.30 Having met with no resistance at the Shut-In, the Confederate advance guard continued its progress west toward Arcadia. About one and one-half miles in front of them, at the juncture where the Arcadia and Ironton roads met the Fredericktown Road, a group of nine Union soldiers assigned to the picket post sat beneath a large shade tree eating their midday meal. As the Confederate advance guard came into view, Union Sergeant Azariah Martin of the 47th Missouri sighted them marching in close column over the undulating landscape 240 yards east of his position. Martin convinced the commander of the picket post, Sergeant Theodore Atchinson, that the column was made up of Rebel 28 O. R., 446, 458; Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 96; Recollections of Sam Rowe. 29 O. R., 447; J.A. Rice to CA. Peterson, no date, Civil War Collection—Pilot Knob Papers, box 2. 30 O. R., 628, 652; ibid., pt. 3, 384. The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob 155 soldiers, and Atchinson sent a volunteer, private John Gourley, to alert the men in Ironton and Pilot Knob. Martin, Atchinson and the others remained behind and watched as the slow moving Rebel column tore down fences that stood in their way.31 Some time passed before Martin realized that Gourley had not made it to the fort and that reinforcements would not be forthcoming. As he watched the Rebel column descend the slope of the nearest rise, he became concerned and proposed to deliver the news himself. Atchin­ son agreed and sent Martin galloping off toward Ironton. The Rebels witnessed Martin's sudden departure and quickened the pace of their right flank in hopes of capturing the runner in a pincer movement. Afraid of being engulfed by the enemy, Sergeant Atchinson ordered a retreat and led his men down the same road that Martin had taken a few moments earlier.32 Traveling along a different road, Lieutenant J.A. Rice and his scouting party reached the site of the picket post to find it abandoned in some haste. Neither Rice nor his men saw the Rebels as they ascended the rise nearest the picket post. Upon reaching the crest of the hill, the Rebels sighted the Federals and charged the unsuspecting Yankees. Momentarily stunned, Rice and his men fell back in disarray, but eventually held their ground in Arcadia. Lieutenant Rice soon rallied his men and drove the Rebels back toward the Shut-In. How­ ever, as reinforcements for the Confederates began to filter through that narrow pass, the Federals were forced to retreat slowly back into Arcadia. There they held fast with many of them assuming the high ground around Fort Curtis.33 While Lieutenant Rice and his men fought the Confederates, Sergeant Martin continued through Ironton. As he rode down the town's main street, he repeatedly shouted, "The Rebels are on us," to the citizens who lined the streets eager for an explanation of the distant sound of gunfire. He first stopped at the camp of Company E of the 47th Missouri located 140 yards northeast of the courthouse in Ironton. He paused there long enough to inform the first man he saw, a corporal, of the approaching column and then continued his ride toward Fort Davidson. At the ford of Knob Creek in the gap between Shepherd and Pilot Knob mountains, he met a detachment of 83 men from the 3rd Missouri State Militia Cavalry. The commander of that body halted Martin and asked him what was wrong. Martin simply 31 Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 106-108; Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection. 32 Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 106-108; Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection. 33 J.A. Rice to CA. Peterson, no date, Civil War Collection—Pilot Knob Papers, box 2; Belser, "Military Operations in Missouri," 700. 156 Missouri Historical Review replied, "Rebels coming." Rather than interrogate Martin there, the officer accompanied him to the fort. The rest of the detachment remained at the ford. Martin related all of the details of his experience in the presence of General Ewing.34 In Ironton, commanding officer Captain Franz Dinger assembled the men of Company E who fired at the oncoming Rebel line. Unable to stave off the enemy's superior numbers, Dinger ordered his men to retreat in double-quick time toward the nearby courthouse. The captain had intended to continue with his men past the two-story red brick structure, march to the base of Shepherd Mountain, through the gap between it and Pilot Knob Mountain, and into the fort. However, in the confusion, Lieutenant George Tetley led a majority of the company into the courthouse while only eight men followed Dinger to the fort. Inside the courthouse, Tetley and his men smashed the glass from the windows with the butts of their rifles and held the enemy at bay with their incessant sniping.35 Meanwhile, back at Fort Davidson, General Ewing, in response to the news of Sergeant Martin, had dispatched reinforcements to the front. Major Wilson received the overall command of this body made up of all "available" cavalry, a section of Battery H of the 2nd Missouri Light Artillery, including two field guns, under Lieutenant Morgan Simonton, and Captain Campbell's 14th Iowa Infantry. Wilson's orders appeared clear and concise: "Drive the enemy through the Shut-in."36 Major Wilson and his men left the fort with the horsemen in the lead and Captain Campbell's infantry taking up the rear. The riders soon advanced out of sight of the foot soldiers and into the gap through which Knob Creek flowed. There, joined by the eighty-three men waiting at the ford of the stream, they galloped into Ironton. Riding at a rapid pace south along the town's main thoroughfare, they met with no resistance until they reached the courthouse. As Wilson and his men passed that building, the men of Company E fell into line and the entire body charged the enemy. A series of crippling volleys hit the Confed­ erates who, until then, had suffered only minor casualties. The Rebel line, extending from the southern bank of Stout's Creek to Fort Curtis, began to falter. No longer pinned down and outnumbered, Lieutenant Rice and his men emerged from Fort Curtis and applied pressure to the southerners' extreme left flank. When the battle reached the open field east of Ironton and Arcadia, Lieutenant Simonton commanded his men to unhitch the cannons and fire at will on the enemy. The cannoneers 34 Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection; Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 109. 35 Fletcher, "Battle of Pilot Knob," 36; Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection. 36 O. R., 447. The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob 157

delivered deadly accurate shots to the Rebel line. Major Wilson's aggressive, skillfully led assault overwhelmed Fagan's advance guard who eventually retreated into the Shut-In. There the Confederates used the natural defenses of the terrain to stop the Federal advance.37 Not long after the battle moved out of sight of Ironton, Captain Campbell and the men of the 14th Iowa entered the Arcadia Valley. Although he could not see any signs of combat, he could hear it, and prepared his men for action. The veteran captain deployed his men into a battle line on a ridge just east of the road over which they had traveled. Then, they advanced cautiously through an apple orchard toward the sound of the far-off gunfire.38 Inside the Shut-In, the tide turned in favor of the Confederates who were reinforced from their rear. Major Wilson realized that the Confederates were being bolstered and made a tactical withdrawal; one that contested every yard as they retreated. As he raised his saber to order his men to fall back, a bullet grazed him on the left side of his head near his eye. The force of the blow caused him to lose his balance and fall from his horse. Although stunned, he regained enough com- 37 Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection; "Battle of Pilot Knob," typescript memoir, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, Columbia. 38 Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 124. State Historical Society of Missouri

Major General James Flem­ ing Fagan, an experienced in­ fantry officer, commanded the largest of three cavalry divi­ sions in Price's army. Al­ though Fagan was senior to Marmaduke and Shelby, both had more experience with cavalry. 158 Missouri Historical Review posure to remount his horse and shout orders to fall back. The sight of the major's fall and recovery inspired his men who remained calm and orderly in spite of the enemy's increasing numbers. The Rebels, in turn, left the protective surroundings of the Shut-in and pursued the Fed­ erals, but they were unable to break through the retreating line. As the battle line reached the cornfields on the east side of Arcadia, darkness and a light rain compelled the two combatants to cease their firing.39 At the close of the battle, the Confederate line extended from Fort Curtis northeast to Stout's Creek. The Federals, including the men of the 14th Iowa, formed their line north of the creek in the cornfields east of Ironton. The armies stood about three-quarters of a mile from one another. Upon receiving word that skirmishing had ended, General Ewing rode to the front to determine the size of the Rebel force. When he reached Wilson's position, he surveyed the Confederate line and noted that the Rebels opposite his men did not correspond to the number of men he expected. The general's observation proved correct, because at the time of his survey, less than 500 of Fagan's men had reached the front. Still uncertain whether the whole of Price's army confronted him, Ewing ordered Wilson to maintain his line. Then, he rode back to the fort.40 The men on the Federal line watched and listened as the Confed­ erate officers barked out orders. They could also hear the sound of wagons rolling into line and see the Confederates enter their camps along the Fredericktown Road. Captain Campbell suspected that this caravan of Rebel troops was more than a scouting party. He conveyed his suspicion to Major Wilson. The major agreed with Campbell and dispatched a rider to inform General Ewing of the Confederate rein­ forcements. He requested permission for his men to fall back to the relative safety of Ironton.41 Ewing sent Captain Charles S. Hills, a member of his staff, to the front to check the accuracy of Wilson's report. Hills reached the front at 10 P.M. and immediately realized that Wilson had not exaggerated the Rebel strength. He promised to relay his findings to Ewing but repeated the general's orders for the major to hold his ground. Wilson agreed not to retreat, and Hills sped off to Fort Davidson. As he waited for

39 St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, 1 October 1864; St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, 3 October 1864; Britton, Civil War on the Border, 2:397. 40 O. R., 447; Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 124-125; Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection; Belser, "Military Operations in Missouri," 701. 41 Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 125. The Great-Little Battle of Pilot Knob 159

Hills to return, the major ordered that no man speak above a whisper so as not to betray their strength or exact position.42 Hills returned to the front at 11 P.M. with orders for Wilson and his men to retire to Ironton. The Federals organized their ranks and proceeded into town with remarkable stealth. The infantry moved in a column on the road, and the cavalry led their horses through the fields. They formed a new line with the 3rd Missouri State Militia east of the road near the south side of Pilot Knob Mountain, the 14th Iowa on their right flank in the center of the line, and Company E of the 47th Missouri on the extreme right near the courthouse. Lieutenant Simon- ton's battery, along with its two guns, returned to the fort at 10 P.M. Although Wilson and Campbell felt more secure in their new surround­ ings, they would not allow the men to stand down. The rain continued to fall, and after posting sentries, Campbell permitted a few men to seek shelter inside the courthouse.43 That night, the troops built four gun platforms inside Fort David­ son to accommodate field pieces brought by Captain Montgomery's battery. Under the supervision of Lieutenant David Murphy, an ex­ perienced artillerist, a "body of colored men" worked in the rain by the light of oil lamps to complete the platforms, constructed of wood taken from the roof of the powder magazine. They fastened ropes around the axles of these guns and secured them to the fort revetments to prevent the recoil from toppling them off the embankments.44 From the Ironton courthouse, skyrockets rose above the Frederick- town Road. These flares guided the Confederates as they marched into Arcadia. That night, all of Fagan's division arrived in Arcadia while Generals Price and Marmaduke and the latter's division camped nine miles east of Pilot Knob on the St. Francis River.45 At 3 A.M., General Ewing ordered Lieutenant Simonton to return to Ironton with his battery and guns. At that time, Ewing suspected that he was up against an army much larger than his own. He did know that his rail link to St. Louis had been cut, eliminating a quick departure from the fort. A message he had received that afternoon from General 42 Ibid., 125-127. 43 Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 127; Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection; W.C Shattuck to CA. Peterson, no date, Civil War Collection—Pilot Knob Papers, box 2; O. 7?., 358. 44 David Murphy, "My Recollections of Pilot Knob, Mo., Sept. 27th, 1864," 8 October 1902, St. Louis, Missouri, Civil War Papers—Missouri-Union, Missouri His­ torical Society; O. R., 441; Letter No. 17, Jack Mayes Collection; St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, 4 October 1864. 45 O. R., 703; William Cameron to CA. Peterson, 16 April 1903, Civil War Collection—Pilot Knob Papers, box 2; Peterson and Hanson, Pilot Knob, 99. 160 Missouri Historical Review

Rosecrans also may have contributed to his decision to stay at Pilot Knob. Rosecrans stated that Ewing could "probably make it too expensive for the Rebels to take the Knob." Whatever influenced the general, he believed the advantages gained by a staunch defense of the garrison outweighed those of a retreat. He chose to remain and fight.46 46 O. R., 41, pt. 3, 385; ibid., pt. 1, 447, 458; St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, 29 September 1864. [To be continued]

What Does Education Do?

Milan Republican, March 5, 1885. Every county in the state in which a Normal School is located is represented in the Legislature by a Republican. This is what education does.

A Word About Words

Oregon Holt County Sentinel, July 7, 1865. In composition, as a general rule, run your pen through every other word you have written; you have no idea what vigor it will give your style.

Odoriferous Insurance

Unionville Republican, February 6, 1889. Turpentine mixed with carbolic acid and kept in open vessels about the room will, it is said, greatly lessen the risk of contagion in scarlet fever, diptheria, and kindred diseases.

The New Postage Stamps

St. Joseph Daily Herald, July 6, 1883. The portraits on the new postage stamps are as follows: 1-cent, Franklin; 2-cent, Jackson; 4-cent, Washington; 5-cent, Taylor (old) and Garfield (new); 6-cent, Lincoln; 7-cent, Stanton; 10-cent, Jefferson; 12-cent, Clay; 15-cent, Webster; 24-cent, Scott; 30- cent, Hamilton; 90-cent, Perry. Ehrlich and Piland In 1923, Peters designed this twelve-plex apartment house, located at 720-22 West 37th for Charles E. Phillips, a local builder. Relatively large apartment buildings such as this enabled Peters great flexibility for her design. Phillips contracted with Peters for the design of several apartment buildings in Kansas City.

The Architectural Career of Nelle Peters BY GEORGE EHRLICH AND SHERRY PILAND* Comparatively few American architects achieve recognition beyond their own locale and time; indeed, most continue to be virtually invisible regardless of longevity or competency. Consequently, Nelle Peters had been forgotten less than fifty years after her prime as an architect, which occurred in the mid-1920s. Nevertheless, one might have thought that being a successful woman in a "man's profession"

*George Ehrlich, Ph.D., University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, is a Professor of Art History at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. Sherry Piland, M.A., University of Missouri-Kansas City, is currently pursuing doctoral-level studies at Florida State University. An architectural historian, she has served on the staffs of the Landmarks Commission of Kansas City, Missouri, and of the South Carolina Depart­ ment of Archives and History. This article is a revision of a paper presented in 1985 at the annual meeting of the Society of Architectural Historians, in Pittsburgh, PA.

161 162 Missouri Historical Review

Ehrlich and Piland Nelle Peters became one of the most successful architects in Kansas City during the early twentieth century. Although she lacked formal training, she learned her profession through on-the-job experience. After arriving in Kansas City in 1909, she gained a reputation for her designs of comfortable, aesthetically pleasing apartment buildings. The Great Depression, however, essentially ended her architectural career. The Architectural Career of Nelle Peters 163 would have guaranteed some lasting attention, but that was not the case. The "rehabilitation" of her reputation, which began in the mid- 1970s, was triggered by curiosity to learn more about an architect, apparently a woman, whose name kept appearing in the city directories during a survey to identify architects who worked in Kansas City, Missouri. Nelle Peters (nee Nichols) not only happened to be one of the earliest of several women architects, she was the one most frequently listed, even after World War I. A search in the files of the public library yielded a single newspaper article (of 1925), and this called her "one of the foremost architects of Kansas City," specializing in hotel and apartment house work. Could this be true? Indeed, Nelle Peters was once a well-known specialist in residential work, particularly apartment buildings and hotels. A prolific architect, she became responsible for an extraordinary number of buildings; she claimed having done over 1,000. She not only deserves recognition as Kansas City's first, significant woman architect, she obviously succeeded as one of the most productive architects to have worked in Kansas City, beginning an independent practice in 1910.1 What circumstances or events led to so effective a dimming of her reputation? What would a study of her career reveal about both the general practice of architecture, as well as a woman's role in it? For one thing, research into her career also opened a path into the history of multi-unit residential architecture in Kansas City. This area previously had been rather resistant to systematic study, and it reveals her impor­ tance as an architect. In addition, the ups and downs of that genre of 1 Since 1859, with few exceptions, annual city directories for Kansas City, Missouri, have presented two major listings of the residents: alphabetical and classified. While hardly comprehensive, the classified listing of "Architects" does provide a useful index of who, among those calling themselves architects, actively solicited business through the vehicle of the directory, a critically important advertising medium prior to the modern, telephone yellow pages. In a study of these early listings, Nelle (Nichols) Peters first became known to the authors of this article. All subsequent references to the number of architects working in a given year are based on the data provided by the directories; "Enters Architectural Field Because of Desire for Something Different," Kansas City Journal, 21 November 1925; major sources for the biography of Nelle Peters are: an entry in Who's Who of American Women, 5th edition (Chicago: A. N. Marquis Co., 1968-1969), 949; an obituary in the Kansas City Star, 12 October 1974; Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bawden, interview with Sherry Piland, Knob Noster, Mo., April 1977, he being a nephew of Nelle Peters. The Bawdens have a scrapbook of postcards, newspaper clippings, photographs and advertisements dealing with Nelle Peters's career (hereafter cited as "Peters Scrapbook"). Unless otherwise noted, all data concerning the life and career of Nelle Peters are drawn from these sources. In addition, the Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection at Kansas City and State Historical Society Manuscripts holds a number of drawings and blueprints for buildings designed by Peters. 164 Missouri Historical Review speculatively built architecture principally influenced her career, rather than her presence in a man's profession. In sum, the career of Nelle Peters, architect, is integral with some important aspects of American, urban architectural history. Born in North Dakota in 1884, Nelle Elizabeth Nichols grew up on an isolated prairie farm. Later, the family moved to southern Minne­ sota, and then to Storm Lake, Iowa. She developed an interest in mathematics and art during her girlhood, which Nichols attributed, in part, to her family heritage. She said, "I have always felt that I inherited my strain for drawing from my millwright ancestors, for when I was a child I preferred to draw mechanical things—anything from a bolt with all its threads to a steam engine."2 From approximately 1899 to 1903, Nelle attended Buena Vista College in Storm Lake, Iowa. She fought the idea of taking a business course as her older sisters had done, and the college catalogue for 1900 lists her as a student in the vocal music department. After completing school, she decided to become an architect, partially at the suggestion of one of her sisters who saw that profession as a practical way of combining her artistic abilities and mathematical skills. Because Storm Lake did not have opportunities in her chosen field, she moved to Sioux City and began looking for a job. When the few architectural offices rejected her, she simply returned again. Although she lacked technical training, she insisted she could draw, and that she wanted to design houses. On a bet with his partner, Frank Colby hired her. From 1903 to 1909, she worked for the Sioux City firm of Eisentraut, Colby and Pottenger in a capacity she described as "a draftslady." In addition to her on-the-job training, she also studied through correspondence schools. In 1909, the firm sent her to their Kansas City office. Nelle Peters found the city to which she came in 1909, well launched on its recovery from a long period of economic stagnation. The latter began in the summer of 1888 when a major real estate boom collapsed, and economic recession continued throughout the 1890s. Hard times in the building trades caused approximately one-third of the architects in Kansas City to cease their listings in the city directories, perhaps leaving the city as well. Recovery, if measured by an increase in the number of architects, began in 1905, and two years later, Eisentraut, Colby & Pottenger had set up their office in the city. Population growth provides another indicator of a city's status, though not necessarily its economic well-being. Between 1890 and 1900, the population of Kansas City increased by 30,000. From 1900 to 1910, 2 "Peters Scrapbook." Newspaper clipping, unidentified except for title: "Pen Point Portraits." Henceforth cited as "Pen Point Portraits." The Architectural Career of Nelle Peters 165 the increase rose more than 80,000, reaching nearly 250,000. Physically, the city's area had gone from 13 square miles in 1890 to 60 square miles in 1909, the year of Nelle Peters's arrival. By then the city had witnessed the addition of some major new buildings, including the first true skyscrapers. Some innovative work also had been completed in the city, with one architect developing the use of the curtain wall on a sky­ scraper-type grid frame, and another experimenting with reinforced concrete. During that same period, work progressed on a major park and boulevard system.3 In 1909, ninety-nine architectural firms appeared in the city di­ rectory, double that of ten years earlier. Yet, while "progress" un­ doubtedly improved business for architects, their numerical increase also must have made competition among them more keen. Work for the firm which employed Peters remained slow, so she began to branch out on her own, "on a very small savings and a large amount of nerve."4 A person could easily set up as an independent architect, because no restrictions whatever hampered someone who declared himself or herself an architect in either Missouri or Kansas. This situation would not change until October of 1941 in Missouri, and not until mid-1949 in Kansas. This situation permitted her and a number of other women in Kansas City, as well as a great many men, to be regarded as fully qualified architects, even though they lacked formal training in engi­ neering or architecture. The transition from office and drafting room assistants occurred simply on the basis of will and performance. The earliest documented structures for Peters, after she established her own practice, are two residences constructed in 1910. She married William H. Peters, a designer for the Kansas City Terminal Railroad, the following year, and she retained her independent practice through the twelve years of that marriage. During this time she designed primarily modest, quite standard, apartment buildings of two and three stories. Many architects designed multi-unit residential structures, which rarely exhibited differences in appearance except for size (occasionally larger than the prevalent four or six-plex). Most buildings appeared quite plain, except for the frequent use of classic columns in the prevalent multi-deck verandas. Occasionally, some buildings had ap­ plied ornament, such as quoins, and embellished window lintels and doorways. Indirect evidence suggests that small-scale investors built many of these pre-World War I apartment houses, one or two at a time.

3 Information concerning these matters, including the population and geographic growth of the city, can be found in George Ehrlich, Kansas City, Missouri: An Architectural History, 1826-1976 (Kansas City: Historic Kansas City Foundation, 1979). 4 "Pen Point Portraits." 166 Missouri Historical Review

Ehrlich and Piland Soon after Peters arrived in Kansas City in 1909, she estab­ lished her own architectural practice. Peters specialized in the design of two and three story, modest apartment buildings. She designed the Hanover apartments at 3603-05 Central in 1912.

