DOCSLIB.ORG

Scarcity, Government, Population: the Problem of Food in Colonial Kenyy, C.1900-1952

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scarcity, Government, Population: the Problem of Food in Colonial Kenyy, C.1900-1952 Scarcity, Government, Population The Problem of Food in Colonial Kenya, c. 1900–1952 James Duminy Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics University of Cape Town University of Cape Town January 2018 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town Abstract Food security in Africa is a foremost development challenge. Dominant approaches to addressing food security concentrate on availability and increasing production. This ‘productionist’ focus arguably limits the capacity of government policies to address contemporary food problems. It does so by obscuring both the specific food insecurity dynamics linked to the continent’s ongoing urban transitions, as well as the potential for more systemic food strategies. Yet existing research provides an inadequate historical understanding of how a production and supply-oriented bias has emerged and become established in the African context. This undermines the capacity of scholars and policymakers to critique and reform food security thought and practice. The thesis addresses this gap in knowledge by critically and historically examining the emergence of food scarcity as a specific problem of government in a particular African context: colonial Kenya. Understanding how colonial officials and other actors conceived of and responded to food scarcities in Kenya is the primary question addressed. The specific roles and duties of the state in relation to this problem are also investigated. The thesis employs a Foucauldian-inspired approach to the historical analysis of government and problematizations. Primary data were gathered from archives in the United Kingdom. The argument is that food scarcity, as a problem of government, shifted from an uncertain and localized rural issue to a risk encompassing the balance between market supply and demand at a territorial scale. The role of the state shifted from a last-resort provider of relief to a regulator of maize production and demand, with a focus on ensuring adequate supply for territorial self-sufficiency. Accordingly, anti-scarcity techniques became increasingly economic and calculative in nature, and longer term in focus. This mode of conceiving and addressing food scarcity existed in Kenya by the end of the Second World War, and was stabilized in the immediate post-war period. Elements of this system are recognizable in contemporary food security policies in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa. The thesis contributes to historical knowledge of African food insecurity and colonial government. It moves beyond previous work by focusing on Kenya, and by examining food scarcity as a distinct problem of colonial government. It enhances knowledge of the conditions under which contemporary modes of food governance have come into existence. ii Declaration of Free Licence I hereby: a) Grant the University free license to reproduce the above thesis in whole or in part, for the purpose of research; b) Declare that: i. The above thesis is my own unaided work, both in conception and execution, and that apart from the normal guidance of my supervisor, I have received no assistance apart from that stated below; ii. Except as stated below, neither the substance or any part of the thesis has been submitted in the past, or is being, or is to be submitted for a degree in the University or any other University. iii. I am now presenting the thesis for examination for the Degree of PhD. Signed: James Duminy Signature removed iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Declaration of Free Licence iii Table of Contents iv List of Figures vi Abbreviations vii Acknowledgements viii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 2 1.2 African famine history and government 5 1.3 Colonial government and food scarcity 11 1.4 Food, biopolitics and colonial governmentality 14 1.5 Research problem, questions and argument 20 1.6 Conceptual approach 21 1.7 Scope and scale 24 1.8 Sources and limitations 26 1.9 Outline 27 2. Famine