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02-Estudio Medicion ORIGINAL.Pmd Rev Fac Med. 2012 Vol. 60 No. 1 (Suplemento 1:1) S13 INVESTIGACIÓN ORIGINAL ESTUDIO PARA LA MEDICIÓN DE SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA Y NUTRICIONAL EN EL MAGDALENA MEDIO COLOMBIANO. CASO CESAR Studying how food and nutritional security is measured in the Cesar department (middle Magdalena area of Colombia) Sara Del Castillo M1, Zulma Fonseca2, Mariela Mantilla3, Néstor Mendieta4 1. M. ND. MSc. Desarrollo Social, PhD. Ciencias Sociales, Profesora de Nutrición Pública y SAN. Coordinadora Observatorio de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional -OBSAN-. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. 2. ND, Especialista en Epidemiología, Investigadora OBSAN - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. 3 Enfermera, Investigadora Corporación OBUSINGA. 4. MD. MSc. en Desarrollo Educativo y Social, Coordinador por Corporación OBUSINGA. Correspondencia: [email protected] Resumen dos, estableciendo la Canasta Usual de Alimentos, canas- ta alimentaria recomendada, y la línea de indigencia y Antecedentes. El presente artículo presenta los resulta- pobreza de los hogares. dos del Estudio para la Medición de la Seguridad Conclusión. La importancia de dichos resultados dejan en Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN) en el Magdalena Me- evidencia los altos niveles de inseguridad alimentaria de la dio Colombiano. Caso César, realizado por Obusinga y el población de los municipios del sur del departamento del OBSAN, financiado por OBUSINGA y por la UGI de la César trabajados, los cuales se ven reflejados en los niveles Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Co- de adecuación de calorías y nutrientes, el alto porcentaje de lombia. Adicionalmente, forma parte de las acciones del hogares bajo las líneas de pobreza e indigencia, constitu- Proyecto de Construcción Participativa de una Propues- yéndose en una herramienta básica para orientar la formu- ta de Desarrollo Territorial con Perspectiva Alimentaria lación o ajuste de los planes locales de SAN en la Región. en 12 Municipios del Departamento del Cesar. Palabras clave: seguridad alimentaria, nutrición en salud Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de inseguridad alimentaria y pública, servicios básicos de salud, pobreza, indicadores nutricional de la población de los 12 municipios. demográficos, Colombia (DeCS). Material y métodos. El estudio se basó en las referencias establecidas por el Instituto de Nutrición de Centroamérica Del Castillo S, Fonseca Z, Mantilla M, Mendieta N. Estudio para la medición de seguridad alimentaria y y Panamá, la metodología utilizada corresponde a la dise- nutricional en el Magdalena medio colombiano. Caso Cesar. ñada por la Universidad Nacional de Colombia para los Rev Fac Med. 2012; 60(Supl):S13-27. estudios de Canasta de Alimentos desde el 2003, adaptada Summary para este estudio por la Corporación Obusinga. Resultados. Los principales resultados de la investiga- Background. This article presents the results of a study ción permitieron reconocer algunas características aimed at “Assessing food and nutritional security (FNS) sociodemográficas de la población objeto, identificar la in the Cesar department (middle Magdalena area of Co- Canasta Alimentaria Básica de los municipios selecciona- lombia)” carried out by Corporacion Obusinga and the ORIGINAL INVESTIGACIÓN Recibido: 04/04/12/ Enviado a pares: 04/04/12/ Aceptado publicación: 09/04/12/ S14 Seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en Cesar Del Castillo S. y cols. Observatorio de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional selected towns, establishing the usual food basket and (OBSAN) which was financed by Corporacion Obusinga recommended food basket for each town and household and the Medicine Faculty at the Universidad Nacional de deprivation and poverty lines. Colombia (UNALCO). It also formed part of action Conclusions. The importance of such results lay in involved in a Project for the participative construction of revealing the high levels of food insecurity amongst a proposal for territorial development having a food-based people from the selected towns in the south of the César perspective in 12 towns in the Cesar department. department which were reflected in inadequate levels of Objective. This study was focused on determining the calorie and nutrient intake and the high percentage of level of food and nutritional insecurity of the population households below the deprivation and poverty lines, living in 12 towns in the south of the Cesar department. thereby becoming a basic tool for orientating the Materials and methods. This study was based on formulation or adjustment of local FNS plans in the references provided by the Instituto de Nutrición de region. Centroamérica y Panamá (INCAP). The methodology Key words: food security, nutrition, public health, basic used had been designed for food basket studies by health services, poverty, demographic indicators, Colom- UNALCO in 2003 and was adapted by Corporacion bia (MeSH). Obusinga for this study in the middle Magdalena area. Results. This investigation led to researchers recognising Del Castillo S, Fonseca Z, Mantilla M, Mendieta N. some of