Several builder/developers, however, began to operate more ambitious­ ly, and Nelle Peters began working for one of them, Charles E. Phillips. The association of Peters and Phillips began in 1913. Two years later, Phillips became her principal source of employment, when the five residences and seven apartment buildings she designed for him represented 70 percent of her total work that year. In time, Charles Phillips received credit for building more large apartment buildings than any other developer in Kansas City. Why Phillips initially chose Nelle Peters remains unknown, but since the association began early in both careers, she may have been willing to work for a lower fee, though no documents have surfaced which provide the exact terms of their association. Her early accomplishments obviously persuaded Phillips, and other developers, to continue employing her.5 5 "Charles E. Phillips," Kansas City Times, 4 July 1955. The Architectural Career of Nelle Peters 167

When Phillips developed larger properties, usually consisting of rows of similar houses or apartments, Peters's production increased. Considering the circumstances associated with the launching of her independent practice just a few years earlier, things seemed to be going well for Peters. The entry of the United States into World War I, however, had a profound, negative effect on construction in Kansas City, and as a consequence on her work as well. This evidence appeared in a report which summarized building permits issued by the city between 1910 and 1941. Prepared by the City Plan Commission, the report provides data divided into several categories of building types. In the period 1910 through 1917, the average size of an apartment building totaled 6 units. However, in 1918, a distinct break occurred in construc­ tion and in the character of the work being done, when many architects entered government or military service. Also, in an effort to concentrate the country's resources on the war effort, the Treasury Department began advising banks and mortgage companies not to loan money to nonessential real estate projects. As a consequence, the issuance of building permits declined 34 percent in Kansas City during the first half of 1918 as compared with the previous year.6 After restrictions were lifted, however, a building boom began in 1920 and continued through 1927, and Nelle Peters's architectural practice revived. Charles Phillips once again became her principal employer. He and other developers began constructing larger apartment buildings, now averaging 18 to 24 units. These structures, sometimes two or more in a row, provided greater opportunity for more ambitious designs. At this time, Peters's work also included groupings around a court. Her first identified "court group" of apartments dates to 1919, and with this type of project her innovative abilities blossomed. While the court grouping does not utilize the available land for the maximum profit, it realized other advantages. Several buildings grouped around a central court space permit the gradual development of a piece of property. With a large court area, the buildings assume more residential character. Also, appearance can be varied from one building to another without a lessening of visual unity. This arrangement has the added advantage of providing more exterior wall surface for windows to the individual apartment units. Once she demonstrated her capabilities with the court-type group, Nelle Peters continued often to design such complexes. The design of 6 This report is available in the Missouri Valley Room, Kansas City Public Library. It is titled: City Planning, Kansas City, Missouri, 1920-1941. "War Industries Board Reaffirms Policies Regarding New Building Construction When Not Contributing to War Activities," Western Contractor (17 July 1918): 4; "Building Permits Show De­ crease," Western Contractor (12 June 1918): 8. 168 Missouri Historical Review

the Spanish Court, 1923, is representative of her work. It consists of five buildings, grouped around three sides of a wide court. She utilized three different building plans. She maintained unity through similar entrance treatments, tile pent roofs, and the use of French doors opening onto wrought iron balconies overlooking the court area. Archi­ tectural skill such as this steadily increased her business after 1921, although it reached a peak of forty-one documented buildings in 1923 (the year of her divorce). Residential construction in Kansas City also peaked that year. House and apartment construction accommodated approximately 5,900 additional families in Kansas City during 1923, the first year in which apartment unit production outnumbered single family homes. By the mid-1920s, Peters worked for several developers, and at times in other cities and states. She also began to receive recognition in the press for her achievements in architecture. For example, the 1924 National Builder featured the Spanish Court complex and her design solution for incorporating an apartment building into a shallow lot. In the March 1932 issue of the Architectural Record, devoted to "the place of the apartment in the modern community," she received mention. Most of the apartment illustrations featured New York and Phila­ delphia architects, but included two women: Nelle Peters, and Cali- fornian, Lillian J. Rice.7 7 "Pen Point Portraits"; "Apartments in Court Groups," Building Age and National Builder (November 1924): 96-97; and "Apartment House for a Shallow Lot," Building Age and National Builder (June 1924): 48; Architectural Record (March 1932): 245-246.

Peters used the concept of "court group" as early as 1919. This design enabled more space for windows and gave the apartment complex a pleasing, residential character. In 1921, she used this technique for her design of the Belnord Court at 4024-50 Warwick Road. Ehrlich and Piland The Architectural Career of Nelle Peters 169

The local newspapers also interviewed Peters. Her comment in one such interview illuminates the reluctance of men to discuss architectural matters with a woman. "I've never looked for that sort of thing and never found it. Once a man for whom I was designing a building told me it gave him a turn at times when he was discussing the re-enforcing [sic] of a floor slab or the strength of an I-beam to look up and find a 'girl' opposite him! But all the talk you hear about men not wanting to take instructions from a woman is bunk, I believe."8 Of her twenty-nine known projects for 1924, the most important by Nelle Peters became the Ambassador Hotel, the largest apartment hotel yet built in the city, up to that time. The size of the project grew as the developers appeared increasingly enthusiastic over its possibilities. They first conceived it as a four-story structure, then expanded it to eight stories with the roof garden added after construction began. The building housed 105 apartment units, 108 hotel rooms, and incorporated a number of retail shops along its frontage and within the building itself. The Ambassador opened in 1925. In that year, a local newspaper illustrated twelve major hotels then under construction in the city, four of which Peters designed.9 The Ambassador Hotel features many of the stylistic elements frequently seen in the work of Peters. Terra cotta added color to the otherwise monochrome brick facades, and drew attention to certain areas of the building. In the Ambassador, terra cotta quoining empha­ sized the end bays. Peters also used terra cotta in a foliate band course running above the first floor, as lunettes on the eighth floor windows, and as spiral columns that separated these windows. Tile pent roofs highlighted many of Peters's buildings, including the Ambassador, adding another coloristic element. Most of the decoration of the Ambassador Hotel drew attention to the ninth floor roof garden, distinguished by wrought iron balconies. The historic eclecticism common for her time appeared in most of Peters's work. Many of her three-story, six-unit apartment buildings feature pedimented entrances and porches supported by classical columns. Other of her apartment designs use decorative elements drawn from the Tudor or Spanish Colonial styles. She apparently did not wish to use the Art Deco, widely used in the work of many other architects in Kansas City during the late 1920s and early 1930s. A factor affecting her preference for the conservative styles might have been the realiza­ tion, beginning in 1925, of a growing saturation of the market for 8 "Pen Point Portraits." 9 "Big Crop of New Hotels," Kansas City Star, 29 March 1925, sec. D. The developer for the Ambassador was Barney Goodman, operating as Quality Builders, Inc. 170 Missouri Historical Review

Ehrlich and Piland In 1924, Peters designed the Ambassador Hotel at 3560 Broad­ way. This large apartment hotel in Kansas City ranks among her most important work. When the Ambasador opened in 1925, it featured apartment and hotel rooms as well as retail shops and a roof-top garden. Peters also designed four of the twelve hotels under construction in Kansas City during 1925. apartment buildings in Kansas City, with a resultant decline in the amount of work she received. About the same time, the building codes also changed, requiring fireproof construction in apartment buildings over two stories in height. Stricter codes apparently contributed to the demise of the popular three-story and six-unit buildings. At first the "kitchenette" apartment building remained exempt from the new fireproof regulations but, by 1927, it too was included, further adding to the decline in multi-unit construction. After 1927, all types of residential architecture in Kansas City began tapering off, with an abrupt decline beginning in 1930. Market forces beyond her control severely affected Nelle Peters's career, and she seemed reluctant to experiment with the new style.10 Prior to the decline in apartment house construction, Nelle Peters must have been appreciated by developers for her ability to produce

10 "Flat Builders to Lay Off," Kansas City Star, 28 September 1924, sec. D; "A New Type of Flat Here," ibid., 24 May 1925, sec. D; "Means Better Built City," ibid., 2 February 1927. The Architectural Career of Nelle Peters 171 compact but livable units, ingeniously arranged and serviced within the confines of a building's floor plan. She tried to design each apartment to be as economical and practical "as if I were building it for myself," she said in 1925. Such designs proved an asset in an increasingly competitive market. Apparently, Kansas Citians always have preferred renting or buying detached, single-family housing if at all affordable, while attractive, efficient and practical apartments were aimed at a limited clientele in the city. The kitchenette apartments, however, became popular, and this led developers to incorporate them even into towering structures that contained, according to a 1929 newspaper, "foyers and lobbies of a type that once adorned palaces of the rich and powerful."11 While deeply involved in the design of kitchenette and other apartments, Peters did not limit herself to them. For example, she designed single-family residences and, in 1925, did the palatial home of 11 Kansas City Journal, 21 November 1925; "Moving Task is Easier," Kansas City Star, 29 September 1929, sec. D. Peters became known for the design of apartment houses with comfortably arranged rooms. The concepts of economy, practicality and livability guided her, and she frequently drew upon the Tudor and Spanish Colonial styles for decorative appeal. In 1927, Peters designed this row-type apartment at 420 West 46th Terrace. Ehrlich and Piland 172 Missouri Historical Review

Charles E. Phillips. Five years later, however, she did not win the commission for the downtown hotel, which Phillips named after him­ self, even though she had produced a number of sizable structures, including a major group of apartment buildings for Phillips. These stood on the periphery of the growing Country Club Plaza, a suburban- type shopping district begun in 1922 by the J. C. Nichols Company, a major developer in the Kansas City metropolitan area.12 The apartment buildings which Peters designed for the Plaza area represented a sampling of her mature work. They ranged widely in size and finish, and many had design elements calculated to harmonize with the "Spanish flavor" of the Plaza. In the large buildings, Peters fully integrated the "sleeping porches" (a common feature of most residential units in Kansas City of that period) into the overall design of the facades. Since the advent of air conditioning, these frequently have been glazed. Nelle Peters did receive occasional commissions for nonresidential projects. Her most impressive commercial project became a combined office/plant for the Luzier Company, a cosmetics firm. In 1928, she designed the south portion of that building; the north portion had been built the previous year, with a decidedly different appearance, for a candy factory. When the Luzier Company acquired the north unit in 1933, they had it remodeled to conform to Peters's design for the south unit. The building provides a good example of her use of polychromed terra cotta during the 1920s.13 With the onset of the Great Depression, construction nationally declined to a trickle. In Kansas City, for example, residents noted a nearly complete cessation of apartment house construction. From 1931 through 1940, contractors completed only twenty-nine new apartment buildings in Kansas City, with none at all in seven of those ten years. So almost as dramatically as Peters's career soared as a specialist in apartment and hotel buildings, it abruptly collapsed. Never again would she be commissioned with work of the quality or quantity that char­ acterized her career in the 1920s. 12 The "Country Club Plaza," a planned shopping district with free, off-street parking, began modestly in 1922-1923 with three buildings. However, a concept had been prepared for the entire area of sixty acres, utilizing a Spanish style for the architecture, by architect Edward Beuhler Delk. The developer, the J. C. Nichols Company (there is no family connection between Jesse Clyde Nichols and Nelle Nichols/ Peters), wanted to provide the sort of shops and services available in a major "uptown" shopping district, but catering more to automobile owners rather than the immediate residents or public transit patrons. 13 "The First Building on the Robert Gillham Road Extension to Set a High Standard in Colonial Architecture," Kansas City Star, 31 July 1927, sec. D; "Success in Cosmetics," ibid., 8 April 1928, sec. D. The Architectural Career of Nelle Peters 173

Ehrlich and Piland Occasionally, Peters undertook nonresidential projects. In 1928, for example, the Luzier Company, a cosmetics firm at 3216 Gillham Plaza, commissioned her to design a combined office I plant. The Spanish character of this building provides a good example of her mature work during the 1920s. The Great Depression was a difficult time for architects. By and large, all the firms, large and small, suffered. Some reduced staff to only the principals in the firm. Many could no longer afford office rents, and they ceased to appear in the classified section of the city directory. This was the case for Nelle Peters, who persisted until 1933. By then, only 57 architectural firms appeared in the listings, in contrast to the 73 listings in 1930. Several governmental units became the principal employers of architects in Kansas City during the Great Depression, and these agencies did not build apartment houses or hotels. Granted, Nelle Peters did not restrict her work to such projects, but they remained the basis of her reputation and her practice. So, how did she cope? Her nephew indicated that she supported herself partly with seamstress work during the Depression, and others reported she even reused the linen from her drawings for handkerchiefs and dress patterns. Peters also suffered a "breakdown" during the early 1930s, and later became very ill. Confined to a wheelchair, and after a dismal prognosis about her ability ever to walk again, she joined the First Church of Christ, Scientist. Believing she would walk, she finally did.14 i4 Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bawden interview. Comments on the reuse of the linens were made by Dorthy Keplinger at the time she donated some Nelle Peters architectural drawings (on linen) to the Western Historical Manuscript Collection of the University of Missouri in Kansas City. These records had been received by Keplinger from Bertha Watson, a seamstress and close friend of Nelle Peters, who provided the original source of information. 174 Missouri Historical Review

During this period, government at all levels became the most effective patron for architects. A major federal project, for example, gave special opportunity to about 200 people from Kansas City's architectural firms. They worked for about two years producing the housing and support buildings needed during the construction of the Fort Peck Dam on the upper Missouri River. While several women served on that team, Nelle Peters was not among them (possibly because of her illness). A major, county-city bond issue created some important jobs for architects, but these were for public buildings and comparatively few architects became involved. Once again, Nelle Peters was not included, probably because this type of architecture went most often to firms with large, mixed practices.15

15 One can find reference to this in a journal once published by the Kansas City Chapter of the American Institute of Architects: Skylines 15 (October-November 1965): 6. Robert Bloomgarten, architect, interview with George Ehrlich, Kansas City, Missouri 3 June 1976, confirms the importance of the Fort Peck dam project for Kansas City architects, though Bloomgarten himself did not participate; for the bond issues and their significance, see Ehrlich, Kansas City, Missouri: An Architectural History Chapter 4 "The Lean Years, 1930-1950"; and Where These Rocky Bluffs Meet (Kansas City The Chamber of Commerce, 1938).

During the late 1920s, Peters designed several apartment buildings near the Country Club Plaza. In this work, she harmonized the "'Spanish flavor" of the Plaza with her apartment complexes. The James Russell Lowell, cluster-type, apartment building at 722 Ward Parkway, built between 1927 and 1929, is illustrative of her work. Ehrlich and Piland The Architectural Career of Nelle Peters 175

Then too, in such difficult times prejudice against women profes­ sionals undoubtedly increased. As a specialist in a type of building no longer needed, she found her career as an architect over for all practical purposes. Yet, after the war she managed to gain occasional commis­ sions. The work, however, remained modest. The last documented apartments, done in 1956, were utilitarian structures, not much more than little, rectangular boxes. Their lack of distinction does not indicate a failing of Peters's ability, because she continued to provide solid design work when the opportunity permitted. She completed her last major work in 1959, when the Ohio Street United Methodist Church in Butler, Missouri, added an educational wing. Though the brick exterior appears extremely plain, it provides a sympathetically proportioned addition to the small church built in 1901. With the interior thoughtfully worked out, her two-story plan proved to be both flexible and versatile in use. It provides well-designed spaces ranging from a large dining/ assembly room with adjacent kitchen, to classrooms which can be joined together as the need arises.16 In her final years of practice, Nelle Peters worked out of her apartment, doing conversions of homes to apartments, remodelings and other such projects which did not require much, if any, on-the-job supervision. She often served lunch when discussing business in her apartment, believing that people think better when eating. Nelle Peters retired from architecture in 1967 and spent her final years in a nursing home, where she died in 1974. By then she had become essentially invisible as a personality to those beginning systematically to examine the history of Kansas City's architecture. Little more than her name remained in the mid-1970s, and the fact that the architect N.E. Peters was a woman came as a surprise to some.17 The public's neglect of an architect's work, once he or she has ceased to practice, is hardly unusual. Yet, Nelle Peters had a sizable practice for a number of years in a highly competitive field dominated by men. That fact clearly did not preserve a general awareness of her work after the 1920s. Her situation, however, became further compli­ cated because she specialized in an architectural category which at­ tracted comparatively little scholarship until recently. And, of course, she worked in what many considered to be the architectural hinterlands. Nevertheless, the amount of work she completed argues her substantial 16 Janie Morrow, pastor's assistant at the Ohio Street Methodist Church, in an interview with George Ehrlich, 2 June 1988, extolled the excellent planning of the educational wing, which she said was far better designed than other churches with which she had been associated. 17 Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bawden interview. Somewhere in her life, Nelle Peters raised two girls which her obituary lists as "step daughters." The exact connection to Peters remains unclear, perhaps they were the children of a relative of her husband; in any case, when grown they no longer appeared close to Peters. 176 Missouri Historical Review role in the practice of architecture, and her work at best deserves preservation on its own merits. That she also succeeded as a woman architect who headed a productive firm for at least one decade (the 1920s) in a major metropolitan area, merits recognition of her solid place in the history of Kansas City's architecture.18 What about her place in the larger history of American archi­ tecture? There, the assessment becomes more equivocal. One can argue that nothing is remarkable about the work or the career, save that it was a woman's. Her work does not exhibit a noteworthy style. And perhaps most pertinent, her career remains tied too closely to one place—Kansas City—to relate it to the rest of the country; yet, archi­ tects such as Nelle Peters, skilled but not terribly innovative practi­ tioners, have been responsible for the design and supervision of the overwhelming majority of buildings constructed in the United States. These architects, along with equally workaday developers, have shaped the cities and given them their characteristic appearance, on both coasts and in the heart of the continent. To understand the urban fabric, in contrast to the individual landmark building or the career of the exceptional master architect/designer, historians must study the work and careers of architects like Nelle Peters, male and female.19 If the buildings Nelle Peters designed all disappeared (and given their age they are now beginning to do so), the built environment in Kansas City, Missouri, would be notably different. She affected the appearance and character of the city in a positive way. Because her case has parallels in other cities, these prolific, but not prestigious architects need to be better known. Until then, the history of American archi­ tecture, as product and profession, will remain little more than an account of limited selections chosen principally as examples or special exceptions. Much more needs to be known. 18 A factor affecting knowledge of architects and the architectural profession in Kansas City has been the fragmentary state of the records of the several architectural organizations which operated in Kansas City. Although a Kansas City chapter of the American Institute of Architects was formed at the end of the nineteenth century, it faltered through much of the early twentieth century. The displeasure of some local architects over the competition for the Liberty Memorial after World War I contributed to this. Consequently, a rival organization to the AIA existed for a period of time. Moreover, both Missouri and Kansas were late in requiring the registration of architects which further complicated the matter of professional identity and the association of architects. As a consequence, during Nelle Peters's most active years as an architect, members of the profession never coalesced into an effective organization. Many archi­ tects simply did not know their peers other than their names. Interview with Robert Bloomgarten; and Elizabeth Rivard interview with George Ehrlich, Fairway, Kansas, 29 March 1985. Rivard, an architect who began practice in the 1920s, indicated that she "knew of Nelle Peters" but she really had not met her. Yet, they represented two of the small number of women architects who successfully worked in Kansas City prior to World War II. 19 A paraphrase of comments provided by Tod Marden, of Rutgers University, who read the manuscript of this article in an earlier version. Daniel R. Fitzpatrick: A Missouri Cartoonist BY SUSAN YESHILADA* Daniel R. Fitzpatrick exemplifies the liberal editorial cartoonist. Intolerant of corruption and threats to individual rights, Fitzpatrick became known for his powerful, yet simple, cartoons from the 1920s through the 1950s. He received two Pulitzer Prizes during his career and numerous other honors. The cartoon collections of the State Historical Society of Missouri include more than 1,500 of Fitzpatrick's best illustrations.1 Born March 5, 1891, in Superior, Wisconsin, Fitzpatrick did not distinguish himself academically as a youth. While attending Blaine High School, his attention focused more on cartooning than on his classes. He paid frequent visits to Superior's public library to become familiar with the cartoon collections of Grant Hamilton, James Mont­ gomery Flagg, Charles Dana Gibson, Walt Kuhn and Eugene Zim­ merman. At age 15, Fitzpatrick left school and spent several years in blue-collar jobs. In 1909, his father, Patrick Fitzpatrick, finally agreed to help him pursue artistic training at the Chicago Art Institute and supported his first year of studying anatomy and pictorial composition. A year later, Fitzpatrick worked as a busboy and usher to finance the completion of his education.2 In 1911, Fitzpatrick began his first job as a cartoonist for the Chicago Daily News. He drew for the cartoon section in the beginning, but later worked nine months as an editorial cartoonist during L.D. Bradley's absence. The chief editor of the Daily News, Charles Dennis, encouraged Fitzpatrick to broaden his perspective and to read literary classics. He also studied history and art history on his own. Not wishing to resume plain cartoon drawing upon Bradley's return, Fitzpatrick looked elsewhere for employment as an editorial cartoonist. Although this young cartoonist lacked experience, George S. Johns of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch accepted him on a trial basis. Thus began Fitzpatrick's forty-five year career with that newspaper. The Post-Dispatch provided a perfect environment for Fitzpatrick's development. Joseph Pulitzer II, owner of the Post-Dispatch, never

•Susan Yeshilada is an instructor with the Intensive English Program at the University of Missouri-Columbia. She previously held the position of research assistant at the State Historical Society of Missouri. 1 Ralph Coughlin, "Foreword," in Cartoons by Fitzpatrick (St. Louis: Pulitzer Publishing Company, 1947), i. 2 Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, As I Saw It (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953), vii-ix.

177 178 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Daniel R. Fitzpatrick Daniel R. Fitzpatrick 179 pressured employees to support an issue against their conscience. This policy allowed "Fitz" artistic and intellectual freedom necessary for him to create forceful cartoons.3 Many of Fitzpatrick's early cartoons do not exhibit his distinctive style. Other cartoonist greats, such as Rollin Kirby of the New York World, John T. McCutcheon of the Chicago Tribune, and Jay N. Darling ("Ding") of the Des Moines Register, drew complicated and detailed pen and ink illustrations. Often the heads of caricatures were larger than the bodies. Fitzpatrick's cartoon, "Testing a Candidate," indicates this kind of line and attention to many visual images. In developing his own style, Fitzpatrick attempted economy of line. He used a large black crayon and later worked with shading to achieve a strong visual effect. "The Kaiser Reviewed on Yesterday Certain Troops," and "The First Step Back Toward Normalcy," depict his stylistic uniqueness. The use of few figures or objects and the juxta­ position of a short, succinct caption demonstrate his ability to present an idea simply, as in "Out Comes the Water." His cartoons could be either comic or foreboding. As a cartoonist for a Missouri newspaper, Fitzpatrick drew upon the issues immediately surrounding him for subject matter. He chided the public for electing a politically unbalanced state legislature in the 1920s, as illustrated by "The Housing Situation in Jefferson City." One of his favorite themes concerned the inactivity of the legislature, whether Republican or Democrat-dominated, exemplified by "The Last Minute Scramble in the Missouri Legislature." In his ominous style, he es­ pecially criticized insufficient state relief programs during the Great Depression in "Human Stakes." Many of the cartoons related to this theme also portray how special interest groups, such as public utilities and financial institutions, influenced political decision-making to the detriment of the disadvantaged citizen. Fitzpatrick also supported the development of Missouri's infrastructure. To him, Missouri's economic development depended upon good roads and a centralized flood control system for the Missouri River. Throughout his career, his cartoons emphasized the need to improve transportation as in "Shipping by Truck on Missouri Roads." Fitzpatrick often illustrated the need for social justice; he disdained existing racial discrimination in the Missouri educational system. Al­ though the early attempts of Lloyd Gaines and Lucile Bluford to gain entrance to the University of Missouri had failed in 1939, black pressure to desegregate Missouri schools continued. A bill to allow 3 Ibid., ix-x. 180 Missouri Historical Review blacks to attend the University of Missouri passed the house of repre­ sentatives in the spring of 1949, but failed to pass the state senate. Fitzpatrick had supported the bill with his cartoon titled "At the Last Barrier."4 Two of his more famous themes focused on corruption. In 1931, he began an atypical series entitled "Rat Alley." These cartoons featured busy composition, many figures, movements and dialogue. The theme satirized corruption in the legal system of St. Louis throughout the 1930s, as "Holiday Spirit in Rat Alley" demonstrates. "Burlesque House in Rat Alley" even induced circuit court judge Thomas J. Rowe, Jr., to charge Fitzpatrick with contempt of court. The Missouri Supreme Court later dismissed the case.5 The second series attacked "Boss" Tom Pendergast's control of politics in Kansas City during the 1920s and 1930s. "Government of the People in Missouri" and "The Ghosts Are Walking Again" refer to Pendergast's interference with election processes and his creation of a political machine. Fitzpatrick opposed bossism in other major American cities, indicated by "The Corruption Was Classic." Fitzpatrick's work exemplifies foresight and timeliness. Many car­ toons published previous to the stock market crash in 1929 illustrated economic distress: "A Sign of the Times," and "Prosperity." During the Depression, he generally supported Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs. Still, he opposed political hegemony and remained skeptical of federally supported works programs: "W.P.A.," and "Too Many Democrats." Despite appeasement politics and isolationism in the late 1930s, Fitzpatrick predicted a second world war and supported American participation in "Let No One Imagine America Will Escape" and "Europe is Also Paved With Good Intentions." "My Sons, Look to Our Defenses!" also is stylistically typical—a large figure dominates the composition; a torch symbolizes liberty; the shading intensifies the cartoon's impact. Another common image of his World War II car­ toons depicted the strength of the Nazi military machine. In these, a metallic-like swastika looms over Czechoslovakia, Poland, and France during Hitler's early blitzkriegs. In June 1940, Fitzpatrick illustrated his hope that Allied manpower could push back the swastika in "Man Against The Machine." Daniel Fitzpatrick reveled in fascist defeats throughout the war. At these times, his comic sense brought his audience comic relief, as 4 Richard S. Kirkendall, A History of Missouri, Volume 5: 1919 to 1953 (Co­ lumbia: University of Missouri Press, 1986), 186-187, 328-329. 5 Fitzpatrick, As I Saw It, xi. Daniel R. Fitzpatrick 181 when Mussolini faced numerous setbacks during the 1940s. Customari­ ly, Mussolini's news messengers would run up to his desk at the end of a large audience room to hand him the daily reports. As "Bringing Benito The Morning News" shows, his aids feared his reaction to Italy's campaign defeats. Unfortunately, the German war machine remained successful, and many of Fitzpatrick's war cartoons easily could have served as anti-Nazi propaganda material. His powerful, looming figures and skeletons represented death, tragedy, and the threat to democracy as in "Looter, No. 1." In keeping with his anti-isolationism, Fitzpatrick believed the United States should participate in international organizations. He had supported the League of Nations, and as early as 1943, emphasized the necessity for international cooperation with "Into Whose Hands?" He reiterated this theme throughout the latter part of World War II and into the 1950s. Daniel Fitzpatrick received his first Pulitzer Prize in 1926 for "The Laws of Moses and the Laws of Today," which depicted the con­ temporary, complicated legal process. In 1949, Washington University in St. Louis awarded him an honorary Doctor of Letters degree, citing his "permeating sense of moral obligation of citizenship and razor- edged humor." A second Pulitzer honored his June 1954 cartoon forewarning American involvement in Vietnam. Fitzpatrick retired on August 1, 1958, as an internationally known and respected cartoonist. He died on May 18, 1969.6 6 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 May 1969. State Historical Society of Missouri :|j|M IIMII^ flniS^ ^w BBB^L^ (tThe First Step Back Toward 'Normalcy'," Nov. 15, 1920 1 ^^^^s JPI ^W^mJ 1 ^^^VjjjF 'zJw JHL '^o iTT^*^SWk **, f ^Ji^^ '*fc ^ ^•^JJNiteMMMMMfW Km^/1 ^y^^HH^^ ^^\*3Lt/^^B»^T^R> IKsT^ gB°n88^Tpr 182 Missouri Historical Review

