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American Beginnings to 1783

Strategies for Taking Standardized Tests S1

An advertisement Chapter 1 1200 B.C.–A.D. 1500 for land in Virginia, page 45 Three Worlds Meet 2 1 Peopling the Americas 4 2 North American Societies Around 1492 8 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Forensic Reconstructions 9 3 West African Societies Around 1492 14 4 European Societies Around 1492 20 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The Caravel 24 5 Transatlantic Encounters 26 POINT/COUNTERPOINT Columbus’s Legacy 30 Chapter 1 Assessment 32

Chapter 2 1492–1681

The American Colonies Emerge 34 1 Spain’s Empire in the Americas 36 2 An English Settlement at Jamestown 42 3 Puritan New England 49 4 Settlement of the Middle Colonies 55 GEOGRAPHY SPOTLIGHT Surviving in a New World 60 Chapter 2 Assessment 62 The Divided House of Benjamin and Chapter 3 1650–1765 William Franklin, page 103 The Colonies Come of Age 64 1 England and Its Colonies 66 2 The Agricultural South 72 3 The Commercial North 79 4 The French and Indian War 85 DAILY LIFE Colonial Courtship 90 Chapter 3 Assessment 92

Chapter 4 1765–1783

The War for Independence 94 1 The Stirrings of Rebellion 96 2 Ideas Help Start a Revolution 103 The Declaration of Independence 109 3 Struggling Toward Saratoga 113 4 Winning the War 118 TRACING THEMES Women and Political Power 124 Chapter 4 Assessment 126 Molly Pitcher portrayed in battle, page 117

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1781–1850 A New Nation

Chapter 5 1781–1788

Shaping a New Nation 130 The original 1 Experimenting with Confederation 132 GEOGRAPHY SPOTLIGHT The Land Ordinance of 1785 138 Constitution, 2 Drafting the Constitution 140 page 152 3 Ratifying the Constitution 144 Chapter 5 Assessment 150 The Living Constitution 152 TRACING THEMES Voting Rights 174 The Living Constitution Assessment 176 PROJECTS FOR CITIZENSHIP Applying the Constitution 178

Chapter 6 1789–1816 Launching the New Nation 180 1 Washington Heads the New Government 182 George DAILY LIFE Young People in the Early Republic 188 Washington, 2 Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation 190 the unanimous 3 197 Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course choice for 4 The War of 1812 202 president, SUPREME COURT Marbury v. Madison 206 page 182 Chapter 6 Assessment 208

Chapter 7 1815–1840 Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism 210 1 Regional Economies Create Differences 212 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A New England Textile Mill 214 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The Cotton Gin 216 2 Nationalism at Center Stage 219 3 The Age of Jackson 224 POINT/COUNTERPOINT The Indian Removal Act 228 4 Jackson, States’ Rights, and the National Bank 230 Chapter 7 Assessment 236

Chapter 8 1820–1850 Reforming American Society 238 1 Religion Sparks Reform 240 AMERICAN LITERATURE Literature of the Transcendentalists 246 2 Slavery and Abolition 248 3 Women and Reform 254 4 The Changing Workplace 259 DAILY LIFE Working at Mid-Century 266 Chapter 8 Assessment 268 A decorative serving tray showing Vermont preacher Lemuel Haynes, page 241

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1825–1877 An Era of Growth and Disunion

Uncle Tom’s Chapter 9 1825–1847 Cabin, fuel for the slavery debate, Expanding Markets and Moving West 272 page 312 1 The Market Revolution 274 2 Manifest Destiny 280 GEOGRAPHY SPOTLIGHT Mapping the Oregon Trail 286 3 Expansion in Texas 288 4 The War with Mexico 293 Chapter 9 Assessment 300

Chapter 10 1850–1861

The Union in Peril 302 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery 304 2 Protest, Resistance, and Violence 310 3 The Birth of the Republican Party 318 TRACING THEMES States’ Rights 322 4 Slavery and Secession 324 SUPREME COURT Dred Scott v. Sandford 332 Chapter 10 Assessment 334

Chapter 11 1861–1865

The Civil War 336 Abraham Lincoln, before the 1 The Civil War Begins 338 presidency took its toll, page 324 2 The Politics of War 346 3 Life During Wartime 351 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Battlefield Medicine 355 4 The North Takes Charge 357 5 The Legacy of the War 366 Chapter 11 Assessment 372

Chapter 12 1865–1877

Reconstruction and Its Effects 374 1 The Politics of Reconstruction 376 2 Reconstructing Society 383 3 The Collapse of Reconstruction 393 POINT/COUNTERPOINT The Legacy of Reconstruction 400 Chapter 12 Assessment 402

Mother and daughter in Mt. Meigs, Alabama, page 388

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1877–1917 Migration and Industrialization

Chapter 13 1877–1900

Changes on the Western Frontier 406 1 Cultures Clash on the Prairie 408 DAILY LIFE Gold Mining 418 2 Settling on the Great Plains 420 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Inventions that Tamed the Prairie 423 3 Farmers and the Populist Movement 425 AMERICAN LITERATURE Literature of the West 430 Chapter 13 Assessment 432 A man and woman, page 408 Chapter 14 1877–1900

A New Industrial Age 434 1 The Expansion of Industry 436 GEOGRAPHY SPOTLIGHT Industry Changes the Environment 440 2 The Age of the Railroads 442 3 Big Business and Labor 447 The first light Chapter 14 Assessment 456 bulb, page 438

Chapter 15 1877–1914

Immigrants and Urbanization 458 1 The New Immigrants 460 TRACING THEMES Diversity and the National Identity 466 2 The Challenges of Urbanization 468 3 Politics in the Gilded Age 473 Chapter 15 Assessment 478

Chapter 16 1877–1917

Life at the Turn of the 20th Century 480 1 Science and Urban Life 482 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Aviation Pioneers 486 2 Education and Culture 488 3 Segregation and Discrimination 492 SUPREME COURT Plessy v. Ferguson 496 4 The Dawn of Mass Culture 498 DAILY LIFE Going to the Show 504 Chapter 16 Assessment 506

Coney Island amusement park, page 498

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1890–1920 Modern America Emerges

Teddy Roosevelt Chapter 17 1890–1920 campaigns for president, The Progressive Era 510 page 524. 1 The Origins of Progressivism 512 2 Women in Public Life 519 3 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal 523 AMERICAN LITERATURE The Muckrakers 532 4 Progressivism Under Taft 534 5 Wilson’s New Freedom 538 Chapter 17 Assessment 544

Chapter 18 1890–1920

America Claims an Empire 546 1 Imperialism and America 548 2 The Spanish-American War 552 3 Acquiring New Lands 558 4 America as a World Power 565 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The Panama Canal 567 GEOGRAPHY SPOTLIGHT The Panama Canal: Funnel for Trade 572 Chapter 18 Assessment 574

Uncle Sam rides upon two “hemispheres,” Chapter 19 1914–1920 page 557. The First World War 576 1 World War I Begins 578 2 American Power Tips the Balance 587 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Technology at War 590 3 The War at Home 594 SUPREME COURT Schenck v. United States 602 4 Wilson Fights for Peace 604 POINT/COUNTERPOINT The League of Nations 607 TRACING THEMES America in World Affairs 610 Chapter 19 Assessment 612

Eddie Rickenbacker and the First World War, page 587

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1919–1940 The 1920s and the Great Depression

Chapter 20 1919–1929 “Big business” dances with Politics of the Roaring Twenties 616 Calvin 1 Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues 618 Coolidge, 2 The Harding Presidency 625 page 632. 3 The Business of America 628 TRACING THEMES Economic Opportunity 634 Chapter 20 Assessment 636

Chapter 21 1920–1929

The Roaring Life of the 1920s 638 1 Changing Ways of Life 640 2 The Twenties Woman 646 Zora Neale DAILY LIFE 650 Youth in the Roaring Twenties Hurston and 3 Education and Popular Culture 652 the Harlem 4 The Harlem Renaissance 658 Renaissance, AMERICAN LITERATURE Literature in the Jazz Age 664 page 658 Chapter 21 Assessment 666

Chapter 22 1929–1933

The Great Depression Begins 668 1 The Nation’s Sick Economy 670 2 Hardship and Suffering During the Depression 678 3 Hoover Struggles with the Depression 684 Chapter 22 Assessment 690

An unemployed man during the Chapter 23 1933–1940 Great Depression, page 676 The 692 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression 694 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold 701 SUPREME COURT NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. 708 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups 710 4 Culture in the 1930s 716 5 The Impact of the New Deal 721 POINT/COUNTERPOINT The New Deal 722 GEOGRAPHY SPOTLIGHT The Tennessee Valley Authority 726 Chapter 23 Assessment 728

CLASSZONE.COM Visit the links for Chapters 17–23.