and Colonial Conquest 29 2.1 The ‘Great Famine’ 33 2.2 Conclusion 37 3. Scarcity, State Control and tHe First World War 39 3.1 Central state responses 40 3.2 Long-term effects 46 3.3 Conclusion 48 4. Scarcity and Settler Consolidation 51 4.1 Recovery and regulation 51 4.2 The 1929–30 famine 57 4.2.1 Official responses 63 4.2.2 Political controversy 66 4.2.3 Reframing the problem 72 4.3 Conclusion 74 5. Depression and Scarcity 77 5.1 Austerity, unemployment and agricultural expansion 77 5.2 Production and marketing policy 89 5.3 Scarcity, soil and population 98 5.4 Conclusion 103 6. Scarcity, State Control and War: Redux 106 6.1 Food self-sufficiency as security 106 6.2 Famine relief 108 6.3 The path to maize control 109 6.4 Scarcity worsens 114 6.4.1 Production and marketing 119 6.4.2 Rationing, distribution and pricing 121 6.4.3 Further relief and coping strategies 126 6.5 Conclusion 128 iv 7. Setting tHe Agenda 131 7.1 The 1943 Food Shortage Commission 131 7.1.1 Nutrition and the failure of a needs-based food policy 133 7.2 Post-war Kenyan food systems and policy 140 7.3 Conclusion 147 8. Conclusion 149 8.1 Kenya and the history of African food scarcity 153 8.2 Governmentalities of the colonial 159 8.3 Food and colonial biopolitics 165 8.4 Critical history and food security 168 8.5 Limitations and further research 170 BibliograpHy 173 Archival Records 173 Government and Other Reports 174 Published Sources 175 Websites 187 Appendix: Note on Primary Sources 188 v List of Figures 2.1 Colonial Provincial and District Map of Kenya, c. 1933. 30 2.2 Map of Key Transport Routes and Towns in Kenya, c. 1925. 31 5.1 Registered Adult Male Africans Reported in Employment, Kenya, 1930–47. 66 5.2 Cost of Living Index, Kenya, 1924–33. 66 5.3 LNC Expenditure, Kenya, 1925–38. 73 5.4 Settler Export Earnings for Key Crops, Kenya, 1923–38. 79 7.1 Total Deliveries to Maize Control, Kenya, 1945–52. 126 vi Abbreviations APSb Agricultural Production and Settlement board EAPSC East African Production and Supply Council FSC Food Shortage Commission GOK Government of Kenya ILO International Labour Organization KCDb Kenya Commodity Distribution board KFA Kenya Farmers Association KSB Kenya Supply Board Legco Legislative Council LNC Local native council MPC Maize and Produce Control NCPB National Cereals and Produce board NA Native authority vii Acknowledgements This research would not have been possible without the help and guidance of numerous people. The archivists and staff at the National Archives of the United Kingdom and the Weston Library (bodleian Libraries) at the University of Oxford were extremely helpful. Library staff at the University of Cape Town (UCT) were always eager to assist. Thank you. My livelihood and costs of archival work were generously supported by the United Kingdom’s Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Department for International Development (DFID) as part of the ‘Governing Food Systems to Alleviate Poverty in Secondary Cities in Africa’ project, funded under the ESRC– DFID Joint Fund for Poverty Alleviation Research (Poverty in Urban Spaces theme) [grant number ES/L008610/1]. Thank you to all the staff at UCT involved in administering these funds and thereby my livelihood – Maryam, Ithra and Marlene especially. Thank you to Jane Battersby, Warren Smith and Vanessa for their hard work in leading the project. I would like to thank Vanessa Watson, my supervisor, for her insightful and patient guidance. My colleagues at the African Centre for Cities and University of Cape Town deserve credit for many of the ideas presented here. Sophie Oldfield organized several postgraduate student workshops were I was able to present earlier drafts of this work and receive stimulating feedback. For the many corridor discussions and collective conversations, thank you all. Gordon Pirie, Sue Parnell and Owen Crankshaw deserve thanks for kindly allowing me to stay in their Richmond digs to undertake archival work in Kew. They have also been a constant source of support and friendship during my time in Cape Town. Hobson kindly allowed me the chance to write during my times perched atop Blue Valley. Thank you, also, to my parents for their support, and especially for