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LUCIAN AND HIS ROMAN VOICES By ELENI BOZIA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Eleni Bozia 2 To my husband, Άγγελο 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Gareth Schmeling, for his inexhaustible inspiration and intellectual support during my doctorate studies. His insightful guidance made the completion of this sometimes overwhelming project possible. I would also like to thank Prof. Konstantinos Kapparis for his continuous help and for the time he devoted to our discussions, as well as his always valuable feedback. Moreover, I would like to thank Prof. David Young, Prof. Florin Curta, and Prof. Bracht Branhman for serving as members of my PhD committee. I would like to thank Prof. Karelisa Hartigan and Prof. Robert Wagman for their guidance and support throughout the PhD program. I would also like to thank Prof. Timothy Johnson and Prof. Andrew Wolpert for their guidance as graduate student coordinators and Prof. Victoria Pagàn for her continuous support as teaching assistant coordinator, for her valuable guidance and feedback that benefited immensely my teaching experience. Furthermore, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Costas Panayotakis for being my mentor during my MPhil studies at the University of Glasgow and for following closely and supporting my academic career. I would also like to thank the faculty of the Classics Department at Glasgow University for their support and inspiration during my first academic years. It is very important that I express my gratitude to my old teachers of philology, Σπανίδη Ανέστη, Κρυσταλία Ζηκάκη, and Σταύρου Σταύρο. They were beside me in my formative years as a philologist. They influenced in many ways both my academic personality and my character in general. Although not directly associated with my doctoral studies, I want to thank my family, Ηλία, Ζουμπουλιά, Νικολέτα, Ευαγγελία, Χρήστο and especially my grandmother Βασιλική. 4 Last but not least I would like to express my gratitude to my husband, Άγγελο, for always being there, for his support, his inspiration, for always believing in me, even when I did not. I would like to thank him for, if it were not for him, I would not have been here. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................10 Life and Works .......................................................................................................................10 Summary.................................................................................................................................13 2 LUCIAN AND JUVENAL ON PARASITIC LIFE...............................................................23 Introduction.............................................................................................................................23 Social and Literary Backgrounds............................................................................................23 Lucian’s De Mercede Conductis vs. Juvenal’s Satires 3 and 5 ..............................................28 The Elegiac Motif of the Exclusus Amator.............................................................................52 How does De Parasito Fit in the Image?................................................................................61 Lucian's Narrative Technique.................................................................................................66 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................72 3 LUCIAN'S VS. AULUS GELLIUS' 2ND C.E. LITERARY AND SOCIAL REALITIES ............................................................................................................................74 Introduction.............................................................................................................................74 Lucian and Gellius in a Greco-Roman Context......................................................................77 Prolaliae and Praefatio ..........................................................................................................81 Who are the Foreigners After All? .........................................................................................98 Latinitas in Gellius ...............................................................................................................112 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................130 4 LUCIAN'S OLYMPUS AND THE BRIDGE TO CHRISTIANITY ..................................133 Introduction...........................................................................................................................133 Olympians Revisited.............................................................................................................133 De Dea Syria as a History of World Religion...............................................................135 Dei Confutati? ...............................................................................................................138 Gods and Men................................................................................................................142 Peregrinus, Lucian’s Reproach Against Christians?............................................................145 6 The First Apologists .............................................................................................................154 Statuary..........................................................................................................................155 Sacrifices .......................................................................................................................162 De Sacrificiis .................................................................................................................164 Lucian and Tatian .................................................................................................................166 Standards of Morality and the Role of Spectacles................................................................173 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................181 5 LUCIAN'S NACHLEBEN IN EUROPEAN LITERATURE..............................................183 Introduction...........................................................................................................................183 Lucian in the Second Century C.E. and in Byzantium.........................................................184 Lucianic Humor in the 15th and 16th Century Europe...........................................................192 Erasmus’ Praise of Folly ...............................................................................................194 More’s Utopia ...............................................................................................................199 Lucianic Echoes in 17th Century French Literature..............................................................203 Molière’s Tartuffe and Le Misanthrope ........................................................................205 Ludvig Holberg’s The Journey of Niels Klim to the World Underground ..........................211 Lucianic Echoes in Flaubert .................................................................................................215 Lucianic Satire Back to 20th Century Greece ......................................................................219 Lucian in European Art ........................................................................................................223 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................228 6 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................231 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................236 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................250 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 5-1 Lucas Cranach,1528, Oil on wood, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. ..............225 5-2 Rubens, 1632/1635, Oil on oak, National Gallery, London. ...........................................226 5-3 Jean-Antoine Watteau, c. 1720, Oil on wood, Louvre, Paris, France..............................227 8 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy LUCIAN AND HIS ROMAN VOICES By Eleni Bozia December 2009 Chair: Gareth Schmeling Major: Classical Studies In this dissertation, I explore the 2nd century C.E. reality through the