Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals

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Seminar Proceedings Barcelona, MarCH 2010

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring peace. Initiatives, limitations and proposals

Seminar Proceedings Barcelona, MarCH 2010 © 2010 Institut Català Internacional per la Pau Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 658, baixos · 08010 Barcelona T. +34 93 554 42 70 | F. +34 93 554 42 80 [email protected] | www.icip.cat

These proceedings correspond to the international seminar “Measuring Peace, Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals” organized by the International Catalan Institute for Peace, and took place in Barcelona on 4-5 March 2010.

The Rapporteur Alejandro Pozo

Graphic Design Fundació Tam-Tam

ISSN 2013-9969 (on line edition)

All rights reserved s t n e t n o c 3. EMERGINGDEBATES 2. PROCESSOFTHESEMINAR 1. PRESENTATION of peace:humanandpoliticalrigts First roundtable: presentation ofinitiatives and otherelements and theproposalfromDelàsCentre human security 3.3. Methodology 3.2. Whydoit? 3.1. What ispeace?Framework Third roundtable: Thedilemma Second roundtable: Theprolemsofeasurin Presentation oftheinitialproblems Presentation oftheI Indicators ofhumanrights Challenges forgreatertransparenc T Quantitative orqualitative indices? Contribution tointernational peace Availability andcredibility ofthedata The problemwithscales How toovercomeinterpretationandsubjectivities Who doesitaffect? Do theyhavethedesiredeffect? Do theyleadtoaction? Negative peace P Indicators ofthereport‘Alert!’ The mismeasureofpeace? Indicators ofsustainabilityandthei What arewegoingtomeasure? Are theindicesuseful? P Is aHumanSecurityndexpossible Measuring andmonitoringtheelement Measuring P ools ofGlobalMeasurefromTransparenc eace andhumansecurityaspositiveconcepts eace asacomplexconcept Lessons learnedfrommeasurin to themeasurementofpeace An evolutionarytransitio to sustainablepeace eace: TheGlobalP

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DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 3.4. Why this seminar? 49 Space of gathering and dialogue 49 Sharing information 50 Commitments made by the ICIP 51

ANNEXES 52

AnNex 1: CONCEPT PAPER 52 AnNex 2: BIOGRAPHIES OF PANELISTS 56

About the International Catalan Institute for Peace 61 DOCU M ENTS 03/2010

Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals March 4th F T hursday irst day 2010 from subjectivity (we choose indicators according to our own previous as previous own our to according indicators choose (we subjectivity from stemming limitations also are There etc.). gender? of questions consider we do How others? the all for valid considered be also country one for tive posi being as define we what Can example? for Mali, to France compare to possible it (Is comparisson of problems develop); to want we that the idea captures best indicator what questioning as (such issues substantive more give or prioritize methodological, etc.); political, and aspects, importance tooneordifferent to how another; or indicator one choose problems to ethical (how we concerned debates that These you. place with share took to like debates would Many (UNDP). Program Development the UN by presented categories seven the on taking made, was security man hu of concept parallel the with peace of concept the merge to proposal the first, At measured? be societies peaceful building towards made effort the as of conceived should How concept? be positive a be to it understand we peace should or negative, of basis the Should first. established be to had “peace” by meant is what of framework conceptual the this, do to order In ures. meas such developing with associated controversies the of spite in peace, measuring of challenge the towards work to fruitful and interesting both be would it that concluded Centre Delàs the product), finished a veloped de having (without project the of phase presentation initial the After ess. proc research the throughout emerged considerations and debates many expected, be based to is index As measurements. peace qualitative a and quantitative create both on to possible was it whether This at peace. looked measuring project of task difficult the tackle to proposal odological meth a involving project a on worked Centre) Delàs the as to referred ter (hereinaf Barcelona of Delàs J.M. Peace for Centre Study The 2006 2009, and Between ICIP. of creation the pre-date seminar this of origins The also withintheinternationalarena. but society, Catalan with works that action and information of semination dis the research, to dedicated institution an is ICIP field. academic the and movement peace the citizens, to answers provide to is center the of aim The Catalonia. of Parliament the by shaped is work whose institute, public and tives of the peace movement into account. It perspec is an different autonomous, independent, the took that process participatory a after Catalunya, de Generalitat the by created was ICIP known. itself making still is that center established newly a is (ICIP) Peace for Institute Catalan International The we measure life conditions, the situation of States? Do we measure peace peace measure we Do States? of situation the conditions, life measure we Do measure? we do (What indicators the to relation in measured be to is object what establishing in difficulties and results); expected the obtaining sessments, other related estimates, and based on their utility in the past for Director oftheICIP TICA I P 1. nstitute for for nstitute resentation of t of resentation PRESENTATION

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DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals - - of interest to all. It is with this aim that we have organized this seminar: to in measuring peace. and discuss the challenges share our experiences Everyone Everyone present at this seminar has contemplated many these have also questions, developed and indicators with which to lated measure to concepts peace re (human rights, security, etc.). We have do while difficulties similar encountered have must issues these assumed on working that those ing so, and we think that sharing different views on these matters could be as a process or as a situation, a circumstance? And should we use outcome been the dilemmas. These have indicators?)

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Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals h pooa o te eà Cnr ivle fv caatrsis ht ae a have that characteristics certain novelty: five involves Centre Delàs the of proposal The im economic of indicator provement, butratheranindicatorthateverythingisgettingfartheraway?” an not is sales car in increase an if “What said: cartoonist political Spanish The issue, this addressing In indicators. and measures to regards in view of points different many are There tiative. ini the of viability the and indicators of number sufficient the between ance only a few countries; the lack of credibility of many opinion polls, or the bal for availability its or measure, to like would one that aspects the of many for data reliable of unavailability the better”; is “more maxim the follow ways al not will that pursued, objective the example; for Cameroon, and Italy as different as contexts compare to possible not probably is it general, in that, for on good measurement is of what object the focusing to commitment the data; the vide pro who those of include: also but These measure, to aspire seminar. who those of this subjectivity the of material work the in conveyed dilemmas the of many encountered we proposal, this developing of process the During ferent elementsandsuggestedfourteendistinctbutinterrelatedcategories. dif its on based peace analyzed progress, in still initiative, This peace. uring meas for proposal a elaborated Centre Delàs the 2009, and 2006 Between Investigator oftheDelàsCentreandcoordinatorseminar ALE t and P 2. resentation of t of resentation 2. 1. PROCESS J In regards to the question: What is the goal when we measure? The measure? we when goal the is What question: the to regards In able. We are, therefore, in a second phase in which we are working are we which in phase second a in therefore, are, We able. indicators initially studied would prevent the initiative from being vi priori a are that countries comparing when bias minimize to and local) and global (both variables more consider to study the allows indicators of number large This sources). different (126 information of sources of epe wres i ti cs) n ae hrfr gvn es impor less given tance inourproposal. therefore are and case) the this for in desirable (workers, not people are issues these workers), firing and finding of ease (the flexibility labor in interest great have might company a Centre’s Delàs although example: for rigidity, labor of the indicator the Take proposal. in importance less given fact in is example, for Bank, World the by highly valued indicator An actors). other or nies compa states, of interests the to opposition in be may this though for best is what of value the maximize to opts proposal high. number ofindicatorssignificantly,whilestillkeeping it the reduce to attempting solution: intermediate an finding towards It contains a very high number of indicators and uses a large quantity ANDRO h e proposal fro proposal e less comparable. At the same time, using the more than 600 than more the using time, same the At comparable. less people

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DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals - - - - -

land Salt in Salt Other diversity Biological degradations Pesticide & Pesticide fertilizers use fertilizers different concepts.) The cent The concepts.) different Protection against Protection abrupt deterioration abrupt Air Contribution to the Reduction of Militarism Contribution to the Peaceful Resolution External Contribution to Peace of Conflicts Contribution to International Justice Contribution to a Just Global Economy Contribution to the Environment Contribution to the Cooperation between the People degradation a priori a 2.1. 2.2. 2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. Example Degradation Desertification Land Environmental security degradation General degradation sustainability Development Water Protection against Protection degradation progressive deterioration progressive % land surface covered by forests by covered surface land % 1990) vs. surface forest (% deforestation average Annual hands public in forests % Deforestation Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level Level 1 Level Level 6 Level It considers a peace concept linked to positive peace and akin to hu It It maintains a positive view. It is not just about criticism or condem through through the use of process indicators. To serve this end, each catego ry has been divided into several sub-categories that, in turn, are split into sub-sub-categories (including six levels between a category (level for each 6)). Each of (level 1) the itself sub-categories and the indicator countries, different between of comparisson be object can the sub-level therefore, proposal, This result. desired the and country one between or us allows to in partake not analysis which only can once, but infinitely, country. each of weaknesses and strengths the at look closer a grant also the contribution that each country makes towards world peace. This is to say, a country can take care of their own environment, time; but same the at environment global the with practices aggressive use or enjoy stable economic security while contributing to unjust global economic relations; or can have reduced levels of violence within its borders, but lead arms races or processes towards global militariza therefore, examines both perspectives.tion. This initiative, nation, but also attempts to analyze how each country is improving, man security (although they are they (although security man er’s peace concept, thus, takes the seven levels considered by the UN Development Program (UNDP) in its 1994 report into account, these of human security. being the ingredients but country, each of peace internal the measure to attempts only not It

3. 5. 4. Food Security Health Security Environmental Security Personal Security Community Security Political Security Cultural and Educational Security Economic Security Internal Contribution to Peace 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 1.8. 1.1. 1. To provide an example, a breakdown of environmental security follows: To provide an example, a breakdown of environmental security follows: The proposed initiative considers eight categories of “internal peace” within for contribution to global peace: the states, and six other categories

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Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals lized: the following page. In the test phase, data from 13 distinct countries was uti on listed are security environmental of example the for obtained results The aggregate data. considered are levels other the while indicators, the contains other 6 Level levels. at compared be they that also but example), this in security, mental (environ category in the target) desired the with compared is a country that Note that what matters is not only that countries are compared in Level 1 (or much larger. is category each of tree in general the since (highlighted example an as only route shown is bold) the for level deployment The indicator. the to egory cat the from discerned: be can levels six the figure, enclosed the at Looking Environmental Environmental degradation security security degradation Land Land progressive degradation degradation progressive Protection against Deforestation Protection Annual average Annual against deforestation Annual average Deforestation deforestation Degradation Degradation degradation covered by % surface public hands public covered byforest degradation % forest in Land public hands forest % surface % forestin Land - - -

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals - - - - - Contribution to the Global Environment Environmental Security - militarization Contribution to Global De Health Security the objective of developing such a measure, possible. The initiative of the Delàs Centre is not a finished product and continues to be a proposal that still requires a phase in which a reduction of the number of indicators and the purification of some of its aspects takes place. At first, this study was considered to be too ambitious and, in light of the problems encountered, impractical. The results obtained at this stage, however, have made the idea of a positive contribution to the measurement of peace, and ent categories (and sub-categories, at different levels) to see how the results between countries differ. If we only consider an index of peace, on the oth er hand, it is not clear what the strengths and weaknesses of each are, and therefore, not country so clear what the options and means of improvement must be. tribution to global demilitarization) both rank amongst the worst practices. Similarly, focusing on in environmental issues, while Egypt could be their conceived of as having a bad domestic situation (category 1.4, environmen tal safety), its contribution to the global environment could be deemed sat isfactory (category 2.5), whereas, for the United States, the situation is the contrary. As demonstrated by the example, it is useful to compare differ Making use of these lists, we can compare changes in two countries: Egypt and the United States (among the 13 countries analyzed). While in category 1.3 (health security) both stand out in a positive light, in category 2.1 (con The results for four of the categories analyzed are displayed below: are displayed categories analyzed for four of the The results

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 10 Register of Conventional Arms of the UN are now used as sources, and cat and sources, as used now are UN the of Arms Conventional of Register the and (IISS) Balance Military the example, for weapons, heavy on mation infor of collection the For changed. be also can data gather to used sources The operations. such of financing the for indicator new a include to agreed it while country, each in troops peacekeeping of maintenance the on cator indi existing the reject to decided experts of panel the example, an provide To rejected. be may past the in considered others while used, be may cators indi new Some annually. vary can and dynamic are GPI the of contents The port ofweapons,etc. im and export participates, country the which in conflicts prison, in people of indicatorsare: a negative viewofpeace.Examplespoliticalstability, cepts ac and violence, of absence or presence the measures Index Peace Global The peace. external to leads peace internal because home, at begins Peace nal peaceand40%forexternalpeace. inter for 60% at estimated balance: the determines index the Finally, cator. indi each of assigned importance relative the are determine to order in indicators 5 to 1 of and weights exist, not does it when data the makes for EIU estimates the used, are sources respected Highly data. the compiles and collects which (EIU), Unit Intelligence Economist the finally, and proaches; based in Sydney; second, a panel of peace experts who review the various ap for checked also team a first, triumvirate: a on are based is GPI The peace. with connection their index, the of part not although that, indicators 33 er 23 of anoth are there and qualitative, and quantitative both are which indicators, consists GPI The 144. were there year last countries, initially 121 index considered the Whereas media. recog the global from attention obtained received has and GPI nition the implementation, of year fourth its In the through correlation ofotherdatasetsandindices. revealed is peace” “Positive peace. external and internal both of measurement the permits that definition a violence”, of “absence the as state ideal The therefore, peace, defines war. It crime. no and of prisons, no police, no absence have would the than more means peace GPI, the For of action. lines future and constraints, and problems the about remarks development, GPIs the during encountered constraints and problems the to: refer These This presentation on the Global Peace Index (GPI) is divided into four parts. the countriesthemselves instead. perts stop the use of UN data, and that they use the information provided by ex of panel the that suggest can index the persons, displaced internally on data to regard With capacity. destructive to according measured are egories Vice-president oftheGlobalP CA Measuring Moderator: ManuelaMesa F irst round ta round irst M ILLA

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11 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------such has not been reached, and ideas are sought for improvement. It improvement. for sought are ideas and reached, been not has such inter many have that countries are there that knowledge accepted is nal conflicts, but which appear to be peaceful on the surface due to for external influence. the fact that they lack the capacity obtained have they place the with disagreement their expressed have in the classification process. carry out a valid analysis. carry out a valid East Timor, but no reliable data was available). There is a problem for certain countries. of reliability of data The size of the country is also of concern, since the results for a very small country, like Iceland, can be misleading. On the other hand, an index of intra-national peace for larger countries (like sit internal the measure to as so considered, being the also is India) and USA zones. their distinct geographic uation of such according peaceful on the surface? We know that the objective of measuring data. This when 20 or 30 years of data is often needed to be able to Correlation versus causality. Moral judgments. There are many definitions, and many countries More countries are needed (this year there was the intention to add Lack of data for some indicators. Difficulty of measuring external peace: to what extent is a country The index is new and only has three years of comparable available

n n n n n n n it is known to reduce costs and increase market size. The Institute for Economics and Peace will house the lished annually and will GPI, continue to do which research on the causes is of peace, the pub ative measures and the reality could be an increase of In relation triple to the benefits this that companies number. receive with the establishment of when potential market (higher opportunities business more are there peace: living standards increase; lower costs; and more focused management strategic issues to mitigate risk). The GPI aims to influence business schools on although business analysis, in used not currently message. Peace is with this In regards to correlations between peace and economic indicators, the peace the indicators, economic and peace between correlations to regards In ranking of a country increases with the GDP. We have compared this data with the global economy, and this study discerns how peace affects the GDP of countries. Economic activity can improve in could increase a the situation world GDP of by peace, 13.1%. These and are, nevertheless, conserv fined peaceful societies as: those which live in countries with very low levels of armed conflict; have very good relations with neighboring states; have an efficient government that is accountable; have high primary school enroll ment records; show improving economic conditions and respect for human rights; and demonstrate high levels of freedom of information and low lev els of corruption. More studies should center their framework on the goal of peace, and less should focus on the armed conflicts of the world. To date, peace poorly addressed: has it been needs to be contemplated in depth by scholars, and to be taken more seriously. Based on the research done during the last three years, the index has de In the process of developing the GPI, some tered: problems have been encoun

