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STORIA DEL PENSIERO BIOLOGICO EVOLUTIVO Con Riflessioni Di Filosofia Ambientale STORIA DEL PENSIERO BIOLOGICO EVOLUTIVO con riflessioni di filosofia ambientale STORIA DEL PENSIERO BIOLOGICO EVOLUTIVO con riflessioni di filosofia ambientale Piergiacomo Pagano 2013 ENEA Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile Lungotevere Thaon di Revel, 76 00196 ROMA ISBN 978-88-8286-288-6 Foto in copertina In alto: fotografie di Fabio Conte Sfondo e riquadro: fotografie di Piergiacomo Pagano (Pellicani a Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia, novembre 2003; Baobab, mousse du Senegal, febbraio 1991) STORIA DEL PENSIERO BIOLOGICO EVOLUTIVO con riflessioni di filosofia ambientale PIERGIACOMO PAGANO P. Pagano, Storia del Pensiero Biologico Evolutivo, ENEA INDICE Premessa …………………………………………………………………………………………..… 11 Introduzione ………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 1 Sui tre inspiegabili fatti che misero in dubbio la Creazione ……………………………………... 17 1.1 In antichità: cause finali e progetto …………………………………………………………...……... 17 1.2 L’età moderna ……………………………………………………………………………………...... 18 1.3 La grande diversità degli animali e delle piante …………………………………………………….. 19 1.4 Le palesi ingiustizie ……………………………………………………………………...………….. 20 1.5 La presenza di fossili inglobati nelle rocce ………………………………………………………..... 21 2 La Natura, gli organismi e la loro classificazione ……………………………………………...… 23 2.1 La classificazione in Platone …………………………………………………………………...…… 23 2.2 Classificazioni …………………………………………………………………………………...….. 25 2.3 Dopo Platone ………………………………………………………………………………………... 25 2.4 Aristotele e lo studio della Natura …………………………………………………………………... 26 2.5 Gli animali secondo Aristotele ……………………………………………………………………… 27 2.6 Adattamento degli esseri viventi ……………………………………………………………………. 28 2.7 La Natura e i discepoli di Aristotele ………………………………………………………………… 29 2.8 La “Scala della Natura” e la “Catena degli Esseri” ……………………………………………….… 30 2.9 Il metodo di Cartesio ………………………………………………………………………………... 31 2.10 Dopo Aristotele … nessuna classificazione ……………………………………………………….... 32 3 I primi studiosi della Natura ………………………………………………………………...……. 35 3.1 Il periodo romano …………………………………………………………………………………… 35 3.2 Alberto Magno e Federico II: due casi unici ………………………………………………….…….. 36 3.3 I medici: primi naturalisti del mondo moderno ……………………………………………………... 37 4 John Ray e Francis Willughby: due amici naturalisti ………………………………………...… 39 4.1 Vita di John Ray e di Francis Willughby …………………………………………………………… 40 4.2 Viaggi …………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 41 4.3 Letteratura ……………………………………………………………………………………….….. 41 4.4 Le innovazioni naturalistiche di Ray e Willughby: come classificarono …………………………… 44 4.5 L’eredità che hanno lasciato ………………………………………………………………………… 45 5 Tyson e l’Homo sylvestris ……………………………………………………………………..….. 49 5.1 Vita di Tyson ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 49 5.2 l’Homo sylvestris …………………………………………………………………………………… 50 5 P. Pagano, Storia del Pensiero Biologico Evolutivo, ENEA 6 Carlo Linneo ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 53 6.1 Vita ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 55 6.2 Il credo di Linneo ……………………………………………………..…………………………….. 58 6.3 Credo scientifico e classificazione ……………………………………………………..………...…. 58 6.4 Nomenclatura binaria ……………………………………………………..……………………….... 59 6.5 Tassonomia delle piante: su cosa basarsi? ………………………………………………………..… 61 6.6 Il sesso delle piante ……………………………………………………..…………………………… 63 6.7 Uomini e scimmie ……………………………………………………..……………………………. 64 6.8 Linneo e l’evoluzione ……………………………………………………..………………………… 65 6.9 Linneo e l’ecologia ……………………………………………………..…………………………… 67 6.10 Linneo e la filosofia ambientale …………………………………………………….………………. 68 7 Geologia, fossili e storia della Terra ……………………………………………………..……….. 71 7.1 Fossili ……………………………………………………..……………………………………….... 71 7.2 Robert Hooke e il microscopio ……………………………………………………..……………….. 72 7.3 La geologia di Steno ……………………………………………………..………………………….. 74 7.4 La nascita della Terra ……………………………………………………..……………………….... 75 7.5 Linneo e la nascita dei viventi ………………………………………………………………………. 77 8 George-Louis Leclerc, conte di Buffon …………………………………………………………… 79 8.1 Vita ……………………………………………………..…………………………………………… 80 8.2 Opere ……………………………………………………..…………………………………………. 81 8.3 Il suo pensiero ……………………………………………………..……………………………...… 82 8.4 Linneo vs Buffon ……………………………………………………..………………………….….. 89 9 Rocce in movimento ……………………………………………………..……………………….... 91 9.1 Jean-Étienne Guettard e Nicolas Desmarest ………………………………………………………... 91 9.2 Abraham G. Werner ……………………………………………………..………………………….. 92 9.3 James Hutton ……………………………………………………..……………………………….… 93 9.4 William Smith e Alexandre T. Brongniart ………………………………………………………….. 94 10 George Cuvier, Étienne Geoffroy e l’filosofia anatomica …………..………..…………….……. 95 10.1 Georges Cuvier …………..