''Testing a Candidate for President," Dec. 30, 1919

State Historical Society of Missouri State Historical Society of Missouri

"The Kaiser Reviewed on Yesterday Certain Troops Which Had Distinguished Themselves," April 30, 1918 Daniel R. Fitzpatrick 183

"That Last Minute Scram­ ble In The Missouri Legis­ lature, " 1952

State Historical Society of Missouri State Historical Society of Missouri

"Human Stakes," Feb. 2, 1938 184 Missouri Historical Review

"Prosperity," March 7, 1928 State Historical Society of Missour

State Historical Society of Missouri "Government of the People in Missouri," Oct. 22, 1936

&%***JU

'Too Many Democrats, "Nov. 3, 1934 State Historical Society of Missouri Daniel R. Fitzpatrick 185

"Man Against the Machine," June 10, 1940

"Looter No. 11, 1943 186 Missouri Historical Review

Location Unknown "The Laws Of Moses and The Laws Of Today," April 12, 1925 Location Unknown

"How Would Another Mis­ take Help?" June 8, 1954 Historical Notes and Comments 187

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Holds Annual Meeting The State Historical Society of Missouri held its annual meeting for officers and members, October 22, in the Memorial Student Union, on the campus of the University of Missouri-Columbia. Society presi­ dent Joseph Webber of St. Louis presided. Eight trustees and six members of the Executive Committee were elected. Trustees, elected to serve until the annual meeting of 1991, were James W. Brown, Harrisonville; Ilus W. Davis, Kansas City; John K. Hulston, Springfield; James C. Olson, Kansas City; Bob Priddy, Jefferson City; Dale Reesman, Boonville; Arvarh E. Strickland, Co­ lumbia; and Blanche M. Touhill, St. Louis. Members elected to the Society's Executive Committee serve for one year. They include William Missouri Historical Review

Aull III, Lexington, chairman; Francis M. Barnes III, Kirkwood; Elmer Ellis, Columbia; Jean Tyree Hamilton, Marshall; James C. Olson, Kansas City; Robert C. Smith, Columbia; and Joseph Webber, St. Louis. Executive director James W. Goodrich presented a reading and disposition of the minutes for the October 17, 1987 annual meeting, and they were approved. Members then heard a financial report from the Society's treasurer Albert Price; Noble Cunningham presented the Auditing Committee report concerning the Membership Trust Fund; and William Aull, chairman of the Executive Committee, gave the financial report on behalf of the Executive Committee. Elizabeth Ken­ nedy reported for the Nominating Committee on the election of trustees. James Goodrich gave his annual report on the activities of the State Historical Society for fiscal year 1987-1988. He commented on the visibility of the Society, stating that 45,900 patrons had been assisted by the staff, plus 6,000 more people served by the Joint Manuscript Collection. He reported that planning money for the second phase of expansion for the Society and Ellis Library had been ap- Historical Notes and Comments 189 propriated and members of the staff are reviewing projected needs. The staff also is engaged in a self-study evaluation looking at its missions from its beginnings to envisioning its future course. He also spoke about the "Missouri Newspaper Project," for com­ piling computer data telling the location and dates of Missouri news­ papers in the state. In addition, a new inventory of the fine arts collection has begun. The executive director also reported on the completion of several publications. The long-awaited, revised and expanded Historic Mis­ souri: A Pictorial Narrative and The Directory of Local Historical, Museum and Genealogical Agencies in Missouri, 1988-1989, were both just off the press and available for purchase. Dr. Goodrich also announced two other publications: Missouri Plat Books in the State Historical Society of Missouri and Selected Union Burials—Missouri Units. To honor the 100th birthday anniversary of famous Missouri artist Thomas Hart Benton, the Society is planning a special publica­ tion for 1989. A number of distinguished scholars are contributing essays for this book. President Joseph Webber presented the 1988 Distinguished Service award to Anna T. Tibbe of St. Louis.

President Webber presented the best Mis­ souri Historical Review article award to William J. Ryan, Kansas City (above), and the Floyd C. Shoemaker award to UMC student Marie C. Sloan, Columbia (left).

President Webber congratulates the winners of the Richard S. Brownlee Fund award: Robert G. Bailey (above), of the Missouri Humanities Council for the project, "Mis­ souri Humanities/History Day 1989"; and Audrey Shafer (right), president of the Mis­ souri Division, AAUWfor the "Missouri Women's History Project." Historical Notes and Comments 191

Gilbert C. Fite, retired Richard B. Russell Professor of History at the University of Georgia, gave the luncheon address on "Richard B. Russell and Lyndon B. Johnson: The Story of a Strange Friendship."

At the conclusion of his annual report, the executive director presented a proposed amendment to the Society's bylaws concerning life membership fees. Members voted unanimously for the amendment which raised the life membership dues from $100 to $250. Following the business meeting, more than 250 members and guests attended the annual luncheon in the Memorial Union ballroom. President Joseph Webber presided and presented several awards. The 1988 Distinguished Service award honored Anna T. Tibbe of St. Louis. A long-time member and valued friend of the Society, she had given generously to the Society in the form of monetary gifts and major historical collections, including the Charles Trefts photographic collec­ tion of her father. The 1988 award for the best article published in the Missouri Historical Review went to William J. Ryan, Kansas City, for his article in the July issue. It was entitled "Which Came First?—65 Years of Broadcasting in Kansas City." Marie C. Sloan, a junior student in the 192 Missouri Historical Review

Members and guests enjoyed open house at the Society.

College of General Studies at the University of Missouri-Columbia, received the 1988 Floyd C. Shoemaker award. Judged the best paper on Missouri history written in Missouri's colleges and universities, it was entitled "Read Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia." President Webber presented the Richard S. Brownlee Fund award to two recipients engaged in the promotion of Missouri history. One award went to Robert G. Bailey of the Missouri Humanities Council for the project, "Missouri Humanities/History Day 1989," sponsored by the State Historical Society of Missouri, the Western Historical Manuscript Collection at the University of Missouri-Columbia and the Historical Notes and Comments 193

Missouri Humanities Council. The second award was presented to Audrey Shafer, Missouri Division president of the American Associa­ tion of University Women. The fund will be used for the AAUW "Missouri Women's History Project," which will result in a forthcoming book on Missouri women. Gilbert C. Fite, retired Richard B. Russell Professor of History of the University of Georgia, gave the luncheon address. He spoke on "Richard B. Russell and Lyndon B. Johnson: The Story of a Strange Friendship." His address appears in this issue. Upon conclusion of the luncheon, members and guests attended the Society's open house where they viewed special displays in the newspaper and reference libraries and the fine arts and corridor gal- Charles and Elizabeth Schwartz auto­ graphed copies of their book, The Wild Mammals of Missouri, during the Society's open house.

James C. and Vera Olson (right) autographed their new book, The Uni­ versity of Missouri: An Illustrated History. 194 Missouri Historical Review leries. Exhibits in the art gallery featured several new fine arts acquisi­ tions. These included selections from the working drawings and water- colors executed by Charles Schwartz for his murals Man and Wildlife in Missouri: The Conservation Effort in the headquarters of the Mis­ souri Department of Conservation. Schwartz, a noted biologist, wildlife photographer and artist, recently retired from the Missouri Department of Conservation. The newly acquired Algot Nordstrom sketches and watercolors of the Cabool, Houston and Sargent areas of Missouri also were featured along with works of Thomas Hart Benton and George Caleb Bingham. Original editorial cartoons by Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, S. J. Ray, Bill Mauldin and Tom Engelhardt hung in the fine arts and corridor galleries. In conjunction with the annual meeting, the State Historical So­ ciety sponsored four workshops held prior to the morning business meeting. More than 100 persons registered for the workshops on "Researching State, Local and Family History at the State Archives," given by Gary Kremer, director of the Missouri State Archives; "Intro­ duction to Genealogy," by experienced genealogist Nancy Thomas; "Conservation of Paper Materials for Local Historical Societies and Museums," by Claudia Powell, document conservation assistant at the Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia; and "Genealogical Clues in Land Records," by certified genealogist Marsha Hoffman Rising. The State Historical Society spon­ sored four workshops in conjunc­ tion with the annual meeting. 196 Missouri Historical Review

NEWS IN BRIEF The Richard S. Brownlee Fund of the State Historical Society of Missouri Li­ State Historical Society of Missouri brary. awarded $6,000 to the Missouri Humani­ ties Council for the project, "Missouri Humanities/History Day 1989." Robert G. State Historical Society of Missouri Bailey, a MHC board member of Colum­ staff members gave the slide presentation, bia, accepted the check at the Society's "Missouri Women in History," for two annual meeting, October 22. The larger groups at the Columbia Country Club. On portion of the gift will be used to generate October 9, Kay Pettit and Leona S. Morris matching funds through the MHC/ Nation­ provided the program for the Missouri al Endowment for the Humanities gifts Chapter, Dames of the Court of Honor. and matching program. The funds will pay Mary K. Dains and Leona S. Morris ad­ the national entry fee; provide for postage dressed some 40 members of the Tuesday and long distance telephone service; print Club of Columbia on November 1. fliers, certificates and contest programs; purchase the Contest Guides, revised Judges' Handbooks and supplies; and The Confederate Memorial Literary So­ underwrite other associated costs. Humani­ ciety announced the 1988 awards for his­ ties/History Day in Missouri encourages torical research and writing on the period students in grades 6-12 to research and of the Confederate States of America. The prepare papers, projects, performances and media entries on a historical theme; and to Jefferson Davis Award, for book-length enter their efforts into competition at dis­ narrative history, and Founders Award, trict, state and national contests. The State for excellence in the editing of primary Historical Society of Missouri and the source materials, are presented annually Western Historical Manuscript Collection on June 3, at The Museum of the Confed­ at the University of Missouri-Columbia eracy, Richmond, Virginia. Only works sponsor the 1989 project in partnership published in 1988 will be accepted, and the with the Missouri Humanities Council. deadline for entries is March 1, 1989. For further information, contact: Guy R. Swanson, The Museum of the Confederacy, Congratulations to Virginia G. Young, 1201 East Clay Street, Richmond, Virginia third vice president of the State Historical 23219, or call (804) 649-1861. Society of Missouri. On September 16, she received the Distinguished Service Award from the MU Alumni Association. The The National Archives—Central Plains award recognizes outstanding service by Region, located at 2312 East Bannister an individual whose sustained efforts and Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64131, re­ support have added to the excellence of ported the extension of Saturday hours. In the university. Virginia Young attended addition to regular business hours of 8 the University of Missouri from 1936 to A.M. to 4 P.M., Monday through Friday, the 1938 on a Curators Scholarship. A lec­ Archives opened the first and third Satur­ turer and leader in the field of library day of each month from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M., science, she wrote The Library Trustee: A beginning October 1. Persons interested in Practical Handbook. In 1960, she became textual research during these extended one of the founders of the Friends of the hours must contact the Archives at least University of Missouri Libraries and the 24 hours in advance. Historical Notes and Comments 197

The St. Louis Genealogical Society Direction commended Brooks's wide range moved into new and larger quarters in of experience in management, planning November. Located over the Brentwood and development. He most recently worked Bowling Lanes, its new address is 9011 for the Historical Foundation of the Pres­ Manchester, St. Louis, Missouri 63144. byterian and Reformed Churches in Mon- The Society's building committee continues treat, North Carolina, where he served as to look for a permanent home. executive director for the last ten years. Beginning in 1988, the Captain Donald T. Wright Award for maritime transporta­ Harvest Magazine publishes reminis­ tion journalism will be administered by cences, personal and family histories, and the Herman T. Pott National Inland Water­ poetry written by people age fifty and ways Library, a special collection of The over. The magazine is available by sub­ St. Louis Mercantile Library Association. scription at $10.00 per year for six bi­ Entries for the award are invited from monthly issues and carries no advertising. authors of articles which have appeared in Persons interested in obtaining a sample scholarly journals, books, magazines and copy for $2.00, which includes postage, or newspapers, in the field of United States submitting material for publication should maritime journalism, with emphasis on in­ contact the publishers and editors at 2322 land and intra-coastal waterways during Latona Drive N.E., Salem, Oregon 97303. the competition year. An appropriate plaque and cash award will be given each year to the winner. Editors of winning The Wesleyan/Holiness Study Project publications also are eligible for a co- of Asbury Theological Seminary an­ award. This competition, of national scope, nounced preparation of a union list of encourages excellence in this field and unpublished manuscript collections that honors Captain Donald T. Wright, late document the Holiness movement in the publisher and editor of The Waterways United States and Canada. The project Journal. For further information and com­ seeks information concerning the location petition guidelines, contact David E. Cas- of papers of Holiness evangelists, ministers, sens, Curator, Herman T. Pott National missionaries, active lay leaders, camp meet­ Inland Waterways Library, St. Louis Mer­ ings and schools. In Missouri desired cantile Library, P.O. Box 633, St. Louis, materials include those relating to J.P. MO 63188. Brooks, editor of Good Way; Isaiah Reid; McGee College; Pualine Holiness College, College Mound, Missouri, and its presi­ The Travel to Collections Program from dent, J.B. Creighton; and such important the Division of Fellowships and Seminars Church of God (Holiness) figures as L.J. of the National Endowment for the Hu­ King, J.T. Kimbrough, A.M. Kiergan and manities provides grants of $750. The J.A. Sneed. If you have information on grants assist American scholars in meeting these or other Holiness related leaders or the cost of long-distance travel to the re­ institutions, please write to: William C. search collections of libraries, archives, Kostlevy, Project Bibliographer, Wesleyan/ museums or other repositories throughout Holiness Study Project, Asbury Theologi­ the United States and the world. The pro­ cal Seminary, Wilmore, KY 40390. gram welcomes applications from individ­ ual scholars for well-designed research The St. Louis Mercantile Library As­ projects on topics of significance to the sociation has announced the selection of study of the humanities. The 1989 applica­ Dr. Jerrold Lee Brooks as the 12th execu­ tion deadlines for the Travel to Collec­ tive director of the library. The Board of tions Program are January 15 and July 15. 198 Missouri Historical Review

The application has a revised format and On October 4, the exhibit, "Quilts of all materials needed to complete it are Our Past: A Second Ozarks' Celebration," included in the current program guidelines. opened at the Museum. Featuring an array Other grant programs offered by the Divi­ of Ozarks' quilts and photographs, arti­ sion and the 1989 application deadlines facts and historical information about include respectively: Summer Seminars for quilts, the exhibition continued through College Teachers, March 1; Summer Semi­ December 31. The Museum also sponsored nars for School Teachers, participants, a one-day quilt history workshop, Novem­ March 1, and directors, April 1; Faculty ber 5, in conjunction with the exhibit. The Graduate Study Program for Historically showing of the film, Hearts and Hands, Black Colleges and Universities, March and a special guided tour of the exhibit 15; and Fellowships for University Teach­ highlighted the workshop conducted by ers and for College Teachers and Inde­ Suellen Meyer. pendent Scholars, June 1. For guidelines and application materials contact the Divi­ sion of Fellowships and Seminars, Room On October 14-16, the St. Joseph Mu­ 316, National Endowment for the Humani­ seum presented the Prairie View Festival ties, Washington, D.C. 20506. '88 at the Museum, 11th and Charles, St. Joseph. The event featured demonstrations of over 30 nineteenth-century skills, crafts, The Missouri Department of Natural traditional music and food. In cooperation Resources announced a new approach to with Forward, Inc., a tour of five historic traveling exhibits with the development of homes became an added feature of the an exhibit on wheels in a customized bus. annual festival. Designed to house changing exhibits cov­ ering various cultural and natural resources of the state, the bus provides expanded Twenty-seven teachers from the Colum­ bia Public Schools staff development pro­ educational opportunities for Missourians. gram toured the State Historical Society The first exhibit, "How Did They Do of Missouri on November 3 and 4. Four Things Back Then?" was developed by the staff members gave tours of the reference Missouri State Museum using photographs, library, newspaper library, art gallery and models and artifacts from its collection. editorial office. Laurel Boeckman, Kay Designed to appeal to elementary students, Pettit, Jo Ann Tuckwood and Mary K. the exhibit is available by reservation to Dains provided indepth descriptions of the all Missouri schools. A department staff various collections and uses of the So­ member accompanies the exhibit to pro­ ciety's facilities. vide students with one-on-one interpreta­ tion. For more information or to arrange a free visit by the bus, schools should A small number of Missourians who write Beth Hunter, Department of Natural trace their ancestry to the Soviet Union Resources, Missouri State Museum, Mis­ have held celebrations in several cities to souri State Capitol, Room B-2, Jefferson mark a religious and nationalist millen­ City, MO 65101, or phone (314) 751-2854. nium. Ukrainian-Americans noted the mil­ lennium of the Christianization of the Ukraine, 988-1988. St. Mary's Assumption The Museum of Ozarks' History in the Ukrainian Catholic Church in St. Louis Bentley House, Springfield, held its annual held the first millennium observance in meeting on September 27. Delbert Bishop Missouri on September 18. The other cele­ of the Greene County Archives presented brations occurred on September 25 in the program on collecting campaign Kansas City and at St. James Church in memorabilia. St. Joseph on November 13. Historical Notes and Comments 199

The Missouri Folklore Society held its history of the Patee House and several annual meeting, September 29-October 1, musicians provided entertainment. Topics at Missouri Western State College, St. of the sessions included folk ballads and Joseph. Featuring the theme, "Trail Head western trail songs; local folklore; con- to the West," the meeting began with a temporary folklore; the westward move- reception and concert at the Schuster- ment; ethnic folklore; folk collectors; Rader Mansion, a Victorian guest and storytelling; Missouri River steamboats; tour house in St. Joseph. Addresses in- and the hcri of the Missouri Folklore eluded "The Myth and Reality of Jesse Qocjetv James," by Milton Perry and "Mary Alicia Owen's St. Joseph," by Dr. Frances Flana- gan. An optional bus tour featured the parks, history and architecture of St. Jo- R Douglas Hurt, associate director of seph with stops at the Psychiatric Museum, the State Historical Society of Missouri, St. Joseph Museum, Pony Express Mu- presented a lecture entitled "Indian Women seum and the Doll Museum. On September and Early American Agriculture," at the 30, after a reception, museum tour and November 10 meeting of Phi Alpha Theta dinner, Beth Grable gave a talk on the chapter at William Woods College, Fulton.

A Collector's Item Hannibal Tri- Weekly Messenger, July 22, 1852. The editor of the Boston Post says that a newly invented dozen bladed knife has been made by a Yankee cutler, which has in addition to its blades, a corkscrew, a bodkin, a hair brush, and a boot-jack, besides a season ticket to the theatre.

On Feline Genealogy Hamilton News-Graphic, September 25, 1884. Jones is a precise man. He has a cat sired by an old time back-fence yowler, while the mater is a fine Maltese tabby. He wishes to know if the offspring can be properly called a "Maltese cross."

Privilege Has Its Rank Kansas City Daily Journal of Commerce, January 9, 1864. The post office department kindly allows congressmen to send and receive letters free, just as they used to. The poor fellows need some privileges.

