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World Bank Document D-w ~ ~ *u -'*- ISIAMIC PUBLIC OF PAKISTAN .. * -: WATER POIrwER DEVELOPMENT :AUTHORI INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRU C--- Public Disclosure Authorized PAKISTAN -- DRAINAGESECTViOr0 -NATIONAL 1RI~. 0. Public Disclosure Authorized . - i..--- z .... E * Zkit = -- NA9lONAte -- -. : : Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized -LBMrED :'-1tcd-- The WorldBank 1818H StreetN.W. (202)477-1234 INTERNATIONALBANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION ANDDEVELOPMENT Washington.D.C. 20433 CableAddress: INTBAFRAD INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION U.SA CableAddress: INDEVAS PAKISTAN: National DrainageProgram ProjectID # PK-PA-10500 The followingare availablefrom the Public InformationCenter (PIC), Room G C1-300,FAX (202) 522-1500,Trl: (202)458-5454: 1. Volume III SupplementaryReports. June 1993 $15.00 2. Volume IV Data. Water,Soil and Agriculture.June 1993 $15.00 ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN WATER & POWER DEVELOPMET AUTHORrrY INT!ERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PAKISTAN DRAINAGE SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - NATIONAL DRAINAGE PROGRAMME MAIN REPORT: VOLUME 1 DRAINAGE SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT JUNE 1993 ) E fi NATIONAL ENGINEEING Mott SERVICES PAKISTAN (PVT) 1 1 MacDonald UIini- IMITED J j j catio L mited PA9E ff AAN1 Mott DRAINAGESECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1111 Mabnld NATIONALDRAINAGE PROGRAMME Of l 76 B - ShahJanL, Lube Pakin Tde:(2) 758438 Fax # 426436709 - 5538712 Teex: 44730 NESPAKPKC. Ref.DSEA-NDP/669 Date July13, 1993 Mr. Ridwan Ali Chief EMIAG World Rink Group 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington D.C. 20433 USA Subject: PAKISTAN-DRAINAGE SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT-NATIONALDRAINAGE PROGRAMME FINAL REPORI) Dear Sir, In accordance with Clause 7.07 of the Contract concluded on 6 July, 1991 we have pleasure in forwarding 20 copies of the Fmal RXeportThe report consists of: Executive Summary Volume 1 - Pakistn Drainage Sector Environmental Assessment Volume 2 - Concept Framnework - National Drainage Programme Volume 3 - Supplementary Reports Volume 4 - Data (Water, Soil and Agriculture) An Atlas gi'-ng depth to watertable maps and other related information is being printed and will be sent as soon as completed. Yours faithfully, for National Engineering Services Pakistan (Pvt) Limited (M. ASLAM RASHEED) Vice President Encl: As above. cc: General Manager, Planning, WAPDA with enclosure 100 copies of each. Na6omdEagiumeig Swi. rakta (PuL)Ltd Man Mhiwd -Laenmtoua Lt. PAKISTAN DRAINAGE SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSNT -NATIONAL DRAINAGE PROGRAMME (LIr OF VOLUMES) VOLUME 1 - PAKISTAN DRAINAGE SECrOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT VOLUME 2 - CONCEPT FRAMEWORK NATIONAL DRAINAGE PROGRAMME VOLUME 3 - SUPPLEMENTARY REPORTS VOLUME 4 - DATA (WATEVR,SOIL & AGRICULTURE) PAKISTAN-DRAINAGE SECTOR ENVIRONNTAL ASSESSNT (NATIONAL DRAINAGE PROGRAMME) (List of Study Participants) WAPDA Mr. Javed Saleem Qamar, General Manager (Planning) Mr. MohnammadJibbar, Chief Engineer (WRP) Mr. M. D. Malik, Soil Scientist (WRP) Mr. Abdul Qayyum, Junior Civil Engieer (WRP) WORLD BANK Mr. Ridwan Ali, Chief EMIAG