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(Dienerian - Lower Olenekian) Radiolarians from the Karakayazone of Northwestern Turkey

(Dienerian - Lower Olenekian) Radiolarians from the Karakayazone of Northwestern Turkey

Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, ISSN 0378-6870, Sonderband 4, S. 271-285, 1996

FIRST EVIDENCE OF LOWER TO MIDDLE SCYTHIAN (DIENERIAN - LOWER ) RADIOLARIANS FROM THE KARAKAYAZONE OF NORTHWESTERN

Heinz W. Kozur, Orhan Kaya & Helfried Mostler

With 1 figure and 2 plates

Abstract: Stigmosphaerostylus turkensis n. sp., a new entactinarian radiolarian species, is described from Dienerian to lower Smithian (Lower to lower Middle Scythian) from the Karakaya Zone of northwestern Turkey. It is the oldest known radiolarian species. The nearly complete disappearance of at the -Triassic boundary and the development of the Lower Triassic radiolarian faunas is discussed. have obviously evolved during the Spathian (Upper Scythi- an) from spicular Entactinaria without shell, but also many shell-bearing Triassic Entactinaria evolved during that time from spicular Entactinaria. The radiolarians and are accompanied by the oldest siliceous spicule fauna of the Triassic. As the radiolarian fauna, only a very monotonous fauna with pentactine and very rare hexactine spicules (Hexactinel- lida, Lyssakida) is present that can be regarded as a pioneer fauna belonging probably only to one species.

Zusammenfassung: Stigmosphaerostylus turkensis n. sp., eine neue Entactinaria-Radiolarienart aus dem Dienerian bis unteren Smithian (Unter- skyth bis tieferes Mittelskyth) der Karakaya-Zone (nordwestliche Türkei) wird beschrieben. Das nahezu vollständige Ausster- ben der Radiolarien and der Perm-Trias-Grenze und die Entwicklung der untertriassischen Radiolarienfaunen wird diskutiert. Nassellaria haben sich offensichtlich erst während des Spathian (Oberskyth) aus spicularen Entactinaria ohne Schale ent- wickelt, aber auch viele Schalen-tragende triassische Entactinatinaria entwickelten sich in diesem Zeitraum aus spicularen Entactiniaria. Die Radiolarien und Conodonten werden von der ältesten bekannten triassischen Kieselschwammspiculae- Fauna begleitet. Wie die Radiolarienfauna sind auch die Schwammspiculae sehr monoton und bestehen im wesentlichen aus glatten Pentactinen und sehr wenigen glatten Hexactinen von Hexactinellida (Lyssakida). Sie repräsentieren eine Pionierfau- na, die vielleicht nur aus einer Art besteht.

1. Introduction fied radiolarians are absent in pelagic Lower Scy- thian limestones. Radiolarians re-appear in this Radiolarians are still very common in the Upper area only in the upper Scythian (Upper Olenekian, Changxingian, but nearly disappeared near the P/T Spathian) boundary. In , a very rich Upper Changxingi- Rich radiolarian faunas occur also in the upper- an radiolarian fauna occurs in red deep water clays most Changxingian of southwest (FENG, with Clarkina changxingensis (WANG & WANG), QINGLAI, 1992, FENG, QINGLAI & Liu, BENPEI, C. sosioensis GULLO & KOZUR and Hindeodus 1993 a). In the Shangsi section, one of the present latidentatus KOZUR, MOSTLER & RAHIMI-YAZD authors (KOZUR) found rich radiolarian faunas in (KOZUR, 1993,1995 a, b). Red deep water clays of Upper Changxingian siliceous limestones imme- that contain up to several 10 000 radiolarians diately below the Transitional Beds. In the Transi- per kg clay. Pelagic Lower Scythian (Brahmanian) tional Beds suddenly the radiolarians disappeared beds of Sicily did not yield radiolarians; also calci- and, as in the Lower Scythian (Brahmanian), even