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 12 o nlec svrl etr o scey frt epoes n eprs who experts and employers first, society: of sectors several influence to seeks CPI The states. of agenda political the on inclusion its through bated Why does the CPI exist? The aim of analyzing corruption is for it to be com list a ranking, that haslastedformanyyears. the in countries 180 are There them. into information able avail the all incorporate cannot indices the although it, sell that ganizations or by provided is indices the in used data the of Some clean). (very 10 and corrupt) (very 0 between ranked are countries the it, In years. two previous the covered and country per surveys three of minimum a used It experts. al nation and international by out carried were which institutions 10 by vided The CPI is a poll of polls, a composite index. In 2009, it used 13 surveys pro and bribery. corruption towards attitudes public assesses that survey household tional abroad. The second is the Global Corruption Barometer (GCB), an interna bribe companies their that probability the to according countries fluential in economically most and richest the ranks that index an Index), (Bribe Payers BPI or index bribery the is first The available. tools other two has International Transparency people. the of perceptions the on based index sec single a by measured be to public complex too be to considered is Corruption tor. the in perceived of corruption classification of degree the the on for based used countries is (CPI) Index Perception Corruption The organizations independent are that followthegeneralregulationsoforganizationandsupportit. These worldwide. divisions and 90 has chapters International Transparency Today, difficulties tools. encountered quantification has to it related indices, preparing of process the In it. ure meas to how and corruption with concerned is International Transparency we know,stilldonotandhowwouldliketoaddressthis. what and measurement; of tools this between links that the achieved; accomplishments has initiative the also but confronted, impediments and es, challeng dilemmas, the integrity; and corruption measures (TI) ternational In Transparency Why and How parts: four into divided is presentation The the AspenInstitute,andconstructingbuildingblocksofpeace. with professors university among network the Peace, of Index tra-national In the include will objectives Other politics. of field the in ommendations rec make as well as peace, and businesses business, between relationship of corruption, both nationally and internationally. Transparency Interna Transparency internationally. and nationally both corruption, of consequences and causes the on research scientific for push to finally, and possible; is change to conducive climate a that so population second, general investment; the and trade regarding decisions on influence an have Research DirectorfromTransparencyInternational RO integrity and corruption I T nternational: nternational: ools of of ools B IN H ODESS G lo b al Measure fro Measure al L essons learned fro learned essons m

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13 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------its role in lim cal activity. The NIS provides a detailed analysis of the strengths and weaknesses that the key players of a given country have, covering their legal provisions, in National Chapter of Transparency International. The data is then collect ed and the elaboration of the country draft report is carried out. Next, the research team scores the indicators and the project’s advisory group vali dates that score. A workshop is then carried out to validate and discuss the results, as well as generate recommendations which are then published in the NIS. This is then is tracked in terms of pressure, awareness and politi ports, including payments made by governments in exchange for the rights the for exchange in governments by made payments including ports, to resource extraction. The NIS analyzes the institutions and actors ty, that transparency and contribute accountability to in integri society. The methodology a used process that is begins with the identification of the research team by the ability and transparency. Second, the Transparency in Reporting on Anti- Corruption Mechanisms, TRAC, which is an assessment of the extension and quality of private sector reports concerning anti-corruption and policies programs of integrity. Finally, the Promoting Revenue Transparency project (PRT) which is an assessment of more than 40 major national and international oil and gas companies based on the transparency of their re end, such as the Global Compact. But what compromises are made when the companies that sign such initiatives boast of their good Corporate So cial Responsibility (CSR)? Transparency International asks how to create transparency and accountability. It has tools for this: first, the tional NIS (Na Integrity System Assessments), a holistic institutions of government within a evaluation country in terms of integrity, account of the main iting corruption. On the other hand, it is also important to consider how to analyze corporate corruption, the private sector being that which pays for corruption to take place. The UN has various instruments to serve this How to measure integrity? How to assume this positive approach? Govern approach? positive this assume to How integrity? measure to How ments wanted an anti-corruption index in order to assess tination of aid. It is, thus, important to focus more on people, consider how obtained results should be used, and acknowledge that results can be mis leading. It is important to recognize how rankings may hurt others, because they can determine where international aid is sent. The activists of Trans parency International are not naïve, and know that the indicators are very broad with a margin of error. etc.). The Index is not designed to make comparisons over time, and not does measure the effort made to combat corruption. Second, it has no diag nostic capability, and does not analyze the causes, dynamics or consequenc es of corruption. A third challenge has to do with political sensitivity: there is a lack of local experts or spokespeople, perceptions generate distrust, the CPI is aimed at developing countries, and corruption is linked with the des index can serve as a reminder to political entities of the important role cor role important the of entities political to reminder a as serve can index plays. ruption Various challenges have been encountered in the development of the CPI. First, the CPI uses very complex methodology standing that may (ratings, cause classification, misunder number of surveys, confidence intervals, tional members are activists, who strive to make an impact. In order to see changes take place over time, solid and durable research is needed. This

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 14 may be shared at greater lengths. Finally, it will be important to encourage to important be will it Finally, lengths. greater at shared be may methodology and data that so promoted, be to community research the and activists between engagement of levels higher for need a also is reali There local ties. these analyzing in organization the with work students that so for levels, which its network of local chapters is crucial. A publication has been created sub-national and national the on focus a per maintain local and a spective from details the get to like would International Transparency gov ernance. good and peace as such phenomena, different between links existing the understand better to need the and influences, political or as will such political issues conceptual key some with do to has This policy have. that can reforms impact the or corruption, of economy political the and change drive that elements the as such about: enough not least at know, not do we things many are there hand, other the On perspectives. various from come that governance for ratings different many are there that and governance, weak from result may overall, that, phenomena many cor to that related is know ruption also We level. sub-national and regional this but a needed, on are increasingly they because used be to continue will pub and the sphere, in lic used are They areas. some in fashionable less become have to seem they that also but complicated, are they as important as are dicators in aggregate the that know We know? we don’t what and know we do What known, andhasitbeentakenintoaccount? impact the is impact, an had used tools the have addressed: be must tained tant; this is not a matter of making reports that are not used. The success at impor are tools these of versions final The possible. data most the publish to best it if question and produced, is that is it what know to important is it governments), of assessment the in exists (competition competition or ship owner as such matters other on and comparisson; facilitates that tool a or and law index, an create to is between objective the if third, measurement; relationship their and practice the second, perfect; not while suf is even measurement ficient, for available tool the whether of issue impor the first, particularly tant: are following the encountered, challenges the Among assessed needsayeartoproduceresults. pillar Each feasible. not is this pillar, each for questions 90 or 80 are there if but pillars, the of each for experts with consult to advisable is It purpose. particular a achieving for useful be will which know must one that believes International Transparency but indicators, 600 of spoken has seminar The positioned, etc. well is it if staff, has it if funded, well is it if system, the is within it strong how institution: each of details the showing chart a creating in analysis qualitative to quantitative from shift a is there base, a as questions these and indicators the using dimensions: and ratings to regards In study. and under reform, countries the in governance in for deficits of awareness global initiatives generated campaigns, to contributed have them of many and reports, NIS 70 than more conducted has International Transparency them. between relations the as well as practices, and capacities stitutional and governance. collaboration on new projects related to conflict, building peace, coexistence ------

15 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------CROLL allenges for greater transparency Ch and participation PETER ICC) International Centre for Conversion (B Director of the Bonn ble to the UN including both actual expenditures, and those budgeted and planned). Fifth, there is the need to promote a generally recognized defini tion of military spending and simplify the reporting tools. in The comparing the simplified and difficulties complete reports must be overcome. Sixth, countability. Second, capacity building must go hand in hand with the de velopment of a new policy framework that responds to some the that worry the data held released by will be used as a basis for criticism. increase the Third, participation to of impoverished nations: to report their military spending is necessary in order to strengthen national capacities military to data. collect Fourth, the data provided must be consistent (and reporta There are several challenges ahead. First, there is the need parable, valid, to and make consistent com military expenditure data available. It is im portant to increase the capacity of poor countries to report consistent data, report on their plans and military aggregated data spending that programs, would allow and for provide greater transparency, dis as generating public debate a for the promotion means of greater transparency of and ac the UN. Only five African countries did, while in Western Europe there were there Europe Western in while did, countries African five Only UN. the 27. There are three reasons for low regional participation (especially in Af po of lack and capacity, of lack management, weak America): Latin and rica litical will. The number of countries providing data is increasing, but is still too low, and participation must increase. real terms over the period of 1999-2008. However, this ied by region increase with: high growth in has Eastern Europe (and in var emerging econo mies), and low growth in Western Europe (and in the states with the least more than doubled its spending. resources), whereas the U.S. has In 2008, 77 of the 192 member States granted military expenditure data to What is its essence and why is the BICC devoted to stopping global militari zation? More than 1,226 billion in constant 2005 dollars are spent on arms in the world, a figure that saw a 4% increase over the course of 2007. Ana lyzed by region, North America spent almost half that amount (564 billion), towards resources absolute fewest the devoted that region the is Africa while militarism (20.4 billion). Global military spending has increased by 45% in ports and control; on the relationship conflict; between and resources, on migration conversion. and It focuses on has shown the a particular global interest export in heavy of weapons. arms Its services and include plied research, consultancy (to the UN, governments, NGOs, etc...), capacity ap building and public relations. peace and development through research, consultancy, and training. It tries to assist in the prevention of violent conflict and, therefore, contribute to a constructive transformation conflict. Disarmament frees up resources that can be used to combat poverty: the conversion makes for better use sources. of BICC works primarily in re four areas: on peace and development; on the global trends in weapons (including small arms) focusing on both ex The Bonn International Centre for Conversion (BICC) has prevent violent conflict been and contribute trying to peace to for 15 years. BICC pursues

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 16 vr hg dge o mltrzto” r i ta rgo. h GI os not does GMI The value theranking,butpoints tothemilitarizationofanentireregion. region. that a in are with militarization” countries of ten degree the high of “very seven example, an as East Middle the Taking Bank forGDP,andtheUNtotalpopulation. the (IISS) for military personnel, our own BICC for weapons systems, the World data, Studies Strategic expenditure for Institute military International the for spending, health SIPRI for WHO uses it sources, to regard With of 4). TheGPIisuniqueandnotnormative. (weight population total the to weapons heavy conventional the of and number (2), country the in doctors of number the with paramilitaries soldiers and of number the (2), population total the with reservists of number the 4), of weight (a population total the to forces paramilitary and soldiers of number the compares it 3); of weight a (with services health on spending government and 5) of weight a (given GDP to relation in budget the in ered consid are details These corvette). a than grade superior a of warships and aircraft combat caliber, 100mm than higher with artillery (armor, systems weapons conventional heavy and reservists) paramilitary, (soldiers, troops number of the budget, state include: the resources military sector. These the for state the to available resources the on based ranking a creates GMI The tive way:astherelativeimportanceofstatemilitarysector. itarization to mean warmongering, but rather understands it in a very objec mil understand not does GMI the that means This “aggressive.” considered are countries these of none and (40), Finland and (17) Greece 16), (position Bulgaria are: militarized” “highly as described countries of examples some illustrate, To militarism). with confused be to (not war make to likely be will it that or aggressive, be will country a mean necessarily not does tarization mili of level high a as insomuch “bad” or “good” not is militarization itself, In sectors. other to compared sector this for used be will resources more the militarized, is country a more The sector. military the to allocates state the ments of countries. Militarization refers only to the amount of resources that assess conducting for tool powerful a is and sources reputable from mation infor reliable uses It factors. social and economic other to relation in sector military the to state the by allocated funds on focusing states, 150 of parison The Global Militarization Index (GMI) takes stock of all this. It makes a com military personnel (etc.),aswelltheamountofspendingdoneonpublichealth. systems, weapons as such indicators other with military data combine expenditure and has, country certain a militarization of level the ing regard statements make can we others, to related indicator an as spending military Using scarce. is such on data disaggregated and this, of definitions different use countries that noted be should It power. military of indicator an develop and sector, military the into flowing money of amount the uring meas category a add to Seventh, security. national affect will transparency greater that states of majority the by held presumption the overcome to and this); does SIPRI that way same the (in trends forecast to and for comparisons data series time consistent include analyzable); and challengeable ble, compara be should data (the spending military in transparency increase to ample, military spending is 0.52% of the GDP, and health, 3.9%). However, 3.9%). health, and GDP, the of 0.52% is spending military ample, ex (for indicators good has country This one countries. militarized GMI, least the the of to according 145th ranked is it Nigeria: is example Another ------

17 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals - world, occupying the first position spending is 20% in of the GDP, while money the intended for health is 3.7%). Ac ranking of the countries. Eritrea is one of the world’s poorest cording to UNDP, GMI (military low level of militarization, this does not necessarily mean that the situation is safe and peaceful for the population. This can not only be said of Nigeria, but also of other countries. A country by country analysis should, therefore, conclusions. be done before drawing Finally, another example is Eritrea, the most militarized country in the there are conflicts between Christians and Muslims, and local and regional confrontations for political power. All this shows that even where there is a

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 18 the project“Minoritiesat Risk”withidentitygroupsandnon-stateactors. on working started I paper. wrapping its remove to the how state: all the of understand layers analytically to how with do to has obstacle second The it manages these dynamics and is accommodating to the various associations. becauseviablecomplex, issystem,though organizations.thissmall time Over manage to order in rules set to have organizations large which for agement, decentralizethesetasksfacilitate to thisprocess. Another conflictgoalis man economicallymostthe theseactivitiesin doneefficient Statesbe can manner. cion and violence.coer Subsidiarity isof carried out in usemore complex societies,the so thatminimize and groups, these between conflict the manage to serves activity Political observed. is continuously working are that sociations as of millions of composed society a space, conceptual this in participating groups multiple the between interaction the Examining densities.interactive associative power, the better.use Society can be maintainedwho throughsociety associative links and in people more the violence: or coercion of use the withoutpower,associative maximize and instrumentalforcesminimize to try how know to developmentis to ofobjective Thecorrectly. works needs it if and also workssystem the One takes. it long how know to need we and time, long a takes process This power. on based approach basedan and performance, target on a has analysis, of unit its as authority (democratic) associative uses it need: this serves model second The system.regulatory a need we that reasonthis for is it necessary,and dialogueissocial that is logicthis with lem prob basic The force. on based approach an and strength, gaining on based is that objective an analysis, of unit its as authority(autocratic)instrumental Hobbesianthe“natural Machiavelli’sstate”, or “Raisond’état”.out:logic usesThis way a find to trying without violence, pure and conflict on based alism, re was paradigm the began, I When possible. is peacenon-discriminatory a whetherquestionof thepremises,limitation basicand firstaddresses theThe elements of peace and to developing a trajectory to sustain and maintain peace. present the six obstacles to carrying out an effective monitoring program on the to trygovernment.U.S.willnecessarily thenot Idoes ofviewssion reflect the ernment,whichhasspent 250million$ theseon issues recent in years. vi My I have spent 40 years working with data on peace, 12 of them with the U.S. gov a group. To do this, I set up a scheme that examines different levels of inter of levels different examines that scheme a up set I this, do To group. a as them studying to separately, studied incidents violence political from ing mov problem: the of conceptualization the to related is obstacle third The Director oftheP M fro peace. and of Measuring Moderator: LourdesBeneria governa ele S econd round ta round econd ONTY m m ents of peace: peace: of ents e x

G ecutive privilege to sustaina to privilege ecutive b . M . ility and ot and ility A n evolutionary transition transition evolutionary n olity IVProject.rofessorofGeorgeMasonUniversity(US) ARS m H b onitoring t onitoring le: le: ALL h h u Th er ele er m e pro e an and political rig political and an h m b e ele e le ents m s of of s m ents ents b m le peace le easuring h ts, ------

19 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals

------ts h an rig m u h OLT H LIND

ndicators of I LONE Senior legal consultant at the Danish Institute for Human Rights and decisions made. It will finish with some conclusions. Why do we want to measure? In order to: understand the situation, to look at the profile of the “problem”, to identify the appropriate actions needed to This presentation will begin with some general reflections on the indicators, and will subsequently deal with the continuation of the human rights indi cators project begun by the Danish Institute for Human Rights (DIHR): the project’s background and objectives, its methodology, the dilemmas found Economic legitimacy has not changed much in terms of basic ties. Economic theory states commodi that when growth is achieved, it is distributed rather evenly, regardless of the point from which it comes. The world has improved a lot over the last 15 years in this respect, except for in the West, where growth must be reduced in order for progress to be achieved. We do not need 600 indicators to measure conflict. Our work team uses four only indicators, and we identified 80% of the problems we were try ing to predict. Selecting key elements, a lot can be we can obtain a learned: picture that is very close to reality, and we can follow security, governance, economy and social development in terms of effectiveness and legitimacy. ements separately. Because they interact, they need to be analyzed at the same time. When the Cold War ended, we realized that the world depends conflict conflict, on would depends government The order. global deal of lack this with on the nature of development, and development depends on conflict and the government, forming a triangular relationship. The three sides of the triangle between themshould be analyzed, and the interaction as well. ability to attack in an organized manner, and they vent their rage on those en terrorists´ the in are terrorism of victims of 90% them. to closer are who other. vironment. They are killing each Finally, the sixth obstacle is the state deals with conflict, governance and fragility. You cannot analyze these el system for monitoring and control, which years to translate this information and make it fit for their this information and make it fit years to translate understanding. speaks power U.S., the In prejudice. of neutralization the is obstacle fifth The louder than justice. When measuring fatalities in terrorist bombings in the War on Terror, we must keep the emotional component in violence mind, mainly results from emotional impulses. Terrorists do because not have the differ depending on how a phenomenon is measured. a phenomenon on how differ depending The fourth obstacle is understanding governance, and I worked through this issue in the Polity IV Project. There are so many statistical models that different it is difficult quantitative to convey how to and treat a problem to legis lators. This information must be translated for the legislators. It took us three action and political actors, in order to obtain a global vision, establish pat terns and predict trends, and to be able to measure the problem. Results