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1931–1960 World War II and Its Aftermath

Chapter 24 1931–1941

World War Looms 732 1 Dictators Threaten World Peace 734 2 War in Europe 742 3 The Holocaust 748 4 America Moves Toward War 756 Kurt Klein POINT/COUNTERPOINT Isolationism 758 and Gerda SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY German Wolf Packs 759 Weissmann Chapter 24 Assessment 764 Klein Remember the Holocaust, page 748 Chapter 25 1941–1945

The United States in World War II 766 1 Mobilizing for Defense 768 2 The War for Europe and North Africa 775 3 The War in the Pacific 784 POINT/COUNTERPOINT Dropping the Atomic Bomb 791 TRACING THEMES Science and Technology 794 4 The Home Front 796 SUPREME COURT Korematsu v. United States 802 Chapter 25 Assessment 804

The “Tuskegee Airmen” of the Chapter 26 1945–1960 99th Fighter Squadron, Conflicts 806 page 779 1 Origins of the Cold War 808 2 The Cold War Heats Up 815 3 The Cold War at Home 822 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge 828 AMERICAN LITERATURE The Cold Science Fiction Reflects Cold War Fears 834 War creates a climate Chapter 26 Assessment 836 of fear, page 834. Chapter 27 1946–1960

The Postwar Boom 838 1 Postwar America 840 2 The American Dream in the Fifties 847 GEOGRAPHY SPOTLIGHT The Road to Suburbia 856 3 Popular Culture 858 DAILY LIFE The Emergence of the Teenager 864 4 The Other America 866 Chapter 27 Assessment 870

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1954–1975 Living with Great Turmoil

Chapter 28 1960–1968 Kennedy and Johnson promise active The New Frontier and the Great Society 874 leadership, page 876. 1 Kennedy and the Cold War 876 2 The New Frontier 885 GEOGRAPHY SPOTLIGHT The Movement of Migrant Workers 890 3 The Great Society 892 POINT/COUNTERPOINT The Legacy of the Great Society 898 SUPREME COURT Miranda v. Arizona 900 Chapter 28 Assessment 902

Chapter 29 1954–1968

Civil Rights 904 1 Taking on Segregation 906 SUPREME COURT Brown v. Board of Education 914 Jo Ann Gibson Robinson 2 916 The Triumphs of a Crusade and the Bus Boycott, 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement 923 page 906 TRACING THEMES Civil Rights 930 Chapter 29 Assessment 932

Chapter 30 1954–1975

The Vietnam War Years 934 1 Moving Toward Conflict 936 2 U.S. Involvement and Escalation 942 3 A Nation Divided 948 4 1968: A Tumultuous Year 954 5 The End of the War and Its Legacy 960 AMERICAN LITERATURE Literature of the Vietnam War 968 Chapter 30 Assessment 970

Chapter 31 1960–1975

An Era of Social Change 972 1 Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality 974 SUPREME COURT Reynolds v. Sims 980 2 Women Fight for Equality 982 3 Culture and Counterculture 987 DAILY LIFE Signs of the Sixties 992 Chapter 31 Assessment 994

Farm workers protest, page 974. CLASSZONE.COM Visit the links for Chapters 24–31.

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1968–2001 Passage to a New Century Chapter 32 1968–1980

An Age of Limits 998 1 The Nixon Administration 1000 2 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall 1008 DAILY LIFE Television Reflects American Life 1014 3 The Ford and Carter Years 1016 SUPREME COURT Regents v. Bakke 1024 4 Environmental Activism 1026 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The Accident at Three Mile Island 1029 Chapter 32 Assessment 1032 Tape-recorded conversations ensnare the Nixon White House, page 1012. Chapter 33 1980–1992

The Conservative Tide 1034 1 A Conservative Movement Emerges 1036 2 Conservative Policies Under Reagan and Bush 1040 3 Social Concerns in the 1980s 1046 GEOGRAPHY SPOTLIGHT Sunbelt, Rustbelt, Ecotopia 1052 4 Foreign Policy After the Cold War 1054 POINT/COUNTERPOINT Intervention Abroad 1059 Chapter 33 Assessment 1062

Chapter 34 1992–2001

The United States in Today’s World 1064 1 The 1990s and the New Millennium 1066 2 The New Global Economy 1075 AMERICAN LITERATURE Women Writers Reflect Diversity 1080 3 Technology and Modern Life 1082 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Alternative Cars 1086 4 The Changing Face of America 1088 President George W. Bush (second from left) TRACING THEMES Immigration and Migration 1094 with other world leaders at an economic Chapter 34 Assessment 1096 summit, page 1101 Epilogue: Issues for the 21st Century

REFERENCE SECTION Foreign Policy 1100 Curing the Health Care System 1110 Atlas by A1 The Debate Over Immigration 1102 Breaking the Cycle of Poverty 1112 Skillbuilder Handbook R2 Crime and Public Safety 1104 Tough Choices About 1114 Issues in Education 1106 Social Security Economics Handbook R38 The Communications 1108 Women in the Work Force 1116 Facts About the States R48 Revolution The Conservation Controversy 1118 Presidents of the United States R50 Glossary R53 Spanish Glossary R70 C The War on Terrorism US2 Index R88 Acknowledgments R120

CLASSZONE.COM Visit the links for Chapters 32–34, Epilogue, and The War on Terrorism. xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS a04aspe-FMSpec 10/16/02 3:37 PM Page xv

Special Features

DA IILY

LIIF E Colonial Courtship 90 Young People in the Early Republic 188 Working at Mid-Century 266 Gold Mining 418 Marbury v. Madison (1803) 206 Going to the Show 504 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 332 Youth in the Roaring Twenties 650 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 496 The Emergence of the Teenager 864 Schenck v. United States (1919) 602 Signs of the Sixties 992 NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Television Reflects 1014 Steel Corp. (1937) 708 American Life Korematsu v. United States (1944) 802 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 900 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) 914 Reynolds v. Sims (1964) 980 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) 1024

GEOGRAPHY

SPOTLIG H T RICAN Surviving in a New World 60 AME The Land Ordinance of 1785 138 L Mapping the Oregon Trail 286 ITERATU RE Industry Changes the Environment 440 The Panama Canal 572 The Literature of the Transcendentalists 246 The Tennessee Valley Authority 726 Literature of the West 430 The Road to Suburbia 856 The Muckrakers 532 The Movement of Migrant Workers 890 Literature in the Jazz Age 664 Sunbelt, Rustbelt, Ecotopia 1052 Science Fiction Reflects Cold War Fears 834 Literature of the Vietnam War 968 Women Writers Reflect American Diversity 1080 October 10-11, 1843

T R AC I N G

October 11-12 October 12-13 T H October 14-15 E M E S

October 15-16 ctober 18-19 Women and Political Power 124 Voting Rights 174 October 17-18 October 16-17 States’ Rights 322 Diversity and the National Identity 466 America in World Affairs 610 Economic Opportunity 634 Science and Technology 794 Civil Rights 930 Immigration and Migration 1094

