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Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology he name DGGTB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Deutsche Gesellschaft für Theorie der Biologie; German Society for the History and Philosophy of BioT logy) refl ects recent history as well as German traditi- Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie on. The Society is a relatively late addition to a series of German societies of science and medicine that began with the „Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften“, Annals of the History founded in 1910 by Leipzig University‘s Karl Sudhoff (1853-1938), who wrote: „We want to establish a ‚German‘ society in order to gather Ger- and Philosophy of Biology man-speaking historians together in our special disciplines so that they form the core of an international society…“. Yet Sudhoff, at this Volume 11 (2006) time of burgeoning academic internationalism, was „quite willing“ to accommodate the wishes of a number of founding members and formerly Jahrbuch für „drop the word German in the title of the Society and have it merge Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie with an international society“. The founding and naming of the Society at that time derived from a specifi c set of histori- cal circumstances, and the same was true some 80 years later when in 1991, in the wake of German reunifi cation, the „Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie“ was founded. From the start, the Society has been committed to bringing stu- dies in the history and philosophy of biology to a wide audience, using for this purpose its Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie. Parallel to the Jahrbuch, the Verhandlungen zur Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie has become the by now traditional medi- (2006) 11 Vol. Biology, of Philosophy and History the of nnals A um for the publication of papers delivered at the Society‘s annual meetings. In 2005 the Jahrbuch was renamed Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, refl ecting the Society‘s internationalist aspir ations in addressing comparative biology as a subject of historical and DGGTB philosophical studies. ISSN: 1863-0197 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen From January 1, 2006 manuscripts should be submitted to the managing editor V. Wissemann. Annals of the history and philosophy of biology, Volume 11 (2006) Submissions will be peer reviewed. The preferred language is English. Articles in German should be accompanied by a short (max. 1 .000 words) summary in English. Contents Editors Uwe Hoßfeld, Jena, Germany Olaf Breidbach, Michael T. Ghiselin Kristian Köchy, Kassel, Germany Baroque Classification: A Missing Chapter in the History of Systematics ........... 1 Lennart Olsson, Jena, Germany Rudolf Hagemann: Curt Stern (1902 – 1981) Volker Wissemann , Gießen, Germany - managing editor- Drosophila-Genetiker und Human-Genetiker in Institut für Allg. Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie Deutschland und den USA ....................................................................................... 31 Bereich Allgemeine Botanik, AG Spezielle Botanik Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, David Hull Senckenbergstraße 17, D-35390 Gießen Essentialism in Taxonomy: Four Decades Later ................................................... 47 [email protected] Hans Werner Ingensiep Organism, Epigenesis, and Life in Kant´s Thinking – Editorial Board Biophilosophy between transcendental philosophy, Peter Bowler, Belfast, UK intuitive analogy, and empirical ontology ................................................................ 59 Olaf Breidbach, Jena, Germany Ulrich Kutschera, V. M. Epshtein Eve-Marie Engels, Tübingen, Germany Nikolaj A. Livanow (1876 – 1974) and the living relict Christoph Friedrich, Marburg, Germany Acanthobdella peledina (Annelida, Clitellata) ........................................................ 85 Nick Hopwood, Cambridge, UK David L. Hull, Evanston, USA Georgy S. Levit & Lennart Olsson Thomas Junker , Frankfurt/Main, Germany “Evolution on Rails”: Mechanisms and Levels of Orthogenesis ......................... 99 Ulrich Kutschera, Kassel, Germany James Moore Jane Maienschein, Tempe, USA Wallace in Wonderland ............................................................................................ 139 Renato Mazzolini, Trient, Italy Nickelsen Peter McLaughlin, Heidelberg, Germany Kärin „In deutlichen Beschreibungen und richtigen Zeichnungen James R. Moore, Milton Keynes, UK gemeinnütziger“ – Abbildungen in der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Kaerin Nickelsen, Bern, Switzerland Freunde zu Berlin (GNF), 1773-1800 ................................................................... 