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 20 fore, to analyze the implementation process. Because measuring all human all measuring Because process. implementation the analyze to there fore, necessary, is also is it that and implementation of guarantee suf ficient a not is compromises of existence the important, is level institutional the although that, suggested was It reality? in implemented this is how But tions. constitu national in law of aspects and instruments, these of reservations any main towards the refugees), and rights child women, against ination, discrim racial torture, (genocide, conventions UN other instruments, tional interna key of ratification the at look we aspects, formal the to regards In uation ofhumanrights.Aperfectcountrywouldgetascorezero. sit the worse the is, score the higher the that logic the on based is “scoring” given a of of situation system The violations. rights human of rights terms in negatively defined place, human the of sketch a provide together which defined, were rights Eight level. same the on both considered, be must tion implementa actual and aspects formal the both methodology, of terms In to correctlydeterminewhichapproachisneeded. as so problem the on information obtain to is objective The Eritrea). of case the in seen was (as aid of removal, or provision, the for used often is mation infor such that fact known well the of spite in this them: categorize to order in countries of situation the compare to rather of but classify, aim to not The was such country. given a of situation rights human the of image fitting and fast a obtaining for tool a developed Sano and Lindholt 2000, and 1998 between place took that Indicators Country Rights “Human called project DIHR the political During perspectives. complementary provided and thus and science), (law backgrounds different from came Sano, analysts) Hans-Otto senior and Lindholt both (Lone team the on people two the of Each provide agoodstartingpointforfurtheranalysis. but reality, replace not can They nuances. few detail and shallow are idea, subjective and simplified a provide indicators the drawback, a As reality. representation of a for blocks building providing do: “Lego” of pieces as way same the in work and comparisson, temporal and spatial for allow tematic, One advantage of the indicators is that, once established, they are rapid, sys possible, asketchofrealityisachievedfasterandwithgreateraccuracy. simplicity most the and dots of number minimal a using that, so defined or identified be to need indicators this, do To reality. of picture a generate to as so correctly dots the connect to try can one but scarce, indi are analysis vidual depth in for needed resources economic and time The picture global and result general the extrapolate to dots the connecting here, useful proves drawing connect-the-dot a of metaphor The complexity. great its to easi due visualized ly be cannot picture whole the Because indicators? use Why contributions topositivechange. effective more make to able be to order in measure to want we Ultimately, objectives. these and motivation positive this maintain to need We so. ing do in effective been have we whether evaluate to and situation, the remedy of associationandexpression, anddiscrimination. trials, participation (or lack thereof) in political processes, denial of freedom ecutions, torture and maltreatment, detention without charge or trial, unfair rights was difficult, eight were chosen: disappearances and extra-judicial ex ------

21 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------eir h ent of peace m , a narrower vision, and can prevent ility and t b easure m real story e h ERRERO Z H NE MÉ ution to t I b J ndicators of sustaina I contri LUIS Director of the Spanish Observatory for Sustainability The indicators best suited for sustainability are the indicators of processes. Most are environmental indicators, although indicators are also for economic, social, cultural and even available global factors, because sustainability should be treated globally. sustainability be measured, although we do not fully understand its signifi cance. One concept that comes close to it in terms of meaning is resilience. It is the paradigm of the sustainability of possibility. It is necessary that this be measured, but it is difficult to do so, and we must be aware of the com plexity of the system. ports using different methodology for ty. There indicators are complex related relations between sustainability to and peace. Without sustainabili peace there is no sustainability, without sustainability There is an intrinsic relationship between the two. It is there essential to measure is no peace. sustainability with a network methodology. There are 33 Spain that observatories measure different processes of sustainability. It is important that in The Spanish Observatory for Sustainability (OSE) has produced several re lated to peace. still serve as a key reference, and grant us a preliminary view of the human correctly, Used analysis. further to lead can that country a of situation rights these indicators serve constructive purposes, but it is cannot be known, and is not possible to control, how they can be used by others. These indicators can still be developed and improved upon, and we hope that they provide a source of inspiration for similar initiatives in other fields, such as those re accepting or perceiving that which does not correspond accepting or perceiving that which to our “reality.” challenges concerns, these despite that, note to important is it conclusion, In and considerations, human rights indicators have been useful. Today, they ing a “reality”, which leads us to justifying the work being done. In this way, what is seen can become the need to use graphical methods in order to show differences in statistics; the issue of using quantifiable data to arrive at qualitative conclusions; the risk of developing something that lacks control, which can then be misused other for purposes; the risk that measures will lack legitimacy, in terms ethical of considerations the involved in measuring people and contexts from out creat of processes self-affirming in involved risk the and location; the of side with the annual reports from Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, Watch, Rights Human and International Amnesty from reports annual the with procedures. special and/or treaties UN, the from reports by complemented As far as the dilemmas found and decisions made, several important issues take precedence: the problem of availability of reliable and systematic data the contain; may these that bias political or cultural possible the and sources, With respect to sources, a global model is necessary and data must be collected collected be must data and necessary is model global a sources, to respect With along were used, Department the from State U.S. Reports way. in a systematic

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 22 of development, and clear indicators are needed in order to help overcome help to order in needed are indicators clear and development, of levels different with societies many houses that planet one have We order. eco- distinct a formulated: be should approach ecological and economic bal A others. disadvantaged many of un-sustainability the considering without about of thought be cannot un-sustainability few favored a the of sustainability The others. of expense the at system global the of parts for some sustainability the about talk not can You cooperation. further for need the is there response, required the and dimension external the to regards In health ofthewholeworld. and economies, prosperity, the for and peace, world for implications greater has that effects the of one is change Climate magnitude. of type another of challenges local or partial other and significant, more much are that lenges chal global between distinguish to important is It life. of aspects all affects example, for change, Climate order. external call might we what and peace), internal call might we what in both issues fundamental are There given theirgreatcomplexity. elements, many consider to necessary is it indicator: single a with peace or fly a plane with a single indicator, nor is it possible to measure sustainability not can You indices. few a or single a in example), for well-being, measuring for processes or processes (sustainability processes temptation complex the summarize resist to to try should we and developed, be should group indices by Aggregate visible. not are which those crucial, are interactions Underly ing methodology. no is there which for and addressed usually not is which aspect an important, also is indicators the between interactions The on theenvironment. impact an of less having and resources fewer using while development, and living of standard the of maintenance the for allow that must indicators for One look economy. the of de-materialization the through less, with done be can More use. environmental and progress between dissociation or pling decou the measure to how is this of indicator basic A ecosystems? our from derived services and goods the of use the through mankind by achieved be can well-being of level what question: the as indica such resolved, well not are Some tors trends. two these mark that indicators of types different are There one). weak (the perspective economic an takes one another and one), strong (the different sustainability ecological is are frame such there One reference. of strong: a frames or not weak is be peace can as Sustainability way same concept. the unique in concept unique a not is Sustainability sponses. Indicators,intheabsenceofaframework,makelittlesense. re social and state as well as pressure, indicators: important all are These responses. social of number a generates this how ultimately, and, impacts, of theenvironment how thestatechangesthroughaseriesofenvironmental pressure’ of ‘indicators generated, is issues environment on pressure how at looks the This framework. or forces’ ‘driving the is This afterwards. OSE and Agency Environment European the and OECD, the by used already was count. A framework is proposed to serve this end, a model that, for example, ac into framework logical their taking without made be cannot Indicators ecological footprint, much higher in rich countries than in the impoverished the in than countries rich in higher much footprint, ecological A basic and fundamental indicator of peace, and also of positive peace, is the such discrimination.

new glo new order (or order ------

23 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------tainability that provides progress to societies and that pushes towards glo bal peace. as socio-economic-sustainable welfare, and to look for counts that include environmental and economic issues. other national ac In short, it is important to deal with development, not growth, not and to be one confused is with the other. Nor should welfare and development, or welfare and happiness, be confused. We should move towards a level of sus dicator is fundamentally related to this, together with the Human Develop ment Index of the UN. We should move towards other indices of individual welfare. The OECD has a project on measuring the progress of societies that goes beyond the GDP. We need a new concept that goes beyond the concept of sustainability, such crimes, socially responsible investment, and financial flows that go in this direction, spending on fair trade, and indicators on environmental legislation and the sentencing process. Ecological debt is un non-compliance with doubtedly one of the most representative indicators. It is known that the ec ological debt owed to poor countries by rich countries exceeds the financial debt owed to rich countries by poor countries. The ecological footprint in that are socially and environmentally responsible that can the help conflicts and eliminate risks. Without a doubt, an indicator of at the global level great is the number of companies that importance take on the commitment of the United Nations Global Compact (principles of human rights, working conditions, environment and the fight against corruption, among others). It is important to take these factors into account: the control of environmental of Spain, 80% of the energy consumed depends on the outside). There are also positive environmental indicators, such as nature conservation. provement of natural areas, and organic farming, the im It is also important to consider governance and cooperation for global sus tainability and some positive indicators related to them. It is the companies lowing issues should also be highlighted, among others: land use (occupa tion), inequality of income distribution, unemployment, immigration, aging populations and the social dependence that such implies, social the cohesion, high poverty risk rate, school failure, and other matters ed directly to the environment, such as relat greenhouse gas emissions, energy consump tion, energy efficiency, and vulnerability or foreign dependence (in the case it would take about three planets. take about three it would Energy is also important, accessibility to commercial energy in particular. Without energy, there is no development, no capacity to maintain sustain ability, and there are still 2.5 billion people without access energy. In addition to climate to change, which should be emphasized, commercial the fol ones. The ecological footprint has already exceeded the carrying capacity of the global ecosystem. If everyone wanted to live like the average European,

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 24 S econd March 5th F riday 2010 D ay Index was simply impossible. The problem was, and remains to be, that reli Security Human reliable a that conclusion the at arrived we discussion, and reflection of year a after fear), from (freedom peace of concept narrow a ing consider even up: gave we this, of Because amalgamation. not means agregation, This variables. between interrelationships the treat that those policy for are questions interesting most utility the politicians, and researchers For limited analysis. has it denouncement, for and awareness erating gen for useful be may dignity personal to affronts to genocide from ranging rather than states. But, while a human security concept that includes threats people the on be should focus the that agreement the is there security, man not did hu about talking When we this. do to needed experience accumulated the have and example), for health, (take exist already indices fields, which for other from knowledge involve would approach comprehensive use a the of because reasons, pragmatic for approach, restrictive a on focused We it. before came that reports the from distinct was that report a produce to wanted We it. accompany that reports the to attention draw to serve can which rather but tool, a as useful much so not is into that index an is taken It account. was violence physical mainly but considered, were variables er restric tive concept, focusing on political violence directed against individuals. Oth a for opted we Index, Security Human a creating of process the In need disaggregateddata,notcompositeindices. politicians and researchers view, my In reveal. they world: than more conceal the they understand to order in need we that information conceal dices in composite Furthermore, countries. problematic most the on information are countries less have we indices, but the all With others. countries, by overtaken once concerned between only is this of impact The changes). experiencing real without positions lost has (Canada place taken have noticed not have most that changes of highest aware people the makes it but on countries, ranked focuses media the Index, use Development really Human they the In are ful? but publicity, of amount large a generate indices The shaming” fromtheInternationalCriminalCourt. can sometimes be used to pressure governments in the form of “naming and and debate public stimulate media, the from attention generate time, over countries between comparisons facilitate They measure. in composite single data a complex of range a encapsulate they that in useful are indices The ing aspects should be included in a Human Security Index: the number of number the Index: Security Human a in included be should aspects follow ing the that disagree would few data, of problem this with Continuing able dataforthekeyindicators wasnotavailable. Moderator: KarlosP Director oftheHumanSecurityCenter ANDRE desira even or I of Th s a Hu a s ird round ta round ird m easuring easuring W M W m an an ACK S ecurity ecurity érez deArmiño h b b u le: le: le? m an security an Th I nde e dile e x possi mm as as b le, le, dis------

25 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------value in this this in value real comparison and statistical analysis difficult. The Human will make a report on the Gender Impact of War on Women and Men. There Security Center is a myth that women are the main victims of wars, but women can also be considered to be the perpetrators and men be considered as victims. cides. Finally, in regards to issues of gender and sexual violence, debate also exists here, because Canada is the country that registers the most sexual violence, given that their definition of sexual violence includes inappropriate touch ing. Legislation, reports and definitions are different, a fact which makes of the states do not report these statistics, and those that do rarely provide reliable data. To provide two examples, a mortality peak was recorded Nigeria for in 1974, which was a statistical error, and another da in peak 1994 when the in Rwandan government Rwan considered the 800,000 people killed in the genocide to be homicides. INTERPOL affirms there are such a high levels of confusion that it is better not to use available data on homi can be obtained by looking at the ratios of mortality among children under five years old. The data on homicides (there are perhaps about 10 homicides per death in involves also this but security, human of measure any of part be should war), a problem: no data is provided in most cases, or statistical errors exist. Half case meant that the death toll went down dramatically. An idea of mortality mortality of idea An toll went down dramatically. the death that case meant tality rates must be known. But in the majority of countries, no data exists, especially in African countries, and the average of the sub-Saharan coun Demo the of case the in done was as them, of some for used be cannot tries cratic Republic of Congo (with a pre -conflict mortality rate more a to mortality of value the Changing mean). the than much higher conflict is biased. In impoverished countries, most deaths from caused wars by are disease and malnutrition exacerbated by because the of conflict, the and fighting. In not some situations, the indices behave ways, in given strange that over the course of a war, there are times rates when decline. mortality The census data can be problematic, and studies with retro spective data have many problems because pre-war and subsequent mor nesty International. But the PTS, organized from 1-5, is subjective, and does not explain why the number of human rights abuses does not other indices decrease of as security improve. There are many biases: policies, changes in coding practices, etc. in the way reports are made, changes Any index that does not include the indirect deaths resulting from armed are problematic in that they report all of the dead. Supporters of retrospec tive mortality surveys say they are more reliable, but also problems. have associated In regards to the human rights measure, we used the Political Terror Scale (PTS) and CIRI indicators, data from the U.S. State Department and Am section examines each of these aspects separately, to help examine the prob the examine help to separately, aspects these of each examines section of data. the availability lem with About victims of war, the available data is not bad, and is adequate to pre dict trends, but it is better and easier to determine whether a war has taken reports Incident occurred. have deaths many how estimate to is it than place deaths in armed conflicts, abuses of the principal human rights, “indirect” deaths from war, homicides, and statistics on sexual violence. The following

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 26 hr ae h budre t mauig ec? rm n anthropological indig the how an of actors, non-Western about said is much From not view, of point peace? measuring to boundaries the are Where cultural constraintsandseetheworldasitreally is. overcome can scientists only that objective so is science that myth the cizes criti author The whatsoever). correlation no is (there race with intelligence between correlation the and data quantitative using of objectivity the tions ques which Gould, Jay Stephen of biologist evolutionary the by written Man”, Mismeasure “The book the to reference in peace?” of named mismeasure be “The could It philosophy. and view of point seminar anthropological the an in from to referred problematic the address will presentation This Warperiod. number ofthevictimsinarmedconflictspost-Cold in reduction the explain not can explanations such But true. partially only is assumed that the causes of peace are the opposite of the causes of war, which have researchers Most wars. in dead the to regards in occurring changes the about written been has little war, and of causes the about little know very We disposal? its at strategies effective and good had it if outcome the what be becomes: would question the data, insufficient and mandates bad with does well UN the if when Thus, nothing. interesting was is which before, 50% had we or what 40% to compared of rate success The effective. all at not UN is the agreements, peace to regards In 70%). by conflicts (and severe War most Cold the the of end the since 40% down gone has conflicts armed of develop number the Uppsala, at of University the look to According long-term. the interesting in ments is It Peace. / Systemic Uppsala for of Center efforts the collection and data PRIO the as such news, good some is There forpositivepeace. tive peace,whichisanecessarybutnotsufficientcondition other hand, must fundit. Onthemuchisknownaboutnega data they reliable want they if because governments, pressure to working are We evidence. such provide to necessary collection data the fund to reluctant but very been have evidence, they on policies base to want they claim increasingly Governments muchasitreveals. the otherhand,country-yearapproachcanobscureas On data. structural with evidence balance to ways on needed is data More try. coun insecure most the not is this when Japan, from came insecurity of ings feel on results disquieting most the insecurity: of feeling the measured that surveys on exists, but this data is also based questionable. Take, for example, the survey perception on Data humiliation). hatred, (fear, emotions and liefs be regarding information little is There analysis. of units the as country the data structural and is year the use which etc.) us mortality, infant rates, growth to person, per (GDP available data comprehensive most the general, In nature, eventhoughthe opposite interpretationisabused. by violent is one No either. training ideological and military of processes the about or killing, up end to socialized are people how about said is much Not world. the in exist that cultures pacific of or function, systems dispute enous P J. Th eace ResearchInstituteOslo(PRIO) e e L . . m is LINSTROT m easure of peace? of easure H ------