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Special Features

KEY PLAYER

“King Isabella” (1451–1504) 22 (1830–1930) 454 Dwight D. “Ike” Eisenhower Hernándo Cortés (1485–1547) 37 (1860–1935) 472 (1890–1969) 780 Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) 83 George Eastman (1854–1932) 487 Douglas MacArthur Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) 83 Florence Kelley (1859–1932) 513 (1880–1964) 789 George Washington (1732–1799) 116 Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906) 522 Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) 809 James Madison (1751–1836) 141 W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963) 531 Joseph Stalin (1879–1953) 809 Roger Sherman (1721–1793) 141 William Howard Taft Jonas Salk (1914–1995) 850 Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804) 184 (1857–1930) 536 John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) 882 Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) 184 Admiral Alfred T. Mahan Nikita Khrushchev Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) 226 (1840–1914) 549 (1894–1971) 882 John C. Calhoun (1782–1850) 231 José Martí (1853–1895) 553 Lyndon B. Johnson Daniel Webster (1782–1852) 231 Theodore Roosevelt (1908–1973) 893 (1793–1880) 255 (1858–1919) 566 Thurgood Marshall (1797–1883) 258 General John J. Pershing (1908–1993) 908 Santa Ana (1785–1876) 290 (1860–1948) 590 (1913–) 910 Sam Houston (1793–1863) 292 Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) 605 Martin Luther King, Jr. Stephen A. Douglas John Llewellyn Lewis (1929–1968) 912 (1813–1861) 309 (1880–1969) 624 Malcolm X (1925–1965) 925 Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) 630 Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969) 937 (1811–1896) 312 F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940) 657 General William Westmoreland John Brown (1800–1859) 316 James Weldon Johnson (1914–) 943 Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) 348 (1871–1938) 659 Henry Kissinger (1923–) 964 Jefferson Davis (1808–1889) 348 Duke Ellington (1899–1974) 663 César Chávez (1927–1993) 976 Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) 362 Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) 685 (1934–) 984 Robert E. Lee (1807–1870) 362 Franklin D. Roosevelt Richard M. Nixon (1913–1994) 1006 Thaddeus Stevens (1792–1868) 378 (1882–1945) 695 Jimmy Carter (1924–) 1018 Hiram Revels (1822–1901) 389 (1884–1962) 695 (1907–1964) 1027 Sitting Bull (1831–1890) 410 (1882–1965) 711 Ronald Reagan (1911–) 1038 William Jennings Bryan Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) 743 H. Norman Schwarzkopf (1860-1925) 428 Winston Churchill (1874–1965) 747 (1934–) 1061 John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937) 449 Hideki Tojo (1884–1948) 760 William Jefferson Clinton Eugene V. Debs (1855–1926) 454 (1946–) 1067 NOW THEN

Schemitzun 13 The Sioux 282 Social Security 724 Kente Cloth 19 Tejano Culture 289 Women in the Military 769 Tobacco and North Carolina’s Political Debates 327 The Two Koreas 821 Economy 74 The Red Cross 370 Television: Making News 824 Proposition 13 99 Reparations for Slavery 390 Franchises 848 The Electoral College 144 Nez Perce in Oregon 414 Southern California and South Africa Creates a Bill Inventions that Tamed the Prairie 423 the Automobile 852 of Rights 148 Aviation Pioneers 486 Kennedy’s Assassination 889 Modern Money 158 Technology and Schools 490 Medicare on the Line 897 Election Reform 168 Catalog Shopping 503 Land Mines 945 Congressional Term Limits 172 Telephone Operators 520 U.S. Recognition of Vietnam 967 The Cabinet 183 Meat Inspection 526 Ben Nighthorse Campbell 977 Agriculture and Migration 215 Deregulation 539 Air Pollution in California 1031 Native American Lands 229 Puerto Rico 559 AIDS Worldwide 1046 Political Advertisements 234 Crisis in the Balkans 580 Affirmative Action 1050 Modern Revivalism 241 Evolution, Creationism, From the Ashes 262 and Education 644 From Telegraph to Internet 276 New York Stock Exchange 674

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History Through...

June, from Les Très Riches 21 Heures du Duc de Berry (c. 1416) by the Limbourg brothers Puritan Headstones 51 The Boston Massacre (1770) 98 by Paul Revere A View of the Mountain Pass Called the Notch 242 of the White Mountains (Crawford Notch) (1839) by Thomas Cole John Brown Going to His Hanging (1942) 328 by Horace Pippin Gettysburg Cycloroma (detail) (1884) 359 by Paul Philippoteaux Stampeded by Lightning (1908) 416 by Frederic Remington The Champion Single Sculls (1871) 501 by Thomas Eakins Zapatistas (1931) by José Orozco 570 The Migration of the Negro, 599 Panel No. 1 (1940–41) by Jacob Lawrence

Colonial Meetinghouses 57 Image not available Greek Revival Architecture 305 The Chicago Plan 484 for use on CD-ROM. From Splendor to Simplicity 542 Please refer to the Rebuilding the Riverfronts 1089 image in the textbook.

Mathew Brady’s Photographs 369 Images of Child Labor 517 “Migrant Mother”: 703 Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima 788 Sacco and Vanzetti (1932) 620 Ernest Withers 919 by Ben Shahn Kent State 963 Song of the Towers 641 by Aaron Douglas American Gothic (1930) 719 by Grant Wood After the Prom (1957) 851 by Norman Rockwell

Echoes of the Great War 608 Hollywood Helps Mobilization 772 Hollywood and Nuclear Fears 1030

“Hound Dog”—A Rock ’n’ Roll Crossover 862 Protest Songs of the Sixties 990

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Special Features

Analyzing

“Join, or Die” 89 “The World’s Constable” 568 Mob Rule 108 The Enemy Within 597 “The Federal Edifice” 166 “Yes, Sir, He’s My Baby” 632 “The Paris Monster” 195 Day of Wrath 673 “King Andrew the First” 233 Changing Course 699 “The Way They Go to California” 298 “It Ain’t What It Used to Be” 740 “A Political Race” 329 Carving it Up 757 Unwelcome Guest 385 “It’s Okay—We’re Hunting The Plight of the Farmers 426 Communists!” 826 “The Modern Colossus “Domestic Life” 1001 of (Rail) Roads” 446 The White House Tapes 1012 “The Tammany Tiger Loose” 475 “The Inflation Stagecoach” 1042 “The Lion-Tamer” 525 “Vacation, 2000” 1083 “Well, I Hardly Know Which to Take First!” 560

HISTORICAL SPOTLIGHT

The “Other” Pyramids 7 James S. Hogg, TV Quiz Shows 859 Islam 15 Texas Governor (1891–1895) 516 Johnson and Mission Control 887 The Vikings 27 Yosemite National Park 530 Twenty-fourth Amendment— The Mystery of Roanoke 43 Race Riots 600 Barring Poll Taxes 922 House of Burgesses 48 Al Capone 643 928 The Mayflower Compact 50 Hobo Symbols 681 “The Ballad of the Washington’s Resignation 86 Deportation of Green Berets” 951 Benedict Arnold 121 Mexican Americans 712 Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Republican Motherhood 133 War of the Worlds 717 The Wall 966 Burr and Hamilton Duel 198 Stand by Desperate Journeys 975 McGuffey’s Readers 245 Ethiopians 739 Americans Walk on the Moon 1002 Slave Revolts 252 Audie Murphy 782 The Twenty-sixth Amendment 1004 Secession and the Border Navajo Code Talkers 785 Woodward and Bernstein 1010 States 331 Paul Robeson 823 An Assassination Attempt 1043 Picnic at Bull Run 341 Jackie Robinson 843 Boys in War 344 Glory for the 54th Massachusetts 352 The Electoral College and the 1876 Election 399 The Wild West Show 417 Image not available The Colored Farmers’ for use on CD-ROM. National Alliance 427 Please refer to the Illuminating the Light Bulb 438 Chinese Immigrants image in the textbook. and the Railroad 443 African Americans and the Labor Movement 451 Washington vs. Du Bois 494 Anti-Saloon League 514

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ECONOMIC ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE

Irish Immigrants Strike 264 Fantasies of the “New World” 45 Goodyear as Entrepreneur 275 “All Men Would Be Tyrants if They Could” 111 Currency and Inflation 353 John Baptist de Coigne 135 Trade Alliances 583 Hawthorne at Brook Farm 243 Roots of Communism 619 Los Niños Héroes 297 Uneven Income 672 The Cherokee and the War 349 Distribution, 1929 On the Wrong Track 444 Deficit Spending 698 Intervention in Mexico 569 War and the Depression 763 The Needy 632 What Is a Recession? 886 An African-American View of the Depression 679 The 1980s Texas Oil Boom 1019 Denmark’s Resistance 751 The “Trickle-Down Theory” 1041 India’s Viewpoint 820 Greenspan and the Fed 1076 Eisenhower’s Warning 879 Nader and Third Party Impact 1073 DIFFICULT