the opportunity to undertake periodic writing retreats to Plettenberg bay. Few of these words would have been written without those wonderful, secluded days. Thank you to Peter, John and Pam for the many meals and conversations that sustained me through this ambitious project. Also to Anne, Richard and family, in Kingston and Surbiton, for keeping me sane between bouts of ‘archivitis’. Thank you to my friends in Durban and Cape Town, and all those who have encouraged me to press on, weathering my highs and lows. Thank you, Paddy, for your kind assistance with preparing the maps of Kenya. Finally, thank you to the three external reviewers who provided a range of insightful comments on the first submission of the thesis. I hope that I have been able to do justice to your kind suggestions. Rosebank, Cape Town January 2018 viii 1. Introduction This is a study of how food scarcity emerged as a problem of government. It is a study, also, of the tensions at the heart of that process. The focus is on a particular African context: colonial Kenya.1 The thesis seeks to contribute to our knowledge of the historical nexus between food scarcity and colonial government in Kenya as well as Africa more generally.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Notes and References
    Notes and References 1 The Foundation of Kenya Colony I. P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice] Kew CO 533/234 ff 432-44. Kenya was how Johann Krapf, the German missionary who was in 1849 the first white man to see the mountain, transliterated the Kamba pronunciation of the Kikuyu name for it, Kirinyaga. The Kamba substituted glottal stops for intermediate consonants, hence 'Ki-i-ny-a'. T. C. Colchester, 'Origins of Kenya as the Name of the Country', Rhodes House. Mss Afr s.1849. 2. PRO CO 822/3117 Malcolm MacDonald to Duncan Sandys. Secret and Personal. 18 September 1963. 3. The new rail routes in question were the Uasin Gishu line and the Thika extension. M. F. Hill, Permanent Way. The StOlY of the Kenya and Uganda Railway (Nairobi: East African Railways and Harbours, 2nd edn 1961), p. 392. 4. Daily Sketch, 5 July 1920, p. 5. 5. Sekallyolya ('the crane [or stork] looking out on the world') was first printed in Nairobi in the Luganda language in 1921. From time to time it brought out editions in Swahili and for special occasions in English. Harry Thuku's Tangazo was the first Kenya African single­ sheet newsletter. 6. Interview with James Beauttah, Fort Hall, 1964. Beauttah was one of the first English-speaking African telephone operators. He claimed to be the first African to have electricity in his house. 7. PRO FO 2/377 A. Gray to FO, 16 February 1900, 'Memo on Report of Law Officers of the Crown reo East Africa and Uganda Protector­ ates'. The effect of the opinion of the law officers is that Her Majesty has, by virtue of her Protectorate, entire control over all lands unappropriated ..
    [Show full text]
  • But Why 1890 to 1914? 1890 Was the Year When Cecil Rhodes Managed
    But why 1890 to 1914? 1890 was the year when Cecil Rhodes managed at last to consolidate his empire north of the Zambezi. In 1914, though the lights did not go out all over Africa, they were sufficiently dimmed by war and the subsequent economic depression to halt die initial impetus of development in Rhodesia. These twenty-four years were surely the most essential in Zambia’s progress into the modern world. The dialectical historian of Africa might ascribe this progress simply to copper; another might say that it was due to the northward thrust of the railway; or to the swift advance of tropical medicine, combating the tsetse and mosquito; yet another to the establishment of sound adminstration founded on missionary endeavour. The more discerning might ascribe it to the happy coincidence of all these factors, galvanised by the energy of Rhodes, that “brooding spirit”, as Kipling called him; for northern Rhodesia fell astride die highway of his dream. Let us look at Rhodes’s incursion north of die Zambezi and then briefly at some of these main forces, and, where possible, interrelate them. In 1890 his empire ended on the shores of the great river barrier of the Zambezi. North-west are the low swampy plains of Barotseland and the Kafue basin, and to the north-east the plateau that extends down through east Africa and continues on to Natal. Like the traders and explorers, including Livingstone himself, the earliest missionaries entered northern Rhodesia from Bechuanaland or Lobengula’s country, where, by the Rudd Concession of 1888, Rhodes had forced the Chief to grant him the full mineral rights of his kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 ABRAHAM, KATHLEEN Memoirs of a Medical Officer in Northern Nigeria 1957-1964 Carnforth: 2QT Ltd, 2010 Viii +248 Pp. ISBN: 97