Danger of New Habits Maryville Weekly Republican, August 23, 1870. A citizen of DesMoines, Iowa, recently died suddenly, and the only evidence the coroner's jury could obtain that seemed to give a clue to the cause, was that the deceased had that day drank a glass of cold water, and put on a clean pair of stockings. People should be careful about such sudden departures from established custom. 200 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Affton Historical Society the "Trail of Tears" march and the new Doris Fischer displayed a historic Man­ visitor's center at Trail of Tears State chester Quilt at the October 27 meeting at Park. Oakland House, St. Louis. Oakland, Louis Benoist's Legacy, the Society's booklet Boone County Historical Society tracing the history of Oakland, an 1853 The Society held open house, September Victorian mansion, is now available. In­ 24-25, in the Lenoir-Nifong home "Maple­ terested persons should send $2.50 plus wood," in Columbia. Officers for 1988- $1.25 postage and handling to: Patricia 1989 are: Bill T. Crawford, president; Treacy, 5523 Jamieson Ave., St. Louis, Francis Pike and Helen Wulff, vice presi­ MO 63109. dents; Nelda McCrory, secretary; James L. Saunders, treasurer; and Elizabeth Ken­ Andrew County Historical Society nedy, historian. Museum exhibits this summer have Boone/Duden Historical Society featured baby quilts, postcards from The Thomasson Missouri Territorial around the world, and frogs made of dif­ Village hosted the June 26 meeting of the ferent materials. Society. On August 29, the Society met at Audrain County Historical Society the St. Vincent De Paul Catholic Church, The third annual Country Fair was Dutzow. Urban Reuther spoke on local held on the Graceland grounds, Mexico, history. on August 27. Col. Charles R. Stribling Brush and Palette Club III, president of the Missouri Military The thirty-seventh annual Arts & Crafts Academy, and Mrs. Robert J. Koster, of Festival, October 8-9, at Hermann Middle the academy's board of trustees, served as and Elementary Schools featured seventy- parade marshals. Other events included an seven exhibitors. attic treasure sale, a "Best-dressed Bear Contest" and the "Clogging Cannon Caldwell County Historical Society Rebels." On October 29, members held a fund- raising rummage and bake sale to restore Barton County Historical Society their Kingston building. Members visited Prairie State Park, in Camden County Historical Society western Barton County, October 9, for a Meetings are the third Monday of sum­ wiener roast and tour of exhibits. Larry mer months at the Camden County Mu­ Larson, a park ranger, spoke on the park's seum in Linn Creek. Officers are: Kathy history and showed the film, A Prairie Galinski, president; Thelma Parrish and Should Be Forever. Alice Burns, vice presidents. The museum Benton County Historical Society reopens in May 1989. The Society meets the second Thursday Campbell Area Genealogical and of each month at Boonslick Regional Li­ Historical Society brary, Warsaw. Additions to the museum Officers are: H.M. Wood, president; include a dentist's office, donated by Dr. Nevah Clubb, vice president; Georgia H.M. Clark. Hickson, secretary; Fay Philpot, treasurer; Edna Foster, press secretary; and Faith Bollinger County Historical Society Hogue, bulletin editor. The Society held its annual meeting, October 9, in the Bollinger County Court­ Carroll County Historical Society house, Marble Hill. Marie Exler spoke on The Society met September 29 in the Historical Notes and Comments 201

Community Hall in Bogard. Mrs. Marvin the Chicago and Louisville Civil War Kiuker spoke on the fall tour sponsored Round Tables, spoke on the Gettysburg by the Society, September 20-22. Members Address at the September 28 meeting at visited Eureka Springs, Arkansas, and Garavelli's Restaurant, St. Louis. Dr. Has­ viewed the Passion Play. kell Monroe, chancellor and professor of history at the University of Missouri- Cass County Historical Society Columbia, gave a talk at the October 26 The Society's quarterly meeting was meeting on the creation of the Confederate held, August 28, in Pearson Hall, Harrison- States of America. ville. Don and Madonna Wilson spoke on "Old Time Music." Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks Cedar County Historical Society Leo Huff, professor emeritus of the On July 25, the Society held its annual SMSU history department, presented "The meeting in the Community Hall in Jerico Attack on Little Rock" at the September Springs. Officers installed were Marie 14 meeting. Dr. William Piston, of the Heinemann, president; and John Eslinger, Department of History, Southwest Mis­ vice president. The August 29 meeting was souri State University, Springfield, spoke held in the city museum in El Dorado on "Lee's Tarnished Lieutenant, General Springs. Bob Estes reported on his local James Longstreet," at the October 12 meet­ historical preservation work, and Marie ing. Both meetings were held in the 89er Heinemann read an article on David Rice Restaurant, Springfield. Atchison. At the September 28 meeting in Clinton County Historical Society the Old Jail Museum, Stockton, Don The September 10 meeting was held at Owen showed nature slides. the museum in Plattsburg. Members dis­ Historical Sketches of Cedar County, cussed plans for upcoming events. The by Clayton Abbott, and The Era of the Society entered a float in the Chautauqua One Room School in Cedar County, by Day Parade on October 15. Mrs. Helen Jean Nipps Swaim, are now available. In­ M. Ericson, a historian based in Emporia, terested persons should contact the So­ Kansas, was the key speaker at the Quilt ciety at P.O. Box 424, Stockton, MO Show and Seminar, held October 29, at 65785. the Plattsburg Elementary School. Chariton County Historical Society Cole Camp Area Historical Society The Society's October 16 meeting oc­ Meetings were held in the Benton Coun­ curred at the museum in Salisbury. Former ty R-l school. On August 8, Frederick editor of the Missouri Ruralist, Cordell Grabau III reported on the John Tyree Tindall spoke on the history of printing. Cemetery restoration, and Delia Mae Grabau spoke on using a personal com­ Civil War Round Table of Kansas City puter in genealogical work. Officers elected Meetings were held at the Homestead at the October 10 business meeting were: Country Club, Prairie Village, Kansas. On Forest C. Eckhoff, president; Delia Mae September 27, Elbert L. Watson, publisher Grabau, vice president; Darlyne Fajen, of the World War II Times, presented secretary; and Leonard Martens, treasurer. "John Bell Hood's 1864 Tennessee Cam­ paign." On October 25, Dr. Gregory Ur- Concordia Area Heritage Society win, assistant professor at the University The Society met October 10, in the of Central Arkansas, Conway, Department Concordia Library. Members decided to of History, spoke on "The Rise of George give $500 to the Concordia Lohoefener House Museum. Mr. and Mrs. Bob Arndt, Armstrong Custer, 1861-1865." of the Brown County Historical Associa­ Civil War Round Table of St. Louis tion, spoke about their current project—a Gordon Whitney, former president of local history book. 202 Missouri Historical Review

Crawford County Historical Society Springs Annual Waterfest. The event The Society meets in the Recklein Li­ marked the museum's 21st year. brary, Cuba, every third Thursday of the month. A visit to the Steelville museum Ferguson Historical Society highlighted the October 20 meeting, while The Three-Fountain Festival was cele­ the November 17 meeting featured the an­ brated, October 29, at the museum in Fer­ nual dinner at the Presbyterian church, guson. Visitors toured the cabooses and followed by a social hour. children received candy. Florissant Valley Historical Society Creve Coeur-Chesterfield As part of the Society's 30th anniversary Historical Society plans, members met at the Yacovelli's Res­ Meetings are held the second Tuesday taurant on October 9. William Barnaby of meeting months at the Municipal Build­ Faherty, S.J., professor emeritus of history ing in Creve Coeur. at Saint Louis University, spoke at the Dade County Historical Society dinner. He told about local history related The Society meets the first Tuesday of to St. Rose Philippine Duchesne and each month. A Civil War reenactment oc­ Henry Shaw. curred, October 22-23, at Hulston Mill Franklin County Historical Society Park. At the quarterly meeting, held Septem­ Daughters of Old Westport ber 25, at the museum in Union, Mrs. Meeting the third Tuesday of the month, Elizabeth Bruns spoke on the D.A.R. Also, the Daughters are in the process of restor­ the Valley of Meramec D.A.R. group pre­ ing an 1855 map, by Charles C. Spalding, sented the Society with a U.S. flag. of Westport. Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society DeKalb County Historical Society The Reverend Armand Mueller spoke The Society's August 21 meeting was on "The Family" at the reunion of Peace held in the First Baptist Church, Stewarts- Lutheran Church, Friedenberg, September ville. Beulah Winger spoke on "Tetherow 18. History," and the George Tetherow house, Friends of Arrow Rock the first built in Stewartsville, received a The Friends recently have been recipi­ plaque. Members participated in the 100th ents of a $3,500 grant from the Edward F. anniversary celebration of the Clarksdale Swinney Fund in Kansas City for work on First Baptist Church on September 18. the Loom House on Main Street. Over 1,300 students and adults attended the Dent County Historical Society Children's Craft Festival, September 23. At the July 8 meeting in the Salem Twenty-five crafters demonstrated their Community Center, Dr. Mark Stauter, as­ work. sociate director of Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Mis­ Friends of Historic Boonville souri-Rolla, reviewed The Mountain of The Friends sponsored a booth at the Names by Shoumatoff. At the September Missouri River Valley Steam Engine Show 9 meeting, Bessie Bailey, Ruth Bailey, at the Cooper County Fairgrounds, Sep­ tember 8-11. On October 1, the Kids Art Phyllis Cox, Anna Weston and Grace Fest '88 occurred in the Hain House Gar­ Wingfield spoke of their one-room school- dens. Activities included: design a button, house experiences. decorate a teepee and a sidewalk chalk gallery. Excelsior Springs Historical Museum The museum held an annual open house, Friends of Missouri Town-1855 October 1, in conjunction with Excelsior The Dancers performed on September Historical Notes and Comments 203

10, at the Pershing Days Festival, Laclede. brunch cruise on the Missouri River On October 15, they danced at the St. aboard the Spirit of St. Charles. Joseph Museum for the Prairie View Fes­ Graham Historical Society tival. Original drawings by William Eldon Friends of Old St. Ferdinand Adkins of Shreveport, Louisiana, a Gra­ The Friends celebrated the canonization ham native, were exhibited at the Society's of Rose Philippine Duchesne, frontier October 10 meeting, at the home of Man- missionary of the Sacred Heart, with a ford and Michelle Brown. Members dis­ weekend celebration at Old St. Ferdinand cussed plans and projects for Graham's Shrine, October 14-16. On Friday, the upcoming sesquicentennial. The Society's Friends sponsored a special Mass in the new address is: 417 South Walnut, Mary­ church and a reception following in the ville, MO 64468. Red School. The Shrine held an open house on Saturday, and a film on St. Grandview Historical Society Philippine's life was shown Sunday, fol­ The Society meets on the first Monday lowed by refreshments. of every month at the Depot Museum. Museum hours are 1-4 P.M., Fridays, and Friends of Rocheport 10 A.M.-4 P.M., Saturdays. Recent exhibits At the September 18 meeting in the included "The Shadow Makers," a collec­ Community Hall, Rocheport, the follow­ tion of old camera and movie memorabilia. ing officers were elected: Beverly Denman, Greene County Historical Society president; Kenneth Rapp and Jimmy Members of the Society joined with the Hourigan, vice presidents; Kent Froeschle, Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foun­ treasurer; Larry Graebner, recording secre­ dation, August 10, to observe the 127th tary; and John Ott, corresponding sec­ anniversary of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. retary. Edwin C. Bearss, chief historian of the Gasconade County Historical Society National Park Service, was the principal Members hosted the fourteenth annual speaker. The Fort Leonard Wood Color picnic at the St. Paul Church site on Guard; the 135th Army National Guard August 21. Local 4-H clubs exhibited a Band; Brigadier General Arvid E. West, pictorial history of communities in the Jr., deputy commander of Fort Leonard northern half of the county. The Society Wood; David L. Lane, superintendent of held its annual meeting on November 6, at the Park; and N.L. McCartney, president the St. John's United Church of Christ at of the Foundation, participated. The picnic Bern. Patrick H. Steele, Sr., former Society pavilion, donated by Jack and Kitty Lips­ president, presented a pictorial review of comb, was dedicated, and the annual meet­ rehabilitation work in the county. ing of the Foundation followed the recep­ tion at the pavilion. At the September 22 Glasgow Area Historical and Preservation meeting in the Heritage Cafeteria, Spring­ Society field, Edward Webb and Rachel Webb On October 8, the Society hosted a presented, "Indians of the Ozarks: Past mystery tour with Kincaid Coach Lines. and Present." The Society's annual meeting was held October 21, at the Evangelical United Grundy County Historical Society Brethren Chapel, Glasgow. Cordell Tindall Farm weekend at the museum, October spoke on "Early Printing in the Boonslick 8-9, featured Missouri products. Samples Area." of dairy and farm products from local farms and businesses were exhibited in the Golden Eagle River Museum agricultural area of the museum. On Oc­ On August 28, members enjoyed a tober 16, retired Judge Herbert Brown, 204 Missouri Historical Review and attorneys James T. Holcomb, Steven the Carriage House, Cape Girardeau. Mem­ Hudson, Chris Raynes, Allan Seidel and bers reported on various historic projects. Jeff Spainhower spoke on the Frank James Historical Association of trial. Greater St. Louis Harrison County Historical Society Tom Keay narrated a slide lecture and The Society met September 27 in the led a tour of Lafayette Square, at the Bethany Trust Company Community September 18 meeting. Rosemary Davison Room. Mrs. Icie Hiatt spoke on the history presented a tour of historic Florissant at of Bethany to World War II. the October 23 meeting. Henry County Historical Society Historical Society of Maries County In the museum courtyard in Clinton, Members met at the museum in Vienna August 18, Janet Merriman spoke about on October 16. They are beginning work and exhibited several dolls from her store on a new Maries County history book. in Shawnee Mound. On September 15, members viewed a slide presentation about Historical Society of Polk County Egypt narrated by Margaret Spangler. For the September 18 meeting, members Tom Colwell talked about Calhoun pottery enjoyed a bus tour to Wilson's Creek and turn-of-the-century calendars at the Battlefield, south of Springfield. October 20 meeting, held at the museum. Historical Society of University City Heritage Seekers The Society's annual dinner meeting was Members and guests enjoyed the annual held in City Hall, October 24. A turn-of- picnic, July 18, at the Palmyra Nutrition the-century fashion show highlighted the Center. Robert Christy discussed the his­ program. toric survey of Palmyra. On August 15, in the Palmyra State Bank Community Iron County Historical Society Room, Sara Bier reported on the August The First Baptist Church, Ironton, pro­ 27 "Old Fashioned Fair Days" parade. vided the site of the October 17 quarterly The September 19 meeting was held in the meeting of the Society. Howard Noble, historic P.J. Sower house. Following the Jr., a teacher at Mineral Area College, business meeting, host Jim Talley noted Flat River, presented "Civil War, Recon­ several points of interest about the house, struction and Jesse James." displayed photographs of the home and served refreshments. Jackson County Historical Society On September 25, the Floral Hall house On July 23, 46 people enjoyed a bus trip tour featured five Palmyra homes. These to Atchison, Kansas. Father Angelus Lin- included the Woods-Robinson House, genfelser, of St. Benedict's Abbey, pro­ Stahlman Home, P.J. Sower House, Dry- vided commentary. Some toured the Cray den-Louthan House and Mackey House. House Museum while others visited the The Gardner House Museum distributed Atchison County Museum and Muchnic tour information and displayed many items Gallery. After lunch at the Drury Inn, for the occasion. they visited Amelia Earhart's house. Hickory County Historical Society Jasper County Missouri On October 15, members held Pioneer Historical Society Day at the Hickory County Museum, The Society met October 2 at the Powers Hermitage. Visitors enjoyed the country food. Museum, Carthage. Featured speakers were: Stephanie Cochran on "Thomas Historical Association of Conner: Frontier Capitalist"; Patricia Greater Cape Girardeau Davis on "Rebecca Kinney The Cuthers: The Association met September 12, in There's A Place For Us"; and Donnie Historical Notes and Comments 205

Simon on "The World of E. Haldeman Kirkwood Historical Society Julius." The speakers, students from Jop­ A wine and cheese party was held Sep­ lin, participated in National History Day tember 9, at the History House, Kirkwood. at the University of Maryland, June 12-16. The event honored Mrs. Earl Carr who retired after 16 years as secretary of the Jefferson Barracks Civil War Society. A "Turn of the Century Fashion Historical Association Show" took place at the Greenbriar Hills Members held a living history encamp­ Country Club on September 15. ment in June at the Daniel Boone Home, Defiance. On July 15, members lectured Laclede County Historical Society Boy Scouts at Jefferson Barracks about The Society sponsored the 13th annual children during the Civil War. The Sep­ ice cream social, August 22, on the lawn tember 23 meeting was held at the home of the Old Jail Museum, Lebanon. Officers of Mike Pierce, St. Louis. Bylaws of the for 1988-1989 are: Quentin Melvin, presi­ Association were revised. dent; Claudia Stubblefield, Dorothy and Farris Calton, and Esther Griffin, vice Jennings Historical Society presidents; Lena Burns, recording secre­ The Society met, September 13, in the tary; Lois Hill, corresponding secretary; Schoolhouse Museum. On October 23, and Jerry Hendrickson, treasurer. members visited the old St. Louis Boys' School Grounds, site of Ft. Bellefontaine, Lawrence County Historical Society then enjoyed a potluck supper in the Civic Doug Seneker, president of the Society, Center. spoke on the history and construction of log cabins at the September 18 meeting, in Johnson County Historical Society Jones Memorial Chapel, Mt. Vernon. Law­ Judy Tomloreson, assisted by Ron and rence County Missouri Tombstone Inscrip­ Ellen Long, gave a presentation on quilts tions, Volume Seven, Vineyard and Mt. and displayed her quilt collection, at the Pleasant Townships is now available. In­ September 25 meeting, in the Old Court­ terested persons should send $10.00 to house, Warrensburg. Lawrence County Historical Society, P.O. Joplin Historical Society Box 406, Mt. Vernon, MO 65712. Proceeds of the second annual quilt and Linn County Historical Society antique show, October 28-30, benefited the Members met in the Old City Hall, Building Fund. Laclede, on October 15. Mike Brown, ad­ Kansas City Fire Brigade ministrator of the General John J. Persh­ Members held their October 15 meeting ing Boyhood Home Historic Site, related at the Police Garage, Kansas City, and a brief history of the Pershing home and afterwards inspected old fire station #12 at family. Afterwards, members regrouped in 12th and Indiana. the Pershing Home for a tour and treats including wassail and cookies of the 1870s. Kansas City Westerners The Westerners meet regularly in the Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table Hereford House, Kansas City. On Sep­ On September 20, members met in the tember 13, Dr. Richard Keller, professor Columbia Tribune lunchroom, Columbia. of English at Emporia State University, Private Andy Papen and Lieutenant Bill spoke on "The Old West as Represented Fannin related some of their experiences in Movies and Television." B. Byron Price, in the reenactment of the Battle of Gettys­ executive director of the National Cowboy burg. Andy Papen spoke on the Battle of Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center Chickamauga at the October 18 meeting in Oklahoma City, gave the program at in the Lohman Building, Jefferson City. the October 11 meeting. Officers of the Round Table are George 206 Missouri Historical Review

Lyons, president; R.L. Hawkins, vice presi­ his memory, will bring to St. Louis a dent; and Jack Kennedy, secretary-trea­ lecture by a prominent national historian. surer. Robert R. Archibald, former director of the Montana Historical Society, has been Mine Au Breton Historical Society named director of the Society. He began Frank Dee spoke on the building of the his duties December 1. Iron Mountain Railroad through Washing­ ton County in 1859-1860 at the August 16 Moniteau County Historical Society meeting. Members enjoyed a tour of Cita­ The Society met September 12, at City del Hill, Potosi, led by Jerry Sansegraw, Hall in California. Judy Shields narrated a at the September 20 meeting. Howard slide presentation about the historical in­ Noble, professor of history at Mineral ventory of Cooper County. Members en­ Area College, spoke on "The Civil War, joyed an ice cream social on September Reconstruction and Jesse James" at the 16, at the Society's house on Oak Street, October 18 meeting. All meetings occur at California. the Society's museum in the Presbyterian Church, Potosi. Morgan County Historical Society Sarah Nelson presented a discussion on Missouri Historical Society antique glassware at the September 19 A new permanent exhibit featuring the meeting, held in the Pioneer Restaurant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition began in Versailles. Dr. Rodney Chapman, a Ver­ the Brown Group Gallery, in the east wing sailles veterinarian, spoke on past and of the Jefferson Memorial Building, St. present practices in caring for animals at Louis, on August 14. A special photograph the October 17 meeting. exhibit of the River des Peres opened Oc­ tober 27, at Jefferson Memorial Building. National Railway Historical Society, The photographs featured scenes from 1890 Kansas City Chapter and the 1930s. The ceremony named the Meetings are held the fourth Friday of river drainage project "one of the greatest every month at the Cotton Belt Railroad engineering feats on record." offices, Kansas City, Kansas. Members held their annual picnic in Loose Park, Fashion designer Pauline Trigere pre­ Kansas City, on August 27. A railway sented a retrospective of her designs from excursion to St. Louis occurred August 1943 to the present at the History Mu­ 13-14, in the Society's private "Silver seum's gala dinner on October 8. A pioneer Garden" vista dome car. At the September drama, "As the Wind Rocks the Wagon," 23 meeting, members watched a film of was performed, November 5-6, at the So­ Tom Carr's travels to Trinidad, LaJunta, ciety's History Museum. Actress Amy Garden City and Dodge City. Afterwards, Warner portrayed several women who Steve Saale presented films of the 611 crossed the continent by covered wagon. steam excursion and Chillicothe summer Warner based her material on actual diaries trips. written by pioneer women. Historian, educator, Pulitzer Prize-win­ John G. Neihardt Corral of the Westerners ning author and Librarian Emeritus of The Westerners meet at the Days Inn Congress, Daniel J. Boorstin presented the restaurant in Columbia. Ray Wood, pro­ first annual Vaughan Memorial Lecture, fessor of anthropology at the University of November 10, at the History Museum. He Missouri, gave a talk on "The Early Fur spoke on "The Meaning of History." The Trade on the Upper Missouri River" at lecture memorializes J. Terrell Vaughan, the September 8 meeting. Slim Funk spoke 30th president of the Missouri Historical on "Lewis and Clark Would Never Know Society (1971-1981) and chairman of the the Place: Changes in the Missouri River board until 1985. A fund, established in since 1803," at the October 13 meeting. Historical Notes and Comments 207