DECISIONS POINT COUNTERPOINT Reconciliation or Independence? 106 COUNTERPOINT Controlling Resources 535 To Prohibit Alcohol or Not? 642 Columbus’s Legacy 30 Hoover and Federal Projects 688 The Indian Removal Act 228 Resist the Draft or Serve Your Country? 952 Reconstruction 400 Pardoning President Nixon 1017 The League of Nations 607 Sending Money into Space 1047 The New Deal 722 Isolationism 758 Dropping the Atomic Bomb 791 WORLD STAGE The Legacy of the Great Society 898 Intervention Abroad 1059

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada 41 England Becomes Great Britain 69 Science Serfs, Slaves, and Servants 75 Slavery in the Americas 253 Britain’s Cotton Imports 278 Forensic Reconstructions 9 The Dominican Republic 395 The Caravel 24 The Garden City 485 A New England Textile Mill 214 Emmeline Pankhurst 541 The Cotton Gin 216 The Boxer Protocol 563 Battlefield Medicine 355 Revolution in Russia 586 Inventions that Tamed the Prairie 423 Global Effects of the Depression 677 Aviation Pioneers 486 Righteous Persons of World War II 754 The Panama Canal 567 Taiwan 817 Technology at War 590 Israel 831 German Wolf Packs 759 The Berlin Wall, 1961 883 The Accident at Three Mile Island 1029 The War in Vietnam 894 Alternative Cars 1087 Apartheid—Segregation in South Africa 907 The Yom Kippur War 1005 The Soviet-Afghanistan War 1021 Democratic Elections in Russia 1055

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Primary Sources and Personal Voices

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 6 Thomas Canby, “The Search for the First Americans,” National Geographic, 4 George Washington, The Diaries of George Washington, 182 Essie Parrish, in Kashaya Texts, 8 George Washington, “Farewell Address,” 1796, 186 Lololomai, in The Indians’ Book, 10 Gouverneur Morris, journal, 190 Wintu Woman, in Freedom and Culture, 12 Little Turtle, speech to his allies, 193 Leo Africanus, The History and Description of Africa Done into English Thomas Jefferson, 8th Resolution, The Virginia and Kentucky by John Pory, 14 Resolutions, 196 Chief Jacob Egharevba, A Short History of Benin, 17 Patrick Gass, A Journal of the Voyages and Travels of a Corps of Gomes Eanes de Zurara, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest Discovery, 197 of Guinea, 20 F. A. Michaux, Travels to the West of the Allegheny Mountains, 199 William Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, 21 Lucius E. Wilson, Uncle Sam: The Man and the Legend, 202 Christopher Columbus, The Log of Christopher Columbus, 26 Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison (1803), 206 Christopher Columbus, in Columbus: The Great Adventure, 27 Bartolomé de Las Casas, in Columbus: The Great Adventure, 28 CHAPTER 7 Eli Whitney, in Eli Whitney and the Birth of American Technology, 212 CHAPTER 2 Robert Fulton, in Steamboats Come True: American Inventors in Bernal Díaz del Castillo, in Notable Latin American Women, 36 Action, 219 Fray Antonio de Montesinos, in Reflections, Writing for Columbus, 38 Jim Beckwourth, in The Life and Adventures of James P. John Smith, The General History of Virginia, 42 Beckwourth, 222 A Jamestown colonist, in A New World, 43 Thomas Jefferson, letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, 223 Anne Bradstreet, “Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House John Adams, in John Adams: A Biography in His Own Words, 224 (July 10th, 1666),” 49 Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith, letter, March 1829, 226 John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity,” 51 Trail of Tears survivor, in From the Heart: Voices of the American Miantonomo, in Changes in the Land, 54 Indian, 229 William Penn, in A New World, 55 Daniel Webster, speech delivered in the Senate on January 26 and 27, William Penn, in A New World, 58 1830, 230 Senator Robert Hayne, speech to Congress, January 21, 1830, 232 CHAPTER 3 Eliza Lucas Pinckney, in South Carolina: A Documentary Profile of the CHAPTER 8 Palmetto State, 66 Charles Grandison Finney, Lectures on Revivals of Religions, 240 Nehemiah Grew, in The Colonial Period of American History, 71 Richard Allen, in Segregated Sabbaths, 242 Philip Vickers Fithian, Journal & Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian, 72 Henry David Thoreau, Walden, 243 Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 76 , Report to the Massachusetts Legislature, 244 John Ferdinand Smyth, in Planters and Pioneers, 77 , Woman in the Nineteenth Century, 246 John Adams, The Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, 79 Henry David Thoreau, Walden, 247 Benjamin Franklin, “Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Berrying,” 247 Peopling of Countries, etc.,” 81 James Forten, in Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philidelphia’s Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” 83 Black Community 1720–1840, 248 Joseph Nichols, in A People’s Army, 85 William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, 249 Pontiac, in Red and White, 88 Solomon Northup, Twelve Years a Slave, 250 , in Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 254 Mary C. Vaughan, in Women’s America: Refocusing on the Past, 255 CHAPTER 4 Sarah Grimké, Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and John Adams, in The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, 96 the Condition of Woman, 256 John Andrews, in 1776: Journals of American Independence, 99 Resolutions adopted at Seneca Falls Convention, 1848, 257 William Franklin, in A Little Revenge: Benjamin Franklin and His Son, 103 Sojourner Truth, in Narrative of Sojourner Truth, 258 John Dickinson, in Patriots: The Men Who Started the American F.G.A., Lowell Offering, 1841, 259 Revolution, 104 Mary Paul, in Women and the American Experience, 262 Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 105 Harriet Hanson, in Women’s America: Refocusing The Declaration of Independence, 109 the Past, 263 Albigense Waldo, in Valley Forge, the Making of an Army, 113 Michael Graham, in The Revolution Remembered: Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence, 114 A PERSONAL VOICE George Washington, in Ordeal at Valley Forge, 116 Colonel William Fontaine, in The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender SOJOURNER TRUTH of Cornwallis, 1781, 118 “ Look at me! Look at my arm! Nathanael Greene, The Papers of General Nathanael Greene, vol. VIII, 120 Captain Johann Ewald, Diary of the American War, 121 I have ploughed, and planted, and gathered into barns, and CHAPTER 5 no man could head me! And John Dickinson, in The Life and Times of John Dickinson, 1732–1808, 132 ain’t I a woman? ” John Dickinson, in The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, 135 —quoted in Narrative of Sojourner Truth George Washington, 141 John Jay, The Federalist, Number 4, 145 Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Madison from Paris, December 20, 1787, 147 Richard Henry Lee, 148

