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Land and Labour in Kenya Under British Colonial Rule from 1888 to 1953

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Land and Labour in Kenya Under British Colonial Rule from 1888 to 1953 Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages English Section Magister Thesis In African Civilization Land and Labour in Kenya under British Colonial Rule from 1888 to 1953 Presented By: Supervised By: TOUAIBIA Mohammed Zahir Pr. LAHOUEL Badra Board of Examiners : Soutenue le 02 Juillet 2014 - Chairperson Pr. Bouhadiba Zoulikha - Supervisor Pr. Lahouel Badra - Examiner Dr. Moulfi Leila Academic Year 2013/2014 Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages English Section Magister Thesis In African Civilization Land and Labour in Kenya under British Colonial Rule from 1888 to 1953 Presented By: Supervised By: TOUAIBIA Mohammed Zahir Pr. LAHOUEL Badra Board of Examiners : - Chairperson Pr. Bouhadiba Zoulikha - Supervisor Pr. Lahouel Badra - Examiner Dr. Moulfi Leila Academic Year 2013/2014 I owe all my gratitude to my teacher Badra Lahouel for her supervision, precious pieces of advice, and patience during the preparation of this thesis. I would like to thank all my teachers of the doctoral school of English for their fruitful lectures. I thank deeply the members of the jury Pr. Bouhadiba Zoulikha and Dr. Moulfi Leila who had devoted time examining the present work. I CONTENTS Acknowledgment s………………................................................................I Abstrac t....................................................................................................... II List of Acronyms ....................................................................................... III List of Maps ............................................................................................... IV Table ............................................................................................................V Introduction ................................................................................................................ 01 CHAPTER ONE : Background to the Traditional System of Land Tenure, and Kenya’s Fall under British Rule, 1885 -1890s .............................................................. 05 I- The Traditional System of Land Tenure before1885 ........................................ 07 1) Land Ownership in the Kikuyu Tradition and Culture..........................................10 2) Land Ownership in the Igi and Thuita Districts.................................................... 12 3) Access Rights to Land Property in Pre-colonial Kenya........................................ 13 II-The British and the Abolition of the East African Slave Trade during the1880s and the 1890 s......................................................................................... 16 1) Kenya from Slave Trade to Zanzibar’s Plantations............................................... 18 2) Britain and the Abolition of Slavery in Zanzibar..................................................21 3) The Berlin Conference as the First Official Step for Land Alienation in Kenya, 1884-1885.............................................................................................................. 26 4) The Role of the IBEAC in Imposing British Rule and Shaping Labour in East Africa, 1888-1895..................................................................................................32 CHAPTER TWO : Settlers’ Domination and the Exploitation of African Labourers in Colonial Kenya, 1900s – 1918 ................................................................................... 44 I - The origins of the settlers and Settlement in Kenya ........................................44 II -The Transfer of Power from the Foreign Office to the Colonial Office, 1904 - 1905 ........................................................................................................................50 1) Reserves’ Schemes and Land’s Alienation under the Rule of the Colonial- Office......................................................................................................................52 2) Settler’s Reaction to the Shortage of Labour in 1905 and the Struggle of the Colonial Office against the settlers’ Abuses………..……...............….................53 3) The Master and Servants Ordinance as a Means of Labour Coercion, 1906- 1910….......….........................................................................................................57 4) The Carrier Corps Recruitment in British East Africa and Kenya,1914-1918...... 62 5) Settlers’ Domination and the Emergence of a Squatter-Labour System in Kenya ................................................................................................................................ 