27 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------understood aspects of conflict and violence. Another important element is the notion of mercenaries, another area in need of further study, closely related to human security. In the last twen ficking in human organs or biopiracy, for example, are practices that are not well understood, but which are commonplace in many places, lack adequate regulation, and cross multiple borders in both rich and poor countries. The question of how to measure the informal economy, the black the market, need and to examine the least understood aspects of violence must least the on also but also terrorism, and wars civil on focus should We be addressed. Underground economies also have a clear impact on human security. One should consider the less known aspects of such: how should the black mar in trafficking and arms small with along measured, be impacts their and kets drugs. There are many factors that are poorly understood and which occur with great frequency, even in societies that are not engaged in conflict. Traf selves from murder. This is socialization, through an unnatural and aberrant process. The conceptualization of violence (or of peace) is a more process. One complex wonders how an image materializes, how it is embodied, what and the aspects of space and discourse are. In political violence, for exam ple, one author warned that the slang that was used to think and talk about death in Northern Ireland contributed to the generalization of violence. With regard to human security, I wonder how violence is thought about the oretically. There are three frames for the conceptualization of violence: the socialization of violence, the imagery of violence, and the generalization violence. of The socialization of people refers to how they become violent. For them distance to learn they soldier, a as trained becomes one when example, ders where the limits are or should be. For example, how are we to assign a come has that past the of victims the of suffering the to or past, the to weight out in reconciliation commissions for these victims, as took place in South Africa? We should be careful when defining concepts such as reconciliation or reparation, and when deciding on what measures to use when we reflect upon the past. tical forms of building a peaceful society. There are many different ways of thinking about peace. There is a problem associated with the the idea is challenge to create of indices for measuring measuring peace, there peace. are many If elements that are perhaps measurable, but many others that are not, and one won ing a higher tolerance for disputes in some societies 3) negotiation, to reach compromise and solutions, 4) self-repair, when one of the parties makes a unilateral decision to prevail in a conflict, 5) and local strategies, which are repres for even and arbitration, mediation, resolution, conflict for used also sive pacification. To provide an example, some groups down, or even use work through conflicts when drugs they are drunk. These to are prac calm gies very different from those we are accustomed to in the West. These peo ple make a concerted effort to avoid violence. This does not mean that they do not experience violence or that they do not have conflicts, but rather that they use strategies to create a peaceful society. In his book, “Beyond War”, Fry lists five different criteria used by natives: 1) limiting conflict, avoiding it, limiting the interaction between people in conflict, 2) tolerance, there be Some notes on peaceful societies follow. Douglas Fry from Finland cites wide a range of people throughout the world with conflict resolution strate

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 28 In recent years, specifically in 2010, there has been a functional change in change functional a been has there 2010, in specifically years, recent In but alsoofdevelopment,gender,etc. idea of human security, because we had many indicators not only of conflict, the to linked was report the years, those In indicators. 30 of number the ing indicators should be made, and to use others related to development, eventually reach the in change a that decided was it completed, were campaigns these Once Borders). without Doctors and Greenpeace Intermón, national, Inter (Amnesty exports arms control coordinating to NGOs was major the Peace of of campaigns the Culture a for School the time, that the at from that, resulted fact Conduct of Code the on indicators base to decision The ropean Union. Eu the of countries other in was it as useful, very was report this Spain In exports. arms refusing and/or authorizing in policy public as for indicators, as guidelines them use and Conduct of Code the of point each on fo cus to decided we reason, this For ways. own their in issues these terpret in Countries example. for people, their of rights human the violate which or unrest, political of situations in conflict, armed in are that countries to arms exporting prohibits which Exports, Arms on Conduct of Code ion’s Un European the address to for intended objective were specific They very indicators. a developing had we report, this writing began we When cators havechanged. indi these report, this doing been have we that years eight the In building. in Peace report of the Culture a for School the by used indicators of type the explain will but considerations, security human on focus not will presentation This when measuringandcreatingindices. account into taken be should aspects qualitative many that think I factors. different many on depending changes idea this and is, process peace a what of ideas different have People about? talking we are peace of measurement of types what becomes: question the which peace, or index violence, an war, creating measure can about think we when that, say to aims this of All problem. this exemplify Iraq in others and Graibh Abu in atrocities The law. tional interna of standpoint the from problematic is actions its for accountable held not is and regulated not is in it that all fact The at security. human regulated of terms well not is sector military private The older. much is concept the although emerged, have mercenaries of companies years, ty been developedandused: of report latest the In the which in analysis the develop to serve that indicators the use now We methodology. Director oftheSchoolforaCultureP VICEN I ndicators of t of ndicators Ç Ç Alert! 2010, Alert! Alert! FISAS engages, and discard those that do not help in this task. this in help not do that those discard and engages, Alert! h which e report ‘ report e the following ten categories of indicators have indicators of categories ten following the

examines conflicts, human rights, and peace and rights, human conflicts, examines A lert!’ eace ------

29 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------. This category keeps track of the inter , , focusing on countries with food emergencies. , which includes countries with an established peace . This category also tracks the international situation itself refugee. another report about peace processes. A situation is considered to be a food crisis when a country faces (or faced at one time of year) unfavorable prospects for the same year’s crop and/or a shortage of food supplies not covered, and that has re quested external assistance of an exceptional year. character during the internally. displaced are people 1,000 each of one which in Countries Countries of origin where at least one of every 1,000 people is a generate into armed conflict under certain circumstances. generate into armed conflict under process, those in the course of formalized negotiations, and those in the exploration phase. A peace process refers to a situation in which the parties of an armed conflict have reached an agreement to con tinue negotiations that permit finding a peaceful solution to conflict and regulate or resolve the basic inconsistencies between the ties. A peace process par or negotiation is in an exploratory phase when the parties are at an examination stage and are engaged in consulta tion, without having reached a definitive agreement to begin nego tiations. In this sense, the School for a Culture of Peace carries out tures and to control the resources and the territory. tures and to control the resources sions) using the reports prepared by UN agencies, international organiza tions, NGOs, research centers and regional and international media. A situation of tension is taken to mean any situation pursuit in of which certain the goals, or the non-fulfillment of certain demands raised by various sectors, leads to high levels of political, military social or mobilization, and / or the reach the use level of an of armed conflict. It violence can include fighting, that repres does sion, not coups, bombings or other attacks whose escalation could de ible goals and which use continued organized violence: a) causing at least one hundred deaths in one year and/or having a large impact on the territory, through the destruction of infrastructure or of the environmental and human security. Examples of such are injured or displaced people, sexual violence, food insecurity, and the impact of violence on mental health and the social fabric or basic services; disruption and b) of when seeking objectives distinguishable from those of common crime, often linked to demands of self-determina tion, self-government or aspirations of identity and/or to the opposition political, economic or ideological system of a state or internal policy of a government. In both cases, these objectives serve to mo tivate the struggle for access to (or the taking apart of) power struc national national situation itself, without using other sources, and has a par ticular criterion. It considers countries that have one or more armed conflicts. Armed conflict is defined here as any confrontation fea turing regular or irregular armed groups with perceived incompat Peace processes Countries in a situation of tension (involving one or several ten Existence Existence of armed conflict Humanitarian Humanitarian crises

4. 6. 3. 2. 1. 5.

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 30 contents of the Alert! 2010 report, and have been designed to support the analysis whichthereportcontains. support to designed been have and report, 2010 Alert! the of contents the on focused very are which used, being indicators the are these sum, In 7. 10. 9. 8. onre icue i te rcs o U cnoiae appeals consolidated UN of process the in included Countries Countries thatfellintheGenderEquityIndexforyear2004 inequalities betweenthematagiventimeandincountry. the rather but women, and men of welfare the measure not does dex in This positions). technical and elected in women of (participation empowerment and rates) employment and (income activity eco nomic education), of levels all at enrollment and (literacy education dimensions: three of basis the on it measures which Index, Equity inequality gender serious with Countries ternational humanitarianlaw. in of violation c) and rights human of law international of violation b) law; humanitarian international and rights human of law tional interna three of instruments main into the of divided non-ratification a) dimensions: indicators specific 22 of consists It system. ing rank a by classified countries, 195 in law humanitarian ternational in and rights human regarding States of obligations the of breach and vulnerability of degree the measures Index Rights Human The organiza international media. international and UN, national and centers research NGOs, tions, the from information on drawing ies stud own our and Rights, Human on United Commissioner High the Nations Soldiers, Child of Use the Stop to Coalition Rights the Watch, Human International, Amnesty Culture are a used for Sources School Peace. of own the our by under developed classifiable Index violations Rights Human rights human of examples have justice transitional and rights Human considers ittobeinstateofgravehumanitariancrisis. community international the process, appeals consolidated the in ed 2009 in calls system Nations United the through emergency made have that countries and 2010 for . If a country or region is includ is region or country a If . Te onre considered countries The . , according to the Gender the to according , . ------

31 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------ork w e m ATES ra B F concept x DE

ple m ERGING at is peace? h M What do we hope to achieve? How are we going to do it? Presented in this category are problems with data sources, ways of assessing the reality under study (paying attention to subjectivities related to cultural differences between pe oples, gender issues, technical aspects and statistics), and with the weight assigned to each of the elements of peace, which are an esti profile of who has valued it. mate and always dependent on the Why have we carried out this seminar? What is expected to come of it? tend to measure? Why do we want to measure it? Who demands that it be measured? The approach or framework. What exactly is the peace that we in E 3. 4. 2. 1. eace as a co P 3.1. W 3. niu said that there are proposals aimed at achieving agreement on a defini tion of peace, Luis Jiménez Herrero said that there are over 130 definitions presented and concept), related, but different, (a development sustainable of asked Marshall Monty unattainable. perhaps is that challenge a as consensus project underway that is aimed at assessing progress, including peace in this in peace including progress, assessing at aimed is that underway project assessment. Peace is understood by different people and ways. different In respect to this, Professor Tom Woodhouse expressed his joy groups in still in different Codor Juan Although years. many so after peace define to how knowing not ure close to that of a more ambiguous concept of peace. discrepancies were highlighted However, during the seminar in reference certain to consider illustrate, Owen Green To synonymous. almost that these concepts are ation conceived of peace as being an end so great that the idea of using human se curity as a means of measuring it would be insufficient. On the other hand, but still along these same lines, Camilla Schippa reminded us that there is a It is as evident as it is complex. If we know what it is exactly do not we mean by “peace” its measurement will be difficult. The starting point of the semi nar was to hold up a definition of peace associated with the human security concept defined by the UNDP in its Human Development Report of The 1994. organizers of the conference understood that peace includes this con cept and that measuring human security could, therefore, provide a meas Many debates emerged throughout the workshop. These four categories: into the following can be grouped

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 32 ing, tolerance, solidarity and mutual understanding, which provide a basis a provide which understanding, mutual and solidarity tolerance, ing, understand equality; gender nonviolence; and dialogue through conflicts resolve to rules follow to trained are people how considering as: such sues, is other addressing for also but rights, human for respect possible the ating Juan Codorniu defended the measure of “positive” peace, not only for evalu approach. this from stems that diversity and complexity the with work to and initions def several have to be to option best the considered he Thus, begins. it fore be process the kill will we definitions, common for aim we that given start, the from diversity of principle the accept to interesting is it that agreed holt man security, and to be tolerant of differences in interpretation. Lone Lind hu of definition perfect of the of absence think the in to even measured, be important can what is it complaining, than rather opinion, his In controversial idea. and critical a is security human of index an of development the that recognizing pragmatic, be to decided Green it, measure) (and pret inter can index an that so definition Even this delimit to seminar. important is the it though during solved security be human not would the definition with its and associated concept debate the that stated Green Owen man securityhasbeenlost. hu of concept the to intrinsic was that potential transformative the of some process this during but workable, more measurable, more security human make to trying of task the on taking in resulted have difficulties These rity. secu human of not components different do between interrelationships We the know aspects/items. immeasurable of quantity large a includes that list shopping a as conceptualized be could security Human assumed. have fear from approach, broad one so: doing for approaches different two are there that out pointed frequently is it security human measuring of speak we when seminar, the of table round third the moderating while Armiño de Pérez Karlos by noted As also understoodbypeopleanddifferentgroupsinways. is peace, like Violence, presented. initiatives various the in considered been had violence of definition which asked Croll Peter Similarly, people. the of priorities the reflect that indicators as understood be could such to sponses re the that said Green was. peace of conception their what asked were ple peo which in Ethiopia, in done issues security on survey designed recently a of example the gave He action. for framework particular their within ties priori own their to according peace interprets person each that and beings heterogeneous very are we that opinion the of was Green Owen stated). she as desirable, be to corruption of frames levels some noting consider even of societies (some practice the through done countries, different of people of understandings different the at look to designed tive initia an mentioned Hodess Robin parallels, draw To definitions. different the collects that U.S. the in institute an is there since “peace”, of definitions own their publish or convey could involved groups and people various the if vironment. Owen Green acknowledged that many of these issues, as well as well as issues, these of many that acknowledged Green Owen vironment. en the with harmony and solidarity; and peace promoting for policies ment govern groups; all of open, integration the an society; of accountable and transparent existence the society; civil of strength the cohesion; social for P eace and and eace . We choose what will be measured based on which approach we approach which on based measured be will what choose We . the freedom from need h u m an security as positive concepts positive as security an , and one restricted approach, corruption held by held corruption the freedom ------

33 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------peace. From his studies in Africa, he has inner , as . For his part, Peter Croll asked himself “when is someone ‘poor’?” peace of mind egative peace N gathered, polishing and clarifying our terms as we go along. In the same vein, Peter Croll suggested abandoning the last attempt to find a definitive defini tion of what peace is. To paraphrase Andrew Mack in respect to human secu rity: it is good to talk, even in the absence of a definitive definition. Owen Green stressed the importance of economic insecurity and its relation ship to general human security and/or daily insecurity, particularly in terms of physical violence. Monty Marshall noted that the links between concepts form different part of the dilemmas, warning that if we cover a lot, we end up doing nothing. In response to this trend, he proposed starting mum, with and a expanding mini upon this minimum with time as more information is Nonetheless, the positive approach has its limitations. Tom Woodhouse was pleased with this positive approach to peace, but acknowledged that it com plicates our work, partly because it dismantles what we have done so far. In but else, everything to connected is everything that agreed Mack Andrew deed, even while true, this circumstance does not help in the measurement process, but rather complicates it. For example, Lourdes Beneria, J. P. Linstroth and ceptualization of peace that comes from the perspective of peace itself, not from violence, and to develop peace indicators, rather than solely construct ing indicators for violence. that considering only the negative side forms of violence and, therefore, inhibits reaching conclusions that bring us of peace means excluding many closer to peace. He advocated not only to seek questions. In answers, this but same also vein, to Juan Codorniu raise considered the recognition of peace experiences to be the necessary starting point for the construction of peace. He recommends pushing for an epistemological shift towards a con ple, etc.). The answer was yes, but not without questioning the reliability of about happiness and related variables. surveys in which people are asked Pere Ortega warned that the majority of centers specialize in negative peace work (militarization and direct violence), including the same Delàs Centre that proposes a measure of peace understood sense. He warned in a broader namics must be taken into account when analyzing the data obtained on a local level and about the relationship that this question could have with peace of mind, warning that sometimes our eyes do not capture basic concepts. In this re gard, Cécile Barbeito wondered whether the Delàs Centre had this inner considered peace in its initiative (degree of solidarity, happiness of the peo reached the conclusion that there are different points of view with which to define peace. He noted that these are broad concepts that are different be tween countries, and which vary as the interpretations of the concepts lated to peace re do, but acknowledged that cross-comparisons are interesting. He, therefore, suggested that the same indicators could be used in looking at understandings of peace on a global level, but that specific cultural dy low up on these issues was necessary. these issues was low up on Olawale Ismail remarked that there is probably a what commonly peace held means throughout idea the of world. However, in regards to more cal lo perspectives, he noted how in his peace as country, Nigeria, they often define others such as the empowerment or participation of the not been population, properly addressed have in terms of measurement, and said that a fol