    ABRAHAM, KATHLEEN Memoirs of a Medical Officer in Northern Nigeria 1957-1964 Carnforth: 2QT Ltd, 2010 viii +248 pp. ISBN: 978-190809802-3 (hbk.) ISBN: 978-1-90809-803-0 (pbk.) Reviewed in Overseas Pensioner 2011 101 58-59 (J.G.Harford) NIGERIA MEDICAL ADEBAYO, AUGUSTUS I Am Directed: The Lighter Side of the Civil Service Ibadan: Spectrum Books 1991 iii + 135 pp NIGERIA One Leg One Wing Ibadan: Spectrum Books 2001 134 pp ISBN 978-029140-7 The author was an administrator in the fifties' colonial government; a member of the Nigerian High Commission in London before independence; Permanent Secretary in various ministries in the sixties and seventies; and an academic and government advisor. NIGERIA White Man in Black Skin Ibadan: Spectrum Books 1981 xiii + 125 pp Memoirs of a Nigerian DO, with last 25 pages of reflections on public administration in colonial Nigeria. NIGERIA ADEBO, SIMEON OLA Our Unforgettable Years Lagos: Macmillan, Nigeria 1984 vi + 307 pp ISBN (hardback) 978-132737-5 (paperback) 9 781 32734 0 Adebo (1913-1994) entered Government service as an Administrative Officer cadet in 1942, rising to Assistant Financial Secretary in 1954 and Head of the Civil Service and Chief Secretary in 1961. This is the story of his first 49 years. NIGERIA . Our International Years Ibadan: Spectrum Books 1988 vi + 307 pp ISBN 987-246-025-7 The second half of Adebo’s autobiography describing his time as Nigeria’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations 1962-1967 and as Executive Director of UNITAR 1968-1972. NIGERIA ADU, A L The Civil Service in Commonwealth Africa: Development and Transition London: George Allen & Unwin 1969 253 pp ISBN (hardback) 04-351-0256 (paperback) 04- 351026-4 Adu, a one-time Head of the Ghana Civil Service, became a Deputy Commonwealth Secretary-General.
    [Show full text]
  • R. Rouphail Revised Final Thesis
    ABSTRACT ROUPHAIL, ROBERT MICHAEL. Putting Race in its Place: Race, Empire and Spaces of Belonging in Colonial Kenya, 1890s-1960s. (Under the direction of Owen Kalinga, David Ambaras, Akram Khater and Kenneth Vickery). This thesis investigates how local politics of land ownership and global currents of imperial knowledge production informed racial thought in colonial Kenya. Employing Timothy Mitchell’s analytic tool of “enframing,” the project first assesses how white settlers and British colonial administrators worked together to construct a logic of racial territoriality against a perceived threat of racial contamination through Indian settlement in the so-called White Highlands. This was done, I argue, by situating the “place” of the White Highlands in the “space” of the larger British Empire, through which knowledge produced on race, science and governance informed local political decisions. The second chapter argues that Indians in Kenya had created an alternative spatial framework that mobilized the political, economic and social authority of the British Raj in support of South Asian political claims in East Africa. The final chapter argues that the spatial paradigms of the British Empire and the Raj- governed Indian Ocean sphere deployed in the first thirty years of the century collapsed in the 1940s. Subsequent spatial imaginaries emphasized a contiguous White Africa in the case of settlers, while South Asians constructed a new Indian Ocean realm defined through anti- colonial nationalism and political non-alignment. The project draws from the online British National Archives, the Kenya National Archives at Syracuse University, collections of the periodicals held at North Carolina State University, and extensive secondary literature.