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CHAPTER 9 Mary Elizabeth Lease, in “The Populist Uprising,” 425 Samuel F. B. Morse, in Samuel F. B. Morse: His Letters and Journals, 274 William Jennings Bryan, Democratic convention speech, Alexander Mackay, in The Western World, 275 Chicago, July 8, 1896, 429 Samuel Breck, in American Railroads, 278 Mark Twain, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,” 430 Amelia Stewart Knight, in Covered Wagon Women, 280 Anonymous, “The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez,” translated tribal elder, in Native American Testimony, 281 by Américo Paredes, 431 Amelia Stewart Knight, in Covered Wagon Women, 282 Chief Satanta, Speech at the Medicine Lodge Creek Council (1867), 431 Catherine Haun, in Frontier Women, 284 Stephen F. Austin, in Texas: An Album of History, 288 Mary Austin Holly, in Texas: An Album of History, 290 CHAPTER 14 Robert E. Lee, a letter cited in R. E. Lee by Douglass Southall Freeman, 293 Pattillo Higgins, in Spindeltop, 436 Walter Colton, in California: A Bicentennial History, 298 Richard T. Ely, “Pullman: A Social Study,” 442 Louisa Clapp, in They Saw the Elephant, 299 Andrew Carnegie, Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, 447 Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 451 Hamlin Garland, in McClure’s Magazine, 453 CHAPTER 10 John C. Calhoun, in The Compromise of 1850, edited by Edwin C. Rozwenc, 304 CHAPTER 15 Alexander H. Stephens, quoted in The Coming of the Civil War, 306 Lisa See, On Gold Mountain, 460 Henry Clay, in Voices from the Civil War, 308 Rosa Cavalleri, in Rosa: The Life of an Italian Immigrant, 462 Daniel Webster, Seventh of March speech, in The American Spirit, 308 Edward Ferro, in I Was Dreaming to Come to America, 463 Charlotte Forten, in The Underground Railroad, by Charles L. Blockson, 310 Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 468 Frederick Douglass, in Voices from the Civil War, 311 Jack London, The Story of an Eye-witness, 470 Harry Grimes, in The Underground Railroad, by Charles L. Blockson, 312 Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age, 473 Stephen A. Douglas, in The Civil War, by Geoffrey C. Ward, 315 James Pendergast, in The Pendergast Machine, 474 Horace Greeley, in The Coming of the Civil War, 318 P. J. Scruggs, in The Coming of the Civil War, 321 CHAPTER 16 Abraham Lincoln, 1858 speech, 324 E. F. Farrington, in The Great Bridge, 482 William Tecumseh Sherman, in None Died in Vain, 330 Frederick Law Olmsted, in Frederick Law Olmsted’s New York, 484 Chief Justice Roger Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), 332 Orville Wright, in Frontiers of Flight, 485 William Torrey Harris, in Public Schools and Moral Education, 488 CHAPTER 11 anonymous schoolboy, in The One Best System, 489 Robert Anderson, in Fifty Basic Civil War Documents, 338 Ida B. Wells, in Crusade for Justice, 492 correspondent, New York World, July 21, 1861, 342 Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition address, 1895, 494 Mary Bedinger Mitchell, in Battle Cry of Freedom, 344 Justice Henry B. Brown, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 496 William Yancey, in The Civil War: A Narrative, 346 Bruce Blen, in Amusing the Million, 498 Abraham Lincoln, the Emancipation Proclamation, 347 Henry M. Turner, in Voices from the Civil War, 348 CHAPTER 17 Mary Chesnut, in Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 351 Camella Teoli, at congressional hearings, March 1912, 512 Mrs. Roger A. Pryor, in Battle Cry of Freedom, 353 Eugene V. Debs, Debs: His Life, Writings and Speeches, 514 Frank Aretas Haskell, in The Civil War by Geoffrey C. Ward, 357 Susette La Flesche, in Bright Eyes, 519 Abraham Lincoln, “The Gettysburg Address,” November 19, 1863, 361 Sophia Smith, in Alma Mater, 521 Eliza Frances Andrews, in Voices from the Civil War, 364 Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 523 Garland H. White, in Been in the Storm So Long, 366 W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, 531 Gideon Welles, in Voices from the Civil War, 371 Ida M. Tarbell, “The History of the Standard Oil Company,” 532 Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities, 533 CHAPTER 12 Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 333 Andrew Johnson, Reconstruction: The Ending of the Civil War, 376 Gifford Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation, 534 Philip A. Bell, in Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Woodrow Wilson, in The New Freedom, 537 Slavery, and Emancipation, 378 , letter to Maud Wood Park, 538 Robert G. Fitzgerald, in Proud Shoes, 383 William Monroe Trotter, address to President Wilson, William Beverly Nash, The Trouble They Seen: Black People Tell the Story November 12, 1914, 543 of Reconstruction, 386 Eva B. Jones, in The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the CHAPTER 18 Civil War, 387 Queen Liliuokalani, in Those Kings and Queens of Old Hawaii, 548 Henry M. Turner, in The Trouble They Seen: Black People Tell the Story James Creelman, in New York World, May 17, 1896, 552 of Reconstruction, 393 Luis Muñoz Rivera, in The Puerto Ricans, 558 Abram Colby, in Testimony to Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Andrew Carnegie, in Distant Possessions, 561 Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, 394 Mark Twain, To the Person Sitting in Darkness, 564 Charles Harris, in American Colonization Society Papers in the Joseph Bucklin Bishop, in The Impossible Dream: The Building of the Congressional Record, 400 Panama Canal, 565 Pancho Villa, in New York Times, January 11, 1915, 570 CHAPTER 13 Zitkala-S˘a, The School Days of an Indian Girl, 408 CHAPTER 19 Gall, a Hunkpapa Sioux, in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 412 , in Jeannette Rankin: First Lady in Congress, 578 Black Elk, Black Elk Speaks, 414 Richard Harding Davis, in Hooray for Peace, Hurrah for War, 580 Esther Clark Hill, in Pioneer Women, 420 Woodrow Wilson, in American Voices, 586 Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in Eddie Rickenbacker, Rickenbacker: An Autobiography, 587 American History,” 422 Joseph Douglas Lawrence, Fighting Soldier: The AEF in 1918, 589

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Primary Sources and Personal Voices

Florence Bullard, in Over There, 591 Woody Guthrie, “Dust Bowl Refugees,” 719 John L. Barkley, No Hard Feelings, 593 George Dobbin, in These Are Our Lives, 721 Harriot Stanton Blatch, in We, the American Women, 594 Rexford Tugwell, in Redeeming the Time, 722 Woodrow Wilson, in Cobb of “The World,” 597 W. E. B. Du Bois, “Close Ranks,” 598 Richard Wright, in 12 Million Black Voices, 600 CHAPTER 24 Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Schenck v. United States, (1919) 602 Martha Gellhorn, The Face of War, 734 Colonel E. M. House, in Hooray for Peace, Hurrah for War, 604 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, “Quarantine Speech,” 1937, 741 William Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941, 742 CHAPTER 20 Winston Churchill, speech to the House of Commons, Irving Fajans, in The Jewish Americans, 618 in The Gathering Storm, 744 A. Mitchell Palmer, “The Case Against the Reds,” 619 Len Jones, in London at War, 747 Bartolomeo Vanzetti, in The National Experience, 620 Gerda Weissmann Klein, in the film One Survivor Remembers, 748 Madison Grant, in United States History: Ideas in Conflict, 621 Liane Reif-Lehrer, in Failure to Rescue, 750 Woodrow Wilson, in Labor in Crisis, 623 Rudolf Reder, in The Holocaust, 752 Warren G. Harding, in The Rise of Warren Gamaliel Harding, 625 Lilli Kopecky, in Never Again, 754 Warren G. Harding, in Only Yesterday, 626 Elie Wiesel, Night, 755 a Ford salesman, in Flappers, Bootleggers, “Typhoid Mary,” Franklin Delano Roosevelt, radio speech, September 3, 1939, 756 and the Bomb, 628 John Garcia, in The Good War, 761 Listerine advertisement, 631 a business owner, in The Time of Silent Cal, 633 A PERSONAL VOICE CHAPTER 21 FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT Billy Sunday, in How Dry We Were: Prohibition Revisited, 640 “ I have said not once, but Walter L. George, Hail Columbia!, 641 Herbert Asbury, Gem of the Prairie, 643 many times, that I have seen Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan, in Bryan and Darrow war and I hate war. . . . As at Dayton, 645 long as it is my power to Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald, “Paint and Powder,” The Smart Set, May 1929, 646 Helen Wright, in Wage-Earning Women, 649 prevent, there will be no Graham McNamee, in Time Magazine, October 3, 1927, 652 blackout of peace in the U.S.” F. Scott Fitzgerald, in The Lawless Decade, 655 — radio speech, September 3, 1939 Sinclair Lewis, Babbit, 656 , in The African American Encyclopedia, 658 Marcus Garvey, speech at Liberty Hall, New York City, 1922, 659 James Weldon Johnson, “Harlem: The Culture Capital,” 660 Louis Armstrong, in The Negro Almanac, 662 CHAPTER 25 Alain Locke, Afro-American Writing: An Anthology of Prose and Poetry, 663 Mrs. Charles Swanson, in We Pulled Together . . . and Won!, 768 F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, 664 Sergeant Debs Myers, in The GI War: 1941–1945, 769 Edna St. Vincent Millay, “First Fig,” from A Few Figs from Thistles, 665 Alyce Mano Kramer, in Home Front, U.S.A., 771 Langston Hughes, “Dream Variations,” from The Weary Blues, 665 John Patrick McGrath, A Cue for Passion, 775 Ernie Pyle, Ernie’s War: The Best of Ernie Pyle’s World War II Dispatches, 778 CHAPTER 22 Robert T. Johnson, in Voices: Letters from World War II, 782 Gordon Parks, A Choice of Weapons, 670 William Manchester, Goodbye Darkness: A Memoir of the Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday, 675 Pacific War, 784 Ann Marie Low, Dust Bowl Diary, 678 Ralph G. Martin, The GI War, 787 Herman Shumlin, in Hard Times, 679 Yamaoka Michiko, in Japan at War: An Oral History, 790 Thomas Wolfe, You Can’t Go Home Again, 681 Robert Jackson, opening address to the Nuremberg Meridel Le Seuer, America in the Twenties, 682 War Crimes Trial, 792 Oscar Ameringer, in The American Spirit, 684 , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 796 Herbert Hoover, “Challenge to Liberty,” October 1936, 685 Manuel de la Raza, in A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural A. Everette McIntyre, in Hard Times, 689 America, 799 Ted Nakashima, New Republic Magazine, June 15, 1942, 801 CHAPTER 23 Justice Hugo Black, Korematsu v. United States (1944), 802 Hank Oettinger, in Hard Times, 694 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, first fireside chat, March 12, 1933, 696 CHAPTER 26 Gardiner C. Means, The Making of Industrial Policy, 698 Joseph Polowsky, in The Good War, 808 Huey Long, Record, 74 Congress, Session 1, 700 Winston Churchill, “Iron Curtain” speech in Fulton, Missouri, 811 Dorothea Lange, in Restless Spirit: The Life and Work of Philip Day, Jr., in The Korean War: Pusan to Chosin, 815 Dorothea Lange, 701 Beverly Scott, in No Bugles, No Drums: An Oral History of the John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, 702 Korean War, 818 Helen Farmer, in The Great Depression, 705 Tony Kahn, The Cold War Comes Home, 822 Charles Evans Hughes, NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp. (1937), 708 Irving Kaufman, in The Unquiet Death of Julius and Pedro J. González, in Los Angeles Times, December 9, 1984, 710 Ethel Rosenberg, 825 Walter White, A Man Called White, 712 , Declaration of Conscience, 826 Jesse Reese, in The Great Depression, 714 Annie Dillard, An American Childhood, 828 Don Congdon, The Thirties: A Time to Remember, 716 Francis Gary Powers, Operation Overflight: The U-2 Spy Pilot Tells His Robert Gwathmey, in Hard Times, 719 Story for the First Time, 833