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 34 able torapidlyvisualizethesolution. be to order in page, single a on outlined problem, the show clearly that indica tors using on be now must focus The needed. most is data quantitative where is which demands, political and demands general to quickly more act re to attempted has research peace Second, peace? understand to indices quantitative use to way best the is what is: question The used. being are ods meth qualitative increasingly im First, challenges. two epistemological involves and some plications has This place. specific a in peace to the ability maintain the as defined peace, pragmatic as such peace, negative and tive posi between point intermediate an is there perhaps But idea peace. positive an of manage to trying are we Now, fo peace. was of debate aspects the negative past, on cused the In years. recent in peace by meant is what of interpretation the in change a been has there Ismail, Olawale to According them, andidentifyanygapsthatemergeintheprocess. between correlations the others, and indicators some between connections the study and try to and etc.) diversity, cultural sustainability, (gender, tors indica the of all future across cut issues what for identify to try to important defined is It use. and considered be can that sight, first at appear not do which frameworks, other are there whether check to as so existence in ready al indicators the for benchmarks define to trying a worth be it indicator, new create to starting before that, ICIP to suggested Pareja Pablo vein, same this In existence. in already indexes the with working continue to rather but context. This is not to be done with the intention of creating a general index, a index each give to which in institutes different between reference of work frame shared a establish to try therefore, must, We reference. of system a within context a into inserted not are they if purpose any serve index an nor indicator an neither sciences, social the in that say to on went Grasa Rafael 1960s and1970s. in done been already had as seminar, the at security human discussing were we that and peace, positive and negative of contemplation our understand not do people that warned Grasa Rafael view, this with Consistent matism. not manageable. He believed in a limited definition for reasons of pure prag is it otherwise that given broad, too be not peace of idea considered the that to such a great extent, he said, we could become lost. He therefore suggested field the open we and interpretations these of all fit that definitions need we radi If experiences. particular their on was depending country, each in different cally concept the Asia-Pacific, the in held security of conceptions the of study a in how recalled he illustrate, To elements such. for problem these a entail would of each and approach, coherent a peace need our would in we people concept, destroy and harm that things other many vi and cultural olence violence, psychological include to were we Ac if dying? Mack, of to ways cording similar two as war and AIDS compare to possible it is war), avoid than to only not (and death people of avoidance the means peace more If do. wars kill example, for AIDS, and HIV numbers. great in and deaths, for responsible also is violence structural that warned Mack Andrew peace? Juan Codorniu said we want a system of indicators in order to assess to order in indicators of system a want we said Codorniu Juan peace? measure Why measure? this for reason the is What peace. measuring of ing During one of the first debates, Ignacio Espinosa wondered about the mean 3.2. W 3.2. h y do it? do y ------

35 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------European Charter of Safe a series of indicators are presented that e indices useful? ey lead to action? h h o t re t D A In spite of that which is mentioned in the previous paragraph, the shock that shock the paragraph, previous the in mentioned is which that of spite In the creation of rankings has produced in society (and the Monty Marshall media) defended is a practical clear. perspective on this, arguing that part Continuing the debate on the desirability of Pozo mentioned that, creating in the development process of the project of the Delàs rankings, Alejandro compared thing, important least the is rankings of establishment the Centre, to the dilemmas that are found. what happens in the Congo to know that terrible things are happening; it is not necessary to go into detail in some cases. Andrew Mack, while agreeing with Mesa, said that it was nevertheless very important to measure certain things: sexual violence, for example. To measure it may result in its limita tion in some conflicts, while not meaning it will be avoided in others. Em pirical research, or good data, grants us the ability to better understand. they must be constructive in order to have a particular effect. Pablo Pareja stated that, coming from the perspective of one who uses indices and does not create them, indices are useful because they help us better understand the reality we see as being complex and multidimensional. But these indices should serve to help us understand this reality, and not establish rankings that lack purpose. Manuela Mesa said that it is not necessary to measure selves, but are a means with which local governments can carry out action plans for the future. To be able to do that which is mentioned above, however, it is not necessary to create indices: the indicators themselves are enough. Owen that an index Green is a very structural thing that facilitates said classification, but that indicator, the capacity, political will, perception and the actual impact of the indicator must be taken into account, as should be the question of combine how the to qualitative with the quantitative. The series of by quantified be can they that so weight a given are council, the to on passed indicators are a number, and are provided to participatory forums within the community, where a report is produced. The indicators are not an end in and of them use of the example of a project done by the the Barcelona institute Provincial Council. that she This directs project focuses and on rights at the cal lo level. For each of the rights detailed in the guarding Human Rights in the City assesses whether there is a correlation between the changes in that is being measured. which The indicators are multidimensional. When selecting an issues on the table that otherwise may not be focused on, such as ics the top of militarization and corruption, which were reviewed in the presenta tions of this seminar. Luis Jiménez Herrero said that to the improve the management of ultimate systems. Measurement is goal necessary because is what is not well known is not valued, and that which through utility is this explained Guillén Aida well. measured being not its from not valued results The first of these debates has to do with the utility of the indices. As Manue la Mesa explained, indices are imperfect, but they provide a useful picture. In spite of all their associated challenges, indices are useful and serve to put peace precisely so as to increase the capacity to build peace. The discussions four related debates: this point led to place regarding that took

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 36 of power, but that indicators are a good way to reach them. It is, therefore, is, It them. reach to way good a are indicators that but power, of centers the and media the on impact in little has various said, he the groups, and by stitutes done work The power. of centers social and political in important more increasingly be will indicators the that warned Ortega Pere could beusedindifferentmoreproductiveways). money this militarization, on money much so spending stop to were one if that example, for show, would (which option best the as modeling proposed He granted. been have they position the on based rank their strumentalize means of seeking change, since those who are mentioned in rankings can in best the not perhaps are rankings cases, many in that, noted Espinosa nacio Ig reason, this For in. come they place what see to want governments do: contests beauty way before. same the had in act Bank rankings says, World Green Owen the as Indeed, by provided data the than media the in bate positive things and had a great impact within the press, generating more de many in resulted imperfect, although Index, Development Human the that recalled Beneria Lourdes example, For groups. powerful by and media, the acceptance: in terms of their simplification of reality (probably in excess), by With the aim of achieving this political impact, rankings have earned greater in turn,stimulatefurtherinvestigation. could, that tool a research, their of continuation the facilitate to researchers to available made be would data raw this where website a creating proposed participants, other with along Schippa, end this serve To data. raw in rather to Camilla Schippa, most researchers are not interested in according aggregated data, but regard, this In goals. political new enable that indices or tors indica new of creation the encourage can indicators some objectives, litical po pursuing while Thus, beginning. the at achieve to difficult were used is time how on surveys on based indicators example, For people. different for importance of situations some address indicators local these measurement, of limitations the recognizing While studies. as such of to absence the possible in certain been have not would which and before, that non-existent indicators were new of creation the through reality of elements address to pressure as the provides models local Furthermore, of study the Carrasco, process. Cristina by stated feedback a through possible indexes the of tion elabora and enhancement the make that gaps of identification the mitted per has that research sparked have which International, Transparency of indices the of case the in as demonstrated, been has that effect an research, more encourage also may indices that is issue Another politically. used be to created are indices that idea the on agreed Hodess Robin and action, for used be should indices that said Green Owen repetition. of means by effort educational the of importance the on building insisting while towards future, the and for models models, to indicators from move must we that said Herrero Jiménez Luis effort. informative the facilitate would that interpret) to difficult are (which discussions technical the of understanding an wards to working suggested who matter, this on perspective similar a had Mesa Manuela media. the to also but society, in awareness-building and training to appealed Croll Peter hand. at information the of understanding an gain can they time, of amount short very a in that, so makers policy to formation in provide to us allow they because is indices create we why reason the of mended making powerful executive summaries and press releases and the and releases press and summaries executive powerful making mended recom He not. is which that than politicians on impact an of greater much has published is which that since media, the reaching of importance the on agreed Mack Andrew increased. be can impact their how ask to important ------

37 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------e desired effect? h ave t h ey h Bank is considering the inclusion the issue of security, recognizing security in the debates, but now things have changed a bit. The fact that o t D in being jointly responsible for the chapter of Indian law regarding access to wanting in, interested become have governments individual that information to know how to improve their score in the index, or with negotiation taking place within the private sector as a result of complaints about the ratings. so difficult that there is the possibility that some give up in the process. address To this problem, he suggested that the challenges of a particular state be addressed and its capacities coordinated in order to move towards these meeting standards. In any case, Robin Hodess said that, although it is diffi cult to assess whether the world has become less corrupt (although there is less corruption within particular fields), they have had success, for example: see very distant standards, but that it is good to have such standards. This because of the existence of the basic values of fairness, equality and justice that everyone holds. From an activist point of view, we must agree on these values, in order to have more hope when it comes to reaching them. Monty Marshall assured that, through use of the indices, we are pushing countries to reflect absolute standards that can overwhelm or seem difficult to achieve, have engaged regarding the work done by Transparency International, cusing it of ac being an index file that does a disservice to states (which means, on the other hand, attention is paid to them), since it asks very direct ques tions requiring very direct answers. José Ángel wondered if this index had been found positive in terms of transparency and Robin accountability Hodess of states. responded that, indeed, countries may be disappointed to Although the indices are tools for action, voices warning that such action was action such that warning voices action, for tools are indices the Although not necessarily positive were heard during the seminar. Thus, José Ángel ad dressed Robin Hodess in reference to the protests in which various people curity issues as MDGs beforehand. As he said, the G-77 did not want to in clude the World Bank talks about security in the MDGs is a clear sign, and now the World that it is difficult for it to address security issues being that it is an institu tion dedicated to development. can be seen as a good time to reach the media and point to existent gaps in the areas of security and peace. In this regard, Andrew Mack said that the World Bank will soon release its report on state fragility and security, which will which but MDGs, the to goals more adding of purpose the have not does discuss the existence of issues that are complementary to Development the Goals, Millennium in recognition of the error of not having included se conflicts does so with the intention of avoiding conflicts, or in order to have an impact on the media. He argued that the approach is very different when you focus on performance than when you focus on results. In Andrew Mack this said that regard, a distinction should be made between performance and impact. From a strategic standpoint, Robin Hodess noted that this year marks the anniversary of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and among other mediums. Sometimes, Mack said, a project can be so vast, so rich and so complex that when you issue an annual report, the choice of the key messages to be conveyed is central, for those who read such reports are researchers, not policy makers. He also said that we need to develop cators indi of the impact of these reports. Owen Green wondered, for example, if a group that is trying to create a performance index on the prevention of use of a variety of communication strategies so that we can reach jority the of ma journalists, through the use of blogs on the Internet, for example,

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 38 cators areconspicuousduetotheirrelativeabsence. indi outcome although outcome), + (commitment indicators of number the doubling means This treaties. of signing the to relation in results, of cators indi importantly, most and, compromise, of indicators consider should we why is That mechanisms. control than (marketing) image on focus a of more is there agreements, these With done. harm of reparation no and repetition no sanctioning, for instruments no usually are there discovered, are enants cov the of violations if third, and complying); are they that confirm would usually there themselves (companies verification their for mechanisms independent aren’t second, voluntary; usually are they first, abuse: such trolling con for mechanisms as utility their invalidate that characteristics three have Along these lines, Alejandro complied. Pozo affirmed that, in general, not gentlemen’s agreements have that those of list the from companies these inate be considered separately. The verification of compliance would serve to elim to have would such with compliance of degree their although commitment, this make companies that preferable is it example), for Compact, Global UN (the businesses between made agreements of framework the in that said rero Her Jiménez Luis West. the in seen perhaps although level, universal a on found not is adherence and signature between correlation the that becomes problem the treaty, a to adherence on depends that indicator an establishing Pareja, in the West such might work, but in Asia it to is quite According the opposite. anything. When guarantee not does them signing or meaning, ratifying that conclusive in any have not do treaties that belief her in Pareja with coincided Schippa Camilla implementation. its and treaty a to adherence of degree the between link a is there that assume we because bias, Western a is value positive of being as treaty international an to accession or ratification signature, the conceptualizing that said Pareja Pablo this, to respect In self. it in positive as considered be not should or should a agreement gentleman’s or treaty international an in membership whether assessing of relevance the to regards in was seminar the during arose that debate a of example One for therestofsociety. also but policymakers, for only not summarized, be all that important very is it but nuances, the know already who makers policy are There index. each of disadvantages and advantages the present would which indices”, of index by Ignacio Espinosa, was to map the different indices and to make a “critical made seminar, the at received well was that proposal a methodologies, ent differ and perspectives, objectives, implicit involves index each that Given tioned that, in Guatemala, the media justifies killing a certain type of person.) includedpolicemurderstatisticstheforshouldbeinnot by menalso(she ed wantwereGuatemalawhopolicedeadheadlinechiefofwhich thethe said in lar, the media can be a transmitter of violence, and she recalled an example of a MilAnandapublic.Accordingto the to say to want we whatconveywill they that sogroup, a asmedia educatethe toorder in donebeen has work enough not acknowledgedthatCroll Peter are.sources mediadifferent of owners the who de accountinto taking or when ally, constructive anconsidered being while be evenstructive, can media the that warned however, Hodess, Robin indicators, indices or rankings. But the question of where the pressure gen pressure the where of question the But rankings. or indices indicators, of form the in done research of role results the showing important in plays the media the that on consensus be to seemed there seminar, the During W h o does it affect? it does o ------

39 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------world leaders. , a circumstance that grants them clients the other, organized crime, etc.). The state must manage these use was it if wondered she regard, this In to. need necessarily not do we but situations, ful to address other positions when thinking about the development of in dicators that are not designed to respond to the state. Font argued that the to adapt their proposals or results to the needs (or tastes) of the client. This allows ICIP to look into how a particular person feels where safe, this person may be, irrespective because the client of addressed is not the state, but are the people. The state might be interested using indicators to track what they perceive as being insecurity, a perception usually based on what takes place outside its borders (poverty in another country, the militarization of to gender issues, a topic that donors have gone so far as to demand be taken into account. In contrast, and unlike some of the aforementioned projects, Tica Font af firmed that ICIP does not have the freedom to measure peace as they see fit, given that they do not need also for security companies that provide employment among others. While for a large ex-combatants, part of the population loses, a small but pow erful group of people can benefit from war. On the other hand, even donors (those who fund the research that produces indicators and indices) may re quire specific models (and results). One example was cited by Robin Hode ss, who referred to various documents produced on corruption in relation or conflict is reduced, they may have opportunities for peace. As Mesa put Manuela it, ask them “how much does violence cost?” In this regard, Anan da Millard affirmed that we should present these measures nomic from point the of view, eco and recover the studies that examine the cost of war. She warned, however, that although it is said that violence is expensive, it can also be profitable for some. Not only for manufacturers of weapons, but Camilla Schippa, in contrast, recognized that companies and governments can also be pressured by the economic effects of war. posed She, to therefore, link pro violence with its effects on the economy, pointing sectors out which could gain from the reduction of such this reduction violence, more attractive. in In fact, order she said to her group make has spoken with these economic sectors to raise awareness of the fact that, if the level of war have an influence on policy makers, their end would cies. This is possible if the indices are focused and what is needed to provide be to establish poli good data is known, so that countries can make informed decisions. Ignacio Espinosa said that the aim of his group is to influence former heads of state the current and government to, in turn, influence even think that someone who works for the government could be considered be could government the for works who someone that think even an enemy. Following this line of thought, he commented that it is civil so ciety that controls the government in a democracy, and not vice versa, and posed the question: how are we to work if we are afraid of the government of a democratic society? Owen Green acknowledged the importance of mak ing policy makers and politicians aware of these issues. If the indices are to we want to direct our work to (who our ‘client’ is) determines how we do re search. Monty Marshall admitted that his main client is the U.S. government, and that he uses many of the indices when implementing policy. In this regard, he said that, in his opinion, many scholars fear their own governments, and erated by the media’s portrayal of such results should be directed, and what role we should play in such a process, were topics of debate. Indeed, who

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 40 suming a macroeconomic perspective, for example) it will end up having a having up end will it example) for perspective, macroeconomic a suming as or perspective, strategic or geopolitical the from power, global greater in result will it that (meaning state a for good is measure a if that assume one can view, of point certain a From companies. or states not individuals, on the exclusively focused is –and that perspective a on taking paper—proposed working Centre Delàs the of initiative The measurement. of object the as business), (or state the of situation the or person, a of life of conditions the take we if greatly varies methodology the example, For is. measured being report, the to attached one of the difficulties in measuring the peace is to determine what the object document working the in explicitly mentioned As in thevaluationprocess. the others, among on values giventosuchalwaysbeingdependentprofileofhewhoisengaged peace, of weight elements constitutive the the to of related each to and assigned gender, of issue the peoples, between dif ferences cultural to related subjectivities reality, valuing of means the sources, data to related problems the are here Presented it? do to going we are How index isnotonlypossible,butmayevenbedesirable. an such of development the that being Grasa- Rafael and Mack Andrew by done as questioned- even was security human of index an creating of evance not increase if not necessary, despite this trend being “fashionable.” The rel should indices of number the that seminar the at clear became it However, that canhelpusall. index peace global a building towards together working such, as it treat that indices and indicators with it measuring of challenge the to respond should we so rights), of generation third the (of right a be to considered already is peace Ortega, Pere by remembered As framework. police a or / into and conversion military their avoid and considered, be perspectives different of respectful more measurement this make would that variables different that the ask least at should we exist, indices global these that inevitable is it if is, That extension. their for advice with compatible be may indexes global of ity. In respect to this, he suggested that a critical assessment of the existence real a become not may aim an such suggest that dilemmas of existence the of spite in inevitable, be may dissemination their that and reality a become have peace of indices global that warned Pozo Alejandro hand, other the On tech nologies. new of help the with and democracy participatory through do all we that but decisions, make who ones only the not are governments and states that is idea the that remarked Herrero Jiménez Luis lines, same these Along perspective? local a assuming but perspective, global the addressing from problem not the answers, their find society ques help the we So can how society. becomes: by tion also but states, by only not transformed is world However, these interests (those of states / companies and of people) some people) of and companies / states of (those interests these However, businesses has an indirect positiveimpacton(for people example,thecreation of jobs). of power the increases that measure a that agree would people some standpoint, business a from Similarly, citizens. its on impact positive W Met 3.3. h at are are at h odology w e going to to going e m easure? ------