Mr. Masood Ahmad CONSULTANIS Mr. M. Aslam Rasheed, Project C-odinator (NESPAK) Ch. Ata-ur-Rehman, Team Leader (NESPAK) Mr. Abdul Qadir Rafiq, Technical Assistant (NESPAK) SPECIALUSTS NFB_PAK Mr. A. N. Cheema Mr. N. A. Goraya Mr. S. A. Zaidi Mr. Javed Anwar Mr. Bashir Sial Mr. Badruddin Mr. T. A. Ansari Dr. Aleem Ch. Mr. Syeduddin Khurshid Mr. P. S. Lee Mr. V. C. Roberston Mr. D. Cross Mr. M. P. Gillham Mr. -P. M. Oates Mr. J. Neville PAKISTAN-DRAINAGE SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - NATIONAL DRAINAGE PROGRAMIME LST OF CONTENT Page Nr. Letter of Transmittal List of Study Participants List of Contents i List of Tables ix List of Figures xii Abbreviations xiii Local Terms xvii Conversion Table xviii Soil and Water Quality Definitions xviii VOLUME 1 DRAINAGE SECTOR ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 Backgrod 1-1 1.2 Introduction 1-1 1.2 The Study 1-2 1.3.1 Objectives 1-2 1.3.2 Scope 1-2 1.3 Layout of Report 1-3 i SECTION I DRAINAGESECTOR ClAPrER 2 DRAINAGE IN RETROSPECr 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Early Meaures 2-1 23 Extent of Problem 2-3 2.4 Action Programmes and Strategies 2-3 25 Drainage Development Since Early 196fs 2-9 2.5.1 Developmentin Public Sector 2-9 2.5.1 Developmentin Private Sectr 2-10 Appendix-li CHAPTER 3 FUTURE DRAINAGE REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Establishment of Drainage Need 3-1 3.2 Status of Land Drainage 3-3 3.2.1 Sub-surfaceDrainage 3-3 3.2.2 Surface Drainage 3-5 3.3 Future Requiremts of Irrigation Related Drainage 3-5 3.4 Drinage Effluent and its Disposal 3-6 Appendix-III ii SECTON I ENVIRONMTAL STUDIES CHAPTMR4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY APPROACH 4-1 4.1 Introducion 4-1 4.2 Methodokgy 4-2 42.1 Scopping 4-2 4.2.2 The Revised Checldist 4-2 CHAPTER 5 EFFECTS OF DRAINAGE ON LAND AND WATER 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Effect of Drainage TechnolWies 5-1 5.2.1 AvailableTechnologies- 5-1 5.22 Surface Drane Experience 5-2 5.2.3 Tlle Drainage Experience 54 5.2.4 Tubewell Drinage Experience(FGW) 5-8 S.2.5 Drainage EffluentDisposal Experience 5-11 5.2.6 Sustainabiliy of Drainage Measures 5-15 5.2.7 Summary of Key Findgs 5-18 5.3 EDYfrO tal Effects and hnpacts of Drainage and Disposal 5-19 5.3.1 -Effect on Drained Land Quality 5-19 5.3.2 Impact on Agriculture . 5-19 5.3.3 Effect of Disposalon Receiving Waters 5-19 5.3.4 Impact on Public Health 5-20 5.4 The Emerging Long Term ssues 5-20 5.4.1 Salts Inflow and its Distribution in the Basin 5-21 5.4.2 Mobilizationof Salt by Drainage 5-22 5.4.3 Deteriorationof FGW Quality and its Effect 5-23 5.4.4 The Issue of Salt Balance 5-25 iii 5.5 Drainage EMuent Disposalssues 5-26 5.5.1 Planned Disposal from Sindh 5-26 5.5.2 Effluent Disposal from Punjab 5-28 5.5.3 Effluent Disposal from BalochLstan 5-29 5.5.4 Mid Term Disposal Strategy 5-29 5.5.5 Long Term Disposal Strategy 5-30 5.6 Opportunities for Impact Mitigation/ Enhancement 5-31 5.6.1 Adverse Impacts to be Mitigated 5-31 5.6.2 Positive Impacts to be Enhanced 5-31 5.6.3 Preventative Approach to Drainage 5-32 Appendix-V CHAPTER 6 IPACTS ON NATURAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Factors and Process 6-1 6.2.1 Assimilationof Pollutants 6-1 6.2.2 Soil Biochemistry 6-2 63 Impact on Biological Resources 6-4 6.3.1 Forestry 6-4 6.3.2 Ecology of Project Lands 6-5 6.3.3 Deterioration of