xxii PRIMARY SOURCES AND PERSONAL VOICES a05aspe-FMPrim 10/16/02 3:38 PM Page xxiii

Jack Finney, The Body Snatchers, 834 Philip Caputo, A Rumor of War, 969 Ray Bradbury, The Martian Chronicles, 835 Walter Dean Myers, Fallen Angels, 969 Walter M. Miller, Jr., A Canticle for Leibowitz, 835 CHAPTER 31 CHAPTER 27 Jessie Lopez de la Cruz, in Moving the Mountain: Women Working for Donald Katz, in Home Fires, 840 Social Change, 974 Harry S. Truman, speech, April 13, 1945, 842 Mary Crow Dog, Lakota Women, 978 Richard M. Nixon, “Checkers speech,” September 23. 1952, 845 Chief Justice Earl Warren, Reynolds v. Sims, (1964), 980 Carol Freeman, in The Fifties: A Women’s Oral History, 847 Betty Freidan, The Feminine Mystique, 982 Ray Kroc, in The Fifties, 848 Robin Morgan, Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from , The Feminine Mystique, 850 the Women’s Liberation Movement, 983 Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders, 855 Phyllis Schlafly, in The Equal Rights Amendment: H. P. Barnum, in The Rise and Fall of Popular Music, 858 The History and the Movement, 985 Newton Minow, speech to the National Association of Broadcasters, Alex Forman, in From Camelot to Kent State, 987 Washington, D.C., May 9, 1961, 860 Tom Mathews, “The Sixties Complex,” Newsweek, Sept. 5, 1988, 989 Jack Kerouac, On the Road, 861 Richard M. Nixon, speech at Republican convention, 1968, 991 Thulani Davis, 1959, 863 James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 866 Michael Harrington, The Other America, 867 CHAPTER 32 Henry Kissinger, in The New Republic, December 16, 1972, 1000 a South Boston mother, in The School Busing Controversy, 1970–75, CHAPTER 28 1003 John F. Kennedy, “Inaugural Address,” 876 Richard M. Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, 1006 Jaqueline Kennedy, in Life Magazine, John F. Kennedy Memorial Edition, 878 , in Notable Black American Women, 1008 Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect, 879 H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries, 1010 C. Douglas Dillon, in On the Brink, 882 James D. Denney, in Time, September 23, 1974, 1016 Alan Shepard, Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America’s Race to the Jimmy Carter, in Keeping Faith, 1018 Moon, 885 Justice Lewis Powell, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), President John F. Kennedy, Address on the Nation’s Space Effort, 887 1024 Stewart Alsop, “The New President,” Saturday Evening Post, Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965, 1025 December 14, 1963, 893 Lois Gibbs, Love Canal: My Story, 1026 Lyndon B. Johnson, “The Great Society,” 895 Rachael Carson, Silent Spring, 1027 Chief Justice Earl Warren, Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 900 anonymous homemaker, in Accident at Three Mile Island: The Human Dimensions, 1030 CHAPTER 29 Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, in Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the CHAPTER 33 , 906 Peggy Noonan, What I Saw at the Revolution: A Political Life in the Reagan Martin Luther King, Jr., in Parting the Waters: Era, 1036 America in the King Years, 1954–63, 911 Reverend Jerry Falwell, 1038 Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), 914 Ronald Reagan, televised speech to the nation, February 5, 1981, James Peck, Freedom Ride, 916 1040 Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” 918 Arthur Laffer, The Economics of the Tax Revolt: A Reader, 1041 Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream,” 920 Trevor Ferrell, in Trevor’s Place, 1045 , in The Civil Rights Movement: , in Vital Speeches of the Day, 1048 An Eyewitness History, 921 Sylvester Monroe, in The Great Divide, 1049 Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens, 923 Colin Powell, My American Journey, 1054 Malcolm X, in Eyewitness: The Negro in American History, 925 President Reagan, presidential press conference, Stokely Carmichael, in The Civil Rights Movement: November 25, 1986, 1059 An Eyewitness History, 926 Robert F. Kennedy, “A Eulogy for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,” 927 CHAPTER 34 Maya Angelou, “On the Pulse of Morning,” 1066 CHAPTER 30 Newt Gingrich, To Renew America, 1070 Tim O’Brien, in A Life in a Year: The American Infantryman in James Baker III, in The New York Times, November 12, 2000, 1073 Vietnam, 942 Ethel Beaudoin, in Divided We Fall, 1075 Dean Rusk, in In Retrospect, 943 Larry Pugh, in Divided We Fall, 1076 Salvadore Gonzalez, in Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam, 944 Nikki Giovanni, “Choices,” from Cotton Candy on a Rainy Day, 1080 Gerald Coffee, Beyond Survival, 946 Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, 1081 Stephan Gubar, in Days of Decision, 948 Sandra Cisneros, “Four Skinny Trees” from The House on Mango Martin Luther King, Jr., in America’s Vietnam War: A Narrative History, 949 Street, 1081 David Harris, in The War Within, 952 Rudy Garcia-Tolson, in Press–Enterprise, January 1, 2000, 1082 a firefighter, in Working-Class War, 952 Ellen Ochoa, in Stanford University School of Engineering Lyndon B. Johnson, in No Hail, No Farewell, 953 Annual Report, 1997–98, 1085 John Lewis, in From Camelot to Kent State, 954 Antonia Hernandez, Public statement for ¡Hágase Contar! Jack Newfield, in Nineteen Sixty-Eight, 957 Campaign, 2000, 1088 J. Anthony Lukas, in Decade of Shocks, 958 Alfred S. Bradford, in Some Even Volunteered, 960 Richard M. Nixon, in The Price of Power, 961 Lily Jean Lee Adams, in A Piece of My Heart, 965 Tim O’Brien, Going After Cacciato, 968