271 siliceous rocks are absent; also thin sections of In western Turkey, two areas were investigated Lower Scythian pelagic Hmestones did not show for Scythian radiolarians. In the Karaburun penin- any radiolarian remains. Assumed Lower Scythi- sula well dated Spathian to red and gray an radiolarites of southwest China are of Middle pelagic limestones (partly with intraformational Triassic age (see chapter 4.). breccia or conglomeratic), red shales, in the Anisi- In and SE the stratigraphie an and Ladinian additionally reddish and greenish control of the youngest Permian faunas is not so radiolarites and intermediate volcanics are pre- good as in China and Sicily. However, the Neoal- sent. The red radiolarites yielded rich Lower Ani- baillella ornithoformis Zone can be well dated in sian to Ladinian radiolarian faunas. As in other China as Lower Changxingian (FENG, QINGLAI & areas, the Lower radiolarians are not Liu, BENPEI, 1993 b). For this reasons, the Neoal- much diversified, but Entactinaria, Spumellaria baillella grypus Zone of Japan (KOZUR & MOST- and Nassellaria are present. Scythian radiolarians LER, 1989; for range chart of the species, see ISHI- were not found. According to ERDOGAN et al. GA, 1990) probably corresponds to the Upper (1990, 1995) this well dated sequence (their Ge- Changxingian. Both in Japan and in SE Siberia, rence Formation) interfingers with a "Scythian- the Changxingian radiolarites are overlain by Anisian" clastic sequence (Karaeis Formation black anoxic shales. The boundary between the sensu ERDOGAN et al., 1990, 1995) that is rich in hard radiolarites and the soft black shales is al- black and greenish gray radiolarites. These radio- ways strongly tectonized, but the entire Lower larites were investigated for radiolarians and other Scythian is free of radiolarians and even siliceous microfossils, but they yielded only to intercalations are missing. Only a few spherical Lower radiolarians, conodonts and microradiolarians (shells with about 40 urn diame- Muellerisphaerida (KOZUR, in press). No evidence ter) were found in these beds. for a sedimentological interfingering between The youngest Permian radiolarian faunas from these radiolarites and the well dated the Grindstone terrane in Oregon (USA) may also Spathian to Ladinian rocks of the Gerence Forma- belong to the Upper Changxingian, because Neo- tion can be found. albaillella grypus ISHIGA, KTTO & IMOTO was re- The second studied area for Scythian radiolari- ported (BLOME& REED, 1992). ans is situated in the Karakaya Zone. WIEDMANN The oldest Triassic radiolarians and shale-ra- et al. ( 1992) proved there the presence of a pelagic, diolarite sequences are known from the Upper partly oceanic Scythian and rocks Scythian (Upper Olenekian, Spathian) of the Cir- and KOZUR & KAYA (1994) found latest Permian cum-Pacific realm, especially from Japan and SE pelagic conodonts. In this area the search for Scy- Siberia (SASHIDA, 1983, 1991, BRAGIN, 1991 Su- thian conodonts was successful and in limestones GiYAMA, 1992, NAGAI & MiTZUANi, 1993). Only in the oldest Scythian radiolarians and siliceous the Grindstone terrane, Smithian (Lower Oleneki- sponge spicule associations of Dienerian to Smit- an) radiolarians were found in limestones, but not hian (Late Brahmanian to Early Olenekian) age yet described (BLOME & REED, 1992). The only were discovered that are well dated by conodonts. Scythian radiolarians outside the Circum-Pacific realm have been found in the Monte Facito For- mation of the Lagonegro Basin in southern (MARSELLA et al., 1993). There, the radiolarian- 2. Locality data and geological setting bearing limestones occur in the uppermost Spathi- an Chiosella gondolelloid.es Zone. Radiolarians The investigated area lies in northwestern Tur- are common also in Spathian pelagic micritic li- key, NE of Bursa (Fig. 1 A). It belongs to the Kara- mestones of the Sosio Valley (Sicily, Italy), but all kaya Zone that is interpreted in different manner. are calcified and cannot by dissolved from these According to §ENGOR et al. (1980), §ENGÖR (1984, limestones. 1985) it is the main suture zone of the Paleozoic to

272 Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 Bursa

500m B

Fig. 1: Location map. A: Geographic location of Igdir, NE of Bursa, northwestern Turkey. B: Geological situation in the locality with Scythian radiolarians: 1 = Upper Triassic turbidite-olistostrome unit (turbiditic and shales; supporting matrix for the older blocks). 2 = Block oiHalobia bearing Lower limey lithic sandstones and shales, con- temporaneous with parts of the turbidite-olistostrome unit. 3 = Scythian block of pelagic shales, thinly bedded, dark, marly limestones, lithic sandstones and minor fine-grained lithic conglomerates, the limestones contain conodonts, radiolarians and sponge spicules. 4 = Blocks of pelagic Upper Scythian and Middle Triassic limestones, partly Hallstatt Limestones with ammonoids. 5 = Blocks of limey lit- hic sandstones, age undated.

Middle Paleotethys. The Upper Triassic mestones. Middle Triassic metamorphic rocks turbidite-olistostrome unit was interpreted as a (KAYA & MOSTLER, 1992) and Lower me- subduction-related unit indicating the closing of tamorphic rocks (KAYA & KOZUR, in prep.) were the Karakaya branch of the Paleotethys during the regarded as subduction related metamorphics. end of the Triassic. The closing of the Karakaya oceanic branch was KOZUR (1991 a, b, and in press) regarded also assumed at the end of the Triassic. However, ac- the Karakaya Zone as a suture zone and the Upper cording to KOZUR (1991 a, b, and in press), the Ka- Triassic turbidite-olistostrome unit with blocks of rakaya oceanic branch was not part of a Paleozoic- ultrabasites, basic volcanics, radiolarites and Triassic Paleotethys, but part of the southern Middle Triassic to Cordevolian metamorphics as branch of Cimmerian Ocean that opened in we- subduction related accretionary complex of an stern Turkey in the uppermost Permian, had the oceanic sequence that contains also blocks of pe- fastest sea-floor spreading in the Middle Triassic lagic slope limestones as well as extrabasinal li- and closed in the Karakaya branch during the

Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 273 JJpper Triassic, in the northern branch during the ferous to Permian in age which is not the case. Per- Upper Jurassic. Blocks of pelagic Paleozoic beds mian radiolarites contain always (beside the men- within the Upper Triassic turbidite-olistostrome tioned long-ranging Entactinaria genera) specific unit of the Karakaya Zone have a Silurian to Early Permian radiolarians (mostly advanced Albaillel- Carboniferous age. No Middle and Upper Carbo- lacea, Ruzhencevicea, advanced Entactinaria), niferous and Lower Permian rocks are known, well known to the present authors. Such radiolari- Middle Permian olistoliths are extrabasinal shal- ans were not present in the material of OKAY, and low water carbonates (fusulinid limestones). The this excludes the presence of Permian radiolarites breaking up of this is indicated in his material. Because this manuscript was not by uppermost Dzhulfian and Changxingian pela- sent to the co-author, MOSTLER, this serious mista- gic limestones (KOZUR & KAYA, 1994). Toward ke was not corrected and lead by STAMPFLI (1996) the margin of the Istanbul block (that separated the to the incorrect correlation of the Karakaya Zone Karakaya Zone from the northern branch of the of northwestern Turkey (with assumed, but really Cimmerian Ocean), the entire Permian was mis- not present Lower Permian radiolarites) and the sing and the Lower Triassic began with an onlap Sicanian Zone of western Sicily with Lower Per- sequence to which belong also the investigated mian deep sea (even with deep-sea Scythian rocks with radiolarians. trace , KOZUR, KRAINER & Mostler, 1996). In this connection, some remarks to the paper In the Lower Permian, the Karakaya Zone was a OKAY & MOSTLER (1994) are necessary. Despite subaerial denudation area without sediments and the fact that H. MOSTLER is listed as co-author, he nowhere in western Turkey Lower Permian deep- has neither got the manuscript nor the printed water sediments are known. Few areas (Ankara- paper. We have learned about the existence of this Izmir Zone) have yielded shallow-water fusulinid paper from a paper of STAMPFLI (1966), but were limestones from the upper part of the Lower Per- not yet able to get this paper. From the title of the mian. paper and the paper of STAMPFLI (1996) we know According to KAYA (1992) the entire area of that in this paper the existence of Carboniferous western Turkey was regionally metamorphosed and Permian radiolarite blocks in the Karakaya during the Middle Triassic and the Upper Triassic Zone was indicated. Two of the co-authors turbidite-olistostrome unit is an onlap sequence. (KOZUR & MOSTLER) have seen the material (pe- The investigated area lies at the northern mar- lagic limestones and radiolarites) of OKAY (sent by gin of the Karakaya Zone at the margin of the Ist- L. KRYSTYN, Vienna) and together determined the anbul block. Like on the Istanbul block, the Midd- age. In a part of the material Lower Carboniferous le Carboniferous to Permian interval is missing conodonts and indeterminable radiolarians are and the Triassic is transgressive. The oldest block present that belong to unspecific, poorly preserved in the Upper Triassic turbidite-olistostrome unit is Entactinaria with genera that could occur in the a Lower Triassic block (Fig. 1 B) that begins with long time span at least from the to sandstones, siltstones, shales and conglomerates Lower Triassic. Because of the presence of Lower overlain by shales and thin dark, marly and silty Carboniferous conodonts they are of Mississippi- . It is a typical transgressive onlap an age. In some radiolarites only these radiolarians different from the central Karakaya Zone, where were present. From the fact that the radiolarian Middle and Upper Permian shallow water lime- faunas of the -bearing rocks (Lower Car- stones are followed by Upper Dzhulfian and boniferous) and conodont free radiolarites (proba- Changxingian (uppermost Permian) pelagic lime- bly also Lower Carboniferous, but with indeter- stones and Lower Triassic pelagic limestones that minable radiolarians) consist of Entactinarian ge- are intercalated with basic volcanics during the nera that have a long range from the Devonian to Upper Scythian (Spathian = Upper Olenekian). the Lower or Middle Triassic, OKAY seemingly Middle Triassic blocks that are adjacent to the concluded that they are (Devonian) early Carboni- lower Triassic block of the investigated area con-

274 Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 sists of ammonoid-bearing Hallstatt Limestones Genus Stigmosphaerostylus RÜST, 1892 and other pelagic limestones, whereas blocks of Middle Triassic radiolarites, pillow lavas and ul- Type species: Stigmosphaerostylus notabais trabasites are missing in that area. Consequently, RUST, 1892 the investigated area belong to the northern slope Synonyma: of the Karakaya Basin or at least the blocks within Eilipsostigma HINDE, 1899 the Upper Triassic turbidite-olistostrome sequen- Centrolonche POPOFSKY, 1912 ce have been derived exclusively from the nort- Entactinia FOREMAN, 1963 hern slope of the Karakaya Basin adjacent to the Istanbul Block. The radiolarian-bearing Scythian limestones Stigmosphaerostylus turkensis n. sp. are dark gray to black, marly to silty limestones. (PL 1, Figs. 1-6) They are well dated by conodonts. Sample K 7324 contains dieneri SWEET (PL 2, Figs. Deri vatio nominis: According to the occurrence 11, 12) and Clarkina procerocarinata KOZUR in Turkey. (PL 2, Fig. 10) and can be dated as lower Dienerian Holotypus: The specimen on PL 1, Fig. 1 ; rep.-no. (Brahmanian). Sample K 7323 (with the richest 4-8-95/1-11 radiolarian fauna) yielded N. dieneri and N. con- Locus typicus: Scythian block 500 NE of Igdir servativas (MÜLLER) (PL 2, Fig. 9), and can be (NE of Bursa, northwestern Turkey). dated as Dienerian to lower Smithian (uppermost typicum: Thin-bedded black marly li- Brahmanian to lowermost Olenekian). The pre- mestone within dark shales and siltstones, upper sent, mostly poorly preserved radiolarians are the Dienerian or lower Smithian; sample K 7323. oldest known Triassic radiolarians of the world. Material: More than 100, mostly badly preserved Their diversity is very low, but also all other faun- specimens. as have a low diversity as typical for the Lower Diagnosis: The shell is coarsely latticed and has Scythian faunas: Beside radiolarians there are pe- triangular to hexagonal pores. The 7 three-bladed lagic conodonts, ostracods (PL 1, Fig. 9) and sili- main spines are as long as the shell diameter or so- ceous sponge spicules. mewhat shorter to somewhat longer. The vertices of the pore frames have needle-like by-spines. The internal spicular is very robust, point-cen- tred and consists of 7 tricarinate spines that are 3. Systematic descriptions connected with the main spines. Description: The single spherical, coarsely latti- Subclass Radiolaria MÜLLER, 1858 ced shell has pores of irregular size and shape. Polycystida EHRENBERG, 1838 Most of the pores are very large, but some are Suborder Entactinaria small. The outline of the pores differs from trian- Kozur &MOSTLER, 1982 gular to pentagonal, partly also hexagonal. All dif- Superfamily Hexastylacea HAECKEL, 1882 ferent pore outlines occur in one specimen. The emend. PETRUSHEVSKAYA, 1979 main spines are tricarinate, long, slender, nearly of the same width throughout their length. The furro- Family Triposphaeridae ws between their three blades are deep and narrow. VINASSA DE REGNY 1898, The length of the main spines varies. They are so- emend. Kozur & Mostler, 1981 mewhat shorter to somewhat longer as the shell diameter. The vertices of the pore frames bear Synonyma: needle-like spinules of different length. The inter- Dorysphaeridae VINASSA DE REGNY, 1898 nal spicular system is very robust, point-centred Entactiniidae RIEDEL, 1967 and somewhat eccentric. It consists of 7 spines

Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 275 that are connected with the 7 main spines. The spi- preservation) and consequently an assignment to nes of the spicular system are incannate (except the Oertlispongidae KOZUR & MOSTLER, 1980 (in their needle-like innermost parts) and become di- DUMITRICÄ et al., 1980) is not possible. But they stinctly wider toward the base of the main spines. may be the ancestral forms of both the Oertlispon- Measurements: gidae and Archaeospongoprunidae that begin both Diameter of shell. 200-280 urn in the Lower Anisian. Length of the main spines: 150-320 urn Length of the by-spines: 28-60 urn Occurrence: Dienerian and lower Smithian of the Porifera GRANT, 1836 type locality. Class Hexactinellida SCHMIDT, 1870 Remarks: Stigmosphaerostylus turkensis n.sp. Order LyssakidaZiTTEL, 1877 has a robust spicular system that is rather typical or Paleozoic Hexastylacea, whereas and Pentactine spicules Hexastylacea have in general a fragile, (PI. 2, Figs. 1-7) needle-like internal spicular system. Most similar is Stigmosphaerostylus nikorni Description: Smooth pentactine spicule. The four (SASHIDA & IGO, 1992) from the basal Anisian cross-like arranged paratangential rays (arranged Chiosella timorensis Zone of . In this spe- in one plane) differs in their length. The proximal cies the internal spicular system is more fragile ray (rhabd) is broader and longer. It is situated per- (needle-like throughout their length, not distinctly pendicular to the paratangential rays. Sometimes broader near the base of the main spines). Moreo- the paratangential rays are curved in direction to ver, the spicule is six-rayed7The 6-8 main spines the rhabd (PL 2, Fig. 7). All spines become slowly, taper gradually in distal direction. but continuously narrower from their common Stigmosphaerostylus recticulata (SASHIDA & base to their distal ends. TONISHI, 1985) from the Upper Permian òf Japan has similar pore frames, but the shell is smaller, the spicular system is bar-centred and displays only 6 Hexactine spicules rays that are connected to 6 main spines. (PI. 2, Fig. 8)

Remarks: Except the very short sixth spine oppo- Suborder Spumellaria EHRENBERG, 1875 site to the rhabd, this very rare spicule is very simi- Superfamily Sponguracea HAECKEL, 1862 lar to the common pentactine spicule. emend. KOZUR & MOSTLER, 1981

Family, genus and spec. inc. (PI. 1; Figs. 7,8) 4. Discussion

Remarks: Several spherical and ellipsoidal spon- Radiolaria were very strongly affected by the gy radiolarians occur that have no external spines. Permian-Triassic biotic crisis. Whereas radiolari- Their shell consists of a thick spongy meshwork ans are still common and divers in the uppermost that fills nearly the entire test. The spherical and el- Çhangxingian, they are nearly missing in the lipsoidal forms belong probably to two different Lower Scythian. Even in the Ocean, taxa. Cenosphaera sp. aff. andoi SUGIVAMA from the organic silica production was interrupted du- the Spathian of Japan (NAGAI & MIZUTANI, 1993) ring the Lower and Middle Scythian. The only re- may be identical with the spherical forms. ported exception from the absolute minimum in Arrangement in spongy shells cannot be obser- radiolarian diversity and the absence of is ved in the present material (? because of the bad southwest Yunnan of southwest China (FENG,