the target population’s sociodemographic Studying how food and nutritional security is measured in the Cesar department (middle Magdalena area of Colom- characteristics, identifying the basic food basket for the bia). Rev Fac Med. 2012; 60(Supl):S13-27. Introducción dio colombiano. Caso Cesar”, fue realizado en el departamento del Cesar, por la Corporación El derecho a la Seguridad Alimentaria y Obusinga y el Observatorio de Seguridad Nutricional se basa en la obligación del Estado Alimentaria y Nutricional (OBSAN) de la Uni- por garantizar a todas las personas el acceso a versidad Nacional de Colombia, y forma parte los alimentos que necesitan, en cantidad y cali- de las acciones del “Proyecto de construcción dad para su adecuado consumo y utilización bio- participativa de una propuesta de desarrollo te- lógica, garantizándoles un estado de nutrición, rritorial con perspectiva alimentaria en 12 muni- salud y bienestar, que coadyuve con el desarro- cipios del departamento del Cesar”, que fue ope- llo humano y sea sostenible. Con el fin de hacer rado por la Corporación Compromiso, la Corpo- seguimiento evaluar el cumplimiento de este ración Desarrollo y Paz del Magdalena Medio y derecho, es importante tener mediciones de los la Corporación Obusinga y es financiado con indicadores que dan cuenta de la Seguridad recursos de la Unión Europea. Para su realiza- Alimentaria y Nutricional de la población. La ción se contó con el apoyo de numerosas orga- determinación de la Canasta Básica de Alimen- nizaciones, y particularmente con el aporte de tos (CBA) es una de las herramientas para ve- los equipos gestores de autonomía alimentaria rificar el acceso y consumo de alimentos en el de los 12 municipios del sur del Cesar, a quienes hogar y se constituye en uno de los principales consideramos coautores de la presente investi- objetivos del estudio que aquí se presenta. gación. ORIGINAL El “Estudio para la medición de la Seguridad El objeto central del estudio radicó en determi- INVESTIGACIÓN Alimentaria y Nutricional en el Magdalena Me- nar el nivel de inseguridad alimentaria y Rev Fac Med. 2012 Vol. 60 No. 1 (Suplemento 1:1) S15 Figura 1. Municipios del sur del Departamento del Cesar, Cortiesia Ivan A. Ramirez N. Pasante Nutriciòn. 2012. nutricional de los hogares en 12 municipios del Instituto de Nutrición de Centroamérica y Pa- sur del departamento del Cesar, presentados en namá (INCAP), la metodología aplicada en la la figura 1 (Pelaya, González, Aguachica, San construcción de las canastas básicas de alimen- Martín, Gamarra, Chimichagua, Tamalameque, tos, desarrollada por la Corporación Obusinga San Alberto, Pailitas, Astrea, Río de Oro y La en el Magdalena Medio entre el 2002 y el 2008, Gloria). Para ello se recurrió a una herramienta y la metodología promovida por la Universidad metodológica de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo, Nacional de Colombia para estudios de este como estrategia para identificar los principales tipo. De acuerdo con esta última propuesta factores determinantes del hambre en la pobla- metodológica, se establece que la canasta bá- ción, mas allá de las cifras reportadas por la sica de alimentos, es el “conjunto de alimentos Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional comúnmente adquiridos, expresados en canti- en Colombia, ENSIN 2010. (1) dades suficientes y adecuadas para cubrir las necesidades de energía y proteínas del hogar Material y métodos promedio de una población de referencia al ORIGINAL mínimo costo” (2) y debe determinarse de Para el desarrollo del estudio se tomaron como modo tal que su consumo de alimentos impli- referencia las metodologías establecidas por el que por lo menos la ingesta de los nutrientes INVESTIGACIÓN S16 Seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en Cesar Del Castillo S. y cols. recomendados para la supervivencia humana ción de muestras más sencillo y conocido, que y sea de menor costo en el mercado minorista además resulta muy útil para obtener muestras (3,4). de poblaciones pequeñas. El tamaño de la mues- tra se estableció con base en el requerimiento La estructura de la CBA debe contemplar, por de estimación de proporciones del 30%, con una ella misma, algunas propiedades deseables: debe precisión del 90% y un error del 5%; así mismo, tener una referencia necesaria a los hábitos, pau- se utilizó el software Epidat 3.1 para el cálculo tas de consumo predominantes y preferencias de tamaños de muestra a fin de estimar propor- de la población; debe tener en cuenta la disponi- ciones. El total de la muestra fue de 2.556 fami- bilidad efectiva de la oferta de alimentos para el lias, repartidas en los 12 municipios y la infor- contexto al cual se refiere; debe reflejar la es- mación tiene un nivel de confianza del 95% y un tructura de precios relativos de los alimentos en error de 0,05. la región, ciudad o país; y, es imprescindible la posibilidad de proyectar su valor en el tiempo, La captura de la información se realizó utilizan- para permitir establecer un margen de do el sistema Teleform, que archiva una imagen comparabilidad intertemporal con el objeto de exacta del formulario e identifica sobre ésta las elaborar series para indicadores y medidas de áreas dispuestas para los datos.
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