    [Show full text]
  • El Departament D'agricultura a Zimbabwe
    EL DEPARTAMENT D’AGRICULTURA A ZIMBABWE (1897-1914): FEBLESES, CONFLICTES I CONTRADICCIONS EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓ DE L’ESTAT COLONIAL Tesi doctoral presentada per optar al títol de Doctor en Història Contemporània. Autor: Eduard Gargallo i Sariol Universitat de Barcelona. Octubre de 2006. Departament: Història Contemporània. Programa: Societat i cultura al món contemporani. Bienni: 1995-1997. Director: Dr. Ferran Iniesta i Vernet. Tutor: Dr. Ramon Casteràs i Archidona. FONTS I BIBLIOGRAFIA 669 670 FONTS I BIBLIOGRAFIA ARXIUS National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ) Department of Agriculture G 1/1/1/1 G 1/3/2/5 G 1/6/4/1 G 1/8/1/11 G 1/1/2 G 1/3/2/8 G 1/6/4/3 G 1/8/3/2 G 1/1/4 G 1/3/2/24 G 1/6/4/4 G 1/8/3/3 G 1/2/1 G 1/5/1 G 1/8/1/3 G1/9/1 G 1/3/1/2 G 1/5/2/4 G 1/8/1/5 G 1/3/2/1 G 1/5/3 G 1/8/1/9 Forestry Branch GF 2/1/1 GF 2/1/2 GF 2/1/6 GF 3/2/1 GF 3/2/2 Veterinary Department V 1/1/3 V 1/2/12/2 V 1/2/1/2 V 1/7/1 V 1/2/6/2 V 1/10/9/1 V 1/2/10 V 3/3/1/1 Administrator's Office A 3/2/1 A 3/25/1 A 3/25/3 Vol 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Forced Labor and Humanitarian Ideology in Kenya, 1911--1925
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2002 Forced labor and humanitarian ideology in Kenya, 1911--1925 Opolot James Okia West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Okia, Opolot James, "Forced labor and humanitarian ideology in Kenya, 1911--1925" (2002). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 2427. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/2427 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Forced Labor and Humanitarian Ideology in Kenya, 1911-1925 Opolot Okia Dissertation submitted to the: Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Robert M. Maxon, Ph.D., Chair Steve Zdatny, Ph.D. Amos J. Beyan, Ph.D. Rodger Yeager, Ph.D. Katherine Bankole, Ph.D. Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2002 Keywords: Colonial Kenya, Intellectual History, Power and Ideology, Post Colonial Studies, Imperial History Copyright 2002 Opolot Okia ABSTRACT Forced Labor and Humanitarian Ideology in Kenya, 1911-1925 Opolot Okia This dissertation research examines forced labor in colonial Kenya from 1911 to 1925 and the critique of this institution from various humanitarian organizations in Britain and subsequent changes in colonial policy regarding forced labor.
    [Show full text]
  • African Trading Empire WMM 1885-1974 MCMM 1908-2003
    An African Trading Empire WMM 1885-1974 MCMM 1908-2003 IN PIAM MEMORIAM AN AFRICAN TRADING EMPIRE The Story of Susman Brothers & Wulfsohn, 1901-2005 HUGH MACMILLAN I.B. TAURIS LONDON· NEW YORK Published in 2005 by LB. Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan a division of St Martin's Press 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © Hugh Macmillan 2005 The right of Hugh Macmillan to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. International Library of African Studies 16 ISBN 1 85043 853 6 EAN 978 1 85043 853 3 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Typeset in Garamond by JCS Publishing Services Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Contents Llst of Illustrations vu Abbreviations viii Maps x Diagram of Main Companies in the Susman Brothers & Wulfsohn Group, 1966 xii 1 From Llthuania to Barotseland: The African and
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1: Indians in the Railway Medical Department1
    Appendix 1: Indians in the Railway Medical Department1 Name Grade Year of appointment 1 C.H. Orman1 Assistant Surgeon 1896 2 W. Desmond Assistant Surgeon 1896 3 Rahmat Ali Hospital Assistant 1896 4 Ram Saran Hospital Assistant 1896 5 Ahmad Husseni Hospital Assistant 1896 6 Balmukund Hospital Assistant 1896 7 Khanda Baksh Hospital Assistant 1896 8 Salimuddin Hospital Assistant 1896 9 Sheikh Nabi Baksh Hospital Assistant 1897 10 Kanhai Lai Hospital Assistant 1897 11 Chandrika Prasad Hospital Assistant 1897 12 J.H. Whittenbury* Assistant Surgeon 1899 13 A.H. Culpepper* Assistant Surgeon 1899 14 H.N. Stewart* Assistant Surgeon 1899 15 W.G. Masterton* Assistant Surgeon 1899 16 Sheikh Ahmad Hospital Assistant 1899 17 Buta Mal Hospital Assistant 1899 18 Dunga Dass Hospital Assistant 1899 19 Allah Ditta Assistant