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Città D'immagini Corso di Dottorato di ricerca in Storia delle Arti ciclo xxx Tesi di Ricerca CITTÀ D’IMMAGINI Fotografia e paesaggi in trasformazione: skyline, rendering, icone SSD: ICAR/18 STORIA DELL’ARCHITETTURA Coordinatore del Dottorato ch. prof. Martina Frank Supervisore ch. prof. Angelo Maggi Dottorando Michele Nastasi Matricola 956176 Michele Nastasi CITTÀ D’IMMAGINI Fotografia e paesaggi in trasformazione: skyline, rendering, icone CITTÀ D’IMMAGINI Introduzione 7 PARTE PRIMA Cap.1 - Skyline rêverie 28 Cap.2 - Rendering Architectural 80 Cap.3 - Icone 150 PARTE SECONDA Atlante: tre grattacieli di SOM 237 Interviste: - Paul Finch 253 - Marcus Fairs, DEZEEN 257 - David Basulto, ARCHDAILY 261 - Marcus Andresen, DIVISARE 265 - Paolo Schianchi, FLOORNATURE 272 - Deyan Sudjic 277 Atlante: fotografi di architettura 283 Interviste: - Allan Crow 311 - Richard Bryant 316 - Fernando Guerra 319 - Dennis Gilbert 324 - Iwan Baan 329 - Christian Richters 335 Atlante: tre città nel Golfo Persico, tre skyline - Dubai, Doha, Riyadh 339 4 Interviste: - Yasser Elsheshtawy 357 - Ivan Lindblom, METHANOIA 362 - Ali A. Alraouf 365 - Jacob Kurek, HENNING LARSEN ARCHITECTS 370 - Albert Naim, AECOM 374 - Moza Al Qumzi, TDIC 377 Atlante: Saadiyat Island, Louvre Abu Dhabi, Guggenheim Abu Dhabi 381 Interviste: - Colin Koop, SOM 395 - Erich de Broche des Combes, LUXIGON 399 - Gilberto Bonelli, DIORAMA 404 - Ippolito Pestellini Laparelli, OMA 408 - Christian Zöllner, BLOOMIMAGES 412 - Gheorghe Bratu, TEGMARK 416 - Massimo Barbera, CHAPMAN TAYLOR, FOSTER+PARTNERS 421 Atlante: Guggenheim Museum Helsinki Competition, 2014-2015 425 Interviste: - Mikko Aho 446 - Trond Greve, MIR 448 - Michele Pasca di Magliano, ZAHA HADID ARCHITECTS 451 - Loretta Romero, Ben Keen, VISUALHOUSE 456 - Thomas Vournazos, SLASHCUBE 460 - Keely Colcleugh KILOGRAPH 463 - Jan Knikker, MVRDV 466 Atlante: diffusione del rendering fotorealistico 471 Città d’immagini - Conclusioni 491 Bibliografia 521 Ringraziamenti 536 5 Dove non diversamente specificato le fotografie sono dell’autore. CITTÀ D’IMMAGINI Introduzione Questa ricerca nasce da un desiderio personale di conoscenza, cresciuto nel corso di una decina di anni di lavoro e di ricerca sull’architettura, sia sul campo come fotografo, che alla scrivania della redazione di una rivi- sta. Questo desiderio - una necessità di approfondimento e di riflessione teorica - riguarda il ruolo attivo che oggi le immagini fotografiche giocano nei processi di trasformazione delle città, sia in termini di creazione di un immaginario, attraverso una serie di modelli che danno forma alla nostra interpretazione dei paesaggi urbani e ne orientano le trasformazioni, sia nei termini di mutamenti fisici e tangibili dell’architettura e dei paesaggi urbani. Lo studio di come le immagini fotografiche di architettura possano essere considerate come elementi attivi nella trasformazione del paesaggio, non può prescindere da alcune considerazioni preliminari di ordine generale. In primo luogo l’architettura negli ultimi decenni si è trasformata sensibil- mente secondo una tendenza alla spettacolarizzazione che non è limitata a singoli edifici, ma arriva a comprendere ampie parti di città, o le città nel loro insieme e il loro spazio pubblico. Si tratta di un fenomeno di ampia scala, dovuto a una molteplicità di cause, molte delle quali non riguardano direttamente l’architettura ma altri ambiti - economici, sociali, politici, tecnologici, ecc. - ma che è chiaramente visibile in molte città del mondo, e rappresenta un’indubbia evidenza. La seconda considerazione riguarda il cambiamento introdotto dalle tec- nologie digitali nel campo dell’architettura, che hanno esteso le possibilità progettuali, e modificato il rapporto tradizionale tra progetto e rappresen- tazione. Mi riferisco qui sia ai software di modellazione e di generazione di immagini virtuali (rendering) utilizzati da architetti e ingegneri per proget- tare e da chi si occupa della visualizzazione dei progetti, sia ai cambiamenti legati alla diffusione della fotografia digitale in tutti gli ambiti, da quello molto ristretto dei professionisti specializzati a quello infinitamente più am- pio dei devoti e dei turisti. Una terza considerazione, legata alla precedente, riguarda le nuove modali- tà con cui il pubblico - soprattutto gli architetti ma non solo - accede oggi con grande facilità a un’innumerevole quantità di immagini di architettu- ra, soprattutto fotografie e rendering, attraverso siti, blog e social media che si configurano allo stesso tempo come fonti incessanti di notizie sulle architetture più recenti, e come grandi archivi di immagini di architettu- ra contemporanea. La disponibilità immediata di immagini online, e la 7 INTRODUZIONE rapidità con cui sono fruite - così che si tende