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Canadian Media Violence Report

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Canadian Media Violence Report Action Agenda: A Strategic Blueprint for Reducing Exposure to Media Violence in Canada Funding for this Project is provided by the Government of Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General Office for Victims of Crime Research/Revictimization Prevention Grant Program From the Victims' Justice Fund The views and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the Government of Ontario © Queen’s Printer, 2004 Cover design by Whizard Graphics PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE The Office for Victims of Crime hereby grants permission to reproduce this document for non-commercial use, in whole or in part, for use in schools and for other purposes such as private study, research, education, criticism, review or newspaper summary. Any commercial or other use or reproduction of this publication requires the express prior written authorization of the Office for Victims of Crime. FOREWORD It can fairly be said that we live in a world of unprecedented exposure to information, advertising and ‘entertainment’ products. Added to this, is a rapid advance of technology that frequently blurs the line between fantasy and reality. One only needs to turn on a TV, put in a video game, watch a movie or log on to a computer, to appreciate the extent to which violence has become a routine part of what now is called ‘entertainment’. As such, it is indeed timely that an exploration of the consequences of violence in the media in all its forms has been produced. The Action Agenda is a compilation of media practises and relevant research into the demonstrable effects of media violence. I would like to specifically thank Valerie Smith, who researched and wrote this Report for the Office for Victims of Crime, for her tremendous dedication and expertise on this subject. We are indebted to her for taking on this challenge and providing detailed analysis and practical recommendations. Frequently, when acts of violence occur that appear to mirror violence portrayed through media ‘entertainment’, claims are made that there is no ‘proof’ of any causal relationship between the two. This Report will, hopefully, serve as a full answer to that assertion and also foreclose any claim of ignorance of effect from those who produce harmful products. Finally, it is my hope that people reading this Report will find it of assistance in recognizing this new challenge and crafting effective solutions to it. Sincerely, Sharon Rosenfeldt Chair Ontario Office for Victims of Crime TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................1 2. POLITICAL HIGHLIGHTS ..............................................................................................................................3 2.1. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................3 2.2. ONTARIO ROYAL COMMISSION ON VIOLENCE IN THE COMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY, 1975 .........................4 2.3. STANDING COMMITTEE ON JUSTICE AND LEGAL AFFAIRS, REPORT ON PORNOGRAPHY, 1978.....................6 2.4. AMENDMENT TO CRIMINAL CODE OBSCENITY LAW, BILL C-19, 1983..........................................................6 2.5. SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON PORNOGRAPHY AND PROSTITUTION, 1983 ............................................................6 2.6. HINCKS INSTITUTE CONFERENCE ON TELEVISION VIOLENCE, 1993..............................................................8 2.7. STANDING COMMITTEE ON COMMUNICATIONS AND CULTURE, REPORT ON TELEVISION VIOLENCE, 1993..9 2.8. PRIVATE MEMBER'S RESOLUTION ON SLASHER FILMS, ONTARIO, 1993.....................................................11 2.9. PRIVATE MEMBER'S BILL ON VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES, ONTARIO, 1993.....................................................12 2.10. STANDING COMMITTEE ON JUSTICE AND LEGAL AFFAIRS, REPORT ON CRIME CARDS AND BOARD GAMES, 1994.............................................................................................................................................................13 2.11. CANADIAN RADIO-TELEVISION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CRTC) HEARINGS ON TELEVISION VIOLENCE, 1995 ......................................................................................................................14 2.12. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CONSULTATION PAPER, UNDUE EXPLOITATION OF VIOLENCE, 1996 ................14 2.13. GOVERNMENT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: MEDIA VIOLENCE INITIATIVES ......................................................14 2.14. FEDERAL PROVINCIAL TERRITORIAL WORKING GROUP ON CHILDREN AND VIOLENCE IN VIDEO GAMES AND NEW MEDIA, 2000 ...............................................................................................................................15 3. RESEARCH........................................................................................................................................................17 3.1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................17 3.2. IMPACT OF MEDIA EXPOSURE ON THE DEVELOPING BRAIN ........................................................................22 3.3. TELEVISION AND MOVIES ............................................................................................................................23 3.3.1. Wrestling.............................................................................................................................................25 3.3.2. Slasher Films ......................................................................................................................................26 3.4. VIDEO GAMES..............................................................................................................................................28 3.4.1. First-Person Shooter Games ..............................................................................................................31 3.4.2. Virtual Reality ....................................................................................................................................31 3.5. MUSIC ..........................................................................................................................................................32 3.5.1. Music Videos ......................................................................................................................................34 3.6. VIOLENT AND/OR DEGRADING PORNOGRAPHY ...........................................................................................35 3.7. RESEARCH RESOURCES................................................................................................................................36 4. LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY HIGHLIGHTS ...............................................................................39 4.1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................39 4.2. CONSTITUTIONAL DIVISION OF POWERS: FEDERAL, PROVINCIAL, MUNICIPAL...........................................39 4.3. CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS...........................................................................................41 4.4. CRIMINAL CODE OF CANADA.........................................................................................................................42 4.4.1. Obscenity ............................................................................................................................................42 4.4.2. Immoral, Indecent or Obscene Theatrical Performance....................................................................43 4.4.3. Mailing Obscene Matter.....................................................................................................................43 4.4.4. Child Pornography.............................................................................................................................43 4.4.5. Hate Propaganda ...............................................................................................................................44 4.4.6. Counselling to Commit an Offence.....................................................................................................45 4.5. CANADA CUSTOMS ......................................................................................................................................46 4.6. CANADIAN RADIO-TELEVISION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CRTC) .................................47 4.6.1. Broadcasting Act and Regulations .....................................................................................................50 4.6.2. Self-Regulation ...................................................................................................................................51 4.7. CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS ACT ....................................................................................................................53 4.8. HUMAN RIGHTS CODE - ONTARIO ................................................................................................................53 4.9. PROVINCIAL FILM REVIEW BOARDS ............................................................................................................55 4.10. ONTARIO FILM REVIEW BOARD - THEATRES ACT.........................................................................................56 4.10.1. Freedom of
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