276 Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 QiNGLAi, 1992, FENG, QUINGLAI & Liu, BENPEI, found in the Tiborella florida Subzone of the 1993 a). According to these authors, the Muyinhe Spongosilicarmiger transitus Zone of late Illyrian Formation of latest Permian to Middle Triassic age. The oldest Paroertlispongus (P. diacanthus age consists of radiolarites that are also uninter- SUGIYAMA, 1992) is known from the Lower Anisi- rupted present at the Permian-Triassic boundary an of Karaburun peninsula (Turkey), but species and in the lower Scythian. Between the Upper in which the main polar spine that becomes broa- Changxingian radiolarian fauna of sample My 30 der in distal direction (P. multispinosus) appeared and the assumed earliest Scythian sample My 27 only in the upper Illyrian S. transitus Zone. Also are less than 20 cm of bedded cherts and shales. Paurinella with P. fusina (FENG) and the perhaps However, the "Shengia yini assemblage" of assu- partly identical P. sinensis (FENG) begins in the S. med lowermost Scythian is a typical Middle Trias- transitus Zone. Praeyeharaia japónica (NAKASE- sic assemble. Shengia yini (FENG) is a specifically KO & NISHIMURA) from the lower „Shengiayini as- indeterminable totally recystallized Triassocam- semblage" occurs in the latest Anisian S. transita pe. Triassocampe soror FENG & Liu that is rarely Zone and in the Lower Ladinian. A similar range present in the "Shengia yini assemblage" and has Paroertlispongus chinensis (FENG) that occurs Shengia nanpanensis FENG & Liu that was repor- in the upper "Shengia yini assemblage" and in the ted from the upper part of the "Shengia yini as- next younger assemblage of southwest Yunnan. In semblage", are both junior synonyma of Triasso- the European Tethys it occurs in the S. transitus campe scalaris DUMTTRICÄ, KOZUR & MOSTLER. Zone and in the lower part of the Spongosilicarmi- This species begins in the upper subzone of the up- ger italicus Zone. Consequently, all determinable permost Anisian Spongosilicarmiger transitus species of the "Shengia yini assemblage" occur in Zone (Yeharaia annulata Subzone). Shengia soli- well dated radiolarian associations in the upper- da FENG that occurs in the "Shengia yini assembla- most Anisian S. transita Zone and in the Lower ge" and in the overlying assemblage, is a junior sy- Ladinian S. italicus Zone; partly they range to the nonym of Triassocampe deweveri (NAKASEKO & middle Fassanian. Paurinella fusina seems to be NISMMURA), a typical Triassocampe of the S. tran- restricted to the S. transitus Zone and therefore a sita Zone that occurs also in the next younger latest Anisian age can be assumed for the "Shengia zone, but not yet in the underlying Tetraspinocyr- yini assemblage". tis laevis Zone. Yangia sp. B from the lower "Shen- An assignment of the "Shengia yini assembla- gia yini assemblage" is a Paroertlispongus rari- ge" to the S. transitus Zone and not to the Lower dentatus KOZUR & MOSTLER that also begins in the Ladinian S. italicus Zone is confirmed by the age basal part of the S. transitus Zone and continues in of the overlying "Pseudoeucyrtis liui assemblage" the overlying S. italiens Zone. Palaeoeucyrtis that belongs definitely to the upper S. transita elongata FENG comprises isolated main spines of Zone. Pseudoeucyrtis liui FENG is a junior syno- Paroertlispongus multispinosus KOZUR & MOST- nym of Archaeospongoprunum mesotriassicum LER that typically becomes somewhat broader in KOZUR & MOSTLER that has its uppermost range in distal direction. This species occurs in the upper- the S. transita Zone, as Tiborella anisica (determi- most Anisian S. transita Zone and in the Lower ned as Cecrops floridus NAKASEKO & NISHIMU- Ladinian. The isolated occurrence of the main spi- RA). Paurinella sinensis (FENG) is so far only nes of Oertlispongus and Paroertlispongus is a known from the S. transita Zone and several spe- very typical preservation of oertlispongids. The cies of the pseudoeucyrtis liui assemblage" have more tumid isolated spines that were described as their first appearance in the S. transita Zone, as Palaeoeucyrtis fusina FENG are isolated spines of Triassocampe deweveri, T. scalaris, Paroertli- intermediellids (also a frequent preservation of spongus henni (junior synonyma are discussed different Intermediellidae taxa). A part of these under "Shengia yini assemblage") and Eptingium spines can be assigned to Paurinella because P. fu- manfredi manfredi DUMITRICÄ, all present in the sina with corroded, but still present shell was „Pseudoeucyrtis liui assemblage". This is a typi-

Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 277 cal association of the uppermost Anisian upper S. but also in the Middle Scythian of Oregon (BLOO- transita Zone (see KOZUR, 1995 c). The "Pseu- ME & REED, 1992). As discussed below, the Nas- doeucyrtis liui assemblage" was assigned by sellaria have evolved within the Upper Scythian FENG, QINGLAI (1992) and FENG, QINGLAI & Liu, from spicular radiolarians without shell. Nassella- BENPEI ( 1993 a) to the late . ria-like radiolarians from the Carboniferous are As pointed out above, both the assumed lower- probably pylomate Entactinaria. For multicyrtide most Scythian "Shengia yini assemblage"" and forms this explanation is not sure, but they are ab- the assumed Upper Scythian "Pseudoeucyrtis liui sent not only in nearly the entire Scythian (except assemblage" belong to the uppermost Anisian S. rare occurrences of one multicyrtid radiolarian transitas Zone sensu Kozur (1995 c). Consequent- genus in the uppermost Scythian of Japan), but ly, upper Changxingian radiolantes are immedia- also in very rich radiolarian associations of the tely overlain by Upper Anisian radiolarites in the Permian. Muyinhe Formation. An other possibility is that Only in the Upper Scythian (Spathian), the first the entire Muyinhe Formation is Middle Triassic radiolarites were found in shale-radiolarite se- and the uppermost Changxingian radiolarian quences of Panthalassa. However, still in that time fauna at the base of this formation is reworked. In the radiolarian fauna was not very diverse and any case, the so-called "early Early Triassic" consists mainly of Entactinaria (with and without Shengia yini assemblage is in reality a typical up- shell, moderately diverse fauna). Archaeoseman- permost Anisian fauna. As clearly recognizable in tis DUMTTRICÄ, Archaeothamnulus DUMITRICÄ, the Shangsi section, also in southwest China the Cryptostephanidium DUMITRICÄ, Tiborella DUMI- rich uppermost Changxingian radiolarian faunas TRICÄ, KOZUR & MOSTLER, primitive Parasepsa- disappear suddenly at the base of the Transitional gon KOZUR & MOSTLER, primitive Parentactinia Beds somewhat below the P/T boundary and the DUMITRICÄ, Pentabelus SUGIYAMA, primitive Lower Scythian sediments have not yielded any Pseudostylosphaera KOZUR & MOSTLER, Stig- radiolarians and radiolarites. mosphaerostylus and Tetrarhopalus SUGIYAMA The first Dienerian and lower Smithian Radio- are present among the Entactinaria and all these laria that were found in Turkey fits well in this pic- genera are also present in the Anisian. Spumellari- ture of a strong crisis in the radiolarian evolution at an and nassellarian Radiolaria are still rare, have a the P/T boundary and of a very slowly recovery of low diversity and are represented by primitive the radiolarian fauna after this crisis. Only primiti- forms. Typical Oertlispongidae are still missing ve Entactinaria and Spumellaria are present and and the Spumellarian fauna is represented by pri- no more than 3 taxa were found. Only one species, mitive Pantanelliidae PESSAGNO {Ellipsoxiphus the entactinarian Stigmosphaerostylus turkensis, DUNIKOWSKI), primitive Actinommidae (Pegoxy- is common. stris SUGIYAMA), Plaflcerium ? antiquum SUGIYA- All characteristic Upper Paleozoic radiolarians MA and the above mentioned primitive Spongura- except Entactinaria and primitive Spumellaria dis- cea (fam. et gen. inc., see chapter 3.). appeared at the P/T boundary. The presence of Al- The Spathian Nassellaria. are represented by baillellacea in the Upper Scythian of the Sichote Poulpus DE WEVER, Homiadia DUMITRICÄ, Alin (BRAGIN 1991) could not be confirmed. Re- KOZUR & MOSTLER, and very rarely primitive Hi- examination of the locality with Spathian Albail- nedorcus DUMITRICÄ, KOZUR & MOSTLER, Tripe- lellacea by one of the authors (KOZUR) has shown docorbis DUMITRICÄ and Zevius SUGIYAMA are that the radiolarites show strong reworking of present, all also known from the Anisian. The first older radiolarites and contain Permian-Triassic Nassellaria of the lower Spathian are primitive mixed faunas as known also from several Triassic monocyrtid Sanfilippoellidae KOZUR & MOSTLER, radiolarites of Japan. 1979 (= Poulpidae DE WEVER, 1981, see KOZUR & Especially important is the absence of Nassella- MOSTLER, 1994). They often have a very loose ria in the Lower and Middle Scythian of Turkey, shell and derived apparently from spicular Entac-