41 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------l peace, when ectivities bj globa peace to a big e interpretation and su m to overco w Ho how approved of (the homicide of ‘undesired’ people is accepted), and the changes required to change this would have to be quite profound. Thus, she warned that local law is quite different from international law, and that the interventions by use of indicators could have the problem that, upon reach of a problem, which is accepted in an international arena, but that when we go to a particular country, a small village, we might find that their concep tion of the problem is very different. To illustrate, she argued that in a given country, x number of people could register human rights violations, which would result in requests to amend the legislation. This, however, would not change anything if, to use the example if Guatemala, homicide were some ple fact of military spending being used for making general assessments, for example). Ismail also spoke of the need to observe what happens between different generations during different historical periods, and recommended working with young people to serve this end. concept and definition a have we sometimes that considered Millard Ananda now we can speak of a small peace, of any event, pieces Ismail suggested of that we peace should at distinguish between a the source local level. In of data and how it is used, noting that when attempting to measure peace, the values of a country and a society inevitably become manipulated (a sim a means of improving the quality of the data received. He proposed a tec tonic shift in the concept of peace, from a from impoverished countries, a circumstance that would have helped high light cultural differences. In relation to data, for example, that Ismail it stressed would be interesting to establish erished links countries with in order institutions to in validate existing impov data, checking whether it compatible with is the lived realities in these countries, and thus try and look at peace from a more comprehensive perspective. This would also serve as was the result of something internal, not universal, but upon going to work served as a point of departure. in other countries, his approach These subjectivities and interpretations are very evident in Is Olawale first, two the to Regarding androcentrism. in and framework areas: cultural the people more involved have to seminar the liked have would he that said mail the indicators, paying attention to some elements and not others, and ciding de which indicators contribute to our view of the world. We talk about specific are these that forget we but etc., peace, rights, human sustainability, perspectives which are not universally shared. It would, therefore, be worth looking for a definition that is more or less shared before creating a global indicator. In this regard, Lone Lindholt commented that, initially, his work or on geographic location (for example, the colder a will be). consumption needs place, the higher the As acknowledged by Pablo Pareja, we project our vision of the universe onto may be favourable for a company, they may not be. whereas, An option for measuring peace and human security would, in contrast, for the workers therefore, be to dispose of macro indicators as much as possible, and priori tize indicators of results in the way of life of populations. On the other hand, above privileges enjoys state a of population a that value negatively could we its needs, basing this assessment on population and on basic needs criteria, times can not be satisfied at the same time as a result of being opposites. To result of being a not be satisfied as at the same time times can give an example, the ability to fire someone easily or flexible working hours

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 42 positive peace, which refer to a broad social framework of justice, reciproc justice, of framework and social broad a peace to refer which global peace, positive of ideas the Regarding what equity. beyond gender as go understand that we indicators non-androcentric with worked has Car Cristina rasco androcentrism. is subjectivity of area important second The previous sectionandduringtheseminar. the in discussed as “clients”, our when of will the to results the adjust to intend we high particularly is risk This “reality”. be to understand indices) the made who (those we what resembling results obtain to order in criteria hoc ad altering and indices, and indicators the by obtained results the ignoring and criteria to try to get closer to reality. Doing so, however, runs the risk of practices measurement revise to intention the is there respect, this In done. be not should think we which example, for another, under listed is country certain a when as such distortions, be to seen are which or in, fit not do that sistencies. The seminar demonstrated the possibility of correcting situations er modify the criteria if they obtain results that are perceived as being incon lat and rankings develop to initiatives various the for practice common is It relativism. rity ofapersonshouldnotbeusedasanexamplecultural or to political participation, but any practice that threatens the physical integ education to right the of speak can one view, her In rights. human to service dis a do to was relativism cultural of example an as mutilation genital female using that saying by replied Guillén Aida countries. European many in ticed prac also is clitorectomy that out pointing time, some for on going been has rights cultural and rights human between debate the that affirmed Linstroth well. as considered should gender of topic the and violence, measuring when tural and legislative differences between countries must be taken into account cul relations, power that stated Linstroth L. J. relativism, cultural Following it canbesustainedforever. outside, the from encouraged is violence If themselves. for respond to eties soci of ability the undermining in effect opposite the has measure this ality, re in whereas, security, provide weapons that idea the on action such bases U.S. The people. the by held security of sense the increase and place that to go to is U.S. the of reaction the world, the in somewhere crisis a after that, human behaviour cannot be identified. To provide an example, he explained in changes cause that factors the of all and level, local the at reality address should These place. each of policies the in indicators useful most the use to order in found, be must investigation requiring areas and explicitly, defined be must indicators Marshall, Monty to According differences. these tween be balance right the reach must one and simplify, to possible sim it is so nor not ple, is This found. be can differences cultural many issue, global a as rights human at look you if that agreed Lindholt Lone vein, similar a In of acountrycansometimesbewrong. than problem said a is what that recognized humbly be extensive must it that and thought, previously and complex more a is this that said therefore, Millard, on. so and reach, to goal a discussion, for point starting good a serve as can indicators the that however, acknowledged, She situation. local the assessing for useful be not would indicator the country, particular a ing rather than black, men rather than women. In a patriarchal society, it is the is it society, patriarchal a In women. than rather men black, than rather white group: dominant the by non- determined a are Values for vision. need androcentric the to pointing addressed?¨, be these should perspective what ¨from asked, Carrasco values, other and education understanding, ity, ------

43 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------During the seminar, it scales h it w

m the home where life develops most. Thus, indicators can le b inside , which is a political issue. We need to grasp the distinction be e pro dignity Th manipulation or error in the results of the indices. In fact, in the of proposal the Delàs Centre they ran tests in which the weights cording to different viewpoints, and were concluded that the results varied modified great ac ly. With regard to this matter, Robin Hodess said that at times they came to Global Peace Index (GPI) and GDP. Lourdes Beneria showed her surprise with this, however, given that the U.S. was associated with a very high GPI, whereas in her view, it was a highly aggressive country engaged in the proc ess of waging several wars. Alejandro Pozo believed that weighing was the main factor responsible for was made clear that the perspective used (and therefore the scales assigned) determines which results are obtained. In this respect, during her presenta tion Camilla Schippa defended that there is a high correlation between the to focus on states or companies (for which the gross domestic product per person or dismissal capabilities, for example, can have a significant weight), and another to make people the center of attention. weight to give each indicator inevitably takes place (even if all indicators are be occurs, error of acquisition and assessment an weight, equal an assigned cause it is very likely that these indicators are not as relevant as they were before). As is known, the assignment of weights to an indicator depends on a perspective and subjective interpretation of reality, and is based ues on that are also val subjective. As explained in a previous section, it one thing One element that was barely discussed, even though it is probably of primary of probably is it though even discussed, barely was that element One importance in the process of measurement, is the determination of the scale of indicators. That is, once indicators are obtained, they must be grouped in order to obtain an index. During this process, an assessment of how much paid work than to paid employment). Positive peace is left in the hands of women, poor women, immigrants. We must retrieve the value of this work, its lives, daily our in feminine is which that of value the women, and men tween by sex. and not just the separation of data mental that we capture the experience of women who take care of the lives of others, which occurs in different areas of our society, but primarily inside the home. We need to be taken care of throughout our lives. The emotional support offered by those who care for others is fundamental for developing human life and welfare. The sustainability of life would be impossible with un to devoted is time more that estimated is (it home at done jobs these out female entrepreneurs, etc., that is to say: in imitation But, are we interested in this male model, or do we want to break away from of the male model. it and reach something made for both men and women? When we speak of positive peace, a comprehensive term that suggests more than the mere ab sence of violence, we should talk about violence against women, patriarchal violence that occurs both at home and in the workplace. It is also funda tinct. Indicators must capture this reality, Carrrasco continued, adding that indicators are always taken from the public sphere and outside of the home, when it is speak to us of equality, but this according to the Nations male Development model. The Program United (UNDP), for example, argues that are achieving greater equality women because of higher levels of activity, with more dominant dominant (male) values that reign. Men and women are embedded in this society in different ways, and the awareness that one has of the other is dis

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 44 tion, which may have an effect on credibility. As an example of influence on influence of example an As credibility. on effect an have may which tion, methodol of choice the the informa of thepersonwhocollects ogy used,butalsobytheperspective by affected be can this reliability, of issue the On progress hasbeenmadewithregardtohumanrights inparticular. and impossible, were ago years ten that today done be can things noted, As ed to the availability of data, this issue was much more difficult 10 years ago. relat problems obvious the despite that, warned Lindholt Lone case, any In the rankingsrepresentsanotherdilemma. in available is data no which for countries the Including more. or countries 90 from data provided which sources those only consider to opted sources, 120 than more considered which Centre, Delàs the of proposal the that said Pozo data, of lack general the to regards In sources. other neglecting mean prioritize to not should this but year, every updated be is that data provide that sources the might solution partial A difficult. them comparing makes that circumstance a reports, annual writing when periods or years different from data consider even may countries different and year, every offered data is all not Indeed, Pozo. Alejandro by mentioned as updated, be to it need for the is data of availability of lack the of variant another Furthermore, from alocalperspective. and quantitatively, not qualitatively, them measure to and measured, been yet not have that things the measure gradually to is said, she challenge, The appeared, element tive posi a considering of option the whenever and elements, positive on data of lack a is there them, to According society. a within cohesion social of gree de the or women, against men by violence as such measured, not is which Economist The of Unit Intelligence the and experts of panel a which in Index, Peace Global the of experience the presented also Mesa Manuela issues. these for data or tric assessment) is an indicator in and of itself of why there are no indicators andro-cen non and caretaking to (related something on of data or lack indicators the that argued She us. paralyze not should circumstance this that stated but data, of absence the in measurement of problem the understood she that demonstrated Carrasco Cristina people, its for cares society a that show that indicators of set a suggesting part, her For UN. the within culture research a of absence the denounced he and necessary, being its of spite in exists data no starts, operation military a when that, mentioned Mack drew An lines, these along Continuing actions. and interventions potential tify jus to needed is data that noted Woodhouse Tom availability, to regards In related but areas: dataavailabilityandreliability. distinct two in debate of which subject were indicators, indices, set the to inform order then in on draw we which sources and data The any case,PeterCrollwarnedthatdatamustalwaysbeassignedaweight. In controversial. always is such that given all, at data the weigh to not prefer sults (his data, for example, does not only take the dead in combat into ac into combat in dead the take only not does example, for data, (his sults re different generate can phenomenon same the of measurement different a that given Uppsala, of University the of that from greatly differed conflicts armed in mortality on data their how showed Marshall Monty methodology, A vaila b ility and credi and ility are

involved. They debated the issue of how to include that include to how of issue the debated They involved. The Economist The b ility of t of ility said that there was no data available. data no was there that said h e data e ------

45 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------Perhaps giving more detailed information on the sources of in Robin Hodess proposed creating a kind of agora for accessing data, cilitate sharing it, to and said that fa it would be important that such access, and the resulting analysis, not remain only within the academic setting, but go Ananda Millard expressed concern about this issue regarding the quality of information and wondered what being a reliable source means, or when in formation is considered to be good or bad. Sometimes, she said, we use in formation that was compiled in a manner that runs contrary to the way we interpret it. formation used would help in this regard. formation. Faced with questions about this intellectual property, Marshall dissemination the for permits obtaining to time of lot a devote they that said of indicators, but remarked that gray areas exist. It is once these indicators are integrated into an index and ‘packaged’ that they are ready to be made public, for example. tle time. Nonetheless, he said that his database has been made intellectual property and therefore can not be shared freely. In his view, the more indi cators one has, the more it costs to distribute them due to intellectual prop erty rights, whereas the fewer indicators there are, the available information to easier circulate. This it is one of is the reasons why for the use the of fewer indicators is preferable: in order to facilitate the transmission of in and proved willing to provide information on this methodology for treating data, data related to militarization in particular. Monty group Marshall has said a global his database of 1,500 indicators (having eliminated anoth er 3000), which is a lot of information when speaking globally, but must be which summarized (in the form of an index, for example) in order to for be of it practical use: so that policy makers can make sense of it in very lit information that may very well be very different from reality. information that may very well be Tom Woodhouse noted the importance of those responsible for developing the there data, and the need for data to being be open. dialogue between Peter Croll responded to this proposal saying that his organization is work ing on a project that offers a different methodology for managing databases, dicators reliable, if the data used to create such indicators is obtained from sources that manipulate it (consciously or could provide unconsciously), us with results that are equally unrepresentative the of reality. In indicators this same vein, Olawale Ismail noted that some official data does not ture cap the informal information of countries, as is the case with data from the World Bank. Decisions are made based on official data, that is to say, using capita, which does not include unpaid work, domestic work, volunteer work, volunteer work, domestic work, unpaid include not does which capita, or the informal economy. Considering would these be aspects, very different, the especially resulting for GDP Pozo, poor we countries. take sources Indeed, from some continued places without considering what criteria such circumstances it Underhand. at the information obtaining used for are becomes possible that, even in the case that special care is taken to make in be of questionable reliability given that the results could be affected by the culture of each place, the environment in which questions the time of their formulation, all of which can result in wrong answers are being asked, and given (due to pressure or the way of formulating the questions). The third measure affecting reliability (and, in this case, also affecting credibility), is point of view. Alejandro Pozo gave the example of the GDP of a country per count, but rather looks at all the deaths that occur). Second, Alejandro Pozo may which surveys, on based happiness for indicators are there how showed

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 46 not have the capacity necessary to do so. In any case, she says that it is a is it that says she case, any In so. do to necessary capacity the have not they cannot have an external impact due to domestic issues: because they do some countries have good results on external contributions to peace because envi more that out pointed Schippa Camilla time. or same the at deterioration ronmental relations economic global worsened to contributing be but a that example, for satisfaction, environmental or security economic enjoy country conceivable was it that mentioned presentation the example, an As society). civil international the within cooperation and cooperation bilateral and (multilateral nations between cooperation to contribution and lution), pol reduced and agreements environment international for respect footprint, (ecological the to contribution relations); international fair and viduals indi of interests the in economy investment, foreign (responsible economy global just a to contribution ; practices) criminal trans-national against tion protec and states between cooperation crime, against courts (international mecha and justice international to contribution resolution); prevention and management of nisms conflict (external conflicts of resolution peaceful the to contribution things); other among desirable, be to weaponry ex of ports and spending military assets, military of amounts reduced considered (which militarism of reduction a proposed: were peace global to tributions con six presentation, Centre’s Delàs the in considered, be could focuses or areas other many While peace. international or vari peace” “global the to states of ous contributions external the evaluate to to contribute also that but factors peace, to internal analysis our limit to not is, That glo welfare. to bal contribution their also but countries, of situation internal the only not analyze to useful be may it paper, working the in mentioned already As together. tal based on a common database can be built, which would allow us to work por a whether see and useful, be lacking to prove these if determine future, the for be may aspects what identify to and gaps existing the discover us helps this whether see will We combined. be may databases these that so What we can ask is that each participant provide the databases that they use ing that we cannot aim to create new data or establish new ways of thought. say by concluded Font reality. this approach to us allows which but direct, in or flawed be may which data using reality, of profile a create We reality. of image an obtain can we what do we arise: that situations the describe to have we what use we that said and perfect, is indicator no that warned also Font goal. this towards move to together work all must a We of center. work single the be not can This realities. new these obtain addresses to that able data the be to pressure political generate to until need up the collected is been There not now. has that data new collect to need the is change, realities there as far so in that, acknowledged Font Tica conclusion, In continue can their work.Thismeasurewouldencouragemoreresearch. they so researchers to available information this makes that website a create and data, raw of records these access can we it, permit laws research most ers are not interested in aggregated data, but rather in raw data. If copyright that mentioned Schippa Camilla regard, this In it. beyond not alwayscorrespondto thesumofpartialpeaces. does sustainability) (or peace global that noted who Herrero, Jimenez Luis by said as peace, of elements various the consider to interest of is world It peace. to contributions external and internal evaluate to interesting priori C ontri b ution to international peace international to ution ------

