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Histoire Des Idées Évolutionnistes Et De Leurs Critiques

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Histoire Des Idées Évolutionnistes Et De Leurs Critiques Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leurs critiques Histoire et Philosophie des Sciences – M1 Octobre 2020 Thomas Heams [email protected] 2013 Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Alexander Winchell 1878 Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Duret, Histoire admirable des plantes -1605 - (In Gouyon et Henry, Les avatars du gène) Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique La génération spontanée Van Helmont 1579 - 1644 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 Premières observations microbiologiques Années 1670 Lazzaro Spallanzani 1729-1799 Premières réfutations de Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur la génération spontanée critique Le débat sur la génération spontanée, suite et fin (?) Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Le débat sur la génération spontanée, suite et fin (?) Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Benoit de Maillet 1656-1738 1748 ( 1720?) Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Carl von Linné (Linnaeus) 1707-1778 Le Système de la Nature, 1758 Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Systema Naturae Linné Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique 1822 Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) et le catastrophisme Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Quelques intuitions transformistes Maupertuis 1698-1738 Diderot 1713 – 1788 Action du milieu sur les êtres vivants Le espèces se transforment dans le temps Hérédité de caractères acquis Effet de l'usage et du non-usage Evénements fortuits à l'origine d'espèces nouvelles Disparition des inaptes Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Buffon 1707 - 1788 1749-1789 Ébauche d'un transformisme partiel, à l'intérieur des espèces : « la dégénération des animaux » Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Erasmus Darwin 1731 - 1802 Défend un transformisme généralisé, sur un temps long (plusieurs millions d'années) Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Le contexte dominant de l'époque pré-darwinienne William Paley Et la Théologie Naturelle Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Lamarck 1809 Les espèces évoluent Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Charles Darwin et le voyage du Beagle (1831-1836) Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique 1837, page 36.... Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique L'unité du monde vivant : la théorie cellulaire Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow 1838-1859 Tous les êtres vivants sont faits de cellules et de leurs produits Les nouvelles cellules sont issues d'une division cellulaire Les cellules sont les unités de base du vivant Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Robert Chambers 1802-1871 1844 Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Quelques sources intellectuelles Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle 1778-1841 Extrait de « Geograghie Botanique » In Cuvier (dir), Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles Tome 18 - 1820 Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Des sources d'inspirations variées Charles Lyell Thomas Malthus 1797 - 1875 1766 - 1834 Essay on the Principle of Population - 1798 Principles of Geology - 1830 Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique 1859 – L'Origine des Espèces -Les espèces évoluent graduellement -Elles le font par l'action de la sélection naturelle Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Un paternité à partager Alfred R. Wallace Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, 1858, vol. 3. Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Oxford, Juin 1860 : Le débat sur l'évolution Richard Owen Thomas Henry Huxley Samuel Wilberforce Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Les premières preuves expérimentales de la sélection naturelle Henry Walter Bates 1825-1892 mimétisme batesien Et aussi : JD Hooker, Fritz Muller, Richard Spruce,Thomas Henry Huxley Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Les biométriciens Francis Galton Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Walter Frank Weldon Karl Pearson 1860-1906 1857-1936 Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Science et idéologie (1) Eugénisme Francis Galton Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique -Annals of Eugenics devient Annals of Human Genetics in 1954 -The American Eugenics Society change son nom ent ...1972 ! et devient "The Society for the Study of Social Biology." Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Un philosophe de l'ère victorienne : Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) et le darwinisme social Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique August Weismann et l'évolutionnisme allemand (1883 ) 1892 «Néo-darwinisme » -Les organismes multicellulaires sont constitués de cellules germinales qui contiennent et transmettent l'information héritable, et les cellules somatiques qui assurent les fonctions ordinaires -L'hérédité dans les organismes multicellulaires n'est prise en charge que par les cellules germinales Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Ernst Haeckel 1834-1919 « L'ontogenèse récapitule la phylogenèse » Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Les objections scientifiques en Grande-Bretagne Lord Kelvin Fleeming Jenkin (1824 - 1907) (1833-1885) Contre l'âge supposé de la Terre Quels sont les mécanismes Contre l'uniformitarisme (de Lyell ...et Darwin) de transmission héréditaire ? Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Naissance de la génétique, sans le nom... Gregor Mendel 1865 -Les caractères sont liés à des entités élémentaires discrètes qui se transmettent de génération en génération -Dans certaines combinaisons, ces entités donnent des caractères récessifs ou dominants -Leur nature moléculaire est inconnue Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique 1869-1871 :Découverte d'un acide nucléique ou ''nucléine' “Nous avons identifié une sbstance sui generis, comparable à aucune autre connue.” Hofmeister avait identifié (1848) des structures rouge sombre dans un noyau de pollen de Tradescantia en division , sans lui donner un sens biologique. Il s'agissait de chromosomes Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Découverte des chromosomes 1882 Walther Flemming Autres contributeurs : -Eduard Strasburger -Edouard van Beneden Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz Invente le terme “chromosome” (1888) Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Redécouverte des lois de Mendel 1900 de Vries (Pays Bas), Correns (Allemagne), von Tschermak (Autriche) Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Walter Sutton Theodor Boveri (Etats Unis ) (Allemagne) Travaux sur la meiose chez la sauterelle Travaux sur le développement de l'oursin La théorie de Sutton-Boveri définit les chromosomes comme supports de l'information génétique (1902-1904) -Explique le mécanisme des lois de l'hérédité de Mendel en les associant aux chromosomes, fonctionnant par paires. -Prévoit que les chromosomes sont des structures lineaires où les « gènes » sont localisés Les chromosomes, que l'on observe dans toutes les cellules en division et qui passent d'une génération à l'autre, sont les supports de l'hérédité génétique Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Un vocabulaire balbutiant Charles Darwin utilisait le terme de gemmule pour évoquer l'unité élémentaire de l'hérédité de Vries : « pangènes » - Weissmann : « biophores » Le britannique William Bateson forge le mot « génétique » (1905) Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Les termes « phénotype » et « genotype » (1903) sont forgés par le danois Wilhelm Johannsen, tout comme le mot « gène » (en 1909... seulement) « La postérité nous dira si les termes " phénotype" "gène" "génotype" susciteront l'intérêt » « (...) Il nous semble plus simple, dans notre intérêt propre, d'utiliser la syllabe isolée "gène". Nous parlerons donc de gène(s), [au lieu de pangènes ]. C'est un mot vierge de toute hypothèse. » Johannsen, W. (1909) Elemente der exakten Erblichkeitslehre. Gustav Fischer, Jena Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Le renouveau du mendélisme relance le débat entre Biométriciens et Généticiens * Les biométriciens, ''darwiniens'' tardifs (Galton, Pearson, Weldon) insistent sur le gradualisme Pb : est-ce compatible avec des lois mendeliennes discrètes? * Les Généticiens, ''mendéliens'' tardifs (Bateson, Johannsen, de Vries) insistent sur le mutationnisme, le saltationnisme Pb : quel rôle joue alors la sélection naturelle ? Thomas Morgan rejoint les généticiens... « Eclipse du Darwinisme » Bowler, 1983 Octobre 2020 Histoire des idées évolutionnistes et de leur critique Morgan, avec Sturtevant, Muller & Bridges : -Théorise la recombinaison génétique et le
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