Wetlands and Effects on Aquatic Life 6-5 6.3.4. Wetland Wildlife 6-6 6.3.5 Wildlife of the Peripheral Lands 6-8 6.3.6 River Fish Stocks 6-8 6.3.7 Fish Stocks in Non-riverine Permanent inland Waters 6-9 6A Impact on Cultuml Properties 6-10 6.4.1 Sub-surface cultural properties 6-10 6.4.2 Surface sites 6-11 6.5 Impact on Health 6-11 6.5.1 Sanitation 6-11 6.5.2 Vector borne Diseases 6-12 iv 6.5.3 Other Water-related Parasiic Diseases 6-13 6.5.4 Anaemia 6-13 6.5.5 LivestockDiseases 6-14 6.5.6 QuantitativeAssessment of Potential Health Risks 6-14 6.6 Soco-cultural impact ot Drainage 6-15 6.6.1 Direct Effects of Physical Development 6-17 6.5.2 Social Constraints on Potential Benefits 6-17 6.6.3 Polarisationof Benefits within the Working Classes 6-18 6.6.4 Farmer and Community Groups 6-19 6.6.5 Women in Farming Communities 6-19 6.6.6 Nomadic Groups 6-20 6.7 Mitigation of Negative Impacts 6-20 6.7.1 Organic Pollution 6-20 6.7.2 Soil Sodicity 6-20 6.7.3 The Fute Value of Water in the Indus Estuary 6-21 6.7.4 Wetland Ecosystems 6-22 6.7.5 Wildlife in Peripheral and Project Lands 6-22 6.7.6 Rare and Protected Species 6-22 6.7.7 Fish of Permanent Non-riverine Wetlands 6-22 6.7.8 Nomadic Groups 6-23 6.8 Relxation or Constraints 6-23 6.8.1 Toxin Transport and Water Quality Management 6-23 6.8.2 Soil Fertility and Nitrogen Harvesting 6-23 6.8.3 Resettlement 6-24 6.8.4 Health 6-24 6.8.5 Social Constraints 6-26 6.8.6 Aquatic Weed Control 6-29 6.8.7 CommunityParticipation in Rural Development 6-29 6.8.8 Fanners and CommunityGroups 6-30 v- SECTION m SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 7 SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Evaluation ofDrainage Systenxs 7-1 7.2.1 Drainage Approaches 7-1 7.2.2 BiologicalAlternatives 7-4 7.2.3 Water Management 7-5 7.3 Environmental ImnpactlAssessnent 7-6 7.3.1 Screening 7-6 7.3.2 Criteria 7-7 7.3.3 Data Gaps 7-8 7.3.4 Monitoring and Evauation 7-9 7.3.5 Legislationand Institutions 7-9 7A Wtigation and Enhancement 7-10 7.S DEposal Options 7-11 7.5.1 Relationshipbetween Disposal and Options 7-11 7.5.2 Pattern of Future-Development 7-13 7.5.3 1be No-disposalOption-Dry Drainage 7-13 7.6 Sinablit 7-14 7.6.1 Salt Balance-within the System 7-14 7.6.2 Salt Balance in the Root Zone 7-15 7.6.3 Financial Viability 7-16 7.7 Towards a Mid-Term and Long-Term Drainage Strategies 7-16 7.7.1 OverallObjectives 7-16 7.7.2 Mid-TermStrategy (up to Year2000) 7-16 7.7.3 LongTerm Strategy(up to Year 2015) 7-18 7.7.4 The Needfor a Multi-Disciplinary Approachto Drainage 7-19 vi CHAPTER8 FRAMEWORK FOR FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS 8.1 The Need for Environmental Poides and Basin Management 8-1 8.1.1 The Need for EnvironmentalPolicies 8-1 8.1.2 Legislation and the Enforcement of EnvironmentalPolicies 8-1 8.1.3 Integrating EA Methodologyinto National Planning 8-2 8.1.4 Intra-sectoral Obstructionsto Integrated Planning 8-3 8.1.5 Linkage between the Drainage Sector and other Sectors 8-3 8.1.6 The Need for an Indus Basin Water Resource ManagementPolicy 8-4 8.1.7 The Hydraulic Model as a Water ManagementTool 8-5 8.2 Environmental CapabiSty 8-5 8.2.1 Multi-sectoralDevelopment 8-5 8.2.2 Constraintsof Staff Motivation in the Drainage Sector 8-6 8.2.3 The Need for Sectoral Audits in Pakistan 86 8.2.4 EnvironmentalResponsibilities of the Drainage Sector
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