47 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------Lindholt Lone said that from his point of ualitative indices? q Quantitative or view, to have 600 indicators was not a weakness but a strength. However, Monty Marshall said that some indicators are of better quality and more tre’s initiative, which has a large number of indicators in its proposal (to be reduced in subsequent revisions), enced in order to gain different layers of information for the same territory, and mentioned the second-generation of indicators based on new technolo gies. Indicators are of interest when looking at the evolution of to processes, see how much they have strayed from the objectives they were originally designed for, and to assess the degree of compliance. Finally, the number of indicators to be considered was also discussed. Referring to the Delàs Cen istics that would be desirable for indicators to have. In respect to this, Aida Guillén said capacity, political will, perception and actual impact, should be taken into account when selecting an indicator; and Rafael Grasa believed that these indicators should be consistent, measurable and inter-objective, explaining that they are measured in a given moment in time. For his part, Luis Jiménez Herrero added that the new indicators should be geo-refer any case, Pozo said that since each indicator has a very specific way of being calculated, it would be desirable for the approach or methodology that cor responds to each indicator to be explained in a manual. This would facilitate the correct interpretation of indicators and indices. Another topic of discussion was related to examining the general character erwise it would be given a “0”. Many other indicators are difficult to meas ure, however. Lone Lindholt noted that, in general, reports are used to whether tell a violation of human rights has occurred in a specific location zero a assigned this be could it exist, to were violation a such if example, For year. or a one. The quantitative and qualitative dimensions overlap, he said, cause the be documentation must be read in order to decide on a valuation. In to take patterns into account, done through quantitative analysis, the base of an index is qualitative, and that it is important to find the connections and balance between the local and the global, and between the the qualitative quantitative. and Alejandro Pozo said that certain measure, the ratification or indicators signing of international treaties, were for example. In easy to the case of ratification, a “1” could be assigned to the indicator, whereas oth Xavier Badia pointed out that many of the contributors to the seminar held up the need to take qualitative elements into account. He noted that, when constructing an index (based on quantitative elements), the problem of the lack of viability may arise, and he wondered if qualitative richness can be in corporated into an index. Tom Woodhouse replied that, although it is good performance of states and the performance of civil society for each category, of reliability the and availability the both in difficulties the recognizing while the data in relation to civil society. For his part, Pere Ortega insisted on the way. peace in a global, positive importance of analyzing ure peace. A state may contribute little to international peace (through high levels of militarization, for example), but have a contributes vibrant in civil its capacity society to that international peace at the same time solidarity, (NGOs, volunteerism, etc.). Catherine Charette and Jimenez both ques tioned how social efforts should be measured. Alexander Pozo replied that the proposal of the Delàs Centre considers both indicators that analyze the On this topic, José Ángel Ruiz Jimenez said ured, that it is when advisable to targets separate the are state and meas individuals in order to meas

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 48 Owen Green was very favorable to the idea that the seminar be continued. continued. be seminar the that idea the to favorable very was Green Owen share alineofwork. who people between collaboration facilitate to but structure, large a create to be not should meetings the of purpose the words, other In what for. needed, looked is is what wanted, is what discussing for forum a as serve should also they that but underway, already projects of explanation the to ited lim be not meetings She these that preferred she that however, information. explained, also share and to projects participants their the about for speak idea contact, excellent maintain an was it that said Schippa Camilla in them. participate to willing be would seminar the attending everyone not perhaps though even light, positive a in seen Moreover, also was groups working of creation the discussion. the reviving for responsibility take would ICIP that and monitored, be meetings these that Green, like hoped, He level. practical a on fruitful be would that cooperation of type a for preference a expressed but future, the in cooperate to willing very was he regard, that expressed Croll Peter this In place. take exchanges information and meetings these that facilitate to willing be would ICIP if asked pre and often, more to discussions pare it worth be would it view, Green’s In seminar. the had during that emerged discussions the on up follow more would convene it if to or future intended the it in meetings body, organizing an as if, ICIP asked Green template single a for searching against was and workshop, the to outcome non- technical a for preference a expressed Woodhouse Tom participants. amongst interaction of facilitation the and gathering the appreciated who Croll, ter Pe as such views, similar expressed participants of Other network. objective a building the with with, familiar was he work whose people as met meeting having the in participating of advantage one highlighted Green Owen als thatmoveusinthedirectionoffindingmoresynergies”. propos make and conclusions, reach and try involves, task this that lenges measure to tried chal and have constraints the of some discuss to as so peace, of elements various or subject the on reflected have world, the of parts different from coming that, entities and people different together bring “to was meeting the of objective the paper, working seminar’s the in stated As government hasallottedalargeamountofmoneytoservingthisend). U.S. (the them improve to methods in invest they added, he step, this After results. stable more give and consistency greater show that those determine and trust, could they ones which know to indicators, the all analyze to was used team his strategy the said Marshall error. of margin the confuse could credible than others, and warned that combining different quality indicators of indices, indices, of development the be could Green, to according challenge, That meetings. further for basis the as conceptualized be should challenge a view, his In be. should a continuation such for framework the what he asked However, S W 3.4. pace of gat of pace h although at Bradford they see themselves more as index users, users, index as more themselves see they Bradford at although y t y h is se is h ering and dialogue and ering m inar? - - - - -

49 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------ation m them. media and politicians, among others. be made available to the user. that may be gained in consulting them. A system of reference that would be comprehensible for scholars, the scholars, for comprehensible be would that reference of system A they that so initiative, the in participate to wish that indices the of All An explanation of the limitations of the indices, and the advantages The criteria used for each of the indices. Criteria for knowing how to use indices and how to benefit from

aring infor n n n n n Sh we have worked with. In regards to this idea, Camilla Schippa said that, be fore starting on a new job, she would like to have a way of knowing same if that work has already been attempted by others. someone who uses the Taking existing indices, José Angel Ruiz Jimenez made a re the perspective quest for content he would like to find on this possible site. This would in clude: The aim of sharing information, ideas and efforts was one of the objectives that emerged from the seminar. This objective would form the basis for the continuation of the seminar in the future. To facilitate this, Lone Lindholt proposed the creation of a portal that would link the various proposals that discuss what methodology is the most appropriate. Woodhouse said it was that we felt peace, and best be used for how technology can ask to important should make better use of our knowledge and technology. Perhaps we could ben to how and technology use best to how discuss to network a create even efit from it. Tom Woodhouse noted that all databases and indexes will continue to op erate irrespective of our criticism and regardless of the impact they have or the methodology they use. He noted, however, that it would be advisable to attempt to improve upon the methodologies used. In his opinion, this work must be continued by groups that examine these issues and share their ide to technology of advantage taking of means a be would which others, with as concept of peace, with this being a common project, it we is takeimportant a that common position in defining peace, without going and into for detail, each person to interpret same it time, he felt that accordingdialogue is good, as long to as it does not theirbecome too priorities. At repetitive. the the topics that have been brought to the table take shape. In his opinion, we still lack months of dialogue, and the could not be decidedcontent upon during the of seminar. The participantsa formed a possible network very heterogeneous group, and each interprets peace depending on their particular priorities within their own framework. different. Their Green experiencescontinued to are say that, even with ICIP having provided a but in his opinion a common understanding of what that end may be still does not exist. As the debate progresses, he said, a subset of priorities will become necessary. If this is to be a collective project, we must find some common ground. Green proposed beginning by: sharing the power-point presentations, creating a summary of what was agreed upon at the semi nar, and thinking about how to work in the following six months so that rather than creators, but in the future they will The beginchallenge could also beto the use of indicatorsgenerate to serve a particularsome. end,

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 50 Tica Font closed the session by commenting that ICIP could be conceived be could ICIP that commenting by session the closed Font Tica good start. a was meeting a in together coming indices of designers main the agreed but project, ambitious an of much too perhaps was form book in lication pants understand the meaning of partici the what define somehow way, this in and, discussed were topics various the which at length the explaining in interest an expressed also He place. took it while discovered were that tools the sharing of and seminar the of results the publishing of favor in was Woodhouse Tom part, his For be neededbeforetheresultscanconsolidatedwithinabook. may reflection for time of period a that said Green Owen publication, tious ambi more a of realization the to regards In seminar. the of report this to addition a in be from would This seminar, perspective. comprehensive the and analytical in more with dealt debates the a addresses making that of publication possibility the mentioned also she hand, other measuring the on On working peace. continue to made be can that commitments the stock of take to need the highlighted also She together. work this continuing and realizing of possibility the seeking for opted Font term, medium the In we mustfindacommonchallenge. it addressed, be alive, network this keep To fact. this of conscious must be to need we and die, will that challenge a perceive not does network a If die. networks Otherwise, networking. this of advantage take to members all for Tica Font insisted that a network be maintained and said that it makes sense director oftheorganizingentity,assumeddutiesof: as Font, Tica seminar, the during arose that requests various to response In that anonlinespacecouldbecreatedtoshareourworkandconcerns. suggested and example, for Internet, the on networks social as such natives, and alter modest and databases simple more are about there complicated, very seems talking websites whereas that, acknowledged Lindholt Lone ists, academics,etc. be a cheap and simple instrument, permit easy access by the public, journal and together working of means useful a could serve as a forum. As such, it should have the be following characteristics: would website a view, his In expectation forittobecontinued inthefuture. contributions of the participants and concluded the seminar by stressing the and efforts presence, the appreciated She fruit. bears seminar the if tell will time that and participants, the of opinions the for dish petry the being as of C o n n n n n mm

Facilitating the manual of methodology that is already on the websi the on already is that methodology of manual the Facilitating Adding thewebsitesofindicatorsdiscussedduringseminar. by seminar the in used presentations power-point the Distributing Compiling alistofemails. Developing thispublicationasasummaryoftheseminar. ble andarenotconfidential,thoseresponsiblewouldbeasked. presented. initiatives the of tes the speakers. it m ents ents m ade ade b y t y peace h e e ICIP In the case that these are not availa not are these that case the In to be. He felt, however, that a pub ------

51 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------ (derived (derived Freedom Freedom (measuring (measuring , in a twofold and and the reedom from Fear. from reedom (many organizations to measure ethical prob ethical measure to subjectivity how ethical problems ethical methodological problems methodological Freedom Freedom from Want . The best-known, except for the Human Human the for except . best-known, The political political problems The first one is sense: the option of considering a proposed indicator and the way we ient consider to conven evaluate the weight of each indicator on the complete result. In other words, even

) tors. tors. However, we all are aware that peace or hu man security imply many other factors. In fact, in 1994, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) broke the traditional outline and it wid ened the until of then concept considered security, as political and personal, to include other aspects: the economical, nutritional, health, environmen tal making this and securities, concept community peace. positive of one the to closer with compliance the and liberty political Measuring human rights can imply three kinds of challenges. are kinds The first humiliations, degradations and suffering can be debatable, and it is not always easy to determine what kind of violation is worse). The second kind are have refused to categorize countries according to their respect of human rights, and the UNDP it self was criticized from many fronts when it used indicators to this effect). Finally, the third kind of is challenge of problem the from spheres other impact challenges three These lems). of human peace and Among security. these limita ones: following the stress must we tions, a study, study, the In other words, political and human rights indica from Fear from Development Index and some environmental ini F the mind in bear only tiatives, ------atique’: atique’: M PAPER

inar M easure peace? M CONCEPT s of the se es M x 1: resentation of the ‘proble resentation he ai ntroduction t p i x s it possible to s it possible to 2. 3. i 1. Up until the now, no index has been produced with with produced been has index no now, the until Up tak freedom or peace human measuring of aim the ing into consideration the two traditional fieldsof Measuring peace. Initiatives, limitations and proposals together the main actors in peace measurement or in in or measurement peace in actors main the together it. attain to help that elements the The main aim of this seminar, organized by the ICIP, is to unite different people and organiza tions from around the world who have reflected on or who have tried to measure limitations the of some debate to peace; of ments different ele and challenges that this question implies, undoubtedly in order to try and reach a conclusions number and of proposals regarding the direc tion we should take in order to gather synergies. Between 2006 and 2009, the Centre d’Estudis per a per d’Estudis Centre the 2009, and 2006 Between Delàs), J.M. Centre Studies (Peace Delàs M. J. Pau la (Jus Pau i Justícia of department the with affiliated tice and Peace) in Barcelona, undertook a project aiming to propose an Dur peace. positive adequate about talking peace; methodology measuring for reflections and debates of number a attempt, this ing arose; some of them are present in this document. Pau la per Internacional Català Institut the 2009, In to decided parliament, Catalan the by created (ICIP), and evaluate these approach debates from a multi bringing perspective, and international disciplinary 1. Introduction 2. The aims of the seminar to measure peace? 3. Presentation of the ‘problematique’: Is it possible 4. Methodology 5. Other interesting aspects of this seminar nne nne A A

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 52 c b ) ) the way we assign coefficients (which indica (which coefficients assign we way the statistics), in questionable something always if we consider the available data valid (there is catorsmore deeply related to the different ways pared, like life expectancy. However, other indi course, a number of indicators that can be com undoubtedlydebate.createofmore are,There Botswana,Germanyexample,ingtofor would Australia,instance,for comparideatheofbut canconsider acomparison between France and tained by other countries) is polemic, ob those compared with be because country (toevery we peaceindexforobtain evencountriesa to and Comparison. be aprocessindicatorofanotherright). a right. A result indicator of a human right can result indicators and indicators); result become that aims the with states the of instruments policy the late mechanisms...); of judiciary tools, the existence of institutional be can indicators structural indicators the all, them measure To impunity...) violations, of number respected, itants (difficulties in having their human rights awareness...) or the real situation of its inhab raising programs, (policies, efforts their ure meas also can We instance. for treaties, and measured through their acceptance of international be laws can states the of commitment of degree the general, In measured. be to ject ob the as company) (or state the of situation consider the individual object determining difficulty is second A in the same light by others. ifwhat is positive for some societies is also seen viewpoints; asking ourselves, for each indicator, made in order to try to analyze reality from other Barcelona is impossible. However, efforts can be westernoutlookwhileelaborating study from a a Avoidingworld?throughoutstrengththe der indicatorvalidgencompanyreachofboardsa who women of percentagethe is instance, For tionscountriesin thatveryareremote from us. alwaysevaluateadequatenotwesituawhenis subjectivity.by characterized Thus, our outlook tion study (and there cannot be any) that is not evalua no is There interests. even or prejudice world: out of ideological principles, stereotypes, ready implies a subjective way of evaluating the al total), the in weight specific more have tors we intend to measure to intend we Theideacomparingof different (they reflect the status quo of rcs indicators process (ratification or approval or (ratification living conditions or the , if we should we if , ht s the is what te re (they ------d So, is it possible to measure peace in the world? the in peace measure to possible it is So, also leadtounworkableindexesandupdates). reliable, -even if this is not necessarily true- it can more be will result the theoretically, Thus, tion. considera into taken be to parameters and ables is more subjectivity, but there are also more vari indicators the and factors); educational and cultural by and pressures by conditioned be may of use the error), associated an implies always lem prob this resolving and world, the in countries normally incapable of supplying data for all of the a of result a are problems related the of all) not (but Some These proposalsare: debate. to them put to is seminar this of tentions in the of One Delàs. Centre the by Barcelona in project on peace measurement recently prepared These four points have been developed within the initiatives. existing already help could that pects as four propose we world, the understanding in help great of be can indexes the of use structive con and adequate an way, certain a in because, and this to Due credible. and refined numerous, more become will lives their of aspects various yearbooks and rankings of countries according to the that obvious also all is it However, obvious. are too limitations, other among feelings, ple’s peo about polls global thorough and reliable of interest, because narrow-mindedness, the lack of data and the also lack but subjective, in variably be only will criteria not pre-established elements, the because its and peace on estimate an do to resources, day present with especially impossible, be would It view. of point local the with respectful and objective truly is an that is index for looking are we what if not, Obviously ) consumption is concerned. countries cannot be a reference as far as general live like Canada or Japan, and this means these countriesthepossibleofto all beforwouldnot environmental sustainability. with In other words, it contradiction in is goods consumer and pean countries as a reference in terms of wealth be may Euro putting example, For problematic.more others However, expectancy. life as such better”, the more, “the is aim desired the aims. Desired number of doubts. understandingpresentofa may livinglifeand pno polls opinion Measuring peace.Initiatives,limitationsandproposals lack of data of lack i tee r mr idctr, there indicators, more are there (if There are indicators in which in indicators are There te usin ad answers and questions (the (the various sources are sources various (the uniy of quantity ------