PRIMARY SOURCES AND PERSONAL VOICES xxiii a06aspe-FMHist 10/16/02 3:39 PM Page xxiv

Historical and Political Maps

HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL MAPS Early North American Cultures 6 The Spanish-American War, 1898 555 North American Cultures in the 1400s 11 U.S. Imperialism, 1867–1906 562 West Africa in the 1400s 15 The Panama Canal 572 European Powers in 1492 23 Europe at the Start of World War I 581 European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1682 39 The Western Front, 1914–1916 581 The Defeat of the Spanish Armada 41 Allied Victories, 1917–1918 592 Site of Jamestown 44 Europe and the Middle East, 1915 and 1919 606 New England Colonies to 1675 53 U.S. Patterns of Immigration, 1921–1929 622 Middle Colonies to 1700 56 Route 66 629 The Thirteen Colonies to the 1700s 67 Historic Flights, 1919–1932 655 England Becomes Great Britain 69 Harlem in the 1920s 661 Tobacco and North Carolina’s Economy 74 The Dust Bowl, 1933–1936 680 European Claims in North America, 1754 and 1763 87 The Tennessee Valley Authority 727 Revolutionary War, 1775–1778 115 The Rise of Nationalism, 1922–1941 736 Revolutionary War, 1778–1781 119 Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931 738 “A New and Correct Map of the United States of Italy Invades Ethiopia, 1935–1936 738 North America” 122 German Advances, 1938–1941 744 The Land Ordinance of 1785 138 Japanese Aggression, 1931–1941 762 Township #7 139 World War II: Europe and Africa, 1942–1944 778 South Africa 148 D-Day, June 6, 1944 781 Original Design for the Federal Capital 186 World War II: The War in the Pacific, 1942–1945 786 British Forts on U.S. Land, 1783–1794 192 African-American Migration, 1940–1950 797 The War of 1812 204 Japanese Relocation Camps, 1942 800 Major Roads, Canals, and Railroads, 1840 217 The Iron Curtain, 1949 811 U.S. Boundary Settlements, 1803–1819 221 Taiwan 817 The Missouri Compromise, 1820–1821 223 The Korean War, 1950–1953 819 Effects of the Indian Removal Act, 1830s–1840s 227 The Warsaw Pact and NATO, 1955 830 Slavery in the Americas 253 Israel 831 Northern Cities and Industry, 1830–1850 261 Presidential Election of 1948 844 American Trails West, 1860 283 Park Forest, Illinois 856 Mapping the Oregon Trail 286 Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962 881 War for Texas Independence, 1835–1836 291 The Berlin Wall, 1961 883 War with Mexico, 1846–1848 296 The Movement of Migrant Workers 891 The Underground Railroad, 1850–1860 313 The War in Vietnam 894 Free and Slave States and Territories, 1820–1854 314 U.S. School Segregation, 1952 907 Election of 1860 330 Apartheid 907 Civil War, 1861–1862 340 Indochina, 1959 939 Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863 358 Tet Offensive, Jan. 30–Feb. 24, 1968 955 Vicksburg Campaign, April–July 1863 361 Election of 1968 959 Civil War, 1863–1865 363 Alabama Election Districts, 1901 and 1973 981 Southern Military Districts, 1867 381 Soviet-Afghanistan War 1021 The Dominican Republic 395 Middle East, 1978–1982 1022 Shrinking Native American Lands and Battle Sites 411 Presidential Election of 1980 1039 Cattle Trails and the Railroads, 1870s–1890s 415 Americans on the Move, 1970s 1052 Natural Resources and the Americans on the Move, 1990–2000 1053 Birth of a Steel Town, 1886–1906 437 Central America and the Caribbean, 1981–1992 1057 The 14th Ward of Cleveland 440 The Persian Gulf War, 1990–1991 1060 Major Railroad Lines, 1870–1890 445 Election of 2000 1072 U.S. Immigration Patterns, as of 1900 461 World Trading Blocs, 2000 1078 New York City, 1910 469 Changes in U.S. Immigration, 2000 1091 The Chicago Plan 484 Flight Paths of the Hijacked Airliners, Federal Conservation Lands, 1872–1996 529 September 11, 2001 US3 Election of 1912 537 Terrorism Around the World, 1972 to the Present US6 Alaska, 1867, and Hawaii, 1898 551 The War Against Terrorism, Afghanistan 2001 US11

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Graphs, Tables, and Charts

GRAPHS Native American Trade 11 Changes in the U.S. Workweek 505 North American Population, 1492–1780 31 Election of 1912 537 Colonial Diversity 81 Goods and Prices, 1900–1928 631 Voter Turnout, 1998 Federal Elections 175 Estimated Jewish Losses 751 African-American Population in the United States, Presidential Election of 1948 844 1790–1860 216 Election of 1968 959 African Americans in the South, 1860 251 Presidential Election of 1980 1039 Major Political Parties 1850–1860 320 Women’s and Men’s Average Yearly Northern and Southern Resources, 1861 339 Earnings in Selected Careers, 1982 1048 The Costs of the Civil War 367 Election of 2000 1072 School Enrollment of 5- to 19-Year-Olds, 1850–1880 388 Persons Employed in Three Economic Sectors 1077 The Growth of Union Membership, 1878–1904 453 The Graying of America, 1990–2030 1090 U.S. Immigration Patterns, as of 1900 461 International Casualties of Terrorism, 1995–2000 US8 Expanding Education/Increasing Literacy 489 Revenue from Individual Federal Income Tax, CHARTS 1915–1995 540 Native American Trade 11 Hawaii’s Changing Population, 1853–1920 550 Economic Activities 67 U.S. Exports to Europe, 1912–1917 583 The Navigation Acts 68 The War Economy, 1914–1920 595 Military Strengths and Weaknesses 115 Immigration to the United States, 1921 and 1929 622 Political Precedents 134 Automobile Registration, 1910–1930 633 Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation 137 Women’s Changing Employment, 1910–1930 648 Key Conflicts in the Constitutional Convention 142 High School Enrollment, 1910–1940 653 The Bill of Rights 149 Uneven Income Distribution, 1929 672 Requirements for Holding Federal Office 154 Depression Indicators: Bank Failures, Business Contrasting Views of the Federal Government 185 Failures, Unemployment, Income and Spending 676 Child Labor Data 189 The Growing Labor Movement, 1930–1940 714 Workers in the Mid-19th Century 267 Federal Deficit and Unemployment, 1933–1945 723 Workers in the 1900s 267 The Production Miracle 770 Americans Headed West to . . . 285 The Marshall Plan 812 Membership in House of Representatives 306 U.S. Budget, 1940–2000 832 The Compromise of 1850 308 A Dynamic Economy 842 The Costs of the Civil War: Economic Costs 367 American Birthrate, 1940–1970 849 Major Reconstruction Legislation 380 Glued to the Set 859 Civil Rights Setbacks in the Supreme Court 398 U.S. School Enrollments, 1950–1990 865 Long Odds 419 Teenagers and Employment, 1950–1990 865 Goldbugs and Silverites 428 Income Gap in America 867 Alliances During WWI 585 U.S. Space Race Expenditures, 1959–1975 887 Domestic Consequences of World War I 609 Changes in Poverty and Education 929 Prohibition, 1920–1933 643 U.S. Military Personnel in Vietnam 949 Women’s Changing Employment, 1910–1930 648 U.S. Aerial Bomb Tonnage, 1965–1971 961 Slang Expressions 651 Women in the Workplace, 1950–2000 983 Civilian Conservation Corps 697 Average Weekly Hours of TV Viewing 1015 New Deal Programs 706 Unemployment and Inflation, 1970–1980 1019 The Government Takes Control Employment in Manufacturing of the Economy, 1942–1945 773 and Service Industries, 1950–2000 1020 War Criminals on Trial, 1945–1949 792 Regional Internal Migration, 1982–1998 1052 Applications of World War II Technology 795 International Terrorist Attacks US8 U.S. Aims Versus Soviet Aims in Europe 810 Nationalists Versus Communists, 1945 816 TABLES Causes and Effects of McCarthyism 827 Average Age at Marriage 91 Great Society Programs, 1964–1967 896 Who Could Divorce? 91 Civil Rights Acts of the 1950s and 1960s 920 Election of 1860 330 Popular Songs/Popular TV Shows 993 Early Airplane Engines and Their Weights 486 Goals of the Conservative Movement 1037

