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Dissertation Chapters Formatted Arts Clusters in Beijing: Socialist Heritage and Neoliberalism DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Li Shao, M.A. Graduate Program in Arts Administration, Education, and Policy The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Margaret J. Wyszomirski, Advisor Nancy Ettlinger Wayne P. Lawson Candace Stout ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright by Li Shao 2015 ! ! ! ! ! ! Abstract This dissertation provides a Foucauldian genealogy and governmentality study on the arts clusters in Beijing, the first of which was established in 1990. By investigating how the emergence and disappearance of different types of arts clusters are produced by specific social conditions, I examine the changing power relation between artists and the political authority since the late 1970s and interpret how contemporary Chinese art has been governed. The genealogy of arts clusters takes into account not only arts-related topics but events and phenomena in economics, population migration, land regulation, international relations, etc. Therefore, the analysis also offers a window to Chinese society and its histories more generally. In addition, I conduct a case study on the 798 art factory – the most famous arts cluster in China and the one subjected to the most intense government intervention. An examination of the governance inside 798 provides an account for how contemporary art is governed at a specific site. Subscribing to the ascending research method advocated by Foucault, I ground my analysis on abundant empirical data gathered from interviews, observations, and document studies. In addition to data that accounts for people’s daily practices and lived experiences, I collect social discourses on various topics and issues from law, policies, regulations, development plans, entries in yearbooks, government briefs and Party leaders’ speeches. Based on these discourses and actual practices, I identify two dominant governing rationalities – Reason of Party and neoliberalism – and examine their ii interplay. Specifically, I interpret how neoliberalism as an exception to socialism has been promoted by the political authority to reinforce its rule and gradually extend into different social domains. I argue that artists are in a sense “pushed” to adopt the neoliberal mentality and prioritize economic calculations. I also interrogate socialist legacy within neoliberalism in my case study of 798. I articulate the different modes of governance employed by the two administrators in the cluster, the local government and the factory owner – the “socialist land master,” and evaluate the effect of governance. The findings of this research determines that after 798’s official designation, there has barely been space for artists’ counter-normative activities and possibilities. iii To my parents, my auntie and uncle, and Renjie, for your unconditional love and support. iv Acknowledgments I feel blessed to have an amazing dissertation committee that has guided my research over the past two years, helped me to grow intellectually, and supported me along the whole journey. I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Margaret Wyszomirski, who always enlightened me with very insightful suggestions, no matter what project I was doing. Her encouragement and comfort reassured me in my most difficult days when I had just entered the program. I am also very grateful to Nancy Ettlinger, who introduced me to Foucauldian theories and thus opened a new door for my intellectual pursuits. To Wayne Lawson and Candace Stout, thank you for the wonderful conversations, your patience and support. Thank you to all of my research participants. Although I have coded your names in my dissertation, this project would definitely have been impossible without your priceless contribution. Thank you for spending time with me and entrusting me with your memories, feelings, opinions, endeavors, and struggles, which I could not value more highly. To my friends in Columbus and Denver, I want to share my happiness upon finishing my doctoral program with you. You have created many miracles in my life, whether you realize it or not. I cherish our times together, your selfless help, your insights, your comfort and your hugs. It is my fortune to be your friend. v To my parents and my auntie and uncle, thank you for making me into the person I am today and preparing me for my intellectual pursuit. I am lucky to have been born into this family. Renjie, thank you for being an endearing husband, as well as a good “research assistant” and cook over the past month. Also, thank you for wandering in a remote village and for waiting for me until 2am at the coffee shop while I was engaged in prolonged conversations with my research participants. I shall return the favor in your research. vi Vita 2006................................................................B.A. in History, Nanjing Normal University 2010................................................................M.A. in Art History, University of Denver 2010 to present ..............................................Department of Arts Administration, Education and Policy, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Arts Administration, Education, and Policy vii Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................ii Dedication........................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................v Vita.....................................................................................................................................vii List of Diagrams................................................................................................................xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1 Research Background.......................................................................................................1 Statement of Problem.......................................................................................................4 Rationale of Study............................................................................................................6 Theoretical Underpinnings…........................................................................................6 Identifying "Events" and Explanation of Key Terms..................................................8 Study Plan......................................................................................................................10 Scope and Structure of this Study..............................................................................10 Research Questions and Sub-questions......................................................................13 Significance of the Study...............................................................................................14 viii CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS: GOVERNMENTALITY, NEOLIBERAL MENTALITY, AND GENEAOLOGY...................................................17 Governmentality.............................................................................................................17 Understanding Governmentality through Foucault's Ontology of Power..................17 Analytical Dimensions of Governmentality...............................................................19 The Applicability of Governmentality to "Non-liberal" States and the Neoliberal Rationality in China....................................................................................................24 Genealogy.......................................................................................................................31 Understanding Foucauldian Genealogy......................................................................31 Operationalizing a Genealogical Project.....................................................................34 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS..................................................40 Situating the Study in Research Paradigms....................................................................40 Four Research Paradigms of Qualitative Inquiry .......................................................40 Poststructuralist Research Drawing on the Interpretivist Paradigm............................41 Research Design..............................................................................................................44 Research Settings........................................................................................................44 Research Development...............................................................................................46 Case Study..................................................................................................................47 Research Methods..........................................................................................................49 ix Data Collection Methods.............................................................................................49 Data Analysis Methods...............................................................................................54 Validity...........................................................................................................................58
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