155 Ronald L. Numbers, Wisconsin-Madison, USA Wolf-Ernst Reif, Tübingen, Germany Rosemarie Nöthlich, Nadine Wetzel, Uwe Hoßfeld & Lennart Olsson Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, Berlin, Germany „Ich acquirirte das Schwein sofort, ließ nach dem Niederstechen die Pfoten Marsha L. Richmond, Detroit, USA abhacken u. schickte dieselben an Darwin“ - Der Briefwechsel von Otto Robert Richards, Chicago, USA Zacharias mit Ernst Haeckel (1874-1898) ............................................................. 177 Alexander Rosenberg, Durham, USA Hans-Jörg Rheinberger Nicolaas A. Rupke , Göttingen, Germany Internationalism and the History of Molecular Biology ...................................... 249 Michael Ruse, Tallahassee, USA Hans-Konrad Schmutz, Winterthur, Switzerland Marcel Weber, Basel, Switzerland Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie (Ed.) Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology Vol. 11 (2006) Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons License Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology; Volume 11 (2006) Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2007 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie (Ed.) Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology Vol. 11 (2006) formerly Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2007 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. Managing Editor of the Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology Prof. Dr. Volker Wissemann Institut für Allg. Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie Bereich Allgemeine Botanik, AG Spezielle Botanik Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Senckenbergstraße 17, D-35390 Gießen [email protected] Cover Picture: Friedrich Besemann: Leinekanal mit akademischem Museum und Graetzelhaus. Aquarellierte Federzeichung 1860. Graphische Sammlung des Städtischen Museums Göttingen Layout: DGGTB Cover Design: Kilian Klapp, Maren Büttner © 2007 Universitätsverlag Göttingen ISSN 1863-0197 Annals of the history and philosophy of biology, Volume 11 (2006) Contents Olaf Breidbach, Michael T. Ghiselin Baroque Classification: A Missing Chapter in the History of Systematics ......................... 1 Rudolf Hagemann: Curt Stern (1902 – 1981) Drosophila-Genetiker und Human-Genetiker in Deutschland und den USA ............... 31 David Hull Essentialism in Taxonomy: Four Decades Later ................................................................. 47 Hans Werner Ingensiep Organism, Epigenesis, and Life in Kant´s Thinking – Biophilosophy between transcendental philosophy,intuitive analogy, and empirical ontology .............. 59 Ulrich Kutschera, V. M. Epshtein Nikolaj A. Livanow (1876 – 1974) and the living relict Acanthobdella peledina (Annelida, Clitellata) ...................................................................... 85 Georgy S. Levit & Lennart Olsson “Evolution on Rails”: Mechanisms and Levels of Orthogenesis ...................................... 99 James Moore Wallace in Wonderland .......................................................................................................... 139 Kärin Nickelsen „In deutlichen Beschreibungen und richtigen Zeichnungen gemeinnütziger“ – Abbildungen in der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (GNF), 1773-1800 .................................................................................................................. 155 Rosemarie Nöthlich, Nadine Wetzel, Uwe Hoßfeld & Lennart Olsson „Ich acquirirte das Schwein sofort, ließ nach dem Niederstechen die Pfoten abhacken u. schickte dieselben an Darwin“ – Der Briefwechsel von Otto Zacharias mit Ernst Haeckel (1874-1898) ......................... 177 Hans-Jörg Rheinberger Internationalism and the History of Molecular Biology ................................................... 249 Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, Vol. 11 (2006) 1 Baroque Classification: a Missing Chapter in the History of Systematics Olaf Breidbach & Michael T. Ghiselin Abstract Systematic biology as it has evolved since the renaissance has been strongly influenced by various forms of occultism, including the Hermetic tradition. In the thirteenth century Ramon Lull developed combina- torics as a mechanism for generating all possible propositions. This became, along with mnemonics, one of the bases for notions of universal science and a universal language that became particularly fashionable in the 1600s. The Jesuit polymath Athanasius Kircher developed such notions and applied them to classifi- cation. Such notions were available to Linnaeus and there are indications that he made use of them. Combinatorics helps to explain his use of the artificial system and his reasoning about the multiplication of species through hybridization. Introduction
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