………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………...……. 96 10.2 Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire …………..………..…………..…………..…………..……………. 104 10.3 La controversia Cuvier-Geoffroy …………..………..…………..…………..…………..………….. 109 11 L’ereditarietà dei caratteri acquisiti: Erasums Darwin e Jean-Baptiste Lamarck …………… 117 11.1 Erasmus Darwin ……………………………………………………..……………………………… 118 11.2 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ……………………………………………………..…………………….…. 118 6 P. Pagano, Storia del Pensiero Biologico Evolutivo, ENEA 12 Geologia: catastrofismo e uniformitarismo …………………………………………………...…. 125 12.1 Charles Lyell: attualismo e uniformitarismo ……………………………………………………..… 126 13 Creazione speciale o legge naturale? …………………………………………………………..… 131 14 Charles Robert Darwin ……………………………………………………..………………….…. 135 14.1 Charles Darwin: vita iniziale ……………………………………………………..…………………. 135 14.2 Il viaggio sul Beagle ……………………………………………………..………………………….. 138 14.3 Darwin: la maturità ……………………………………………………..…………………………… 140 14.4 Darwin: ideazione della teoria ……………………………………………………..………………... 141 15 Alfred Russel Wallace e il giallo sulla primogenitura della teoria …………………………..…. 147 15.1 Le versioni: “convenzionale” e “revisionista” …………………………………………………...…. 147 15.2 Il giovane Wallace ……………………………………………………..……………………………. 149 15.3 Wallace in Sudamerica ……………………………………………………..……………………….. 150 15.4 Wallace come naturalista ……………………………………………………..……………………... 151 15.5 Wallace e la nascita di nuove specie ……………………………………………………………...… 152 15.6 Wallace raccoglie nuove evidenze …………………………………………………..…………….... 153 15.7 I fatti e le speculazioni ……………………………………………………..……………………….. 157 16 La teoria di Darwin e Wallace ……………………………………………………..……………… 157 16.1 L’arrivo della teoria ……………………………………………………..…………………………... 158 16.2 La legge di Wallace sulla distribuzione delle specie ……………………………………………...… 159 16.3 La lettera di Darwin ad Asa Gray ……………………………………………………..……….……. 160 16.4 L’origine delle specie secondo Wallace …………………………………………………………….. 161 16.5 Le letture del 1 luglio 1858 ……………………………………………………..…………………... 163 16.6 Sul volume “L’origine delle specie” …………………………………………………..…………..... 164 16.7 L’origine delle specie per selezione naturale ……………………………………………………...... 165 16.8 Teoria e teleologia ……………………………………………………..……………………………. 167 16.9 Gradualità e teoria evolutiva ……………………………………………………..…………..….….. 168 17 Pro e contro la teoria evolutiva ……………………………………………………..…………….. 171 17.1 Forme antiche e forme recenti ……………………………………………………..………………... 172 17.2 Sviluppi della paleontologia ……………………………………………………..……………….…. 172 17.3 Le ossa dell’orecchio interno ……………………………………………………..………………… 173 17.4 Dai pesci ai tetrapodi: i sarcopterigi ……………………………………………………..………….. 173 17.5 Archaeopterix, l’anello mancante ……………………………………………………..…………….. 174 17.6 Embrioni e Adulti ……………………………………………………..…………………………….. 175 17.7 Biogeografia ……………………………………………………..………………………………….. 176 7 P. Pagano, Storia del Pensiero Biologico Evolutivo, ENEA 17.8 Isolamento geografico ……………………………………………………..………………………... 178 17.9 Radiazione adattativa ……………………………………………………..………………………… 180 17.10 Classificazione ed evoluzione …………………………………………………..…………………... 180 18 Modalità evolutive ……………………………………………………..……………………….….. 183 18.1 Selezione naturale ed evoluzione ……………………………………………………..………….…. 183 18.2 Mimetismo batesiano ……………………………………………………..……………………….... 184 18.3 Selezione sessuale ……………………………………………………..………………………….… 185 18.4 Mimetismi ……………………………………………………..………………………………….… 186 18.5 Mimetismo, melanismo industriale e selezione naturale ………………………………………….… 187 19 Evoluzione e uomo ……………………………………………………..…………………………... 191 19.1 Huxley, il posto dell’uomo nella Natura e il Neanderthal ……………………………………….….. 192 19.2 Lyell, De Perthes e le arti umane primitive …………………………………………………………. 194 19.3 Razze o specie umane? Antropologia e Wallace ……………………………………………………. 195 19.4 Il pensiero di Darwin ……………………………………………………..…………………………. 199 20 Evoluzione e filosofia ……………………………………………………..……………………….. 205 20.1 Positivismo ……………………………………………………..…………………………………… 205 20.2 Herbert Spencer e il positivismo evoluzionistico ………………………………………………...…. 206 20.3 L’evoluzionismo materialistico (monismo) di Ernst Haeckel ……………………………………..... 209 21 Implicazioni sociali dell’evoluzione, l’eugenica ………………………………………………..… 213 21.1 Il pericolo della degradazione della società civile …………………………………………………... 213 21.2 L’eugenica ……………………………………………………..……………………………………. 214 21.3 Le ripercussioni sociali dell’ereditarietà …………………………………………………………..... 216 21.4 Le politiche eugeniche nel mondo …………………………………………………………………... 217 22 Variabilità ed eredità …………………………………………………….………………………... 219 22.1 Darwin: variabilità ed eredità ……………………………………………………………………….. 220 22.2 Eredità debole ed eredità forte ………………………………………………………………………. 221 22.3 Studi di microscopia ……………………………………………………..………………………….
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