FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN WORLDS Onno van Nijf Christina Williamson

CRASIS Annual Meeting 2012 “Cultures of Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean – 9 & 10 February, 2012 FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD

Agenda

1. Introduction – Greek cities in the Hellenistic world 1 2. Network models and festivals 2 – the case of Stratonikeian network building through the festival of

3 Hekate at 3. Network agents at festivals 4 – the role of theoroi, athletes, and associations 4. Conclusion – building a ‘small world’ through festivals?

FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The Classical periodos: Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, Isthmia

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4 FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Stratonikeia and the sanctuary of Hekate at Lagina

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Agenda

1. Introduction – Greek cities in the Hellenistic world 1 2. Network models and festivals 2 – the case of Stratonikeian network building through the festival of

3 Hekate at Lagina 3. Network agents at festivals 4 – the role of theoroi, athletes, and associations 4. Conclusion – building a ‘small world’ through festivals

FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Some useful literature

Archibald, Z.H. (2000) 'Making the most of one's friends. Western Asia Minor in the early Hellenistic age', in Z.H. Archibald and L.A. Hall, ed. Hellenistic economies, London, 245-270 Brughmans, T. (Forthcoming) 'Facebooking the past. A critical social network analysis approach for archaeology', in A. Chrysanthi et al., eds, Thinking beyond the tool. Archaeological computing and the interpretative process, Oxford 1 Chwe, M.S.-Y. (2000) 'Communication and coordination in social networks', The Review of Economic Studies 67(1), 1-16 Collar, A. (2007) 'Network theory and religious innovation', Mediterranean Historical Review 22(1), 149-162 2 Gould, R.V. (1993) 'Collective action and network structure', American Sociological Review 58, 182-196 Horden, P. and N. Purcell (2000) The corrupting sea. A study of Mediterranean history, Oxford 3 Kowalzig, B. (2007) 'Mapping out communitas. Performances of theoria in their sacred and political context', in J. Elsner and I. Rutherford, ed. Pilgrimage in Graeco-Roman and early Christian antiquity, Oxford, 41-72 4 Ma, J. (2003) 'Peer polity and interaction in the Hellenistic age', Past and Present 180, 9-39 Malkin, I. (2005) 'Networks and the emergence of Greek identity', in I. Malkin, ed. Mediterranean paradigms and classical antiquity, London, 56-74 Malkin, I., C. Constantakopoulou, et al. (2007) 'Preface: Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean', Mediterranean Historical Review 22(1), 1-9 Meijers, E. (2007) 'From Central Place to Network model. Theory and evidence of a paradigm change', Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 98(2), 245-259 Rutherford, I. (2007) 'Network theory and theoric networks', Mediterranean Historical Review 22(1), 23-37 – and other contributions in this issue! Watts, D.J. and S.H. Strogatz (1998) 'Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks', Nature 393(4 June 1998), 440-442

FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The world seen from

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2 Magnesia on the Maeander 3

4 FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Stratonikeia in Karia

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4 FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The five older (Stratonikeia - demes) communities known from demotics: - Hiera Kome (ΙΕ) - Koranza (ΚΖ) /Lobolda - Koliorga (ΚΟ) - Koraia (ΚΩ) Koranza - Lobolda (ΛΟ) 1 (Cousin and Diehl 1887; Şahin 1976, 1- 15; Debord 1994) 2 Koliorga Koraia/Lobolda 3 Koranza

4 FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Hekate and Lagina

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2 Sanctuary complex – late 2nd c. BC Tridrachm, 160-130 BC – Zeus & Hekate (Meadows 2002 Group 1, specimen 1a) 3

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Temple architrave frieze – Hekate in a gigantomachy FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The five older (Stratonikeia - demes) communities become the demes of Stratonikeia with Lagina as common sanctuary and ‘central’ Koraia/Lobolda node of the polis Koranza 1 LAGINA

2 Koliorga Koraia/Lobolda 3 STRATONIKEIA Koranza

4 FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD (wider Stratonikeian territory after SC)

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2 Stratonikeia becomes one 3 of the largest poleis in Karia after the territorial 4 annex granted in the Senatus Consultum of 81 BC

FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The world according to Stratonikeia

Map of the 57 cities that recognized the asylia (inviolability) of Lagina granted by Rome after the Mithridatic wars (80s BC), and participated in the Hekatesia- 1 Romaia festivals (I.Stratonikeia 505-508)

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4 LAGINA FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The regional festival network of Stratonikeia

List of places in which an athlete from Kos was victorious, including the Hekatesia at Lagina (Iscrizioni di Cos EV 203)

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4 LAGINA FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD

Agenda

1. Introduction – Greek cities in the Hellenistic world 1 2. Network models and festivals 2 – the case of Stratonikeian network building through the festival of

3 Hekate at Lagina 3. Network agents at festivals 4 – the role of theoroi, athletes, and associations 4. Conclusion – building a ‘small world’ through festivals

FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Network specialists at Theoroi agonistic festivals jJoint sacrifice

1 1. Theoroi & theorodokoi

2 Points 2. Athletes mean prizes

3 3. Associations of artists

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Association (SYNODOS) in FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Network agents #2 – Prize-winning Athletes

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4 FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Aurelius Demostratos Damas of documents from: Sardis, Ephesos, Delphi, Hermoupolis, Rome

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Hermoupolis FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Aurelius Demostratos Damas of Sardis – superstar! – locations of victories

2x Olympia 2x Puteoli 3x Nemea 1 3x Argos Aspis 3x Rome 2 3x Nikopolis 3x 3 3x Rhodes 4x Naples 4 4x Sardis 4x Alexandria 4x Pythia 5x Isthmia 6x 9x Ephesos 10x Athens

FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Aurelius Demostratos Damas of Sardis - everyone loves him! – international citizenship

Alexandria Antinoopolis Argos 1 Athens Corinth 2 Delphi Ephesos 3 Elis Sardis (patris) 4 Lakedaimon Miletos Naples Nikomedia Pergamon Smyrna Tralles FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Network agents #3 – Associations of artists Associations with HQ in the great Hellenistic centers

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4 FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Network agents #3 – associations and their links

Pergamon Phokis Thessaly Samothrake Elaia Kappadokia Antiochos III Ionia Seleukeia - Tigris Amphictyonic League Kos - 1 Hellespont Athens 2 Magnesia on the Maeander

3 Boeotia Aetolian League

S. Italy Delphi 4 Lokris - Sicily Cyprus Chalkedon Olympia Isthmia Alexandria - Nemea

Argos Salamis Delos Paphos Chalkis FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The Roman periodos is a small world!

- Asia 1 Hellas

2 ROME 3

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Italia Aegyptus FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD

Agenda

1. Introduction – Greek cities in the Hellenistic world 1 2. Network models and festivals 2 – the case of Stratonikeian network building through the festival of

3 Hekate at Lagina 3. Network agents at festivals 4 – the role of theoroi, athletes, and associations 4. Conclusion – building a ‘small world’ through festivals

FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Conclusions FESTIVAL NODES FESTIVAL TIES

NETWORK BUILDING SCALES NETWORK BUILDING AGENTS

1 LOCAL THEOROI

2 unification of the polis reciprocity through delegates

3 GLOBAL ATHLETES

4 recognition from the Greek world political bonds transfer of knowledge REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS engagement of peer network facilitators in global traffic

STRATONIKEIA & LAGINA THEMATIC DISCUSSION CASE STUDY FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The ‘small world’ of festivals

- Asia 1 Hellas

2 PAN-HELLENIC 3 FESTIVALS

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Italia Egypt

Ds FESTIVAL NETWORKS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD

Thank you for your attention!