New Madrid Historical Museum bers held a meeting, August 13, at the On October 4, Dr. Michael Roark, as­ Ramada Inn of St. Joseph. Bill Bullard sociate professor of geography at South­ spoke on the establishment of a frontier east Missouri State University, Cape trails museum in Independence. Girardeau, discussed the settlement of Members enjoyed a Trail Trek, Sep­ Missouri and its cultural heritage, at the tember 10. Participants first met at the Museum. Museum of History in Topeka for a lec­ ture, then traveled to Uniontown to visit a Newton County Historical Society ghost town. Next, the Chapter presented Members of the Society held open house certificates of appreciation to Rossville and in their museum, October 2, to celebrate St. Mary's. While in St. Mary's, Judy the 100th anniversary of the building, Bork spoke in Riverside Park. After visit­ formerly the Newton County Jail. ing the St. Mary's museum, trekkers toured Nodaway County Historical Society various sites near Vermillion Crossing. The Society met at the Alumni House, Northwest Missouri State University, Mary­ Osage County Historical Society ville, on September 25. Jennie Newby, The Society's first publication, a compre­ president of the Society, narrated a slide hensive survey of all cemeteries in Craw­ presentation entitled "Reading the Victor­ ford and Benton townships of Osage Coun­ ian House," depicting architecture from ty, is now available. Kathy Flippo compiled 1850 to 1890. the 338-page book which includes photos, maps and charts. This three-ring binder, Old Mines Area Historical Society loose-leaf publication costs $20.00 plus The Fete De L'Automne was held Octo­ $2.00 postage and handling. Orders may ber 9, at the Archive Building grounds, in be sent to the Society at P.O. Box 402, Fertile. Over 5,000 people attended the Linn, MO 65051. educational and cultural event, based on life in a French-American village in the Pemiscot County Historical Society 1800s. The Society meets at the Colonial Fed­ eral Savings and Loan, Caruthersville. The Old Stagecoach Stop Foundation August 26 meeting concluded with a short Witmor Farm Restaurant in Buckhorn recital by Mary Frances Litzelner on the provided the site of the annual meeting on Eastwood Memorial Methodist Church September 29. The Ozark Mountain organ. The September 23 meeting featured Friends presented a musical program, and Rev. Paul Currie, pastor of the Caruthers­ board of directors president James B. ville Presbyterian Church, speaking on King, Jr., spoke on the Foundation. "Thirty Years of Ministry in Caruthers­ Old Trails Historical Society ville." Pat Kaplan spoke on the "History The Society's antique sale occurred Sep­ of R.S.V.P. in Pemiscot County" at the tember 25. Members won first place with October 28 meeting. The Society currently their covered wagon float in the Man­ is involved in a local oral history program, chester Homecoming Parade, and the float "Tales They Tell." won second place in the Ballwin Days Pike County Historical Society Parade. Bennett Clark, grandson of Champ Oregon-California Trails Association, Clark, spoke on Champ Clark's descend­ Trails Head Chapter ants, at the July 30 meeting, held on the Members of the Association held their lawn at Honey Shuck in Bowling Green. annual convention in St. Joseph, August The October 11 meeting, at the Mary, 9-14. Participants were able to choose from Queen of Peace Catholic Church in Clarks- various workshops and field trips. Mem­ ville, included the election of officers. They 208 Missouri Historical Review are: Wayne Gamm, president; Elizabeth Randolph County Historical Society Wills and Edward Lawson, vice presidents; The Society sponsored the historical and Willana Clark, secretary; and Willene musical program "Hardship & Hope" on Gamm, treasurer. October 13 at the Moberly Area Junior College. A grant from the Missouri Hu­ Platte County Historical Society manities Council funded the program. At the October meeting, Mrs. Fran Bohachick of Platte City received the Out­ Ray County Historical Society standing Platte Countian Award from the The October 27 meeting at the Eagleton Society for her contribution toward the Center, Richmond, featured a program by preservation of Platte County history. Ida Mrs. Betty E. Nelson, library director of Cox, president of the Society, presented a the Missouri State Genealogical Associa­ Silver Memorial Certificate to Mrs. Ester tion. Cox in memory of Billy G. Cox. Mrs. Irma Myers received a Golden Memorial Raytown Historical Society Certificate in memory of Mack Myers. For the Raytown Round-Up Days, Sep­ Mrs. Frances Hornbuckle was the recipi­ tember 22-24, the Society featured quilt ent of the Past Presidents Plaque, for her displays at the museum and the Kiwanis' outstanding leadership of the past two Country Store at Smith Brothers Hall. years. Mrs. Matilda Miller Snider played the piano and reminisced on her family St. Charles County Historical Society history. Members held their October 27 quarter­ ly meeting at the McKinley School Mall in The TWA chapter of the Society recent­ St. Charles. Gerd Peterman, professor of ly has opened the TWA museum, featuring German, spoke on "To Germanize Mis­ flight history memorabilia. souri To Make It Free, Immigration as Pleasant Hill Historical Society Emancipation 1850-1861." Marjorie Buckner spoke on "Collecting Japanese Netsuke" at the October 30 meet­ St. Francois County Historical Society ing in the museum. The August 24 and September 28 meet­ ings were held in the county courthouse in Pony Express Historical Association Farmington. In August, members enjoyed The annual wiener roast occurred Octo­ highlights of the movie, Meet Me In St. ber 9, at the Japanese Tea House in St. Louis. Florence Brent spoke on the World's Joseph. Fair, in September. Dorothy Mount dis­ cussed the Louisiana Purchase at the Pulaski County Historical Society October 26 meeting in the Ben-Nor recrea­ Meetings are held the first Thursday of tion room. each month, at 415 Business Route, Waynesville. St. Louis Westerners Putnam County Historical Society Meetings are held at the Salad Bowl, St. On October 15, the Society sponsored a Louis. Gregory Franzwa spoke on his ex­ workshop for historical societies and local periences with the National Park's survey history museums at the Putnam County of the Santa Fe Trail at the September 23 Museum, Unionville. It focused on preserv­ meeting. The October 21 meeting featured ing, interpreting and presenting local area Phil Tucker speaking on "The Southwest histories. Workshop leaders were Martin Expedition of 1860." Shay, director of the Missouri State Mu­ seum and the Jefferson Landing State His­ Scotland County Historical Society toric Site, and Lee Gilleard, coordinator The Society meets the fourth Monday of the Missouri Historic Preservation Pro­ of each month in the Downing House gram. Museum, Memphis. In May, the Society Historical Notes and Comments 209 moved the Memphis depot to their his­ Tri-County Historical & Museum Society torical grounds. The city and the Keokuk of King City and Centerville la. Railroad donated the The Society meets the first Monday of depot to the Society. Members enjoyed each month, at the museum grounds, May the annual picnic, July 25, and the Sep­ through September, and at the Senior Citi­ tember antique fair. zens Building, King City, October through April. The Society sponsored the annual Scott County Historical Society Living History Day, September 17, at the At the Society's September 6 meeting in museum. the Benton Courthouse, Ramona Glastetter conducted a workshop on ancestor charts. Union Cemetery Historical Society Sharon Collins replaced Doris Smith as Members met in the Fern Room at secretary. Loose Park, Kansas City, for the July 30 meeting. Pete Loughlin, of Parks and Smoky Hill Railway and Recreation, narrated a slide presentation Historical Society on the replacement of the Sexton's Cot­ Members held a work session on August tage. Reva Weaver presented "A Walk 12, in Grandview. On August 29, at Mid- Through the Seasons with Nature" at the America Car, Inc., Kansas City, Society August 27 meeting. In lieu of the regular officers unveiled the newly painted E-6 meeting, members held a ground-breaking passenger locomotive No. 630. Local tele­ ceremony, October 30, to celebrate the vision stations covered the event. On Oc­ rebuilding of the Sexton's Cottage in tober 14, members met at Richards-Gebaur Union Cemetery, Kansas City. The Na­ Air Force Base for a chili dinner. tional Association of Women in Construc­ Sons and Daughters of the Blue & Gray tion has contributed toward this project. Civil War Round Table Vernon County Historical Society George Hinshaw presented "The Presi­ Bill Sterett, former lawyer for the Mis­ dential Election of 1864" at the August 21 souri Pacific Railroad, spoke about the meeting, held in the American Bank, history of railroading in Vernon County at Maryville. Larry Guthrie presented the the September 11 meeting, in the Com­ video "Battle of Shiloh" at the September munity Center, Nevada. 18 meeting. At the October 16 meeting, Tom Keaveny talked on "Gettysburg—The Washington Historical Society First Day." The Society met September 13, at the Riverfront Park in Washington. Members Southeast Missouri Civil War Round Table discussed plans for Washington's upcom­ Members held round table discussions ing sesquicentennial celebration. about the Battle of Atlanta and Sherman's March to the Sea at the monthly meetings Wentzville Community Historical Society on the first Thursday at the Ozark Re­ The September 19 meeting at the Cross­ gional Library in Ironton. roads Cafe, Wentzville, featured John Wehmer, professor at Lindenwood College. Texas County Genealogical and He spoke on "Quilts as an Art Form." Historical Society Work proceeds on the development of the Michael Roark, associate professor of Karrenbrock Mill. geography at Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, spoke on Weston Historical Museum westward expansion in eighteenth- and From October 8 to 9, the Museum held nineteenth-century America. The meeting its eighth Old Homes Tour and Heritage was held August 26 in the Houston United Festival in Weston. The program at the Methodist Church fellowship hall. November 6 annual meeting in the Weston 210 Missouri Historical Review

Masonic Hall featured pictures of the tour ing in the Friendship House Banquet and festival. Room, The School of the Ozarks, Point Lookout. Lynn Morrow spoke on "The Westphalia Historical Society Photography of George G. Hall," an early The Society sponsored its annual tour of Westphalia homes on October 23. The twentieth-century commercial photogra­ tour featured the Dohman-Boessen house, pher of the White River Country. Porth-Fechtel-Even farm, Deer Creek farm Winston Historical Society and the Randy Haviland residence. Meetings are held every second Thurs­ Westport Historical Society day in the Winston City Park or City The Society sponsored the annual veran­ Hall. Members held a depot workday on da sale, September 9-10, at the Harris September 24. Kearney House, Kansas City. Proceeds from the sale of furniture, collectibles, Worth County Historical Society books and baked goods support the op­ Members met October 9 at the Society's eration and restoration of the house and office in Grant City. They heard about grounds. progress on Society projects and discussed On October 22-23, the Society conducted plans for Glenn Miller Day in 1989. the Twelfth Annual Civil War Battlefield Tours in conjunction with the Civil War Wright County Historical Round Table of Kansas City. Tours the and Genealogical Society first day covered the Battle of Westport in The Society sponsored a reenactment of Kansas City and Independence, while the the Battle of Hartville on October 8. Rick October 23 tours featured the Battle of Goman, a captain in the Army Reserve, Mine Creek, the Marais de Cygnes Mas­ and members of Company E, 9th Texas sacre Memorial Park and the Fort Scott Infantry participated as the Confederate National Cemetery in Kansas. After lunch and Union troops. at the historic Fort Scott Mess Hall, guests The annual meeting was held October stopped for refreshments at the Linn Coun­ 24, in the Hartville County Courthouse. ty Historical Museum in Pleasanton, Kan­ sas. Officers elected were: Clyde A. Rowen, president; Edsel Yeager, vice president; White River Valley Historical Society Emogene Fuge, secretary; and Rex Todd, The Society held the September 11 meet­ treasurer.

That Rattling Town, K. C. Jefferson City People's Tribune, September 7, 1881. The Bank of Missouri, of Arrow Rock, has been removed to Kansas City. One by one that rattling, enterprising town gathers them in.

A Spendthrift Country Editor St. Joseph Daily Herald, November 1, 1882. From the Norristown Herald. A well meaning person gives hints telling "How to live on seventy-five cents a week." We shall continue to live on eighty cents a week if we have to run in debt. There is such a thing as being too economical. Historical Notes and Comments 211

GIFTS Katie Marie Adkins, Carrollton, donor: Postcards and color photograph of interior views of Carroll County Historical Museum, Carrollton. (E)* Carol A. Alsberge, Bunceton, donor: Descendants of Hezekiah V. Parker, Sr. and Mary Ann (Smith) Parker, compiled and edited by Mildred Beth Wise Stewart. (R) Emmett G. Bedford, Racine, Wisconsin, donor: Material on the Bedford family, loaned for copying. (R) Robert Bronaugh Benson, Columbia, donor: "The Old Town of Pleasant Hill and Its Early Westport Connections," by don­ or. (R) Bi-State Development Agency, St. Louis, donor: "The Ports of St. Louis, U.S.A." (R) Laurel Boeckman, Columbia, donor: Several books on various historical topics. (R) & (RFC) Trenton Boyd, Columbia, donor: Telephone directories for St. Louis and area neighborhoods. (R) Gladys Carlson, Pensacola, Florida, donor: "The Brumley Family: Addendum," compiled by donor. (R) Community Library Association, donor, through Delia Lang, High Ridge: Along Old Gravois, With a Detour or Two, A History of Northwest Jefferson County, by Delia Lang and donor. (R) Ocie L. Creed, Jr., Fulton, donor: "Some Descendants of Elijah Creed, Sr.," compiled by donor. (R) Mr. and Mrs. Dale Cyrus, Sheridan, Arkansas, donors: Lest We Forget, transcription of grave marker information from 20 cemeteries in and near Macks Creek, Mo. (R) Mary K. Dains, Columbia, donor: First Christian Church, Columbia, Visitor, 1987-1988, and publications from other Columbia organizations. (R) Robert S. Dale, Carthage, donor: Reprint of Jasper County, Missouri, in the Civil War; "1988 Ozark Calendar and Seasonal Almanac." (R) Daniel Boone Regional Library, donor, through LaDonna Justice, Fulton: 36 telephone directories for Missouri communities. (R)

These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (E) refers to Editorial Office; (R), Reference Library; (M), Manuscripts; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (N), Newspaper Library; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Room. 212 Missouri Historical Review

Daughters of the American Revolution, Clarence, Mo. Chapter, donor, through Doris Davis Wallace, Clarence: "The Family of Greenup Medley Hill of Knox and Macon Cos. Mo.," compiled by Doris Davis Wallace, James M. Hill and Betty Oliver Hill. (R)

Arthur Hugh Denney, Columbia, donor: "The Denney/Denny Family ... A Genealogy," compiled by donor; "The Tucker Family ... A Genealogy," compiled by donor and Charles Hugh Denney. (R) Raymond Easley, Columbia, donor: Your 1980 Boone County Fair and Horse Show. (R)

J. Merton England, Washington, D.C, donor: Typescript of John M. Roberts diaries, 1878, 1879-1881, edited by donor. (M)

First Baptist Church, Grandview, donor, through Pauline Sims: Programs, 140th anniversary of First Baptist Church and service at Blue Ridge Cemetery, 1988 (R); color photographs of sign and commemorative marker. (E)

Alice Irene Fitzgerald, Columbia, donor: Clippings and books relating to Missouri. (R) & (RFC) General Federation of Women's Clubs of Missouri, Inc., donor, through Betty Dance, Lewistown: Yearbook, 1988-1990, of Federation, compiled by Betty Dance. (R)

Russell G. Griffitts, Columbia, donor: Mississippi River Flood: A Pictorial Essay (R); over 40 black and white photo­ graphs relating to railroads and road machinery. (E)

Ruth Ann (Abels) Hager, Florissant, donor: The Schieber Family History: Ancestors and Descendants of John & Henrietta (Meyer) Schieber, Conception, Nodaway County, Missouri, by donor. (R)

Henry Hook Harris, Jr., Marshall, donor: Photograph of Old Mill on Salt Fork, 1897 (E); items on the historic mill and new bridge over Salt Fork Creek, Saline Co. (R)

Delbert D. Hemphill, Columbia, donor: Photograph of students and teacher at Osa School, Barry County, 1919. (E)

Miriam M. Hemphill, Columbia, donor: Photograph and material on Bishop Edwin V. O'Hara. (E) & (R)

Capitola Seals Henry, Denver, Colorado, donor: Transcriptions by donor of records of funerals and weddings conducted by Reverend Robert L. Henry, 1920-1958. (R)

Jacob P. Herring, Centralia, donor: Photocopy of "Company Roll . . . of Company I, 7th Cavalry Missouri Volunteers," by John Shaver. (R)

Edward A. Humston, Carbondale, Kansas, donor: "Blackman Genealogy" and "Johnston Genealogy: Some Descendants of John Johnston ... in Kentucky and Missouri," both compiled by donor. (R) Historical Notes and Comments 213

Mary Jameson, Albany, donor: "The Patton Family History of Gentry County, Missouri" and "The George Family of Gentry County, Missouri." (R) Dale H. Janssen, Columbia, donor: Storytelling Mark Twain Style, by donor and Janice J. Beaty. (R) Jane Jeffries, Columbia, donor: Fall 1988 Conference Program, Ozarks Genealogical Society. (R) Clyde G. Johnson, Boonville, donor: "Clyde G. Johnson-Hatsue Horiuchi Alphabetic List's, Ancestral, Descendants, and Related Families" and computer program, "Personal Ancestral File" and three data disks on the Johnson, Chenault and Custer families. (R) Marilyn Vaughn Jones, Moberly, donor: "Our Joseph Family History & Family Tree," compiled by donor. (R) Roy King, Manchester, donor: Photographs of Columbia buildings and scenes and Eugene Field home in Denver (E); record of materials at the State Historical Society, 1919-1938, journal and bibliog­ raphy relating to the Society's newspaper collection. (M) Carl R. Krigbaum, Page, Arizona, donor: "The Bogues of Scotland: To Samuel Watson Bogue & His Descendants," compiled by Catherine Saunders and donor. (R) Richard L. Lee, Columbia, donor: Album of black and white photographs of Missouri county courthouses, negatives and related material. (E) Gary G. Lloyd, Staten Island, New York, donor: The Lewis Families of Putnam County, Missouri. (R) Maiden Historical Museum, Maiden, donor: Descriptive material and photograph of the Maiden Historical Museum. (E) Mary Jo Sisson March, St. Peters, donor: "Henry Eves Sisson Descendants, Clark County, Missouri, Cemetery Records," compiled by donor. (R) William K. Metcalfe, Cedar Falls, Iowa, donor: Autographed portrait of Dr. David C. Todd. (E) Mexico Lions Club, Mexico, donor: "History of Mexico Lions Club, Chartered Sept. 20, 1938," edited by Bob Wil­ liams. (R) Cora Lee Miller, Arrow Rock, donor: George William Burke Papers. (M) Marjorie M. Miller, Montgomery City, donor: Montgomery County, Missouri: Early Landowners According to 1878 Atlas (and) 1897 Atlas, compiled by donor. (R) Pamela Ann Miner, Columbia, donor: Master's thesis: "The Creation of a True' University in Missouri, 1866-1896," by donor. (R) 214 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Jefferson City, donor, through Orval Henderson: 30 color postcards of the Missouri State Capitol and historic sites. (E) National Archives-Kansas City Branch, Kansas City, donor, through R. Reed Whitaker: "Guide To Original Records in the Custody of the National Archives-Kansas City Branch, June 23, 1988." (R) Charles OT)ell, Columbia, donor: "The Odells in Western Missouri, 1820-1880: A Tentative Every-Name Index," compiled by donor; material on Clinton and Boonville. (R) George M. Pace, Cincinnati, Ohio, donor: Material on the Pace family. (R) Walter L. Pfeffer, II, Columbia, donor: Miscellaneous newsletters, invitations, political campaign material, leaflets and reports from local and state agencies and institutions. (R) Peggy Platner, Columbia, donor: Over 25 books on various historical topics. (R) R. L. Polk & Co., Kansas City, donor: City directories for Carthage, Clinton, Independence, Kennett, Lebanon, Monett and Sedalia, 1987. (R) Braxton Pollard, Columbia, donor: Mounted photographs of St. Louis Art Museum and St. Louis Municipal Opera. (E) Paul R. Porter, Sarasota, Florida, donor: "A Boy on a Missouri Farm, 1908-1919," by donor. (R) Elenore Schewe, Vandalia, donor: "History, Southwest Central Region, American Association of University Women, 1966-1976." (R) Mrs. Bill Schmidt, Mt. Vernon, donor: Telephone directory for Barry and Lawrence counties. (R) Adolf E. and Rebecca Schroeder, Columbia, donors: "Meaning in Metal: A Photographic Exhibit on the Work of Otto F. Dingeldein, Silversmith." (R) Mrs. E.P. Schwaiger, Houston, Texas, donor: Clippings on the 1938 filming of Jesse James in the Missouri Ozarks. (R) Ernestine Ernst Seiter, Lexington, donor: Over 20 books on Lexington and Lafayette County and Missouri history (R); Ernestine Ernst Seiter Collection. (M) Verne Raymond Spear, Charlemont, Massachusetts, donor: The Descendants of George Spear Who Settled at Braintree, Massachusetts, 1642- 1988, compiled by donor. (R) Stone Cemetery Association, Newtonia, donor: History of Stone Cemetery, edited by Hodgen O. Patrick, Jr. (R) Historical Notes and Comments 215

Sanford L. Tilley, Yucca Valley, California, donor: Lyon Family Papers. (M) Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Tisdel, Columbia, donors: Miscellaneous periodicals of local and area interest. (R) Rita Hineman Townsend, Garden City, Kansas, donor: Hutchins-Hutchens: Descendants of Strangeman Hutchins, compiled, edited and indexed by donor. (R) University of Missouri-Columbia, Office of Development, donor, through Carole Sue DeLaite, Columbia: Telephone directories of Howard and Cooper counties, Joplin and vicinity and Lake of the Ozarks. (R) Beverly R. Watts, Willows, California, donor: The Redmans in America, Revised, and Allied Family of Gillespie, compiled by donor. (R) Webster Groves Historical Society, Webster Groves, donor, through Charles F. Rehkopf: A Guide to the Historical Collections of the Webster Groves Historical Society, by Ann Morris. (R) Warren A. Welsh, Fulton, donor: Edward Crawford's Family . . . , by Crawford Family Members. (R) Alma J. Wheeler, Tolland, Connecticut, donor: Campbell: James Campbell and Sophia Downing of Cole County, Missouri, compiled by donor. (R) Williams & McCormick, Kansas City, donor: Poster of painting by Fred Shane. (A)

Some Missouri Firsts Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly, Winter 1988. Reprinted from Caruthersville Republican, December 15, 1927. Missouri has the largest lead mines in the world and the oldest on the American continent, those located at Mine Lamotte in Madison County being the site of the first lead industry. The first post office in Missouri was established in 1804. The first ferry boat in the State began operation in 1805. The first civil marriage recorded in Missouri was on April 29, 1776. The first postal street railway car ever run in the United States was operated in Missouri. It was run on the street car tracks in St. Louis to collect mail from boxes along the route. The Pacific Railroad operated the first passenger train ever run in Missouri on December 8, 1852. It ran from St. Louis to end of the Pacific line a few miles west of Saint Louis. 216 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Belle Banner August 17, 1988—"Pilot Knob Baptist Church's 125th Anniversary." September 28—"A Part Of The Past From The Model T Era Uncovered In Front Of Banner Office." Bolivar Herald-Free Press August 31, 1988—"If these old walls could talk . . . 117-year-old Viles house gets ready to meet a new family, third in its history," by Clarice Beaman. Boonville Cooper County Record August 3, 10, 24, 31, 1988—"Historical Footnotes From the Friends Of Historic Boonville" featured old photographs of area buildings and sites. Boonville Daily News May 20, June 7, 1988—"Remembrances From the Friends of Historic Boonville," a series, featured old photographs of the area. Bowling Green Times August 3, 17, September 7, 14, 28, October 5, 12, 26, 1988—"Pike County Memories," a series, featured old area photographs. Brook field News-Bulletin October 13, 1988—Photograph of 1907-1908 Meadville High School football team. Brunswick Brunswicker August 18, 1988—"Sunken Steamboats Located In Old Missouri River Channel Near Dalton." Campbell Citizen July 27, 1988—"Generations of memories from 1860-1988," at Four Mile Home, oldest in Dunklin County, by Debby Talcott. August 17—"The history of Chalk Bluff." Canton Press-News Journal August 4, 11, 25, September 1, 15, 22, 29, October 6, 20, 1988—"Yesteryear's Pictures," a series. Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian August 4, 1988—"Mysteries remain about area Indians," by K.J.H. Cochran. October 19—Photograph of 1942 Cape Central football team. Carrollton Daily Democrat July 22, 29, August 12, 19, 26, September 16, 23, 30, October 7, 14, 21, 1988—Old area photographs. Carthage Press August 2, 1988—Truman Safford Powell, "One time Carthage spelunker was spark of Branson tourism bonanza," by Marvin L. VanGilder. October 26—"A Carthage Chronicle Highlights of Community History, Volume II," by Marvin L. VanGilder. Chillicothe Constitution- Tribune August 17, 1988—Photograph of "Bryan Home for 70 Years." October 26—Photograph of Chillicothe Normal faculty, 1904-1905. Historical Notes and Comments 217

Clinton Daily Democrat July 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, August 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 29, 30, 31, September 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 26, 30, October 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26, 1988—"Remember When" featured old area photographs. August 30—"Old newspaper gives insight into slave life" of James Batiste Mont­ gomery, reprinted. October 18—" 'Bloody Butchery' in town of Brownington" duel between Lon Gahart and John Boles, 1879, reprinted. Columbia Daily Tribune July 31, 1988—"Whatever Happened To. . . ," a series by Francis Pike, featured the Missouri Mothers Park, south of Columbia on Highway 63. August 7—Steamboats, "Monarchs of the Mississippi," photos from the Henry Norman collection.