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Time Lines and Infographics

TIME LINES Empires of Middle and South America, 1200–1600 6 Clay Proposes the Compromise, 1850 305 British Actions and Colonial Reactions, 1765–1775 100 Visual Summary: The Civil War 372 Visual Summary: The War for Independence 126 Sharecropping 391 From Telegraph to Internet 276 Visual Summary: Reconstruction and Its Effects 402 Visual Summary: The Union in Peril 334 Importance of the Buffalo 413 The Technological Explosion, 1826–1903 438 Visual Summary: Changes on the Western Frontier 432 Visual Summary: World War Looms 764 Ver tical and Horizontal Integration 448 World War II: The War in the Pacific and Europe 786 Visual Summary: A New Industrial Age 456 Cuban Missile Crisis, October, 1962 881 Fire: Enemy of the City 471 Visual Summary: Civil Rights 932 Visual Summary: Immigrants and Urbanization 478 Visual Summary: The Vietnam War Years 970 Visual Summary: Life at the Turn of the 20th Century 506 Native American Legal Victories 979 Coal Mining in the Early 1900s 527 Signs of the Sixties 993 Visual Summary: The Progressive Era 544 History of U.S. Foreign Policy Since World War I 1100 The Panama Canal 567 History of Immigration in the United States 1102 Visual Summary: America Claims an Empire 574 History of Crime and Public Safety in the Trench Warfare 582 United States 1104 World War I Convoy System 589 History of Education in the United States 1106 Visual Summary: The First World War 612 History of the Communications Revolution 1108 Route 66 629 History of Health Care in the United States 1110 Visual Summary: Politics of the Roaring Twenties 636 History of the Cycle of Poverty in the United States 1112 Radio Broadcasts of the 1920s 653 History of Entitlements in the United States 1114 Sports Heroes of the 1920s 654 History of Women at Work in the United States 1116 The 1920s Harlem Renaissance 661 History of Conservation in the United States 1118 Visual Summary: The Roaring Life of the 1920s 666 Visual Summary: The Great Depression Begins 690 INFOGRAPHICS The Growing Labor Movement, 1933–1940 714 Native American Village Life 12 The Tennessee Valley Authority 726 The Columbian Exchange, 1492–present 29 Visual Summary: The New Deal 728 Visual Summary: Three Worlds Meet 32 The Faces of Totalitarianism 737 Spanish Missions in the Southwest 40 Visual Summary: The United States Rediscovering Fort James 44 in World War II 804 Visual Summary: The American Colonies Emerge: Nationalists Versus Communists, 1945 816 1513–1681 62 Visual Summary: Cold War Conflicts 836 English Rulers’ Colonial Policies 70 Americans Hit the Road 853 North Carolina in the Colonial Era/North Carolina Today 74 Visual Summary: The Postwar Boom 870 Daily Urban Life in Colonial Times 80 The Berlin Wall, 1961 883 Visual Summary: The Colonies Come of Age 92 Visual Summary: The New Frontier and the Colonists Choose Sides 107 Great Society 902 The Checks and Balances of the Federal System 143 Tunnels of the Vietcong 944 Visual Summary: Shaping a New Nation 150 Visual Summary: An Era of Social Change 994 How a Bill in Congress Becomes a Law 157 The Inner Circle 1009 Visual Summary: The Living Constitution 176 Visual Summary: An Age of Limits 1032 Politics and Style 191 Visual Summary: The Conservative Tide 1062 Visual Summary: Launching the New Nation 208 Visual Summary: The United States Visual Summary: Balancing Nationalism and in Today’s World 1096 Sectionalism 236 Destruction in New York City US4 Southern Plantations 251 USA TODAY® Graphic: How the Debris is Removed US5 Visual Summary: Reforming American Society 268 USA TODAY® Graphic: The Corporate Structure Visual Summary: Expanding Markets and of Terror Inc. US10 Moving West 300 USA TODAY® Graphic: Airport Security Tightens Up US13

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Skillbuilder Handbook / American Stories Videos

SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK AMERICAN STORIES VIDEO SERIES

1. UNDERSTANDING HISTORICAL READINGS American Stories is a powerful video series 1.1 Finding Main Ideas R2 integrated with the text of The Americans. 1.2 Following Chronological Order R3 Seventeen fascinating documentaries, 1.3 Clarifying; Summarizing R4 each ten to fifteen minutes long, help 1.4 Identifying Problems R5 introduce various sections. Three volumes 1.5 Analyzing Motives R6 are available in English and Spanish. 1.6 Analyzing Causes and Effects R7 1.7 Comparing; Contrasting R8 VOLUME 1 1.8 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion R9 1.9 Making Inferences R10 PATRIOT FATHER, LOYALIST SON The Divided House of Benjamin and William Franklin—Chapter 4 2. USING CRITICAL THINKING RECRUITED BY LEWIS AND CLARK Patrick Gass Chronicles the Journey West—Chapter 6 2.1 Developing Historical Perspective R11 WAR OUTSIDE MY WINDOW Mary Chesnut’s Diary of 2.2 Formulating Historical Questions R12 the Civil War—Chapter 11 2.3 Hypothesizing R13 2.4 Analyzing Issues R14 TEACHER OF A FREED PEOPLE Robert Fitzgerald and 2.5 Analyzing Assumptions and Biases R15 Reconstruction—Chapter 12 2.6 Evaluating Decisions and Courses of Action R16 A WALK IN TWO WORLDS The Education of Zitkala-Sa,ˇ 2.7 Forming Opinions (Evaluating) R17 a Sioux—Chapter 13 2.8 Drawing Conclusions R18 GUSHER! Patillo Higgins and the Great Texas Oil Boom— 2.9 Synthesizing R19 Chapter 14 2.10 Predicting Effects R20 2.11 Forming Generalizations R21 VOLUME 2 FROM CHINA TO CHINATOWN Fong See’s American Dream— 3. PRINT, VISUAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOURCES Chapter 15 3.1 Primary and Secondary Sources R22 A CHILD ON STRIKE The Testimony of Camella Teoli, 3.2 Visual, Audio, Multimedia Sources R23 Mill Girl—Chapter 17 3.3 Analyzing Political Cartoons R24 ACE OF ACES Eddie Rickenbacker and the First World War— 3.4 Interpreting Maps R25 Chapter 19 3.5 Interpreting Charts R27 3.6 Interpreting Graphs R28 JUMP AT THE SUN Zora Neale Hurston and the Harlem 3.7 Using the Internet R29 Renaissance—Chapter 21 BROKE, BUT NOT BROKEN Ann Marie Low Remembers 4. PRESENTING INFORMATION the Dust Bowl—Chapter 22 A SONG FOR HIS PEOPLE Pedro J. González and the Fight 4.1 Creating Charts and Graphs R30 for Mexican-American Rights—Chapter 23 4.2 Creating Models R31 4.3 Creating Maps R32 4.4 Creating Databases R33 VOLUME 3 4.5 Creating Written Presentations R34 ESCAPING THE FINAL SOLUTION Kurt Klein and Gerda 4.6 Creating Oral Presentations R36 Weissmann Klein Remember the Holocaust—Chapter 24 4.7 Creating Visual Presentations R37 THE COLD WAR COMES HOME Hollywood Blacklists the Kahn Family—Chapter 26 JUSTICE IN MONTGOMERY Jo Ann Gibson Robinson and the Bus Boycott—Chapter 29 MATTERS OF CONSCIENCE Stephan Gubar and the Vietnam War—Chapter 30 POISONED PLAYGROUND Lois Gibbs and the Crisis at Love Canal—Chapter 32

SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK / AMERICAN STORIES VIDEOS xxvii