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Quaternary Activity of the Bucaramanga Fault in the Depart- Ments of Santander and Cesar
Volume 4 Quaternary Chapter 13 Neogene https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.38.2019.13 Quaternary Activity of the Bucaramanga Fault Published online 27 November 2020 in the Departments of Santander and Cesar Paleogene Hans DIEDERIX1* , Olga Patricia BOHÓRQUEZ2 , Héctor MORA–PÁEZ3 , 4 5 6 Juan Ramón PELÁEZ , Leonardo CARDONA , Yuli CORCHUELO , 1 [email protected] 7 8 Jaír RAMÍREZ , and Fredy DÍAZ–MILA Consultant geologist Servicio Geológico Colombiano Dirección de Geoamenazas Abstract The 350 km long Bucaramanga Fault is the southern and most prominent Grupo de Trabajo Investigaciones Geodésicas Cretaceous Espaciales (GeoRED) segment of the 550 km long Santa Marta–Bucaramanga Fault that is a NNW striking left Dirección de Geociencias Básicas Grupo de Trabajo Tectónica lateral strike–slip fault system. It is the most visible tectonic feature north of latitude Paul Krugerstraat 9, 1521 EH Wormerveer, 6.5° N in the northern Andes of Colombia and constitutes the western boundary of the The Netherlands 2 [email protected] Maracaibo Tectonic Block or microplate, the southeastern boundary of the block being Servicio Geológico Colombiano Jurassic Dirección de Geoamenazas the right lateral strike–slip Boconó Fault in Venezuela. The Bucaramanga Fault has Grupo de Trabajo Investigaciones Geodésicas Espaciales (GeoRED) been subjected in recent years to neotectonic, paleoseismologic, and paleomagnetic Diagonal 53 n.° 34–53 studies that have quantitatively confirmed the Quaternary activity of the fault, with Bogotá, Colombia 3 [email protected] eight seismic events during the Holocene that have yielded a slip rate in the order of Servicio Geológico Colombiano Triassic Dirección de Geoamenazas 2.5 mm/y, whereas a paleomagnetic study in sediments of the Bucaramanga alluvial Grupo de Trabajo Investigaciones Geodésicas fan have yielded a similar slip rate of 3 mm/y. -
The Mineral Industry of Colombia in 1998
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF COLOMBIA By David B. Doan Although its mineral sector was relatively modest by world foundation of the economic system of Colombia. The standards, Colombia’s mineral production was significant to its constitution guarantees that investment of foreign capital shall gross domestic product (GDP), which grew by 3.2% in 1997. have the same treatment that citizen investors have. The A part of this increase came from a 4.4% growth in the mining constitution grants the State ownership of the subsoil and and hydrocarbons sector.1 In 1998, however, Colombia ended nonrenewable resources with the obligation to preserve natural the year in recession with only 0.2% growth in GDP, down resources and protect the environment. The State performs about 5% from the year before, the result of low world oil supervision and planning functions and receives a royalty as prices, diminished demand for exports, terrorist activity, and a economic compensation for the exhaustion of nonrenewable decline in the investment stream. The 1998 GDP was about resources. The State believes in privatization as a matter of $255 billion in terms of purchasing power parity, or $6,600 per principle. The Colombian constitution permits the capita. Colombia has had positive growth of its GDP for more expropriation of assets without indemnification. than six decades and was the only Latin American country not The mining code (Decree 2655 of 1988) covers the to default on or restructure its foreign debt during the 1980's, prospecting, exploration, exploitation, development, probably owing in no small part to the conservative monetary beneficiation, transformation, transport, and marketing of policy conducted by an independent central bank. -
A Land Title Is Not Enough
A LAND TITLE IS NOT ENOUGH ENsuRINg sustAINAblE lANd REstItutIoN IN ColoMbIA Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. First published in 2014 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom © Amnesty International 2014 Index: AMR 23/031/2014 English Original language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo : A plot of land in El Carpintero, Cabuyaro Municipality, Meta Department. Most of the peasant farmers from El Carpintero were forced to flee their homes following a spate of killings and forced disappearances of community members carried out by paramilitary groups in the late 1990s. -
Publication Information