Surgeon 1901 20 W. St.J. Hussey* Assistant Surgeon 1901 21 Muhammad Ali Khan Hospital Assistant 1900 22 Munshi Basharet Ahmad Assistant Surgeon 1900 23 Lala Moti Ram Assistant Surgeon 1900 24 Lala Mathra Das Assistant Surgeon 1900 25 Muhammad Ibrahim Hospital Assistant 1901 26 J Doyle* Assistant Surgeon 1901 27 Lala Ram Dhan Kapur Assistant Surgeon 1901 *Most probably Anglo-Indians described as Military Assistant Surgeons.’2 1 Information compiled from BL/IOR/L/MIL/7/2177 Collection 48/25 Uganda Railway: Medical Staff for Road to Coast, 1895–1896; BL/IOR/L/MIL/7/2188 Hospital Assistants for the Uganda Railway, 1896; BL/IOR/L/E/7/444 File 626 Revenue and Statistics Department Papers, Notes 12 June 1899, 12 July 1899, 26 January 1900, 29 January 1900, 12 February 1901; BL/IOR/L/ MIL/7/14454 Indian Soldiers Invalided to India from British Africa and Rates of Pay, 1899–1900.
    [Show full text]
  • A Culture of Commemoration in Kenya Colony, 1918-1930 by Timothy
    Threads of Memory: A Culture of Commemoration in Kenya Colony, 1918-1930 by Timothy Clarke A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2020 © Timothy Clarke 2020 Examining Committee Membership The following served on the Examining Committee for this thesis. The decision of the Examining Committee is by majority vote. External Examiner Dr. Timothy Stapleton Senior Fellow, Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary Supervisor(s) Dr. P. Whitney Lackenbauer Canadian Research Chair, Trent University Dr. Douglas Peers Professor, University of Waterloo Internal Member Dr. Geoffrey Hayes Professor, University of Waterloo Internal-external Member Dr. Carol Acton Associate Professor, University of Waterloo Other Member(s) Dr. Susan Roy Associate Professor and Associate Chair (Graduate), University of Waterloo ii Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. iii Abstract The centenary of the First World War (2014-2018) proffered new interpretations of the conflict as a global war that stretched far beyond the Western Front. Historians of the Great War, however, have continued to characterize the African theatres of the war as ‘sideshows.’ Similarly, Africa has been largely absent from studies of the commemoration and memory of the First World War. While memory studies have contributed to an understanding of the long-term legacy of the conflagration for contemporary nation-states, Africa remains a regrettable exclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • NO 1U LVIO\IED FROM' 1.1Brar`?
    DECISION-MAKING IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE GAMBIA AND MALAWI DURING THE PERIOD 1925 - 1945 Jack Charles Edward Greig N'\VRSIDI OF LONDON s.‘1 114,c n U CPO k ` LVIO\IED FROM' 1.1bRAR`? NO 1U Thesis presented in fulfilment of the regulations of the University of London for the Degree of Ph.D. in Education. Institute of Education 1978 2 ABSTRACT Jack Charles Edward Greig DECISION-MAKING IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OP THE GAMBIA AND MALAWI DURING THE PERIOD 1925-1945 This study is predominantly concerned with two African states, The Gambia on the West Coast and Malawi in the East Central Region. Both had been dependencies within the British Empire and while they shared a common colonial heritage, the overall experience was not identical and their respective educational administrative structures mirrored the dissimilarities. Commencing with the Colonial Office in London, aspects that are relevant to the British Colonial Administrative System are examined: in particular, the basic philosophy and personnel of the Home Civil Service; the fundamental economic thought underlying administration of the Empire; and the unique, if somewhat eccentric recruitment apparatus for coloniel service administrators and technical staff, as developed by Major _Purse. In the field, decision-making in educational matters was influenced,often indirectly but nonetheless profoundly, by individual Africans and people of African descent, and examples from both parts of the continent and- elsewhere receive consideration; sometimes within the context of the contemporary social environment. In the account of the establishment of the Education Departments in The Gambia and Malawi reasons, motives and difficulties are described and certain basic differences between the two systems receive comment.