Columbia Missourian July 31, 1988—Boone "County fair has long, rich background," by Marianne Balazs and Libby Powers. Concordia Concordian August 17, October 19, 1988—A series of articles on early businesses along Concordia's Main Street, by Nora Hartwig. October 12—"Emma post office 100 years old in 1988," by Ruth Rodewald. Cuba Free Press October 27, 1988—"History recalled along Trail of Tears," by Lorene Davis. Dixon Pilot September 15, 1988—A special section, "Dixon Cow Days" featured numerous historical articles. Eldon Advertiser August 11, 1988—Old area photograph. Fayette Advertiser August 10, 1988—Uriel Wright building "Restoration: Old Building Has Surprises." October 12—"Grand [Theatre] Is 75; State's Oldest Movie House." Fayette Democrat-Leader August 20, 1988—1903 photograph of Union School. Festus Jefferson County Journal July 13, 1988—"Effort To Save Historic Home Increases," the Burgess House in House Springs, by LeeAnn Pruitt. September 2—"County was tourist trap of yore," summer resort area for residents of St. Louis and St. Louis County, by Delia Lang. Flat River Daily Journal August 1, 1988—"Politics, The ballot of the 1851 primary" in St. Francois County, by Peggy O'Farrell. Glasgow Missourian September 22, 1988—"Howard County Courthouse 100th Anniversary." 218 Missouri Historical Review

Hannibal Courier-Post July 17, 30, August 20, 31, September 10, 17, 24, October 1, 5, 8, 22, 1988—Old area photographs. August 25—"1838 Anniversary Edition 1988, 150 years" featured historical articles in sections: Hannibal as history; People who matter; Business and industry; and 150 years of Journalism. August 26—"A Poignant look at Missouri's Civil War heritage," by Susan York. October 8—"Clemens Field: diamonds are forever," by Danny Henley. Hartville Wright County Republican October 13, 1988—"Cannon smoke once again fills the air around Hartville, Yanks & Rebs relive Battle of Hartville," a pictorial article. Hayti Missouri Herald October 14, 1988—1911 photograph of train wreck at Hayti. Hermann Advertiser-Courier October 12, 1988—1870 photograph of Jacob Feil. Hermitage Index July 28, August 11, 18, 25, September 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, October 27, 1988—"Hickory County History," a series, featured old area photographs. High Ridge Meramec Journal September 2, 1988—"Legacies, St. Louisans Often 'Resorted'To Jefferson County," by Delia Lang. September 28—"DeSoto Homes Are Rich In Colorful Area History," by Mary McKinstry. Huntsville Randolph County Times Herald September 7, 1988—"1888-1988, Welcome Back Old Settlers To The 100th Anni­ versary Reunion Sept. 8th, 9th and 10th Huntsville, Mo." Jackson Cash Book-Journal October 26, 1988—Photograph of Sedgewickville School, circa 1914. Jefferson City Catholic Missourian September 23, 1988—"St. John's parish, Bahner notes 150th anniversary" in Pettis County. September 30—"Immaculate Conception parish, Jefferson City, notes 75th anni­ versary," from information provided by Helen M. Laux. Jefferson City Daily Capital News July 28, August 5, 11, 18, September 1, 22, October 6, 13, 20, 1988—"Our Heritage" featured Missouri governors respectively: Herbert S. Hadley, Elliott W. Major, Frederick D. Gardner, Arthur M. Hyde, Henry S. Caulfield, Forrest C. Donnell, Phil M. Donnelly, Forrest Smith and James T. Blair, Jr. Jefferson City Daily Post-Tribune July 27, August 10, 31, September 21, October 5, 12, 1988—"Our Heritage" featured Missouri governors respectively: Herbert S. Hadley, Frederick D. Gardner, Henry S. Caulfield, Forrest C. Donnell, Phil M. Donnelly and Forrest Smith. Jefferson City News-Tribune July 24, 1988—Old area photograph. October 2—"The Lions [club] share of service, 63 years of civic involvement in Jefferson City and going strong," by Bob Bax. Historical Notes and Comments 219

Joplin Globe September 15, 1988—"Century + 15 . . . celebrates Fall Fiesta 1988" featured numerous historical articles. Kahoka Media October 19, 1988—"Wayland Now and Then," a pictorial article. Kansas City Catholic Key August 14, 1988—John Heilman, "Pioneer Catholic publisher wages hopeless fight" Catholic Western Cross, by Laura Wilson. September 18—St. Stephen's Catholic Church, Kansas City, centennial. Kansas City Star August 4, 1988—"Author fills in the many blank spots to depict outlaws' beloved 'Mamaw'," Zerelda James Samuel, by Steve Paul. August 14, October 16—"Album," a series by John J. Doohan, featured respectively: City Bank & Trust Co., drive-up window, 1931; Priest of Pallas parade, 1900s. August 17—Russell Hicks, "Testy judge, farmer had extensive land holdings," by Jerry Motsinger. September 12—"A century past, 1888 magazine admires a sparkling Downtown KC that no longer exists," by Donald Hoffman. Kansas City Times October 28, 1988—"Postcard from old Kansas City," by Mrs. Sam Ray featured a horse show in the American Royal Live Stock Building. Kennett Daily Dunklin Democrat August 10, 1988—Old area photograph. Kirksville Daily Express and News September 18, 1988—40th Anniversary of Northeast Missouri Riders. October 14, 18—Old area photographs. Lamar Democrat October 8, 1988—Barton "County courthouse celebrates 100 years," by Randy Turner. Lathrop Optimist September 8, 1988—"Browning Baptist Church looks back on 100 years," submitted by Ann Mary Crouch Hutton. Lebanon Daily Record July 6, August 19, 1988—Old area photographs. October 7—"The history of Lebanon Publishing Co., One hundred twenty-two years of service," by Kirk Pearce. October 10—"Battle of Hartville is fought again 125 years later," by Ed Sisson. Linn Unterrified Democrat September 7, 1988—"Names evoke Missouri's past, Linn memorializes U.S. senator, Folk honors 'reform' governor," by Joe Welschmeyer. September 21—"The Seay family: Political leaders," by Joe Welschmeyer. October 19—"Westphalia area homes, church, museum featured on tour." Marshall Democrat-News July 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, August 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, September 1, 2, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, October 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 1988—Old area photographs. 220 Missouri Historical Review

August 18—International Shoe Factory "Good wages, friendships were made at shoe factory, workers recall." September 8—"Old water mill site gets new namesake, Watermill Bridge to be dedicated Friday," by Amy Robinson Weber. Maryville Country August 21, 1988—Old area photographs. September 27—"Old soldier's history" of George W. Nicholas, by Martha Cooper. Maryville Daily Forum August 1, 8, 29, September 6, 12, 20, 27, October 3, 10, 24, 1988—Old area photographs. Memphis Democrat October 27, 1988—Arbela United Methodist Church celebrating 100 years. Milan Standard October 6, 1988—"Sullivan County Pioneers . . . Recollections of Lindley Murray Baldridge," by Richard Sears. Moberly Monitor-Index September 7, 1988—"1888-1988, Welcome Back Old Settlers To The 100th Anni­ versary Reunion, Sept. 8th, 9th and 10th, Huntsville, Mo." Monett Times September 20, 1988—Old area photograph. Mt. Vernon Lawrence County Record September 8, 1988—"The Keystone Bridge," by Luann Dart. Neosho Daily News October 2, 1988—Newton County Historical Museum, "100 years old: Once a jail, now a museum," by Lois Bush. New Haven Leader September 21, 1988—"History of the Franklin County Historical Society—Part two." New London Herald-Enterprise September 28, 1988—"First Christian Church observes 150th anniversary." October 19—"New London First [Christian] Church Celebrates 150th Anniversary." Nixa Enterprise October 6, 1988—Old area photographs. Noel McDonald County Press October 12, 1988—"Cemeteries: resting places for history," by Jan Meng. Oak Grove Banner July 28, 1988—Old photograph of the newspaper and its staff in the 1890s. Owensville Gasconade County Republican August 17, 1988—"A step back in time .... Boettcher School," by Bonnie J. Butler. September 7—"New Woollam remembered," by Bonnie J. Butler. October 5—Owensville's newspaper history, "Yesterday and today," by Bonnie J. Butler and Bob McKee. Historical Notes and Comments 221

Ozark Headliner September 29, 1988—Old area photograph. Palmyra Spectator August 3, September 14, 1988—Old area photograph. August 10—Gardner "House featured in Missouri Historical Review." October 19—"Palmyra Massacre-126th anniversary," by John Lewis. October 19—"Dedicates marker for First preaching in Marion County," by Ruth Hastings. Paris Monroe County Appeal August 4, 1988—"Monroe County in the year 1902," reprinted. September 1—"Friends of Florida help restore Twain's town of birth," by Juanita Yates. September 8—Potawatomi Indian "Trail of Death to Be Observed by caravan through this area," by Juanita Yates. Perryville Monitor August 18, September 1, 1988—"Perry County Album," a series, featured old area photographs. Perryville Perry County Republic October 25, 1988—"Perry County Album" featured an old area photograph. Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner July 28, August 4, 18, September 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, October 6, 20, 27, 1988— "Historical Wayne County," a series, featured old area photographs. Pierce City Leader-Journal October 12, 1988—"Pierce City history recalled." Pleasant Hill Times August 4, 11, 18, 25, September 1, 8, 15, 29, October 6, 13, 20, 27, 1988— "Snapshots of yesterday," a series. Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic July 24, 1988—Old area photograph. Potosi Independent Journal August 4, 1988—"Palmer Church Preserved For Future." Puxico Press August 24, 1988—Old area photograph. Richmond Daily News July 18, 1988—"Hamacker's Mill played an important role in Richmond's develop­ ment," by Lee Meador. July 22, October 7—Old area photographs. August 26—"The Farris Theatre, a Ray County landmark," by Clara Chenault and Rilla Simmons. Rolla Daily News August 31, 1988—Photograph of 1946 Rolla High School football team. Ste. Genevieve Herald October 5, 1988—Old area photograph. 222 Missouri Historical Review

St. James Leader-Journal August 3, 1988—"Treasure found during restoration of 154-year-old Snelson- Brinker log house." August 10—Old area photograph. St. Joseph News-Press/Gazette July 24, 31, August 14, 21, 28, September 4, 11, 25, October 2, 16, 1988—Old area photographs. July 29, August 26, September 30—"Young at Heart," a special monthly section featuring accounts by area senior citizens. September 10—"When KKK Knighthood was in full flower," Ku Klux Klan meeting in St. Joseph in 1923, by Frederick Slater. September 11—"From a bank come moments frozen in time" photographs record construction of the National Bank of St. Joseph, 1902-1903, by Preston Filbert. September 25—"City's aviation role takes flight at event . . . 1908 military air tournament," by Gary Chilcote. St. Louis Business Journal August 15, 1988—"Looking Back" featured an old area photograph. St. Louis Ladue News September 16, 1988—Photograph of Creve Coeur House which became the original Dierbergs store. St. Louis Neighborhood Journal June 15, 22, 29, July 6, 13, 20, 27, August 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 1988—"Now and Then," a series by Skip Gatermann, featured respectively: St. Louis teachers' strike, 1973; walking tour of Soulard Historic District; Soldiers Memorial Military Museum; St. Agatha neighborhood; flounder-style houses in St. Louis; Cimarron River Pullman railroad car; diverse architectural styles of St. Louis homes; Pevely Dairy Co.; Normal "Tweed" Webb, black baseball authority; historic institutions on Oakland Avenue; Chatillon-de Menil House; and former Brown Shoe Co. Sunshine Factory now Allen Market Lane Apartments. June 29—"Remembering the airdomes," by Jack Maier. June 29—Hejlek "Market power, For 44 years, grocery thrived on South Side," by Lois Kendall. June 29—"Orpheum Cleaners presses on in 50th year on South Side," by Lois Kendall. August 10—Amusement park "The 'Highlands' was a highlight for families," by Mike DiMartino. St. Louis Post-Dispatch July 3, 1988—Missouri Hills "Boys' Home Here Is Closed After 75 Years," by Victor Volland. August 6, 14, 21, 28, September 4, 11, 18, 25, October 2, 9, 16, 23, 30—"Look Here," a series, featured old area photographs. October 30—"The Ghost River" Des Peres, by John M. McGuire. St. Louis Review September 30, 1988—St. Mary of Victories Catholic Church, 744 S. Third St., St. Louis, "Once German Parish Now Hungarian." October 28—"St. Ferdinand Marks 200th Anniversary" of parish in Florissant. St. Louis Southside Journal October 7, 1988—Old area photograph. Historical Notes and Comments 223

Sedalia Central Missouri News August 24, 1988—"Sedalia in 1880 to 1882," by Lawrence Roe. Sedalia Democrat August 9, 1988—"Salvage attempt ruined historic steamboat, historians maintain." Senath Dunklin County Press August 11, 1988—"History Of Dunklin County, Missouri—1845-1895," reprinted. September 29—1937 or 1938 photograph of Beech Corner School students. Sikeston Daily Standard August 10, 1988—Photograph of an early rodeo. Smithville Lake Democrat-Herald June 29, 1988—"What's New About the Old? The Democrat-Herald has a [100th] birthday," by Marge Harris. July 20—"Rural electrification here 50 years old," by Mike Dunlap. July 20—"Jesse James' life inspires 40 motion pictures." August 17—"James Play Provides Living History," by Milton F. Perry. September 14—Edgerton Methodist Church celebrates 105th anniversary. Springfield News-Leader August 8, 1988—"Glory Days Gone, Route 66 style lingers," by Everett Kennell. Steelville Star/Mirror October 26, 1988—"History remembered through the Trail of Tears," by Lorene Davis. Stockton Cedar County Republican August 17, 1988—"Cedar County yesterday" featured an old area photograph. Stover Morgan County Press August 24, 1988—Pyrmont Trinity Lutheran Church celebrating 140th anniversary. Thayer South Missourian News August 11, 1988—Old photograph of first schoolhouse in Thomasville. Tipton Times September 15, 1988—Old photographs of downtown Tipton. Warrensburg Daily Star-Journal July 26, 1988—Old area photographs. Washington Missourian August 3, 1988—Old area photograph. Waverly Times August 19, 1988—"From Civil War to present: Sources comment on Waverly's colorful past," by Denise Dorner. Waynesville Daily Fort Gateway Guide August 22, 1988—"Remembering, Buzzard Roost [School] Bring Back Memories," by lone Thornhill. September 22—"Rocking A Ranch, Visit With Alford Family Reflects History, Heritage," near Richland, by lone Thornhill. Willow Springs News August 18, October 6, 1988—Old area photographs. 224 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES Agricultural History Spring, 1988: "Teaching, Research, and Extension Programs at Historically Black (1890) Land-Grant Institutions" including Lincoln University, Jefferson City, by Thomas T. Williams and Handy Williamson, Jr. American Jewish History June, 1988: "Origins of the Jewish Community of St. Louis," by Walter Ehrlich. America s Civil War September, 1988: Gen. Sterling Price "Liberator Unmercifully Hounded" after Battle of Westport, by Samual T. Gill. November, 1988: "Ordnance, St. Louis inventor James Eads' humble ironclads helped win the Mississippi River for the Union," by Peggy Robbins. AP Missouri-Kansas Log October, 1988: "AP's Building Housed Radio Pioneer" WHB in Kansas City. Badenfest News November, 1988: "Remember When . . ." the Baden area of St. Louis had 7 drugstores, by Ross Durbin. Belton Historical Society, Inc. Newsletter Volume IV, #4, 1988: "What Dale Carnegie and Carry Nation have in common," by Mary M. Kelly, reprinted. Bentley House Beacon Fall, 1988: "Reflections on History" of Curtis Wright and Carthage Stone Com­ pany, by Michele Newton. Boone Electric Member Contact October, 1988: Roger Hall "Our modern 'Johnny Appleseed'," by Jacki Gray. Bulletin, The Johnson County Historical Society, Inc. September, 1988: "Oh Those Drouths" of 1901 and 1934, reprinted; "Off To War In 1918"; "Pleasant Shade Teacher," by Mrs. Paul Phipps; "More Century Farms, Adams Farm, Maurice Quick Farm, Joseph M. Roach Farm, Stevens Farm," compiled by L. Dale Hagerman. Callaway Journal Volume XIII, 1988: "A Portrait of CFA President" Hugh Port Callaway; "Tracing a Callaway Family Line," descendants of William and Leah Ann (Ralph) Callaway, submitted by Rose M. Callaway. Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter June, 1988: "Historic Marker No. 38, Reis-Timberlake House, 6622 Michigan Avenue"; information on William Knight, submitted by Richard Homan; "Founding of the Charless Home: Formerly Home of the Friendless," compiled by Alice Scott Gross. CFMNewsletter, Conservation Federation of Missouri September, 1988: Civil War "Battle of Lexington To Be Reenacted." Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter October, 1988: "10 Years For Chariton County Historical Museum In Salisbury, Mo."; "Two More of Salisbury's Buildings Come Down," by Willie Tillerson. Historical Notes and Comments 225

Cherry Diamond September, 1988: Missouri Athletic Club, "85 and Still A Vigorous Youth," by Ervin A. Pickel, Jr. October, 1988: An article on Bill Koman. Christian County Historian Fall, 1988: "Big Trees of Christian County"; "Few Now Live Where Hundreds Once Dwelled" in Chadwick and Garrison, from information by Oscar Skaggs; "Pleasant Walker," by Nina H. Todd; "Christian County Militia, Company B, Enrolled 1866"; "Wrightsman-Grayston, Early Settlers in Christian County," by Missy Grayston Hunter; "Early Days in Ozark A Conversation with Frank and Florence Horner." Collage of Cape County September, 1988: "Recollections of David Crawford Hope," reprinted; "The Rela­ tions of Peter R. Garrett 1787-1840 Cape Girardeau, Missouri," compiled by Joseph Luther; "Guenther Family Worksheet"; "Mitchell Fleming honored; soldier in Revolu­ tionary War," by Tom Neumeyer, reprinted. Columbia Magazine September, 1988: "Columbia's Very Beginning," by Sue Gerard. October, 1988: "Columbia History, Winning the University" of Missouri, by Edward Parker. Courier, Jackson County Historical Society September, 1988: "The Amazing Strauss-Peyton Collection" of negatives, by Margaret Olwine; "Looking Back Through Society Journal" in 1968 and 1978, reprinted. Courier, Missouri Conference of the United Church of Christ October, 1988: "Church of the Month, Dawn Federated, Dawn," by Linda Sehrt. DeKalb County Heritage July, 1988: "A Tale of Two Horses," by Bill Scurlock; Rev. William Heriford, " 'Brother Billy' 71 Years In Ministry," by Martha Spiers, reprinted. October, 1988: "DeKalb County Historical Society Honors Tetherow House" in Stewartsville; "The Stantons," Robert and Henrietta, by Henrietta Stanton; "Remember­ ing Dorothy Elizabeth Wasso Way." Diggin9 History, Andrew County Historical Society October, 1988: "Bolckow," reprinted. Essayons September 22, 1988: "Ceremonies rename post, main gate" U.S. Army Engineer Center and Fort Leonard Wood; "Gate named after Missouri engineer" Maj. Gen. Leif J. Sverdrup. September 29, 1988: Maj. Gen. Leif Sverdrup "Distinguished engineer epitomizes ideal of corps," by M. Ramsey. October 6, 1988: Maj. Gen. Leif Sverdrup, "Field engineer leads Pacific construc­ tion." Fence Painter Summer, 1988: "Mark Twain and Masonry"; "Update On Mark Twain Boyhood Home Restoration Research." Fishing & Hunting Journal September/October, 1988: "Al Agnew In Watercolor Or Watercress," by Robert Montgomery. 226 Missouri Historical Review

Florissant Valley Quarterly October, 1988: "Preservation in Florissant—30 Years, Part 2." Freemason Fall, 1988: "Missouri Lodges in the Civil War Times, Irondale Lodge No. 143, Star of the West No. 133 (Arcadia, Mo.), St. Francois Lodge No. 234," submitted by Nelson G. Morgan; "Our Missouri Masonic Home." Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Summer, 1988: "Emil H. Waldecker ... a man for all seasons," by A. Gardner Hausman; "How the telephone came to Gasconade County," by Dorothy Schrader. Gateway Postcard Club News September/October, 1988: "Jefferson Barracks," by Pam Vaccaro. Graceland Gazette, Audrain County Historical Society August, 1988: "Audrain's Country Schools," by Leta Hodge. Grundy Gleanings Fall, 1988: Material on John Brigle (Briegel). Historic Kansas City Foundation Gazette September/October, 1988: Southwestern Bell Telephone "Building Gets New (Old) Look." Interim, Episcopal Diocese of Missouri September, 1988: Church of the Holy Communion "Parish Observes Half-Century Mark" in University City. Kansas City Genealogist Summer, 1988: "Sketches of John Willis Smith"; "The Quantrell Fight" in 1862 near Wellington, by CM. Bowring, reprinted; "Mercer Family Trip To The Springs" in 1860, contributed by Iva Calley Riggs. Kansas City Jewish Chronicle October, 1988: A Special Commemorative Issue on the Jewish Community Campus. Kansas City Magazine August, 1988: James J. Fisher "Kansas City's Most Civilized Man," by Lois Daniel; "The New Urban Pioneers" in Kansas City's River Market area, by Steve Walker; "The Twenty-Million-Dollar Garden," the Henry Moore Sculpture Garden at the Nelson- Atkins Museum of Art, by Peter von Ziegesar. Keys to Springfield September, 1988: "Celebration September 17 at Nathanael Greene Park of the Gray/Campbell House Completion." Kirkwood Historical Review June, 1988: Chapter Five of Associated Garden Clubs of Kirkwood, "The Twenty Five Gardeners And How They Grew: A Casual Chronicle in Three Parts, Part One 1928-1939," by Mary Lochhead Williams, Mary Broderick Chomeau and Lillian Lewis Bodine; "From Horses and Wagons to Trucks, The Berthold-Krueger-Roedel Story," by R.T. Bamber. September, 1988: "The Twenty-Five Gardeners And How They Grew, Part Two, 1939-1953, Part Three 1953-1967," by Mary Lochhead Williams, Mary Broderick Chomeau and Lillian Lewis Bodine; "Peter Prough," by R.T. Bamber; "Some Street Name Changes," by R.T. Bamber. Historical Notes and Comments 227