PUBLICATION INFORMATION This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in the Oryx journal. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001118. Digital reproduction on this site is provided to CIFOR staff and other researchers who visit this site for research consultation and scholarly purposes. Further distribution and/or any further use of the works from this site is strictly forbidden without the permission of the Oryx journal. You may download, copy and distribute this manuscript for non-commercial purposes. Your license is limited by the following restrictions: 1. The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner and publisher must be preserved in any copy. 2. You must attribute this manuscript in the following format: This is an accepted version of an article by Nathalie Van Vliet, Maria Quiceno, Jessica Moreno, Daniel Cruz, John E. Fa And Robert Nasi. 2016. Is urban bushmeat trade in Colombia really insignificant?. Oryx. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001118 Accepted Oryx Urban bushmeat trade in different ecoregions in Colombia NATHALIE VAN VLIET, MARIA QUICENO, JESSICA MORENO, DANIEL CRUZ, JOHN E. FA and ROBERT NASI NATHALIE VAN VLIET (corresponding author), and ROBERT NASI, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia E-mail [email protected] JOHN E. -
Chapter 8: Colombia
8 Colombia 8.1 Summary of Coal Industry 8.1.1 ROLE OF COAL IN COLOMBIA Coal accounted for eight percent of Colombia’s energy consumption in 2007 and one-fourth of total exports in terms of revenue in 2009 (EIA, 2010a). As the world’s tenth largest producer and fourth largest exporter of coal (World Coal, 2012; Reuters, 2014), Colombia provides 6.9 percent of the world’s coal exports (EIA, 2010b). It exports 97 percent of its domestically produced coal, primarily to the United States, the European Union, and Latin America (EIA, 2010a). Colombia had 6,746 million tonnes (Mmt) of proven recoverable coal reserves in 2013, consisting mainly of high-quality bituminous coal and a small amount of metallurgical coal (Table 8-1). The country has the second largest coal reserves in South America, behind Brazil, with most of those reserves concentrated in the Guajira peninsula in the north (on the country’s Caribbean coast) and the Andean foothills (EIA, 2010a). Its reserves of high-quality bituminous coal are the largest in Latin America (BP, 2014). Table 8-1. Colombia’s Coal Reserves and Production – 2013 Anthracite & Sub-bituminous & Total Global Indicator Bituminous Lignite (million Rank (million tonnes) (million tonnes) tonnes) (# and %) Estimated Proved Coal 6,746.0 0.0 67469.0 11 (0.8%) Reserves (2013) Annual Coal Production 85.5 0.0 85.5 10 (1.4%) (2013) Source: BP (2014) Coal production for export occurs mainly in the northern states of Guajira (Cerrejón deposit), Cesar, and Cordoba. There are widespread small and medium-size coal producers in Norte de Santander (metallurgical coal), Cordoba, Santander, Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Boyaca, Valle del Cauca, Cauca, Borde Llanero, and Llanura Amazónica (MB, 2005). -
Geological Occurrence of the Ecce Homo Hill´S Cave, Chimichagua (Cesar), Colombia: an Alternative for Socio-Economic Development Based on Geotourism
International Journal of Hydrology Review Article Open Access Geological occurrence of the ecce homo hill´s cave, chimichagua (cesar), Colombia: an alternative for socio-economic development based on geotourism Abstract Volume 2 Issue 5 - 2018 This work presents the results of the speleological study developed in the Ecce Homo Ciro Raúl Sánchez-Botello,1 Gabriel Jiménez- Cerro Cave located in the southwest of the central subregion of the Cesar department, Velandia,1 Carlos Alberto Ríos-Reyes,1 Dino in the Colombian Caribbean region, associated with carbonated rocks of the Aguas 2 Blancas Formation belonging to the Cogollo Group, which have suffered Chemical Carmelo Manco-Jaraba, Elías Ernesto Rojas- 2 and mechanical dissolution generating endocárstico and exocárstico environments. In Martínez, Oscar Mauricio Castellanos- the cavern were found different types of pavillian, paving and zenith speleothems of Alarcón3 different sizes in the galleries, being this the tourist attraction of such cavity, such as 1Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia columns, moonmilk, stalactites, castings, sawtooth, gours and flags. Lithologically, 2Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Valledupar, Colombia this geological unit is constituted by gray, biomicritic and dismicríticas limestones 3Programa de Geología, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, with high fossiliferous content, intercalations of shales, recrystallized sediments with Colombia calcium carbonate, pellets and shells recrystallized with calcium carbonate. The Ecce Carlos Alberto Ríos-Reyes, Universidad Homo Cerro Cave can be catalogued as a punctual Geosite with geomorphological Correspondence: Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia, interest, taking into account the large number and variety of speleothems presented as Email [email protected] well as its excellent state of preservation. -
190205 USAID Colombia Brief Final to Joslin