    [Show full text]
  • A Photographic Exhibition of MULUNGUSHI ROCK of AUTHORITY and Its Contribution to the Political History of Zambia and Beyond Borders, in Honour of Dr
    A APhotographic Photographic Exhibition Exhibition of of MULUNGUSHI MULUNGUSHI ROCK ROCK OF OF AUTHORITY AUTHORITY andand its its contribution contribution to to the the political political history history of of Zambia Zambia and and beyond beyond borders borders,, in in HonourHonour of of Dr. Dr. Kenneth Kenneth David David Kaunda Kaunda the the Founding Founding President President of of thethe R Republicepublic of of Zambia Zambia INTRODUCTION umans in the territory now known as Zambia went through various pre-historical and historical processes and experiences to reach the current stage. These include the Stone Age (Early, Middle and Late) H characterized by stone technology and foraging, the Iron Age characterized by iron technology, pottery, and later, cattle keeping and farming. Precolonial kingdoms and ethnic migrations and settlement into Zambia began around 1500 and was complete by 1850. By the end of the 17th century, the territory, just like most parts of Africa around this period, had begun to experience European intrusion. These included explorers, traders, missionaries and finally, by the end of the 19th century, colonialists. This photographic exhibition which is in honour of the late Dr. Kenneth D. Kaunda, the founding Father of the Republic of Zambia, who relentlessly fought for the decolonisation of Zambia, focuses on the period starting from the intrusion of European colonial rule. It provides detailed information on the Zambian people's struggles for self- determination with particular focus on the Mulungushi Rock of Authority in relation to its significance in the liberation of the country from the colonial yoke. It also highlights the role it played following independence, particularly its contribution to the socio-economic and political development of the country through the various pronouncements made at the site.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 4 in August 1899 Major Colin Harding Returned to Africa
    CHAPTER 4 In August 1899 Major Colin Harding returned to Africa from leave in the United Kingdom. There he had had discussions with Rhodes about the replacement of white police by Africans. Harding had suggested a strength of two white Troop Sergeants-Major and 292 Ngoni from North-Eastern Rhodesia due discharge from the Mashonaland Native Police in July 1900, who should be invited to transfer after three months leave1. Harding was now sent up to Barotseland as Acting Resident Commissioner to relieve Robert Coryndon who left on leave in November 1899. Major Harding had orders, dated 31 August 1899, from the Commandant General in Southern Rhodesia, to take over command of the police detachment at Lealui, consult with Coryndon concerning the enlistment of native police and to enlist twenty- five to thirty, and to communicate with the troop commander at Monze who for administration and police-work would be under his orders2. Colin Harding was accompanied by his brother, William, a newcomer to Southern Africa, as private secretary, D G Moore, Regional Accountant and Controller of Stores, and two BSANative Police as well as servants and transport drivers. Having reached Kazungula well ahead of his wagons, Harding made use of the time to make a brief inspection of the police stations at Kalomo and Monze. The Northern Rhodesia Police magazine, "Nkhwazi", of September 1959, contained a report of the receipt, from the Archives Section of East Africa Command at Nairobi, of a volume of Barotse Native Police attestation forms. The first recruit, No.1 Constable Chinlele, was said to have been attested at Kalomo on 1st September 1899 but Harding did not leave Bulawayo until that day3.
    [Show full text]