278 Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 tinaria and not from the Carboniferous Pylentone- The Dienerian to lower Smithian siliceous midae DEFLANDRE as formerly assumed. This is in of Igdir (Turkey) are such a typical agreement with the presence of a medullary shell pioneer fauna after the strong faunal crises in the in Pylentonema DEFLANDRE (CHENG, 1986, Su- siliceous sponges near the P/T boundary. They are GiYAMA, 1992). A medullary shell is absent in all the oldest known Triassic siliceous sponge faunas Nassellaria, but present in many Entactinaria. after the Permian-Triassic biotic crisis. A similar Consequently, the similarities between the Sanfi- siliceous sponge pioneer fauna in the western lippoellidae and the Pylentonemidae indicate only USAis of Spathian age (RIGBY & GOSNEY, 1983). homeomorphy. The Pylentonemidae are therefore pylomate Entactinaria. This explains the total ab- sence of Nassellaria during the Upper Carboni- ferous, Permian, Lower and Middle Scythian. Acknowledgements Also a part of the Spathian and younger Entac- tinaria evolved during the Spathian from spicular The investigations by H. KOZUR were sponsor- Entactinaria without shell. This is the case for Pa- ed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. We rasepsagon leptaleus SUGIYAMA, Parentactinia thank very much for this important help. We grate- nakatsugawaensis SASHIDA, P. ramosa (SASHIDA), fully acknowledge the Jubiläumsfonds of the P. okuchichibuensis (SASHIDA), \Pentabelus furu- Österr. Nationalbank (Project No. 5065) for finan- tanii SUGIYAMA, Pentactinorbis ? biacus (SUGIYA- cial support. MA), P. ? crux, (SUGIYAMA), Tetrarhopalus itoiga- wai SASHIDA and Pseudostylosphaera kozuri SU- GIYAMA. But also Spongostephanidium longispi- nosum SASHIDA has a rather loose shell. For this References reason, Stigmosphaerostylus is apparently the only Entactinaria genus with shell that survived BLOME, C. D. & REED, K. M. (1992): Permian and Early (?) the Permian-Triassic boundary. Triassic radiolarian faunas from the Grindstone Terrane, The siliceous sponge spicules are as monoto- central Oregon. - J. Paleont., 66,3,351-383; Lawrence. nous as the radiolarian fauna. They represent BRAGIN, N. JU. (1991): Radioljarii iz nizhnemezozojskie exclusively Hexactinellida (Lyssakida) with very tolshchi vostoka SSSR. -Trudy GIN SSSR, 469,125 pp.; low diversity. May be only one species is present. Moskva. The oldest Triassic siliceous sponge faunas of CHENG, Y.-N. (1986): Taxonomic studies on Upper Paleo- the Southern and Northern Alps (Middle zoic Radiolaria. - Nat. Mus. Nat. Sci., Special Pubi., 1, Triassic) consists always exclusively of Hexac- 1-311; Taipei. tinellida, independent from their age. They are al- DE WEVER, P. (1981): Une nouvelle sous-famille, les Poul- ways smooth hexactine spicules or smooth pinae, et quatre nouvelles espèces de Saitoum, Radiolai- pentactine spicules with few hexactine spicules, res mesozoiquetéthysiens.-Geobios, 14, 1,5-15; Lyon. like our fauna from the Lower Scythian of Turkey. DuMiTRicÄ, P., KOZUR, H. & MOSTLER, H. (1980): Contribu- Fully preserved Hexactinellida consist of dictyo- tion to the radiolarian fauna of the Middle Triassic of the nal fused skeletons. Southern Alps. - Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, 10, These hexactinellid sponges of the Triassic are 1,1-46; Innsbruck. pioneer faunas among the siliceous sponges at the ERDOGAN, B., ALTINER, D., GÜNGÖR, T. & ÖZER, S. (1990): beginning of a new siliceous sponge settlement Stratigraphy of Karaburun peninsula. - Mineral Res. after destruction of the former sponge communi- Expl. Bull., Ill, 1-20; Ankara. ties due to tectonic or other events or by forming of ERDOGAN, B., GÜNGÖR, T., ÖZER, S., & ALTINER, D. (1995): a new marine area. Only in an ad- Stratigraphy and deformational style of Karaburun Belt vanced of the pioneer settlement the first De- and Izmir-Ankara Zone. - Excursion Guide. IESCA mospongia appeared in these communities. 1995,1-31; Izmir.

Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 279 FENG, QUINGLAI (1992): Permian and Triassic radiolarian KOZUR, H. (1995 a): Permian conodont zonation and its im- in south and southwest China. - J. China portance for the Permian stratigraphie standard scale. - Univ. Geosci., 3,1,51-62; Wuhan. Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, 20 (Festschrift zum 60. FENG, QUINGLAI & Liu, BENPI (1993 a): Radiolaria from Geburtstag von Helfried Mostler), 165-205; Innsbruck. Late Permian and Early - Middle Triassic in southwest KOZUR, H. (1995 b): First evidence of Middle Permian am- Yunnan. - Earth Sci., J. China Univ. Geosci., 18, (5, monitico rosso and further new stratigraphie results in the 540-552; Wuhan. Permian and Triassic of the Sosio Valley area, western Si- FENG, QUINGLAI & Liu, BENPI (1993 b): Permian radiolari- cily. - Proceedings First Croatian Geological Congress, ans on southwest Yunnan. - Earth Sci., J. China Univ. 1,307-310; Zagreb. Geosci., 18,5, 553-564; Wuhan. KOZUR, H. (1995 c): The position of the Anisian-Ladinian HAECKEL, E. (1882): Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems boundary and the development of the radiolarian faunas auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. - Je- in this level. - Proceedings First Croatian Geological naische Zeitschr. Naturwiss., 15, N.F. 8, 3, 418^72; Congress, 1,311-314; Zagreb. Jena. KOZUR, H. (in press): New stratigraphie results in the Paleo- HINDE, G.J. (1890): Notes on Radiolaria from the Lower Pa- zoic of western Karaburun peninsula, western Turkey. - leozoic rocks (Llandeilo-Caradoc) of the south of Scot- Proc.IESCA 1995, Izmir. land. -Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6,6,40-50; London. KOZUR, H. & KAYA, O. (1994): First evidence of pelagic Late HINDE, G.J. ( 1899): On the Radiolaria in the Devonian rocks Permian conodonts from NW Turkey. - N. Jb. Geol. of New South Wales. - Quart. J. Geol. Soc, 55, 38-64; Paläont. Mh., 1994,6,339-347; Stuttgart. London. KOZUR, H., KRAINER, K & MOSTLER, H. (1979): Ichnology ISHIGA, H. (1990): Paleozoic radiolarians. - In: ICHIKAWA et and sedimentology of the Early Permian deep-water de- al. (eds.): Pre- terranes of Japan. -Publication posits from the Lercara-Roccapalumba area (western Si- of IGCP Project No. 224: Pre-Jurassic evolution of eas- cily, Italy).- 34, 123-150; Erlangen. tern Asia, 285-295; Osaka. KOZUR, H. & MOSTLER, H. (1979): Beiträge zur Erfor- KAYA, O. (1992): Constraints on the age, stratigraphie and - schung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil III: Die structural significance of the ophiolitic and adjoining Oberfamilien Actinommacea HAECKEL 1862 emend., rocks in the western parts of Turkey: an alternative struc- Artiscacea HAECKEL 1882, Multiarcusellacea nov. der tural-stratigraphic classification. - International Earth Spumellaria und triassische Nassellaria. - Geol. Paläont. Science Congress on Aegean Region, October 1990, Pro- Mitt. Innsbruck, 9,1/2,1-132; Innsbruck. ceedings, 1,193-209; Izmir. KOZUR, H. &MOSTLER,H. (1981): Beiträge zur Erforschung KAYA, O. & MOSTLER, H. (1992): A Middle Triassic age for der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil IV: Thalassosphaera- low-grade greenschist facies metamorphic sequence in cea HAECKEL, 1862, Hexastylacea HAECKEL, 1882 Bergama (Izmir), western Turkey: the first paleontologie emend. PETRUSEVSKAJA, 1979, Sponguracea HAECKEL, age assignment and structural-stratigraphie implications. 1862 emend, und weitere triassische Lithocycliacea, Tre- -Newsl.Statigr.,26,1,1-17; Berlin-Stuttgart. matodiscacea, Actinommacea und Nassellaria. - Geol. KOZUR, H. ( 1991 a): The geological evolution at the western Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband, 1-208; Innsbruck. end of the Cimmerian Ocean in the Western Carpathians KOZUR, H. & MOSTLER, H. (1982): Entactinaria subordo and Eastern Alps. - Zbl. Geol. Paläont., Teil I, 1991, 1, nov., a new radiolarian suborder. - Geol. Paläont. Mitt. 99-121; Stuttgart. Innsbruck, 11,12,399^14; Innsbruck. KOZUR, H. (1991 b): The evolution of the Meliata-Hallstatt KOZUR, H. & MOSTLER, H. (1989): Radiolarien und ocean and its significance for the early evolution of the Ea- Schwammskieren aus dem Unterperm des Vorurals. - stern Alps and Western Carpathians. - Palaeogeogr., Pala- Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderbd., 2,2,147-275; eoclimatol.Palaeoecol.,87,1-4,109-135; Amsterdam. Innsbruck. KOZUR, H. (1993): Upper Permian radiolarians from the KOZUR, H. & MOSTLER, H. (1994): Anisian to Middle Carni- Sosio Valley area, western Sicily (Italy) and from the up- an radiolarian zonation and description of some stratigra- permost Lamar of West . - Jb. Geol. B.- phically important radiolarians. - Geol. Paläont. Mitt. A., 136,1,99-123; Wien. Innsbruck, Sonderbd., 3,29-255; Innsbruck.