COUNTRY BRIEF I. FRAGILITY AND CLIMATE RISKS II.COLOMBIA III. OVERVIEW Colombia experiences very high climate exposure concentrated in small portions of the country and high fragility stemming largely from persistent insecurity related to both longstanding and new sources of violence. Colombia’s effective political institutions, well- developed social service delivery systems and strong regulatory foundation for economic policy position the state to continue making important progress. Yet, at present, high climate risks in pockets across the country and government mismanagement of those risks have converged to increase Colombians’ vulnerability to humanitarian emergencies. Despite the state’s commitment to address climate risks, the country’s historically high level of violence has strained state capacity to manage those risks, while also contributing directly to people’s vulnerability to climate risks where people displaced by conflict have resettled in high-exposure areas. This is seen in high-exposure rural areas like Mocoa where the population’s vulnerability to local flooding risks is increased by the influx of displaced Colombians, lack of government regulation to prevent settlement in flood-prone areas and deforestation that has Source: USAID Colombia removed natural barriers to flash flooding and mudslides. This is also seen in high-exposure urban areas like Barranquilla, where substantial risks from storm surge and riverine flooding are made worse by limited government planning and responses to address these risks, resulting in extensive economic losses and infrastructure damage each year due to fairly predictable climate risks. This brief summarizes findings from a broader USAID case study of fragility and climate risks in Colombia (Moran et al. -
Listing Five Foreign Bird Species in Colombia and Ecuador, South America, As Endangered Throughout Their Range; Final Rule
Vol. 78 Tuesday, No. 209 October 29, 2013 Part IV Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing Five Foreign Bird Species in Colombia and Ecuador, South America, as Endangered Throughout Their Range; Final Rule VerDate Mar<15>2010 18:44 Oct 28, 2013 Jkt 232001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\29OCR4.SGM 29OCR4 mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with RULES4 64692 Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 209 / Tuesday, October 29, 2013 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR endangered or threatened we are proposed for these five foreign bird required to publish in the Federal species as endangered, following careful Fish and Wildlife Service Register a proposed rule to list the consideration of all comments we species and, within 1 year of received during the public comment 50 CFR Part 17 publication of the proposed rule, a final periods. rule to add the species to the Lists of [Docket No. FWS–R9–IA–2009–12; III. Costs and Benefits 4500030115] Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. On July 7, 2009, we We have not analyzed the costs or RIN 1018–AV75 published a proposed rule in which we benefits of this rulemaking action determined that the blue-billed because the Act precludes consideration Endangered and Threatened Wildlife curassow, brown-banded antpitta, Cauca of such impacts on listing and delisting and Plants; Listing Five Foreign Bird guan, gorgeted wood-quail, and determinations. Instead, listing and Species in Colombia and Ecuador, Esmeraldas woodstar currently face delisting decisions are based solely on South America, as Endangered numerous threats and warrant listing the best scientific and commercial Throughout Their Range under the Act as endangered species (74 information available regarding the AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, FR 32308). -
Afro-Colombians from Slavery to Displacement
A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE AND EXCLUSION: AFRO-COLOMBIANS FROM SLAVERY TO DISPLACEMENT A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Sascha Carolina Herrera, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. October 31, 2012 A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE AND EXCLUSION: AFRO-COLOMBIANS FROM SLAVERY TO DISPLACEMENT Sascha Carolina Herrera, B.A. MALS Mentor: Kevin Healy, Ph.D. ABSTRACT In Colombia, the Afro-Colombian population has been historically excluded and marginalized primarily due to the legacy of slavery deeply embedded within contemporary social and economic structures. These structures have been perpetuated over many generations of Afro-Colombians, who as a result have been caught in a recurring cycle of poverty throughout their history in Colombia. In contemporary Colombia, this socio-economic situation has been exacerbated by the devastating effects of various other economic and social factors that have affected the Colombian society over half century and a prolonged conflict with extensive violence involving the Colombian state, Paramilitaries, and Guerrillas and resulting from the dynamics of the war on drugs and drug-trafficking in Colombian society. In addition to the above mentioned factors, Afro-Colombians face other types of violence, and further socio-economic exclusion and marginalization resulting from the prevailing official development strategies and U.S. backed counter-insurgency and counter-narcotics strategies and programs of the Colombian state. ii Colombia’s neo-liberal economic policies promoting a “free” open market approach involve the rapid expansion of foreign investment for economic development, exploitation of natural resources, and the spread of agro bio-fuel production such as African Palm, have impacted negatively the Afro-Colombian population of the Pacific coastal region. -