68 6) The Recruitment of Squatters in Colonial Kenya.................................................. 70 CHAPTER THREE : Land and Labour in Colonial Kenya, 1919-1953 ..................74 I- Labour in Kenya during the Interwar Period, 1919-1930s ............................ 75 1) Labour Shortage and the Northey’s Crisis during the 1920s.................................75 2) The Use of Reserves and Registration System to Control the Flow of Labour in Colonial Kenya...........................................................................................................79 3) Natural Disasters and their Impacts on Labour.....................................................83 4) The Great Depression and the Labour Crisis in Kenya during the 1920s and 1930s ................................................................................................................................. 84 II- The Colonial Policy of Land and Labour, 1939 -1953 .................................... 90 1) The Policies Instituted by Great Britain to Promote Development and Welfare Schemes in her Colonies......................................................................................91 2) The Agrarian Wartime and Post-war Policies, 1939-1948...................................94 3) Mitchell’s Policy, the Settlers and their Reactions towards the African Squatters................................................................................................................ 99 4) The Olenguruone District and the Revolt of the Squatters for Land Rights....... 104 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................112 Appendices...................................................................................................................116 Bibliography .................................................................................................................169 ـ "! ان ا ة ا أع .-ل آ" و ذ( !ف '&ر ا$ و ا&/رة . ه> ا;:ب 8 67 45 ا& 3ى ذر1 .-ل هCا ا:! وذ( Bا 1A3> اا4 :ر@ ? < ا:& ا;.، اCي 1: 3ا 33ج إ< Aرة أ . إ5K إ< هCا أرادت أن H < ا"? و ذ( :ر@ و اLل ML <; 1 45 ا:& ا;O اN3 . ! أدى ا.-ل آ" '6 ف إ< Aم ه> ا;Pة إ< 'Lدرة !د آ: '6 ا;راUL 4K ا61 ا;ورو3ن وآCا '6 أT? ا"1S اH R '1! 'ر ا': . ! .3ل ا 1ر ا:4 ا1ل ا7"6 '6 ل أ.ار ر3ن 8 اL 4.-S&8 إ< 'د آ '6 ا1ل ا;Tاء 31ن & ر. هCا ا .-ل ، وذ( A W 6م ادارة ا1ر 6H !د هX? '6 ا3ا6 و ا"Bت L' ?Hدرة ا;را4K و R? ا! ا1' اY 6Z "7 إ. ن 'Lدرة ا; را4K '6 ف ا1H ا:A 4! أدى S-. 6 ا7"6 إ< ا3Zرة K! هCا ا.-ل ا:P 6' 1952 " 4-ل ' 1ف 3Zرة اS-. أو ' 3Z >Hرة او 'و ، و A! أدى ذ( إ< ز` _3رة ا': و A3 !ا ا&ط هCا ا.-ل و، ة او' اH ا4 رت 7" إ< &L? ا- 45 3م اc" ة دH: '6 م أ$ و H 'X و c-c و 3ن وذ( & Aدة اYX اا.? 3T'3 آ" . Abstract At the end of the nineteenth century, Kenya evinced the interest of the British Empire to colonize it under the civilizing argument, which was just a blanket to legitimize its presence on the Kenyan soil. In fact, the British colonizer chose Kenya because of its strategic geographical location as being the Seagate to Asia and because it wanted to control the Nile River, which was an important outlet to the Mediterranean Sea, which was to be used as a rapid means of communications for military intervention. During their presence, the British in Kenya confiscated land from the Africans for the benefit of the settlers and for public use in order to implement Britain’s imperial projects. As a result, the Africans free labourers were reduced to wage labourers that depended on wages granted from the colonial authorities owing to the enactment of an armada of regulations and ordinances to facilitate the alienation of land and recruitment of cheap labour. Land confiscation had resulted in the outbreak of the famous agrarian revolution in 1952 known under the name of the ‘ Mau Mau revolution’ that shook the prestigious image of the British Empire in Kenya, marked the collapse of its colonial authority, and gave birth to an overriding stout political activism that militated to bring the Kenyan independence on 12 December 1963 under the leadership of President Jomo Kenyata. II LIST OF ACRONYMS CMS : Church Missionary Society. CO: Colonial Office. CSM: Church of Scotland Mission. DC: District Commissioner . EAP : East African Protectorate. GEA : German East Africa. IBEAC : Imperial British East Africa Company. KAR: King’s African Rifles KAU: Kenya African Association III LIST OF MAPS Map 1 : Bantu Migration............................................................................................... 09 Map 2: The Moresby Line........................................................................................... 23 Map 3 : British and German Spheres
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