280 Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 MARSELLA, E., KOZUR, H. & D'ARGENTO, B. (1993): Monte Tokyo Prefecture. - Sci. Rep., Inst. Geosci., Univ. Tsuku- Facito Formation (Scythian-Middle Carnian). A deposit ba, B, Geol. Sci., 6, l-19;Tsukuba. of the ancestral Lagonegro Basin in the Southern Apenni- §ENGÖR, A. M. C. (1984): The Cimmeride orogenic system nes. -Boll. Serv. Geol. Italia, 110,1991,225-248; Roma. and the tectoncis of Eurasia. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. NAGAI, H. & MIZUTANI, S. (1993): Early Triassic radiolari- Paper, 195,82 pp.; Boulder. ans from Tsuzuya, Minokamo City, Gifu Prefecture, S.ENGÖR, A.M.C. (1985): Die Alpiden und die Kimmeriden: Central Japan. - Bull. Nagoya Univ. Furukawa Mus., 9, Die verdoppelte Geschichte der Tethys. - Geol. Rdsch., l-23;Nagoya. 74,181-213; Stuttgart. OKAY, A.I. & MOSTLER, H. (1994): Carboniferous and Per- S/ENGÖR, A.M.C., YILMAZ, Y. & KETIN, I. (1980): Remnants mian radiolarite blocks from the Karakaya complex in of a pre- ocean in northern Turkey: frag- northwest Turkey. -Tr. J. Earth Sci., 3,23-28. ments of Permian-Triassic Paleo-Tethys ? - Geol. Soc. PETRUSHEVSKAJA, M.G. (1979): Razvitie radioljarij v Nor- Amer. Bull, 91,599-609; Boulder. vezhskom more s eocena do nastojashchego vremeni. - STAMPFLI, G.M. (1996): The intra-Alpine terrain: A Paleote- In: Istorija mikroplanktona Norvezhsgogo bassejne. thyan remnant in the Alpine Variscides. - Eclogae geol. 77-85; Leningrad. Helv.,89,1,13^12, Basel. RIEDEL, W.R. (1967): Some new families of Radiolaria. - SUGIYAMA, K. (1992): Lower and Middle Triassic radiolari- Proc. Geol. Soc. London, 164,148-149; London. ans from Mt. Kinkazan, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. - RIGBY, J.K. & GOSNEY, T.C. (1983): First reported Triassic Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., 167,1180-1223; lyssakid sponges from -J. Paleont., 57,4, Tokyo. 787-796, Lawrence. VINASSADEREGNY, P.E. (1898): Nuove famiglie e nuovi ge- SASHIDA, K. (1983): Lower Triassic Radiolaria from the neri di Radiolari. - Riv. Ital. Paleont., 4,50-53; Parma. Kanto Mountains, Central Japan. Part 1 : Palaeoscenidi- WIEDMANN, J., KOZUR, H. & KAYA, O. (1992): Faunas and idae - Trans. Proc. Paleont. Soc. Japan., N. Sen, 131, age significance of the pre-Jurassic turbidite-olistostro- 168-176;Tokyo. me unit in the western parts of Turkey. - Newsl. Stratigr., SASHIDA, K. (1991): Early Triassic radiolarians from the 26,2/3,133-144; Berlin-Stuttgart Ogamata Formation, Kanto Mountains, Central Japan. Part 2. - Trans. Proc. Paleont. Soc. Japan., N. Ser., 161, 681-696;Tokyo. SASHIDA, K. & IGO, H. (1992): Triassic radiolarians from a limestone exposed at Khao Chiak near Phatthalung, southern Thailand. - Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, Authors ' addresses: N.S.,168,1296-1310; Tokyo. Dr. sc. H.einz W. Kozur, Rézsü u. 83, H-1029 Budapest, Hun- gary; Prof. Dr. Orhan Kaya, Dokuz Eyliil University, Dept. SASHIDA, K. & TONISHI, K. (1985): Permian radiolarians Geolog. Engineer., 35102 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey; Univ.-Prof from the Kanto Mountains, Central Japan. Some Upper Dr. Helfried Mostler, Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie Permian Spumellaria from Itsukaichi, western part of der Universität, A-6020Innsbruck, .

Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 281 Plate 1

All figured specimens are from sample K 7323, a thin-bedded black marly limestone within dark shales and siltstones from a Scythian block of a locality 500 NE of Igdir (NE of Bursa, northwestern Turkey); upper Dienerian or lower Smithian.

Figs. 1-6: Stigmosphaerostylusturkensisn.sp.;Fig. l:holotype,x 100,rep.-no.4-8-95/1-11;Fig.2:x 150,rep.-no.4-8-95/1- 22; Fig. 3: x 100, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-19; Fig. 4: opened specimen with visible spicular system, x 200, rep.-no. 4-8- 95/1-24; Fig. 5: opened specimen with well visible spicular system, x 200, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-12; Fig. 6: fragment with visible spicular system, x 250, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-13. Fig. 7: Sponguracea, gen. etspec. indet., subspherical morphotype, x 200, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-15. Fig. 8: Sponguracea, gen. et spec, indet., ellipsoidal morphotype, x 200, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-16. Fig. 9: Spinotriassocypris sp., carapace from right,anterio r end above, x 100, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-25.

282 Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 283 Plate 2

All figured specimens are from thin-bedded black marly limestone within dark shales and siltstones, from a Scythian block of a locality 500 NE of Igdir (NE of Bursa, northwestern Turkey). Figs. 1-9: Sample sample K 7323, upper Dienerian or lower Smithian; Figs. 10-12: sample K 7324, Dienerian.

Figs. 1-7: Pentactine spicule of Lyssakida; Fig. 1, x 100, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-32; Fig. 2: x 100, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-27; Fig. 3: x 170, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-20; Fig. 4: x 200, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-30; Fig. 5: x 200, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-31 ; Fig. 6: x 200, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-26; Fig. 7: specimen, in which the paratangential rays are curved in direction of the rhabd, x 100, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-26. Fig. 8: Hexactine spicule of Lyssakida, x 100, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-29. Fig. 9: Neospathodus conservativas (MÜLLER), Pa element, x 150, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-18. Fig. 10: Clarkinapwcerocarinata KozuR, oblique lateral-upper view, x 100, rep.-no. 4-8-95/V-12. Figs. 11-12: Neospathodus dieneri SWEET, Pa element; Fig. 10: x 150, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-5; Fig. 11: x 150, rep.-no. 4-8-95/1-9.

284 Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 1996 285

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