Geophis Nigroalbus Boulenger, 1908 (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), in the Magdalena Valley, Cordillera Oriental of Colombia
16 1 NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Check List 16 (1): 115–119 https://doi.org/10.15560/16.1.115 First record of the goo-eater snake, Geophis nigroalbus Boulenger, 1908 (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), in the Magdalena Valley, Cordillera Oriental of Colombia Daniela García-Cobos1, Alejandro Corrales-García2, Gladys Cárdenas-Arévalo3, Azarys Paternina-Hernández3, Andrés Rymel Acosta-Galvis1 1 Subdirección de Investigaciones, Colecciones Biológicas, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Carrera 8 # 15–08, Claustro de San Agustín, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia. 2 Museo de Historia Natural ANDES, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes. Apartado 4976, Bogotá, Colombia. 3 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39–115, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia. Corresponding author: Daniela García-Cobos, [email protected] Abstract Geophis nigroalbus Boulenger, 1908 is a fossorial and secretive colubrid snake endemic to the western Andes of Colombia. Here we report this species for the first time in the Cordillera Oriental in Middle Magdalena Valley. We expand the known distribution of G. nigroalbus 183 km east of its original range. Keywords Boyacá, Colubridae, endemic, range extension. Academic editor: Ross MacCulloch | Received 24 October 2019 | Accepted 6 January 2020 | Published 7 February 2020 Citation: García-Cobos D, Corrales-García A, Cárdenas-Arévalo G, Paternina-Hernández A, Acosta-Galvis AR (2020) First record of the goo-eater snake, Geophis nigroalbus Boulenger, 1908 (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), in the Magdalena Valley, Cordillera Oriental of Colombia. Check List 16 (1): 115–119. https://doi.org/10.15560/16.1.115 Introduction region (Myers 2003; Wilson and Townsend 2007). -
Targeting Civilians in Colombia's Internal Armed
‘ L E A V E U S I N P E A C E ’ T LEAVE US IN A ‘ R G E T I N G C I V I L I A N S PEA CE’ I N C O TARG ETING CIVILIANS L O M B I A IN COL OM BIA S INTERNAL ’ S ’ I N T E R ARMED CONFL IC T N A L A R M E D C O N F L I C ‘LEAVE US IN PEACE’ T TARGETING CIVILIANS IN COLOMBIA ’S INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICT “Leave us in peace!” – Targeting civilians in Colombia’s internal armed conflict describes how the lives of millions of Colombians continue to be devastated by a conflict which has now lasted for more than 40 years. It also shows that the government’s claim that the country is marching resolutely towards peace does not reflect the reality of continued A M violence for many Colombians. N E S T Y At the heart of this report are the stories of Indigenous communities I N T decimated by the conflict, of Afro-descendant families expelled from E R their homes, of women raped and of children blown apart by landmines. N A The report also bears witness to the determination and resilience of T I O communities defending their right not to be drawn into the conflict. N A L A blueprint for finding a lasting solution to the crisis in Colombia was put forward by the UN more than 10 years ago. However, the UN’s recommendations have persistently been ignored both by successive Colombian governments and by guerrilla groups. -
Humanitarian Situation Report
ISSUE 4 | January 24 - 30, 2009 HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 1 Tel + 57 1 622 1100 | NY. + 1 212 201 2384 www.colombiassh.org ISSUE 4 | January 24 - 30, 2009 HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT Events Humanitarian Situation 26 January 2009 Kidnnaping Follow-up: mass-displacement and Massacre confinement in Cauca IEA Victims Threats against community leaders triggered the Displacement Events mass-displacement of 1,229 persons of the Guangui indigenous reservation Attack Against Infrastructure Threats Against Civilians By mid September 2008, seven community leaders and teachers were threatened by UXO /APM Victims undetermined armed groups present in their Armed Confrontation indigenous reservation, causing the mass displacement of rural families from five Homicide communities into the urban sector of the town of 0 102030405060Bocas de San Francisco. To this date, threats have increased --those directly threatened (29 persons) remain in a temporary shelter in Bocas de San Events per department Francisco--. Boyacá, Vichada Meta, Santander A similar event took place last 29 September Valle del Cauca 2008 in this area. Back then, 61 out of 112 families Arauca, Huila of the San Miguel de Infi community located in the Cesar, Sucre Atlántico, Quindío Guangui reservation were forced to leave their Norte de Santander homes by an undetermined armed group. To this Chocó, Bolivar date, 31 families that could not displace still remain Bogotá D.C, Tolima confined in their territory under critical health and Antioquia nutritional conditions. On 1 January, one child died La Guajira, Cauca Risaralda of poor health. The current infrastructure for basic Nariño healthcare, education, shelter and communications Magdalena is inadequate.