Laclede County Historical Society Newsletter July, 1988: "Bellefonte Post Office and School Recalled," by Kirk Pearce; "Old Caffey Cemetery," by Dorothy Calton. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin October, 1988: "Four Miles West Of Mt. Vernon: The Big Spring," by Fred G. Mieswinkel; "Mother of Washington Cloud of Pierce City: Letter From Revolutionary War Widow" Nancy Cloud, reprinted; "Turnback Trails: The Shepherd of the Hills," by Fred G. Mieswinkel. Maries Countian October, 1988: "Three Quarters Of A Century In The Past At Vienna," reprinted. Midwest Motorist September/October, 1988: George Washington Carver National Monument, "Unique among men . . . and memorials," by Bill Nunn. Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly April-June, 1988: Diary of archaeological expedition to Wayne County, Mo., "The Magnificent Summer of '38," by James L. Lowe; "Harold W. Mohrman," by Leonard W. Blake. Missouri Conservationist August, 1988: Dorothy Leake, "To Cherish and Protect," by Kathy Love; "Four for the Future, Jeff Churan, John Powell, Richard Reed, Jay Henges," by Kathy Love. Missouri Municipal Review January, 1988: "Tarkio 'Together—on the Move'," by Charles Sheppard, Mary Beth Bredensteiner and Susi DeClue. March, 1988: "Springfield: A Regional Center," by Mary L. Lilly. April, 1988: "Campbell—Home of Missouri's Peach Fair & Peach Queen," by Ronald C. and Bonnie Yersak. June, 1988: "Hazelwood, City at the Crossroads," by Darrin Francis. August, 1988: "Boonville, The City With a Past Looks to its Future," by Marcia Higginson. September, 1988: "Kirksville, A Three-Point Plan For The 1990s," by Andrea Ware. October/November, 1988: "Manchester Community Profile," by Steven P. Lom- bardo. Missouri Press News August, 1988: "Gallatin Publishing Sold"; "American Publishing Co. Buys Farm- ington, Fredericktown Papers"; "Harold Mills Retires After 43 Years." September, 1988: Daily American Republic, "Poplar Bluff Daily Sold"; "Table Rock Gazette Sold to Gozia-Driver Media Newspaper Group"; "Sosnieckis Buy Sey­ mour Paper"; "Missouri Valley Journals Buy Tri-County Newspapers"; "Three Decades of Memories," Miller Press. October, 1988: Courier-Post, "Hannibal Daily Marks 150 Years." Missouri Record September, 1988: "These Times," 1938 dedication of Stark Hall at Missouri School for the Deaf, Fulton, by Peter H. Ripley. Missouri Schools September/October, 1988: "Instructional Television in Missouri, A Brief History," by Jerry R. Chambers. 228 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri State Genealogical Association Journal Spring, 1988: "One-Room Schools," by Janet Barnitz Bowles; "Early Settlers of Polk County, Missouri," compiled by Terry Say Gallagher. Summer, 1988: "A Civil War Expedition In Miller And Phelps Counties," by Peggy Smith Hake; "History of the Fagan Family," from a letter written by Henry B. Fagan in 1890, reprinted. Mojuco News, Moberly Area Junior College August/September, 1988: Roy Buntin, "Former Dean Honored"; "Greyhounds in Missouri [basketball] Hall of Fame"; "Memories," by Ralph Gerhard. Montana the Magazine of Western History Summer, 1988: "On Reading Lewis and Clark [expedition] The Last Twenty Years," by Gary E. Moulton; " '. . . I feel that I am improving right along' Continuity and Change in Charles M. Russell's Art," by Brian W. Dippie; "Montana Episodes, Visits with Charles M. Russell," by Lew L. Callaway. MSHSAA Journal, Missouri State High School Activities Association August, 1988: "Brutus Hamilton Named to National High School Hall of Fame." News of Note, St. Louis Mercantile Library Association Summer, 1988: "The Courting of Charles Dickens," by Charles E. Brown; "Treasures of the Mercantile, The Return of The Oregon Trail," by John Neal Hoover; "Bringing Order To A Collection: Edward William Johnston's Classification System," by Robert Behra. Newton County Saga September, 1988: "Memories of Early Seneca History Related by the Late 'Jim' Sherer," reprinted. North Dakota History Summer, 1988: "New Light on Fort Mandan: A Wintering Post of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Pacific, 1804-1806," by Alan R. Woolworth. Old Mill Run, Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Society April, 1988: "Foil: Serves Community For Sixty Years," by Shirley Carter Piland; "The Murphy's of Almartha," by Rhonda Herndon. July, 1988: Tecumseh "New Bridge Nearly Done, Hodo Ferry Remembered"; "Hammond: One-Stop Shopping for Ozark County Pioneers"; "A History of the Businesses of Wasola," by J. Vernie Hicks; "Lyon/Lyons of Douglas and Ozark Counties," by Connie Lyons. October, 1988: "Early Officeholders of Ozark County," by Ruby Robins; "Goober Spring Becomes Lake Resort," Isabella, by Mrs. Linnie J. Kyle; "Yes, Viriginia, There Really Was a Grabeel!" by Dexter Hawkins; "School Placenames in Ozark County," by Fred Pfister; "What's an ARP?" community, by Rhonda Herndon; "Class of '41, Bakersfield." Old n Newsletter, Randolph County Historical Society Fall, 1988: Earl B. Noel grocery "Horse Drawn Delivery Wagon in Moberly"; "A Silent Vigil" monument to Confederate soldiers in Oakland Cemetery, Moberly, by Mrs. Evelyn Kinkade. Osage County Missouri Historical Society Newsletter September, 1988: "A Muenks Remembrance," by Joe Muenks. October, 1988: "Loose Creek German Ancestral Community," submitted by Hubert Bescheinen. Historical Notes and Comments 229

Overland Journal Volume 6, Number 1, 1988: "St. Joseph, Missouri—Early Impressions," by Jacque­ line Lewin, Marilyn Taylor and Bonnie Watkins. Ozark Visitor July/ August, 1988: "Ionamae Rebenstorf, Longtime Friend of The College, Has Worn (and Made) Many Hats," by John Lumb. Ozark in Fall, 1988: "The Wilson Creek Battlefield in 1867," contributed by Marsha Hoffman Rising; "Iron County Research Sources," by Betty Ammerman and Vera Wood. Ozarks Mountaineer July-August, 1988: "Lone Grave of a Union Soldier" Charles M. Whelchel in Taney County, by Douglas Mahnkey; "Lady, You Can't Come Into Our Jail" after Young Brothers massacre in 1932 in Springfield, by Fern Nance Shumate; "Tourists At Ha Ha Tonka—Before the Fire," by Bonnie Howlett Bilisoly; "Mathias Splitlog, Ozark Railroad Builder," by Townsend Godsey; "The Ozarks: Then & Now," by Russell Hively. September-October, 1988: "Little Strangers Came On Orphan Trains" to Lebanon, Mo., by Helen Berg; "Ashes of Phenix" in Greene County, by Fern Nance Shumate; "The Two Lives of the 'Gov. McClurg'," ferryboat and excursion boat on Lake of the Ozarks, by George T. Allton; "The Stone Chapel at Forsyth," by Doug Mahnkey; Barbara Choate "Memories of Goff Creek" near Galena, by Mabel Carver Taylor; "The Encampment" in Brumley in 1920, by Pauline Selix; "The Ozarks: Then & Now," by Russell Hively. Patrol News August, 1988: Missouri State Highway "Patrol History Trivia, Fatal Accident, Lincoln County Missouri, Sept. 4, 1966," by E.M. Raub. Phunn, Excelsior Springs Historical Museum September, 1988: "Police Station returns to original location" on South Main Street; "Street names reveal Excelsior Springs history," by Edna Swafford. Pioneer, National Society of The Sons of Utah Pioneers September-October, 1988: "Survivor of Haun's Mill Massacre." Pioneer Times July, 1988: "Supreme Court, Delph vs Stephen Dorris," transcribed by Mary Neblett Beck; "Will Records, Will of Edmund Burke," submitted by Betty Williamson; "Missouri Confederate [soldiers] Who Died at Camp Morton, Indianapolis, Indiana & Miscellaneous Camp Information," transcribed by Mary Neblett Beck. Pioneer Wagon Summer, 1988: "The Library and Archives of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints," in RLDS Auditorium, Independence, by V.G. Johnson; "United Confederate Veterans Camp No. 80 Records 1890-1916," transcribed by V.G. Johnson; "Independent Order of Svithiod of America, Gotha Lodge No. 24, Kansas City, Missouri"; "The Murder of John Potts," reprinted. October, 1988: "Revolutionary Soldiers Buried in Jackson County," by Victor P. Meador, reprinted. Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin Summer, 1988: "The Daniel Family," by Colonel Richard Hopkins. 230 Missouri Historical Review

Prairie Gleaner September, 1988: "Jackson County, The Rider Families of the Early Jackson County, Missouri Area (Continued)"; "Lafayette County, German Methodist in Missouri and Concordia (Continued)," contributed by Buddy Samuels. Resume, Historical Society of Polk County September, 1988: "How Come Its Called Eudora?" Rural Missouri October, 1988: "Missouri's oldest family farm" of Huskey family in Jefferson County, by Jim McCarty. St. Charles Heritage October, 1988: "Philippine Duchesne, A Chronology of Her Life and Times in France, America and Rome," by Richard L. Vinson; Brotherton, "Neighboring Town Washed Away," by Edna McElhiney Olson, reprinted; "The Old Stone Constitutional Presbyterian Church Site," by Elmer P. Promnitz; "James T. Blair," by Louis J. Launer. St. Louis August, 1988: "The Shape Of Things To Come, Meet the people who will steer St. Louis through the 1990s," by Roger McGrath; "Toomey's Tales, Jim Toomey recalls . . . ," by Bill Motchan; "Polished Power" at Patricia Stevens Career College, by Robert Lowes. September, 1988: "The Fine Print, Richard Marlin Perkins," by Joe Bargmann; Donald C. Anton, "The Man Who Would Be Kingpin," by Roger McGrath and Margaret Ries; "Rating the Neighborhoods," by Joe Bargmann and Jere Williamson. October, 1988: "The Fine Print, Freda Josephine Baker," by Margaret Ries; "Toon Town" cartoonists Amadee Wohlschlaeger, Bill Wilson, R.J. (Bob) Shay, Bob Staake, Michael Lynch and John Blair Moore, by Jeff Reisner. St. Louis Commerce August, 1988: "A Major St. Louis Player," Citicorp Mortgage; "It's Prime Time For Radio"; "Playing The Numbers Game, How St. Louis' network television stations compete . . ."; "The Makings Of A Successful Independent TV Station" KPLR-TV; "The Coro Foundation, Public Affairs Training For Society's Leaders." September, 1988: "The Human Resource Component" at St. Louis Community College; "Boom Town, An overview of major commercial construction projects in the St. Louis area"; "Stone Marraccini Patterson: An Ideal Match With St. Louis"; McBride & Son Companies "More Than Four Decades Of Helping To Build St. Louis"; "Keep Those Cars Rolling" St. Louis second to Detroit in auto manufacturing; "How Moog Automotive, Inc. Made The Big Leap From Spirits To Springs"; Brod-Dugan "Maintaining Local Strength By Selling Customer Satisfaction"; Michael Fox, Inc. "Proceeding According To Design"; "The Soaring Business Of The Balloon Inc., The Largest Hot-Air Balloon Promotion Company In The Country." October, 1988: Hockey team, "The Blues, A Major St. Louis Asset"; MCI Com­ munications "Growth Through Community Service and Competition"; Southwestern Bell "Ringing Up Success"; "Acquisitions, Innovation Highlight Contel's Growth and Success"; "One Big Happy Family, With 34 editions in the ten-county bi-state region, Surburban Journals delivers local news to its readers"; "The Fortune And Forbes 500 In St. Louis"; Turco Development Co. "Building For The Future"; J.S. Alberici Construc­ tion Co., Inc. "Involvement Is The Key."

St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly Fall, 1988: "The Early Missouri Limbaughs," by Ron Limbaugh. Historical Notes and Comments 231

Saints Herald August, 1988: "Saints in Profile: Andrew J. Rhodes," by Naomi Russell. September, 1988: W. Wallace Smith, "Retrospect and Evaluation," by Naomi Russell. Seeking N Searching Ancestors August, 1988: "William Wiley Gardner, A Confederate Soldier of Miller County," by Peggy Smith Hake. October, 1988: "Some Interesting Facts About Cole County, Missouri"; "Tie Hacking and Rafting on the Osage River," told to Peggy Hake by Clarence Barton; "Osage River Bridge 1905-1934," reprinted; "50th Anniversary Celebrated" of Osage River bridge at Tuscumbia, reprinted; "Satterwaite (Sat) Rowden, A Pioneer Of Maries" County, by Peggy Smith Hake. Semaphore, Winston Historical Society September, 1988: "Great Rock Island [railroad] Route in Daviess County and Beyond"; "The James Gang." Show-Me Postmaster September-October, 1988: "Retired Postmaster Mary Haughawout Celebrates 100th Birthday." Smithsonian Studies in American Art Spring, 1987: "Thomas Hart Benton, A Politician in Art," by Elizabeth Broun. Southwest Missourian Fall, 1988: Kentwood Arms Hotel "Renovation of Springfield landmark provides student housing." Springfield! Magazine August, 1988: "Digging Up The Past, Archaeological Dig Saves Remnants from Life on the Kickapoo Prairie," by Betty Jane Turner; Springfield Senior High School "The Class of 1938 Returns Home," by Robert C. Glazier; "Springfield's New Frances Vandivort Center Serves Several of the Performing Arts Here," by Edgar A. Albin; "Dan Kinney," by Sherlu Walpole; "Joe George: His Family Has Deep Roots in the Community Back to Grandfather Who Came to Head Drury," by Judson Howell; "A Four-Decade View of Springfield Commerce, The Wayne Hocklander Story (Part III)," by Sherlu Walpole; "Springfieldian Brad Southwick Did Fine in NY, Doing Great Now In Hollywood," by Barbara S. Davis; "Local Color In the Queen City of the Ozarks, Part XXVII-John T. Woodruff Announces Plans for Luxurious Tourist Hotel," by William J. Moore; "Portrait of an Artist: Christine Kreamer-Schilling Shifts to Metal," by Edgar A. Albin; "Some Parks That Never Came to Be, Part IV Springfield: A City of Parks," by Hayward Barnett. September, 1988: "Don Simmons: It's Not What... But Who You Know (Part I)," by Mark V. Smith; "More Than 45 New Subdivisions Accent Springfield's Housing Boom," by Reta Spears Stewart; "Local Color In the Queen City of the Ozarks, Part XXVIII-Walker's Drury Panthers Provide Warmup for Springfield Midgets," by William J. Moore; "Springfield: A City of Parks, Part V Springfield Parks That Came and Went," by Hayward Barnett; "Barbershopper Betty Carnahan, Friends Will Get You Through (Part I)," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Pinky Marx: The Lady with an Oasis In the Heart of the City," by Sherlu Walpole; "Portrait of an Artist: Drury College's Jacqueline Warren Is Back from California Recharging," by Edgar A. Albin; "Prentice Meador: A Retrospective View of the Queen City," by Sherlu Walpole. 232 Missouri Historical Review

October, 1988: "Ozark Mountain Ridge Runners, Looking Back Over First Decade," by Sherlu Walpole; "New Chamber Chief Jim Anderson," by Judson Howell; "Barbershopper Betty Carnahan, Friends Will Get You Through (Part II)," by Rita Spears Stewart; "John Kenton Hulston," by Theresa A. Bade; "Mary Alice Owen, She is Practicing What She Teaches," by Reta Spears Stewart; "Springfield's S & L Patriarch Harry Flanagan," by Elizabeth Stanfill; "Kickapoo Schools Saga (Part I)," by Sandra Holmes Tinsley; "The Airport Question (Part I)," by Judson Howell; "Frieda Horn- back," by Julie Barfield; "Eva Mae Latimer: Grandma Moses Of the Ozarks," by Mary I. West; "Part VI Silver Springs Park Survives Early Battles, Springfield: A City of Parks," by Hayward Barnett; "Local Color In the Queen City of the Ozarks, Part XXIX-Junior Midgets Tour Texas and New Mexico," by William J. Moore; "Don Simmons (Part II)," by Mark V. Smith; "Your Neighbor's Faith, Large Centennial Quilt Adorns University Heights Baptist Church Thanks to the Labors of Its Women's Missionary Union Members," by Marjorie Moore Armstrong. Toward the Setting Sun, Historical Journal of The United Methodist Church, the Missouri Area Fall, 1987: "Dramatis Personae, 1923 Church Trial Brings St. Louis Annual Conference Leaders Frontstage," by J.C. Montgomery, Jr.; "St. Louis Missionary Conference, 1912-1918," by Mrs. W.F. Clinger. Travelhost June 5, 1988: "Boone Cave Sightseeing." Waterways Journal August 15, 1988: "A Typical Missouri River Boat Loads Freight," by James V. Swift. Waybill, Mid-Missouri Railfans September, 1988: "When Coal Was King, A Brief History of the Iowa & St. Louis Railway," by Michael R. Johns. Whistle Stop Volume 16, Number 3, 1988: "A Strategy For The 1948 Campaign" for president. White River Valley Historical Quarterly Summer, 1988: "John Wesley Speer," by Douglas Mahnkey; "The David Jackson Family Tree," by A. Margaret Brinegar; "The Levi Boswell Family of Taney County, Missouri," by Mary Lou Boswell; "Honeymooners Romantic Experience in the Ozarks" in 1915, reprinted, edited by Lynn Morrow. Word& Way September 8, 1988: "Wyatt Park [Baptist] Church history makes news in St. Joseph." October 13, 1988: "Baptist Home heritage: 75 years of ministry" at Ironton, by Jacquelyn Huffman. October 27, 1988: "The Baptist Home, Sights and sounds recreate past at 75th Anniversary celebration" at Ironton. Worth County Reporter August, 1988: "Mount Vernon C.P. Church"; "Schools, Freeland School, District # 38," by Mary Seat. September, 1988: "Early-Day Isadora"; "Schools, Isadora School, District # 13," by Ted Allee. October, 1988: "Schools, Peddler School, District # 55," by Ruth Walker Seat. Historical Notes and Comments 233 IN MEMORIAM VERA HAWORTH ELDRIDGE cratic nominee in the Third Congressional Vera Haworth Eldridge, noted local his­ District, the seat formerly held by her torian and genealogist of Liberty, died husband. She defeated six opponents in May 27, 1988. Born Vera Marie Haworth the primary and the incumbent in the gen­ on March 25, 1910, in Kansas City, she eral election. She served in the House graduated from Central High School and from 1953 until her retirement in 1976. attended the Kansas City Art Institute. While in Congress, she played key roles in She married William Egbert Eldridge, enacting consumer protection laws and June 6, 1931, at Linwood Methodist authored the original food stamp plan to Church, Kansas City. The author of over distribute government surplus foods to the 300 articles for the Liberty Sun on the needy. She served as chairman of the history of Clay County, she also wrote House Merchant Marine and Fisheries about Kansas City area history for other Committee, gave assistance to the river area newspapers and magazines. A leader industry and led the fight to pass legisla­ in the successful drive to establish Watkins tion which allowed the Delta Queen to Mill State Park, she became a founder of continue as an overnight excursion vessel. the Clay County Archives. She also was She sponsored legislation to fund the de­ an organizer of the Liberty chapter of the velopment of the Jefferson National Ex­ Sons of the American Revolution and the pansion Memorial on the St. Louis river­ Clay County Museum Association and front. The city recognized her enduring helped reorganize the Clay County His­ support of the project in 1983 when Wharf torical Society. She taught history as a Street was renamed Leonor K. Sullivan guest lecturer at area schools and was a Boulevard. member of the Daughters of the American The recipient of numerous awards and Revolution and Antioch Community honors, Rep. Sullivan was elected to the Church. Survivors include her husband, Academy of Missouri Squires. She received William E. Eldridge, Liberty; a son, the distinguished service award from the Richard H. Eldridge, Miami; a daughter, Consumer Federation of America, an or­ Ann Eldridge, Excelsior Springs; and a ganization she helped found in 1966. Four granddaughter. years after her retirement, she married Russell L. Archibald, a retired vice presi­ LEONOR K. SULLIVAN dent of the American Furnace Co. He Former Representative Leonor K. Sul­ died March 19, 1987. She gave her con­ livan, the first and only woman from Mis­ gressional papers to St. Louis University souri to serve in the United States House and a scholarship has been established of Representatives, died September 1, there in her name. She is survived by three 1988, at a hospital in St. Louis County. sisters: Olive Wall, Agnes Eschbacher and She was born Leonor Alice Kretzer on Anita Bruer-Wasem, all of St. Louis. August 21, 1902, in St. Louis. She attended the private and public schools of St. Louis APPEL, CHARLES E., Grandview: Novem­ and Washington University, entered a busi­ ber 2, 1920-April 6, 1988. ness career and eventually became director of.the St. Louis Comptometer School. On COLLINS, MRS. ALBERT, Kansas City: December 27, 1941, she married Congress­ January 8, 1906-June 10, 1988. man John B. Sullivan. She spent the next COFFMAN, MRS. CECIL C, Columbia: ten years aiding him in his congressional January 11, 1902-March 6, 1988. work, serving as his campaign manager and administrative assistant until his death CONSTANT, EDWIN B., Kansas City: April in 1951. In May 1952, she ran as a Demo­ 9, 1907-June 23, 1988. 234 Missouri Historical Review

DUNBAR, O.W., Overland: November 28, MYERS, MACK, Platte City: March 1, 1897-April 10, 1988. 1921-August 30, 1988.

HAMM, WANDA RUTH HARDZOG, Okla­ POPPLEWELL, FRANK S., St. Joseph: May homa City, Oklahoma: February 14, 1919- 7, 1905-June 7, 1988.

November3, 1987. REINHARD, MRS. MELTHA, Kirksville: HAWKINS, MRS. J. CLINTON, St. Louis: June 27, 1903-January 8, 1988. August 1, 1907-April 25, 1988. SHAPLEIGH, A. WESSEL, JR., Lighthouse HEFLIN, LINCOLN, Redding, California: Point, Florida: April 27, 1918-June 23, February 12, 1909-June 29, 1987. 1988.

HOUSTON, CARL W., Columbia: January SPOHRER, MILDRED, St. Louis: May 12, 21, 1912-June28, 1988. 1906-September 22, 1987. HULL, MRS. VINCENT L., Bend, Oregon: STOKES, JAMES PARKER, Macon: Decem­ March 2, 1897-March 8, 1988. ber 21, 1912-July29, 1988. JOSLYN, J.W., Pasadena, California: Jan­ TURNER, GEORGE W., St. Joseph: March uary 9, 1896-January 20, 1988. 24, 1913-October3, 1987. KIDD, HERMAN G., Jacksonville: April WALLACE, GEORGE S., Potosi: Septem­ 22, 1900-January 28, 1988. ber 3, 1917-February 18, 1986. MINTRUP, LILLIAN, Union: October 2, WESTAVER, EDWARD R., Arnold: March 1895-May 1, 1988. 28, 1910-July27, 1988.