a prediligere la facile lettura e l’immediatezza dell’effetto - hanno stravolto il sistema tradizionale dei media, la cui funzione interpretativa e critica è oggi messa in questione, coinvolgendo in pieno i fotografi di architettura, il loro modo di lavorare e il significato del loro lavoro. Queste tre condizioni, non solo intuite e approfondite in questa ricerca, ma sperimentate in prima persona lavorando con le immagini nel sistema dei media, mi hanno spinto a interrogarmi con urgenza su quelle trasformazioni che sono oggi più evidenti nella concezione della città e dell’architettura. Poiché in esse è implicato un rapporto molto stretto tra architettura e imma- gine, mi sembra necessario spostare lo sguardo dagli edifici e dai paesaggi in quanto tali, a una concezione che più sottilmente li interpreta come il risultato di un accumulo e di una stratificazione di immagini, di oggi e del passato, che partecipano attivamente a determinarne le trasformazioni. Artialization Per spiegare il modo in cui l’immagine fotografica condiziona l’architettura e il paesaggio urbano, voglio introdurre in primo luogo la nozione di artia- lization, com’è formulata da Alain Roger nel suo Court traité du paysage1. In questo testo illuminante dedicato all’origine umana e artistica del paesag- gio, l’autore sostiene che il nostro sguardo sia estremamente “ricco, colmo di molteplici modelli latenti, remoti e quindi insospettati: modelli pittorici, letterari, cinematografici, televisivi, pubblicitari, e così via, che lavorano in silenzio per modellare in ogni istante la nostra esperienza percettiva e non. Noi siamo, senza saperlo, una attiva fucina artistica e ci stupiremmo se ci venisse rivelato tutto ciò che in noi deriva dall’arte”2. Roger riprende un ter- mine di Montaigne, l’espressione «nature artialisée», proponendo due tipi di artialization della natura: il primo modo è diretto, in situ, e corrisponde a quelle trasformazioni fisiche di un luogo che sono realizzate in relazione a un modello artistico; il secondo avviene invece attraverso lo sguardo, ed è indiretto e mutevole, in visu. Per esemplificare questi concetti Roger fa ricorso a un’analogia con il nudo femminile, intendendo la trasformazione in oggetto estetico di una nudità che è in se stessa neutra: la trasformazione in situ corrisponde a tutte quelle tecniche “ben note agli etnologi, come pitture facciali, tatuaggi, scarificazioni, tese a trasformare la donna in opera 1. A. Roger, Court traité du paysage (Paris: Gallimard, 1997). Ed. italiana Breve trattato sul pae- saggio (Palermo: Sellerio, 2009), a cui si fa riferimento per le citazioni. 2. A. Roger, Breve trattato sul paesaggio cit., 18. 8 CITTÀ D’IMMAGINI d’arte ambulante, di volta in volta variopinta, cesellata, scolpita, a seconda che i dettami dell’arte si applichino, si incidano, s’incrostino, s’incarnino. E’ quanto avviene per l’attuale maquillage, del quale già Baudelaire sot- tolineava che «accosta immediatamente l’essere umano alla statua»”3. La trasformazione in visu consiste, invece, nell’elaborazione di quei modelli autonomi, pittorici, scultorei, fotografici, ecc, che definiscono il Nudo in rapporto alla nudità, e che agiscono sullo sguardo per artializer il corpo femminile. Un episodio che chiarisce ulteriormente la doppia funzione di artialization è quello della montagne Saint-Victoire, divenuta celebre nelle pitture di Cézanne: scrive Roger che, mentre Cézanne riferiva che i contadi- ni provenzali non avevano mai “visto” il monte («nel senso che intendiamo noi, cioè vedere con il cervello»), sull’autostrada che attraversa il massiccio oggi i cartelli ci invitano ad ammirare la montagne Saint-Victoire e i «pae- saggi di Cézanne», segno di una artialization in visu di quel luogo attraverso la pittura. Quando poi, qualche tempo fa, la Sainte-Victore venne devastata da un incendio, fu restaurata «alla Cézanne», seguendo alla lettera in situ la trasformazione in visu operata nei suoi quadri. Possiamo mutare questa duplice nozione, che Roger elabora in riferimen- to al paesaggio naturale, per comprendere il rapporto esistente tra città e immagine, architettura e immagine, nei termini di una continua, doppia artialization. Il punto di partenza di questa tesi, infatti, è che tutte le tra- sformazioni urbane - ma questo concetto potrebbe essere esteso a ogni ar- chitettura realizzata - siano una artialization in situ rispetto a un progetto e alla sua immagine. E’ pur vero, però, che ogni progetto avviene a partire da una artialization in visu di quel luogo da trasformare che l’architetto - ma anche altri attori, come si vedrà nei capitoli seguenti - opera più o meno consapevolmente a partire da una serie di modelli e immagini di riferimen- to. E’ quindi necessario capire quali siano i modelli principali, in che
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