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Annlaug Tho Selected Translations and Analysis of ‘Further Biographies of Nuns’ Master thesis in History of Religion, Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages, University of Oslo, Spring 2008 Table of Contents Abbreviation…………………………………………………………………….……………4 Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………..………………..5 1.Introduction…………………………………………………………..……………………..6 1.1 Sacred Biographies…………………………………………………………………...7 1.2 Gender Roles in Premodern China………………………………………………..….8 1.3 Research Questions..………………………………………………………...….…….9 1.4 Existing Studies…………………………………………………….……..…….…....9 1.5 Transcription………………………………………………………..……………….11 2.The Genre of Biography……………………………………………………..……………12 2.1 The Biographical Tradition in Early Theravāda Buddhism………………...……….12 2.2 The Biographical Tradition in China………………………………………..………14 2.3 Biographies of Women in China…………………………………………...………..19 3. Master Zhenhua, the Compiler………………………………………………....................22 4. The Pure Land and Chan Schools…………………………………………………...……24 5.The Dynasties and the Translated Biographies………………………………………...….26 5.1 The Tang Dynasty (618-907)…………………………………………………..........26 5.1.1 Biography number 14: The Biography of the Tang Dynasty Nun Wuliang from Daode Temple in Chang’an…………………………………………………..30 5.1.2 Biography number 21: The Biography of the Tang Dynasty Nun Wujinzang from Caohou village in Shaozhou……………………………………...……..31 5.1.3 Biography number 29: The Biography of the Tang Dynasty Nun Shiji from Jinhua Mountain in Wuzhou…………………………………………………..32 5.2 The Song Dynasty (960-1279)……………………………………………………….34 5.2.1 Biography number 48: The Biography of the Song Dynasty Nun Miaodao from Jingju Temple in Wenzhou…………………………………………..………..38 5.2.2 Biography number 56: The Biography of the Song Dynasty Nun Huangxin Who Came from Nanchang and Resided at Miaozhu nunnery……….............41 5.3 The Yuan Dynasty (1206/1279-1368)………………………………………………...45 5.3.1 Biography number 66: The Biography of the Yuan Dynasty Nun Shelanlan from Miaoshan Temple in the Capital………………………………………………..47 5.3.2 Biography number 70: The Biography of the Yuan Dynasty Nun Xingyue from Yaoshi Nunnery in Bejing……………………………………………………51 2 5.4 The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)…………………….……………………………….53 5.4.1 Biography number 83: The Biography of the Ming Dynasty Nun Dumu Jingan from Shuijing Nunnery in Guide……………………………………………….56 5.5 The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)………………………………………………………59 5.5.1 Biography number 92: The Biograhy of the Qing Dynasty Nun Chaoyin from Jingshi in Changshu Dahe………………………………………………………62 5.5.2 Biography number 97: The Biography of the Qing Dynasty Nun Xinwen from a Certain Nunnery in Hanyang…………………………………………………...67 5.5.3 Biography number 105: The Biography of the Qing Dynasty Nun Chuanhui from Nianhua Society in Huai’an………………………………………………70 5.5.4 Biography number 118: The Biography of the Qing Dynasty Nun Chaochen from Cantong Nunnery in Jiaxing………………………………………………73 6. An Analysis of ‘Further of Biographies of Nuns’………………………………….……..77 6.1 Place of Birth and Surname………………………………………………………….77 6.2 Social and Economic Background…………………………………………………...79 6.3 Their Motives for Becoming Nuns…………………………………………………..79 6.4 Highly Respected Nuns………………………………………………………………81 6.5 Zhangfu and Other Titles ……………………………………………………………84 6.6 Their Religious Practice…………………………………………………………..…86 6.7 Self-immolation………………………………………………….…………………..87 6.8 Faithful Nuns………………………………………………………….……………..88 7. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….……….91 Appendix……………………………………………………………………....………….....93 Bibliography…………………………………………………………….………………….108 Abstract...……………………………………………………………………..……………114 3 Abbreviations CEDBT A Chinese- English Dictionary of Buddhist Terms FGDCD Foguang Da Cidian HYDCD Hanyu Da Cidian NCED New Age Chinese-English Dictionary ODWR The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions PDCC A Pronouncing Dictionary of Chinese Characters in Archaic and Ancient Chinese, Mandarin and Cantonese T Taishō ZFRDC Zhongguo Fojiao Renming Da Cidian XZJ Xu Zangjing/Zokuzōkyō 4 Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Hanna Havnevik and Rune Svarverud for their guidance and patience; Halvor Eifring who provided me with an exemplar of ’Further Biographies of Nuns’; Christoph Anderl for his help with the translations; Zhang Yu for reading through the Chinese text with me; Nicholas Conley for proofreading the thesis; my sister Ragnhild Finne Tho for her helpful comments and support, and to all the people who helped me in different ways to come through the difficulties of the last two years and who made it possible for me to continue my studies. Annlaug Tho Oslo, May 2008 5 1. Introduction This thesis is a study of ‘Further Biographies of Nuns’ compiled by Master Zhenhua1 