MUNS, JAMES HOLLAND, Beaver, Pennsyl­ WYRSCH, LOUIS J., Springfield: July 20, vania: March 4, 1913-February 28, 1988. 1908-September 23, 1988. Historical Notes and Comments 235

BOOK REVIEWS Presbyterian Conflict and Resolution on the Missouri Frontier. By Joseph H. Hall (Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1987). 229 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Appendixes. Index. $49.95. Professor Hall's book of Volume 26 is part of the continuing series of studies on American religion by the Edwin Mellen Press. This study details the leadership and teachings of the early Presbyterian church leaders in Missouri as they evolved from Congregationalists into men of the cloth who met the frontier exigencies in church and society. Early leaders Solomon Giddings, Timothy Flint, Dr. David Nelson and Elijah Lovejoy, each gave something unique and special to the development of the Presbyterian church in Missouri, and Professor Hall dutifully defines their contributions and controversies. The details of the Ameri­ can Anti-Slave Society that worked through Nelson and Lovejoy make the reader wonder how these men survived in Missouri without being lynched or driven from the state at an even earlier date. This entire episode explains how slaveholders vented their wrath against Nelson and Lovejoy and not against the Presbyterians as a religious sect. This fact alone should cause further study into the entire relationship between Missourians and the Mormons who caused such contempt because of their anti-slave views. The author describes the Presbyterian church's attempts at mis­ sionary work among the Osage Indians, but this section is very sketchy and a minor part of the overall study. Professor Hall, however, delineates the complex issue of how the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America became four churches in Missouri by 1860, but the reader might be well advised to take notepad in hand to follow this issue as it evolved. 236 Missouri Historical Review

Hall also discusses frontier camp meetings of the Presbyterian church, but he only looked at the more positive side. While he details the layout of a camp meeting, the time schedule, and the statistics of wayward souls converted to the Presbyterian cause, he ignores the fact these gatherings also were filled with gambling events, horse racing, eye gouging contests and other frontier frolics and activities. He speaks of the congregation at the camp meeting being moved by divine love, probably a confusion with physical love. Or, as Marie Windell observed in her article on camp meetings {Missouri Historical Review 36 [April 1943] pp. 260-261) "more souls were being made in the brush than were being saved from the pulpit." Charges of sexual immorality for which General Assemblies or congregations tried members is not defined or explained. The specific charge is open to various interpretations de­ pending upon the orientation of today's reader. An overall problem with the title of the book involves the author's definition of the Missouri frontier as the period from 1803 to the end of the century. It would be difficult to describe Missouri as a frontier state in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. More critical than this minute argument, Hall tends to cover the Presbyterian movement only as it appears in Northeast Missouri and St. Louis. He only mentions incidents in Cape Girardeau and Springfield and presents a brief discussion of the Presbyterian church and its decline in Cass, Bates and the northern half of Vernon counties as a result of Civil War Order No. 11 (August 25, 1863). The study is devoid of any consideration of the Presbyterian church in the growth of the state outside of the afore­ mentioned area. Did the church do nothing in the developing cities of St. Joseph and Kansas City? Of the 229 pages, some 88 are devoted to footnotes and a very adequate bibliography. In the appendix, the Plan of Union, Rosecrans Oath and the Declaration and Testimony Action Proposed are valuable assets in understanding problems the Presbyterian ministers faced and will be useful for those not familiar with state history. Even with these limitations, the book is highly recommended for all reference and research libraries and for anyone interested in the development and history of the Presbyterian church which divided in both Missouri and the nation at the end of the nineteenth century. Northwest Missouri State University Thomas W. Carneal

A House Divided: Sectionalism and Civil War, 1848-1865. By Richard H. Sewell (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988). 237 pp. Historical Notes and Comments 237

Illustrations. Bibliographical essay. Index. $29.50 Hardcover. $9.95 Paperback. By any calculation, the Civil War remains the single most trau­ matic episode in our history. To unravel its causes and recount its events, scores of historians have dedicated years of labor and—as this book's editor, Stanley I. Kutler, hyperbolically notes—have spilled more ink on the subject than the blood lost by contemporaries. Even so, the last word has not yet been said, agreement on some fundamental aspects of the conflict has not been reached, and not every part of the story has been adequately told. The latest to enter the fray is Richard H. Sewell, a veteran Civil War scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, whose previous well-received writings have dealt mostly with antislavery politics. Now he presents his seasoned understanding of the entire Civil War era. His book focuses more on prewar events and the war itself than on what came afterward. Lincoln's efforts at Reconstruction are discussed, but as to later developments along that line, the author contents himself with observing—no doubt correctly—that despite military defeat, South­ erners "soon proved . . . anything but a vanquished people," and that they soon "launched a guerrilla-like counteroffensive to salvage what they could from the 'Lost Cause' " (p. 196). The book begins with an admirable survey of the American people at mid-century, then poised between the older placid world of the early republic and atomistic modernity. A later, equally fast-paced and revealing chapter, "The War at Home," describes the conflict's transforming effects on the society and economy of both sections. A number of earlier books told us much about the South in wartime, but the northern home front curiously received less attention. On that topic, this is the best brief survey in print. Approximately half the book traces national political events from the war with Mexico to the secession crisis. Here the author makes his thesis clear: From first to last the dispute between the sections revolved around slavery. Slavery, he contends, was not an artificial or symbolic issue; neither—as some historians recently have argued—were public events in the 1850s predominantly shaped by such concerns as temper­ ance and nativism. Although on the surface the issue in contention appeared to be merely the expansion of slavery into the territories, the perpetuation of slavery itself ultimately remained at stake. The con­ troversy, then, involved in essence a matter of morality for which no satisfactory compromise seemed possible. An absorbing chapter ex­ plains how the war destroyed slavery both by prompting the president's 238 Missouri Historical Review

Emancipation Proclamation and by weakening the institution from within. The narrative of military operations, like the political account, touches every essential base. Familiar though it is generally, the ma­ terial contains enough novel touches in the form of fresh quotations and incisive comments to render it new and well worth attention. Anyone interested in an authoritative, compact survey of one of the critical periods in American history will profit from this book. Ohio State University Merton L. Dillon

Roll the Union On: A Pictorial History of the Southern Tenant Farmers9 Union. By H.L. Mitchell (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publish­ ing Co., 1987). 96 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. $7.95 Paperback. In July 1934, H.L. Mitchell, together with ten white and seven black men, founded the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union (STFU) in a schoolhouse south of Tyronza, Arkansas. With this inauspicious begin­ ning, the STFU eventually gained a modest following in Arkansas, Missouri and Oklahoma. The STFU responded to an agricultural system that emerged soon after the Civil War in the South where planters used sharecropping to bring together land and labor, in the absence of a cash economy, to produce staple crops, particularly cotton. Without wealth, property or power, sharecroppers endured extreme privation. When the planters divided their crops at the end of the year and reconciled the accounts, the sharecroppers usually owed the landlord another year of labor, or they were released to make other arrangements on another plantation. As a result, sharecroppers formed a class of have-nots in southern, rural society. When the New Deal agricultural programs failed to provide relief for the sharecroppers, Mitchell and his small band of supporters formed the STFU to provide the benefits and protection of collective action to gain a better standard of living for these farm workers. Mitchell's success within the violent world of the rural South is testimony to his courage and vision. Although other farm labor organizations competed with the STFU for members and influence, culminating with the absorption of the STFU into the National Farm Labor Union in 1947, many farm workers remained outside the fold of union protection. Moreover, changes in agricultural technology, land use and crop patterns helped end sharecropping as a way of life for most farmers in the South following the New Deal. Even so, Mitchell's work helped lead to the organization of the United Farm Workers Union of America in 1967 and to the improvement of agricultural work as a way of life. Historical Notes and Comments 239

This brief, pictorial history of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union provides a personal and gripping story of a brave group of men and women whose lives bordered on peonage and who worked to break their bonds through unionization. Mitchell's reminiscence, however, often is not as thorough as one wishes. Frequently, he mentions an event only to leave the reader hanging while his next sentence leads somewhere else. No matter. More scholarly and detailed accounts are readily available for anyone wanting to pursue this subject. Here, Mitchell's impressionistic reflections together with poignant and often grim photographs quickly tell the story of an important part of Ameri­ can agricultural history. This book should remind everyone that the agricultural conditions which made the STFU necessary cannot be allowed to happen again. State Historical Society of Missouri R. Douglas Hurt

The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains. By Glenda Riley (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988). 299 pp. Illustrations. Appendixes. Notes. Note on Sources. Index. $25.00. Although subtitled "A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains" Glenda Riley's detailed, documented study concludes that gender became the key factor in determining women's duties and interests rather than the prairie or the plains. She defined the prairie region as western Indiana, central and northern Illinois, southern and western Minnesota, all of Iowa, western and northern Missouri. The Plains include the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, northern Oklahoma, western Texas, eastern Colorado, and most of Wyoming and Montana. Frontierswomen pursued similar activities and shared similar responsi­ bilities and lifestyles in every frontier setting, thus constituting The Female Frontier. Region, occupation and era created many dissimilari­ ties between men's roles and responsibilities while exerting a far-lesser impact upon women. New machinery and labor-saving tools slowly appeared inside the home. The barn may well have been better equipped than the home. The reconstruction of frontier women's daily lives, activities and shared intimacies during times of childbirth, illness and death gives the reader a view of a varied, yet similar group of women. Frontierswomen differed in age, race, ethnicity, marital status, religion, education, occupation and social class but "home" remained the core of all their lives. While the frontier offered female settlers the chance to engage in a 240 Missouri Historical Review

number of jobs, occupations, professions and cash-producing activities, "it did not redefine in any basic way the concept of women's work." (p. 119) Common kitchen utensils, daily housekeeping tasks, and the importance of such items as curtains and books to women on the frontier are well discussed. Not only do we see the frontierswomen as they saw themselves but also as part of the major changes of their times, especially the anti- slavery and temperance reforms. Even if women lacked the vote, their frontier social housekeeping activities encouraged their politicization. While gender served as a restriction, both the prairie and the plains did offer opportunities for expanded responsibilities, respect, and power to women within the family and the community. Mutual reliance between women and men on the frontier mitigated slightly the socially con­ structed categories of sexual behavior that affected both sexes in nineteenth-century America. Frontier circumstances qualified women to supply their families with goods and services not otherwise available. Professor Riley's work shows her familiarity with the literature of the frontier and her extensive research effort to uncover photos, diaries, daybooks, journals, letters, memoirs and interviews of the women themselves. Her expertise is evidenced in this work as well as in her other numerous recent publications. Although this work is repetitive and overworked at times, it represents part of the new historical scholarship that looks at women and men in similar terms within the same time and place. The plains and prairie frontiers were not static societies for men and women but vibrant and changing over time, less so, however, for women. Kingsborough Community College Frances Kraljic

The First 50 Years. By James F. Keefe (Jefferson City, Missouri: Missouri Department of Conservation, 1987). 446 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Index. $21.50. Jim Keefe was associated with the Missouri Department of Con­ servation for some twenty-five years. Many of those years found him serving as the department's public information officer. When the de­ partment began to prepare for its fiftieth anniversary, Keefe appeared the logical choice to write the anniversary history. The results of his effort make a highly informative account that will be welcomed by anyone interested in the state's conservation history and heritage. To tell this story, the author consulted the minutes of the Con­ servation Commission's meetings, the department's annual reports and Historical Notes and Comments 241 other publications, the "official" state manuals and various printed sources. He also interviewed a number of the department's personnel, commissioners and Missourians prominent in the conservation effort. He unveils the history of the department through chapters on the early years, chapters pertaining to director's tenures and chapters on the department's divisions and sections. Keefe has packed much information into his narrative. His brief discussion on "The Way Things Were" before the department's be­ ginnings presents a bleak picture. The situation began to improve on September 10, 1935, when Missouri sportsmen and conservationists met in Columbia and established the Restoration and Conservation Federa­ tion of Missouri. Efforts to pass a constitutional amendment to form a four-man, nonpartisan commission to deal with the problems of Mis­ souri's wildlife and forests, proved successful in 1936 and by early July of the next year the first commission was appointed. Keefe chronicles these and other important events, programs and projects for the next five decades. What success the department has achieved in five decades can be attributed to many individuals. One of the main actors in the drama was E. Sydney Stephens. Keefe provides the reader with an excellent sketch on this Columbian's involvement and includes quotes from people who knew or worked with him in the conservation effort. Eugene Poirot, Aldo Leopold, Rudolf Bennitt, Werner Nagel, Irwin T. Bode, Townsend Godsey, Dru Pippin, Ted Shanks, Dan Saults, Carl Noren, Ed Stegner, Larry Gale, Charles and Elizabeth Schwartz, "Woody" Bledsoe, Joel Vance and countless others appear prominent in the account. Although the author wanted to tell the story with "warts and all," he has been judicious in his account. Those familiar with the depart­ ment's history will have their recollections rekindled. But, in some instances, those unfamiliar will yearn to know more about certain events or personalities. Keefe's narrative is not the only feature of the book. A chrono­ logical listing relative to wildlife, forests and the department (1816- 1986) provides additional and valuable information that complements the narrative. Equally informative, from a visual standpoint, are more than 300 illustrations, including period photographs, maps, diagrams and other visual aids. Of particular interest are the reproductions of the Charles Schwartz murals depicting the story of conservation. Unfor­ tunately, the reproductions are in black and white, and fail to do justice to the vitality of the artist's colorful renderings. Overall, Jim Keefe has presented a fine history. His recital helps fill 242 Missouri Historical Review a void in the state's literature on its conservation heritage and effort. State Historical Society of Missouri James W. Goodrich

A History of Columbia And Boone County. By John C. Crighton (Columbia, Missouri: Computer Color-Graphics, Inc., 1987). 480 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Biographical index. $29.95. Missouri's frontier heritage has sparked the creative genius of many writers and artists. Ask a non-Missourian what images he as­ sociates with our state, and replies about Mark Twain, riverboats, and westward expansion will likely follow. Most Missourians find comfort and pleasure in these associations, perhaps because they inspire a sense of newness and possibility. These images and possibilities remain close to the heart of Professor John Crighton's work. His essays cover over a century-and-a-half of Columbia's development, but he skillfully ties subsequent growth to the carefully planted roots set down by the pioneer settlers of the Boon's Lick region. Columbia's founders took advantage of the economic opportunities furnished by their geographic location. With Jacksonian spirit and patrician training, they harnessed links to the overland trade with Mexico, and capitalized on their proximity to the great river network. Their economic successes allowed them to plat out an existence as gentlemen farmers of the Jeffersonian mold. Leaders such as William Jewell, Moses Payne, James H. Bennett and William H. Duncan actively pursued the study of medicine and the scientific method. They and their peers took the lead in developing the educational institutions that would become Columbia's hallmark. Roughly one-third of Professor Crighton's 148 short essays touch upon the role of education in Columbia's history. Crighton presents a thorough analysis of the growth of the University of Missouri, Colum­ bia College and Stephens College, along with studies of the town's elementary and secondary schools. The essays on Christian (Columbia) College and Columbia Baptist Female (Stephens) College will serve as benchmarks for students interested in the history of these institutions. Crighton also provides significant coverage of the Civil War period. His essays chronicle the guerrilla fighting in Central Missouri, and he keenly analyzes the unreconcilable dilemmas faced by the residents of border states. These essays are printed in a clear bold type, and like the book as a whole, liberal use of photographs and illustrations enhance the text. Perhaps the most entertaining chapter of Crighton's work covers Historical Notes and Comments 243

Columbia's post-World War I lobbying to ensure that the proposed Trans-Missouri-Automobile-Highway (Highway 40 & Interstate 70) would pass through town. As Crighton describes the politicking that transpired between the main belligerents (Columbia, Jefferson City and Sedalia), he reflectively compares these twentieth-century builders with their Boon's Lick predecessors. He argues that both groups successfully linked Columbia with the emergent transportation network of the day. By so doing, they stimulated economic growth and community spirit, and laid solid foundations for future generations to build upon. Students of social history, however, will be disappointed with some of Crighton's omissions. He includes no discussion of the history of coal mining in Boone County and does not analyze the importance of the agrarian crisis of the late-nineteenth century. A study of this latter topic, and the reform and cooperative movements that emerged from the hard times, would bolster the work's main thesis. Violence and racial prejudice also are not examined, and the reader does not gain insights into the conflicts and tensions that separated professionals and laborers, blacks and whites or city residents and farmers. These suggestions notwithstanding, Professor Crighton's History of Columbia and Boone County warrants respect and consideration from the serious scholar, and deserves a place on the bookshelf of anyone interested in the history of Missouri. State Historical Society of Missouri Mark Thomas

These Bells Mean Business Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly, Winter 1988. Reprinted from Caruthersville Republican, December 15, 1927. St. Louis produces annually 200 church bells, ranging in weight from 200 pounds to three tons. There is also a large field among plantation owners of the South, who use bells to call the help from the fields to meals. The bells, ranging up to one-half ton in weight, can be heard from 2 to three miles.

Men We Don't Want to Meet LaGrange Democrat, January 14, 1876. The man who artfully provokes you to play a game of billiards with him, and though he feigns to be a novice, produces his own cue. The man who, with a look of urgent business, when you are in a hurry, takes you by the button-hole to tell you a bad joke. 244 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK NOTES Ozark Folklore: An Annotated Bibliography, Volume I by Vance Randolph; Volume II by Vance Randolph and Gordon McCann (Co­ lumbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987). 592 & 376 pp. Index. $45.00 & $35.00. An annotated compilation of books, articles and manuscripts that discusses various aspects of Ozark folklore. The hardback books may be ordered from CUP Services, P.O. Box 6525, Ithaca, NY 14851.

Festus Missouri 1887-1987. By Centennial Celebration Commemorative Book Committee (n.p. [1987]). 78 pp. Illustrations. No index. $10.00. An official commemorative book, this paperback publication re­ views the city's history, plus the histories of businesses, churches and schools and a special section on the centennial celebration. It may be ordered from Festus Public Library, 222 North Mill Street, Festus, Missouri 63028.

Brimson History, Brimson, MO 1898-1985, Grundy Co., Missouri. By Brimson History Book Committee (Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing Co., 1985). 559 pp. Illustrations. Index. $65.00, plus $5.00 for postage. This hardback volume looks at Brimson's past, interesting trivia and area families. It may be ordered from Vada Gamble, Route 5, Trenton, Missouri 64683.

The Heritage of Buchanan County, Missouri. Volumes I and II. By Missouri River Heritage Association (St. Joseph, Missouri, 1984 and 1986). 525 & 401 pp. Illustrations. Map. Index. $60.00 each, or $110.00 per set. Histories of the county, communities, churches, cemeteries, busi­ nesses, schools, clubs, organizations, homes and families highlight this two-volume hardback set. The books may be ordered from Missouri River Heritage Association, 6004 N. 22 Terrace, St. Joseph, Mo. 64505.

The Centennial Biographical Directory of Franklin County Missouri. Compiled and published by Herman Gottlieb Kiel (1925; reprinted) 444 pp. Illustrations. No index. $24.95; plus $2.00 postage. Historical Notes and Comments 245

This book is a guide to information about persons living in Franklin County between 1800 and 1925. It includes lists of pioneer settlers, occupations, businesses, soldiers, slaveholders, taxpayers, county officers and membership of various organizations. The hardback book may be ordered from Washington Historical Society, Box 146, Washington, Mo. 63090.

History of Pulaski County Missouri, Vol. II (1987). 202 pp. Illustra­ tions. Index. $27.50; plus $2.00 postage. This hardback volume provides a continuation of family histories and stories about Pulaski County, published in 1982 in Volume I. Volume II may be ordered from the Pulaski County Historical Society, Box 10, Waynesville, Mo. 65383.

St. Louis At War: The Story of a City 1941-1945. By Betty Burnett (St. Louis: Patrice Press, 1987). 177 pp. Illustrations. Index. $14.95; $2 postage; $.91 tax for Missouri customers. Author Betty Burnett presents a detailed account of events in St. Louis during the World War II years, 1941-1945. Many changes— industrial expansion and sociological reforms—which developed during this time, proved indelible. The city was never the same again. This hardback book may be ordered from The Patrice Press, 1701 South Eighth Street, St. Louis, Mo. 63104.

Crawford County Missouri, 1829-1987. By Crawford County History Book Committee (Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Co., 1987). 416 pp. Illustrations. Index. $39.00; $5 postage. The hardback volume includes Crawford County general history, education, communities, religion, organizations, business and family histories. Copies may be ordered from Ken Fiebelman, 1210 Gertrude St., Salem, Mo. 65520.

At the Big Football Game Kansas City Times, December 1, 1899. It appears a misnomer to call it a crowd, one of these gatherings at a foot ball game, for the thing is so partisan, so nicely divided into two parts, that one, the neutral person, is inclined to look upon the gathering as merely two individuals. Physical peculiarities are hidden, years are not recorded. The foot ball crowd is composed of two great, passionate beings which spring into life to live but for an hour. They face each other, they hiss, they howl, shriek, laugh, gibe their brief lives out, then, like the rag and bone man in the Indian legend, they drop to pieces as they walk away. 246 Missouri Historical Review

THE FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER HISTORY AWARD The State Historical Society of Missouri takes pleasure in announcing the sixteenth annual competition for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award. Floyd C. Shoemaker, secretary and director of the State Historical Society of Missouri (1915 to 1960), created this $300 award to support the advancement of Missouri's history in the universities, colleges and high schools throughout the state. The award alternates yearly between the junior class students in Missouri's colleges and universities and senior high school students. The 1989 award will be presented for the best article written by a senior high school student. The award will be presented in October at the annual meeting of the Society in Columbia. Articles nominated for the award must relate to the history of Missouri, either to events or personalities. The articles should not exceed 5,000 words, and each must include notes and bibliography. A panel of judges at each college, university or high school must nominate that school's best article. Only one article may be submitted from each school. Articles may be submitted from every branch of the University of Missouri. Members of the Department of History at the University of Missouri-Columbia will judge the nominations and select the winning article. All papers submitted for consideration will become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri. The editors of the Missouri Historical Review will consider the prize-winning article for publication. The final date for submission of articles is July 1, 1989. Entries should be sent to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Historical Notes and Comments 247

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS AND GIFTS

Memberships in The State Historical Society of Missouri are available in the following categories:

Annual Membership •.• $5.00 Contributing Annual Membership $25.00 Supporting Annual Membership $50.00 Sustaining Annual Membership $100.00 to $499.00 Patron Annual Membership $500.00 or more Life Membership $250.00

Each category of membership is tax deductible. Memberships help The State Historical Society preserve and disseminate the history of Missouri. The Missouri Historical Review is included as a membership benefit of the Society.

Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for federal income, estate and gift tax purposes. Inquiries concern­ ing memberships, gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 Phone (314) 882-7083 248 Missouri Historical Review

SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS The State Historical Society of Missouri offers five impor­ tant publications for general readers, researchers and genealo­ gists interested in the history of Missouri. Historic Missouri: A Pictorial Narrative. This second edition of the popular picture history of Missouri contains more than 300 illustrations, with eight pictures in full color. Historic Missouri traces the story of Missouri's colorful past from the prehistoric period to the late twentieth century. $9.95 plus $1.50 for postage and handling. Missouri Newspapers on Microfilm at the State Historical Society of Missouri. This research guide contains a complete listing, arranged by county, of all Missouri newspapers on microfilm at the State Historical Society. Each microfilmed newspaper is available on interlibrary loan to public, college and university libraries. $10.00 postage paid. Selected Union Burials—Missouri Units by Edward Parker. This alphabetical index, created from the Roll of Honor of the U.S. Quartermaster's Department, lists by surname the Union soldiers who served with Missouri units and who died during the Civil War. This compilation of interments includes only the states of Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Tennes­ see and the area of Vicksburg, Mississippi. $3.50 postage paid. Directory of Local Historical, Museum and Genealogical Agencies in Missouri, 1988-1989. This 91-page, spiral-bound booklet lists over 190 local historical societies, some 30 historic sites, 30 museums, over 30 genealogical groups and approxi­ mately 25 other historical agencies in the state. $5.00 postage paid. Missouri Plat Books in the State Historical Society of Missouri by Laurel Boeckman and Pat B. Weiner. This bibliog­ raphy lists Missouri plat books held by the Society in book form or on microfilm. Microfilmed atlases are available on interlibrary loan through public, college and university libraries. $3.50 postage paid. Send order and check to: The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Columbia, Missouri 65201 Harry S. Truman Library Family relations were important to Harry S. Truman throughout his life. Here, Truman fondly carries his grandson Clifton, after meeting him and his mother Margaret at the Independence train station during the Christmas holiday season in 1959. For a poignant look at Truman's private life see: " 'Dear Mama': The Family Letters of Harry S. Truman," by Glenda Riley in the forthcoming April issue.