in the 1940s. There exists only one more biography of Chinese Buddhist nuns in addition to ‘Further Biographies of Nuns,’ the ‘Biography of Buddhist Nuns’ compiled by Master Baochang,2 making Zhenhua’s compilation all but unique. Furthermore, there has been very little research on this topic by scholars, both Chinese and Western. This work has never been translated into a Western language before, which make this a good opportunity to make a contribution. Zhenhua’s compilation of ‘Further Biographies of Nuns’ presents two hundred Buddhist nuns from the Liang Dynasty to the Republic of China, covering a period of over a thousand years. The biographies I have translated are a sample of twelve biographies, initially chosen to represent different dynasties. Therefore, I have selected three biographies from the Tang Dynasty, two from the Song Dynasty, two from the Yuan Dynasty, one from the Ming Dynasty, and four from the Qing Dynasty. Secondly, the biographies chosen do not have many poetic verses, which would make the biographies more difficult to render in English. The biographies were also chosen to represent nuns from different Buddhist schools: the Pure Land, Chan and Huayan Schools.3 Finally, the texts were chosen as to be neither too long nor too short, giving a feel for the average length of a nun’s biography. Translating the verses, which occur in some of the biographies, has been a particularly demanding task both because poetic phrases are difficult to render in English and because it is difficult to understand the meaning of the verses. Nonetheless, it has been an enjoyable task because the subject has been a great interest of mine for many years now, and being able to read the biographies in the original language has made it even more inspiring. In addition, the scarcity of literature on Buddhist nuns has been a motivating force. In order to understand these biographies, it is important to have a grasp of the biographical tradition in Buddhism, both in Theravāda and Mahāyāna in general and of the development of biographical traditions in Chinese Buddhism in particular, a presentation of these traditions are provided in chapter two. As the majority of the nuns belonged to either 1 Xu Biqiuni Zhuan 續比丘尼傳 ‘Further Biographies of Nuns’ compiled by Master Zhenhua 震華大師. 2 Biqiuni Zhuan 比丘尼傳 ‘Biography of Buddhist Nuns’ T. 50, no. 2063, compiled by Master Baochang 寶唱 大師. 3 Pure Land School Jingtu zong 淨土宗, Chan School Chan zong 禪宗, and Huayan School Huayan zong 華嚴 宗. 6 the Pure Land or Chan schools, I have provided short introductions to these two traditions of Chinese Buddhism. Only one nun, Wuliang,4 belonged to another Buddhist school, the Huayan School. These short introductions and a presentation of Master Zhenhua, the compiler, will be found in chapter four and three respectively. The heart of this thesis is chapter five with the translations from ‘Further Biographies of Nuns,’ and in order to give the historical and cultural context for understanding the biographies, I have introduced the translations by giving information about the respective dynasty in which they lived. Subsequently, I have provided an analysis of the translated biographies. 1.1 Sacred Biography This thesis is concerned with sacred––religious––biography.5 A sacred biography is an account, written or oral, of the lives of persons considered to be holy, and the most sacred teachings in the respective religion become manifest in the form of the subject of the sacred biography often highly mythologized. Sacred biographies are individual life stories which express the focal religious principles in the respective religion, and in this regard they mediate between the ideal and the real, the conceptual and the pragmatic. They are also “models for” religious practice in that they inspire others to imitate the idealized expressions of religiosity conveyed in the life of an exemplary religious practitioner.6 Therefore, sacred biographies also have a didactic purpose, i.e. teaching others how to lead exemplary religious lives. In addition to religious motivations for writing sacred biographies, there might also be mundane reasons, such as elevating a particular religious tradition in the competition for patronage and funding. Several of the great religious traditions share the emphasis on sacred biography, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Buddhism. However, these traditions do not share the same degree of interpretive plasticity, shifting referents, and contexts that lend such 4 Wuliang 無量. 5 The term hagiography has a Christian connotation to it, and since this is a thesis on Buddhist biographies I will instead use the terms sacred or religious biographies. 6 Schober 1997: 2. Schober uses Clifford Geertz terms ‘models of’ and ‘models for’ in his article “Religion as a Cultural
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