53 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------ , allowing the Individuals or entities tify the problems (or strengths) that a specific country presents. If we analyze each country in each category, the rankings may vary con siderably; a country ing economic may security but have an unsatisfactory contribution to outstand the global environment; or a its of security physical the defend may country citizens satisfactorily while having an attitude physical the obstruct may that behaviour a and security of people who live in other countries. So, in the same way that we may consider the can we negative, or positive situations internal also evaluate the international contributions. Indicator experts. the with and indicators specific with work who tion would include the contribution to the re duction of militarism (reduced military forces, military budget and arms exports); contribu (pre conflicts of resolution peaceful the in tion vention of external conflicts and management and resolution mechanisms); contribution in international justice (international jurisdiction against crime, cooperation between states and protection against transnational criminal ac tivities); contribution in the protection of the environment (ecological footprint, respect for international treaties and reduced pollution); between cooperation the in contribution its and countries (multilateral and bilateral coopera society). We civil international among and tion instance, for may, country a that consider must be giving its citizens a satisfactory economic or environmental security while also contributing to unfair global economic relations or a more degraded environment for example. Facilitate the analysis by sectors or the in-depth study of a country analysis and classification of different coun tries in different ways: in general (taking into consideration all of the categories), separat ing the internal and external contribution to peace, analyzing a specific category comparing or even between countries the subsections (or even different sub-subsections) within iden to easier it make will This category. each 4. Methodology In setting up these debates, the sen ICIP to has have multidisciplinary cho participants. Four groups of people have been invited: n IV. , ------This is to say, no to no say, to is This Certain points of view con Not only analyzing the internal situation internal the analyzing only Not words, based also in the efforts that the states achieving towards made have actors other and evalu specifically peace, positive of situation a ating process indicators and improvements. of the countries but also their contribu well-being. global to tion limit the analysis to the factors that constitute internal peace, including also the evaluation of the different states of the external contribution in the achievement of “global peace”. Some of the factors that could be taken into considera evaluation of the fact that a country has more like criteria on based should; it than privileges population and basic needs or its geographi cal situation (for example, in a colder climate, there a more consumer needs). fields the in ‘peace’ of concept the Widen of Human Security and Positive Peace or, in other words, to take into consideration Freedom the and Fear from Freedom the both from Want. The seven categories proposed in (econom relevant be could UNDP the by 1994 ical, health, food, environmental, political personal, and community securities), and we would even add a few more, like educational more a hand, other the On security. cultural or propos applied, be also could outlook positive ing situations (based on the indicators) more than -or not only- criticizing them. In other creasing its geopolitical or strategic power, or improving its macroeconomic influence standings, positive a for having up ends it instance), on its citizens. A similar idea, from a business outlook, is to consider that what increases a company’s power has an indirect positive im pact on people (for instance, by creating new jobs). These interests, however (those of the companies/states and those of be simultaneously, satisfied be always cannot the people) cause often they are going in opposite direc tions (for instance, making it easy to dismiss workers or flexible timetables arethe company, good but for not for the workers). to Due this, one of the options in measuring man hu peace and security would be to discrim inate against macro indicators and prioritize indicators measuring results in people’s lives. On the other hand, there could be a negative To concentrate on people, not on states or companies. sider that if something is good for a state (in II. III. Measuring peace. Initiatives, limitations and proposals I.

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 54 – lowing questions: fol the with deal will that interventions short in indexes), created have who centres the (by atives tion of the dilemmas of some of the existing initi presenta a be will there that, After debates. the al. This presentation will fix the starting point for propos the of strengths the and weaknesses the on concentrating points, debate the of and Delàs part. First The processoftheseminar n n n – –

ht tia/oiia/ehdlgcl diffi ethical/political/methodological What democracy or gender or environmental ques environmental or gender or democracy rights, human (like security or peace human to related elements different of measurement to share. wish participants the that suggestions Other proposal? your of points strong and weak the are What proposal? your on working when found you have culties centres. peace Reference centresinpeacework. the of Representatives through indicators. necessarily not peace; and security human for specialists. Peace peace. of elements or peacemeasure to which with es creators. Index tions, amongothers). Brief presentation from the Centre the from presentation Brief ete ta pooe index propose that Centres People who have worked have who People ------nal conclusions of the seminar and proposals for proposals and seminar the of conclusions nal last the morning, finishing after lunch with the fi all those present will participate. The debates will and facilitators debate be will There debated. be to continue will day previous the from points ing peace in the positive, in which the most outstand Third part. – – – – Some ofthequestionsthatwillbepresentedare: success. of possibility greatest the has with route which suggest and problems methodological and political ethical, the measurement; peace of tion situa actual the is what and history the been has environment, gender...). These tables will set what deal with other aspects (basic needs, development, cal and governmental matters; the other table will politi to and rights human of measurement the to related one tables, two be will those There all present. with debate of session a in participate will they and presentation short a make will perts part. Second improvement.

Which other factors can contribute to obtain to contribute can factors other Which Pros and cons of the four proposals in section 1 limi four the about opinions and Comments respectful withtheworld’splurality? and objective more are that indexes peace ing a correctmeasurementofpeace? for considered be elements these Must (I-IV). they beovercome? can How 1. section in considered (a-d) tations Other proposals that the participants may have. Measuring peace.Initiatives,limitationsandproposals Round table on the measurement of In the round-table format, the ex the format, round-table the In ------

55 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals . ------Global Tensions. (2003), with Savitri (1987), with Martha (2003), and the editor (2001), Gender and Development: Gender and Well-Being in The European Journal of Develop “Women, Sustainability and Social of Editorial Board of Economia Crítica PANELISTS

; Ministry of Education and Science, Special IES H is since 2001 the director of the Bonn International International Bonn the of director the 2001 since is is a professor in the Department of Economic Theory at Theory Economic of Department the in professor a is has been a Professor in the Department of City and Re The Crossroads of Class and Gender Feminist Economics, IOGRAP , and a member of the (2006), Cornell e-publishing (with Neema Kudva). Her work Rethinking Informalization; Poverty, Precarious Jobs and So Gender, Development and Globalization 2: B x Journal of Education , Ashgate Publishing LTD, 2009. She participates in the Interuni e N “, n A A special focus lies in his widely-known expertise in Sub-Saharan Africa. A special focus lies in his widely-known expertise in Sub-Saharan the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA). Since the early 1980’s, early the Since (ECLA). America Latin for Commission Economic the he has been working for the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) in sever al positions in Germany and abroad, i.e. country director in Zimbabwe and Kenya. Mr. Croll is internationally recognized for his expertise in develop ment policy, conflict prevention, crisis management, program- and project planning, human resource development, policy advocacy, and as facilitator. Peter Johannes Croll Johannes Peter Center for Conversion (BICC) – Internationales Konversionszentrum, BICC – which as an independent, non-profit organization is dedicated to promot ing peace and development. He graduated (M.A.) in Economics and Applied Linguistics in Germany. After working in several international companies in Germany and the Netherlands, he was engaged as an associated expert in Europe versity Institute for Women and Gender Studies of the Catalan Universities (iiEDG), the International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFF) and the feminist movement in Barcelona (Ca la Dona). the University of Barcelona. Her research has focused mainly on commercial on mainly focused has research Her Barcelona. of University the and non commercial work and the development of non-androcentric indica tors. Her most recent publications are Debt In Non-Androcentric of System a Towards Equality: “Beyond and 2009 No. dicators” in Harris, Galvez and Machado (ed.), ment Research Beyond academic work, she has been involved with a variety of international and women’snetworks, with peace, solidarity groups, organizations. Carrasco Cristina on gender and international development began in 1977-79, as coordinator of the Programme on Rural Women at the International Labor Office in Ge neva, Switzerland. Since then, she has continued to be involved with projects at the UN and other international organizations. She is a former of the president International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) and an as sociate editor of Roldán, of of several other books, including the two-volume Theoretical, Empirical and Practical Approaches Challenges and Opportunities in the World Economy Bisnath, and cial Protection Lourdes Lourdes Benería gional Planning and the program on Gender and Feminist Studies at Cornell University since 1987. She has also taught at Columbia University, Rutgers University, the New School University and various universities in Spain. She is the author of

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 56 rgam o eooi goaiain “utc ad h Wrd Economy” World the and “Justice globalization, economic on programme a developed had she 1998 since where York, Report. New Corruption from Berlin Global to came the She establish to 2000 June in TI joined 2003, Hodess Robin areas: forexampleheisChairoftheBoard NGOSaferworld. these in working NGOs several a of Board been the has of chair He or member networks. (founder) NGO and Asia), and Europe Africa, (in organ izations sub-regional governments, developing) and (developed OSCE, EU, numerous UN, the for issues these on consultant a as worked or cilitated fa advised, widely has he conflict issues, peace-building on and reduction publications prevention, and projects research of range wide In a UK. to Bradford addition of University the at both – Studies Peace of Department the at Research of Director 2008, – 1994 between also, and (CICS) Security Greene Owen development processesandelectoralobservation. negotiations, international of issues on consulting in worked has January He 2009. to 2002 Intercultural January and University the International of General for Secretary and Center Studies the of Director was He develop ment. human and security processes, peace resolution, conflict search, re peace theory, relations international in research does he where celona, Bar of University Autonomous the at Relations International lectures He Grasa, Rafael 2008, ExportacionsdeMaterialDefensa1998-2007 de Justicia y Paz, retos y alternativas en la España de hoy 2009 España en militarismo del (2009). recently: Most subject. the on publications and research ous numer in part taken has and economy military the and trade arms in pert ex an is She (ICIP). Peace for Institute Catalan International the of rector di the as served has she 2009 March Since peace. for NGOs of Federation Catalan the of president been has the She is Peace. and and Justice Delàs of president M. Vice J. Centre Research Peace the of founder was She cia. Gregori Font Tica Peace andConflictManagement Peace conflicts; armed in negotiations and Processes are: books published latest His cul ture. peace and conflict security, alternative disarmament, peace, of issues on books 40 of author the is He 2008. in Initiative Solidarity for award an and 1988 in Award Rights Human National the awarded was (UK), versity Uni Bradford from Studies Peace in PhD Culture a holds in He UAB. Diploma the the at Peace of of Director is and UAB the at Rights Human and Peace on Chair UNESCO the holds (UAB), Barcelona of University omous Fisas Vicenç ty programs at the Center for War, Peace and the News Media at New York New at Media News the and Peace War, for Center the at programs ty securi international for director assistant as served and (1997-98) versity Uni Leipzig and Berlin University Free the at politics and media taught she this, to Prior Affairs. International and Ethics on Council Carnegie the for is Director of the School of a Culture for Peace of the Auton the of Peace for Culture a of School the of Director is

s hi o te ete o Itrainl ooeain and Co-operation International for Centre the of Chair is President of the International Catalan Institute for Peace for Institute Catalan International the of President is the director of Policy and Research since December December since Research and Policy of director the is

has a degree in Physics from the University of Valen of University the from Physics in degree a has and . El comercio de armas español armas de comercio El Adiós alasarmas. Peace Process Yearbook 2010 Yearbook Process Peace

is Possible is . (2008); ; Culture of Culture ; Informe 40 años 40 ; Peace Atlas ------.

57 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------West Africa ; and ‘The Dialectics of Junc Post-war Regimes and State Re State and Regimes Post-war is executive director of the Observatory of Sus of Observatory the of director executive is Vol. 40, No. 5. Violence and Peace Re-Imagined: a new interdiscipli is at Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Master of Law (1988) and Ph.D, Law (1994), Copenhagen is a Senior Researcher of the Conflict Resolution and Peace and Resolution Conflict the of Researcher Senior a is and, ; Marching Against Gender Practice: political imaginings in the Programme at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo Security Dialogue Nordiska Working Paper Series 41 (200) Basqueland nary theory for cognitive anthropology. ly, he was awarded a U.S. Fulbright Foreign Scholar Award to study urban Amerindians and their problems with discrimination in the city of Manaus, Brazil. He has also written about the Basque Conflict, and U.S. immigrants (Cubans, Haitians, and Guatemalan-Mayas), and is especially interested in post-accord Guatemalan society. His two forthcoming books are respective ly titled: J. P. Linstroth P. J. building (PRIO). He obtained his Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from ty the of Universi Oxford, UK and has published widely on a variety of issues. Recent work on e.g. human rights and policing, national human rights institutions and other human rights actors, human rights in processes of development/ rights human on Study universality/relativity. of question the and transition indicators (with Hans-Otto Sano), resulting in the development of a format re in reality) in as well as (formal status country assessing for method a and lation to human rights standards. University. Senior analyst/manager/adviser at the Danish Institute for Hu man Rights since 1997, working with research and international program ming. The latter includes, in particular, the development of man academic rights programmes hu in Africa and Asia, but also involves issues around network building, capacity as such processes and tools as well as law, of rule ing, partnership, empowerment and institution building. Focus of analytical ing, tions and Bases: Youth, Livelihoods and the Crises of Order in Downtown Lagos’, Lone Lindholt, Olawale Ismail (SIPRI) working on the Military Expenditure, and Security and Governance in Africa projects. He holds a PhD in Peace Studies (University of Bradford, include publications recent His 2007). UK, construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone, CODESRIA (2009), and the Global Dynamics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Peacebuild the teaching and research on economy, environment and sustainable devel opment, with several books and numerous publications on these subjects. As director of the OSE, he manages several processes in Spain. on sustainable development based on indicators generic and thematic reports tainability in Spain (OSE). He holds a Doctorate in Economic Sciences, and in pioneer a was He Madrid. de Complutense Universidad the at professor is University of Pennsylvania (USA). of Pennsylvania University Herrero Jiménez M. Luis University University (1992-94). Ms. Hodess holds a Ph.D. and M.Phil in internation al relations from Cambridge University (UK) and a B.A. in history from the

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 58 out her career, she has worked extensively on the development of methodo of development the on extensively worked has she career, her out Through violence. armed and weapons light and arms small populations, search on issues related to child soldiers, the impact re of landmines on civilian conducted has she years 15 last the Over Asia. East South and America Latin Africa, Sub-Saharan primarily worldwide, countries multiple in zones post-conflict and conflict from experience research field extensive has She Millard S. Ananda Fundación Carolina,Madrid2008. en pendientes” retos y respuestas cional: 2008-2009 Anuario (ed.): Mesa Manuela include publications recent her Among Index. Peace Global the on Experts of Committee the and War Prevent to Action Global of work Net International the of member is She seminars. and courses programs, il society in building peace. She is a professor and teacher in various Masters cus on social and transnational violence in Latin America and the role of civ fo currently interests research Her conflict. and peace on yearbook CEIPAZ the directs She (AIPAZ). Research Peace for Association Spanish the of dent presi is She Peace. for Culture a for Foundation the of (CEIPAZ) Peace for Mesa Manuela Global Report:Conflict,Governance,andStateFragility. He produces an annual report series monitoring global system performance: in detailed is Govern U.S. the with theory systemic global Marshall’s Dr. Force. Task Instability Political ment’s consultant senior a as serves and temicpeace.org) (www.sys Peace Systemic for Center the directs and established He lence. vio political of problem the on emphasis with dynamics governance, development and conflict, systemic and societal among nexus critical the ining exam analysis, societal-systems complex in specializes He University. son Marshall G. Monty and monographs. dia a and Antarctica in meteorologist a Force, Air Royal the in pilot a was institutes in China, Japan, and Denmark. research and LSE the Irvine), and Berkeley Diego, (San California of versity Head of the Department of International Relations at the Australian Nation was and Relations International in Chair the held he that to Prior 2001. to 1998 from Secretariat UN the Strategic in Office of Executive Annan’s Kofi Director in Planning was He Canada. Vancouver, University, Fraser mon Mack Andrew tute of Development Studies and International Cooperation. He holds a PhD HEGOA-Insti the at researcher and Bilbao) Country, Basque the of versity Armiño de Pérez Karlos mond prospector in Sierra Leone. Sierra in prospector mond 1998. to 2001 from University al logical toolsforuseindifficultfieldresearchenvironments. rape. wartime on research on works she where Conversion for Center tional Escenarios de crisis: fracturas y pugnas en el sistema internacional, sistema el en pugnas y fracturas crisis: de Escenarios Third World War: System, Process, and Conflict Dynamics Conflict and Process, System, War: World Third is the Director of the Human Security Report Project at Si at Project Report Security Human the of Director the is is the director of the Center for Research and Education and Research for Center the of director the is , y “La cooperación al desarrollo y la violencia transna violencia la y desarrollo al cooperación “La y , (Ph.D.) is a Senior Researcher at the Bonn Interna Bonn the at Researcher Senior a is (Ph.D.) is Research Professor of Public Policy at George Ma George at Policy Public of Professor Research is is a professor of International Relations (Uni Relations International of professor a is He has also held appointments at the Uni the at appointments held also has He He has written or edited some 15 books 15 some edited or written has He Pensamiento Iberoamericano Pensamiento Prior to becoming an academic he , nº 2, nº , ------.

59 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals ------Contempo , and is currently working on a third edition of this is the Professor of Conflict Resolution at the Depart is the Senior Vice President of the Global Peace Index,

is a researcher on peace, armed conflict and disarmament Dictionary of Humanitarian Action and Development Cooperation. Action and Development Dictionary of Humanitarian rary Conflict Resolution book. peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict theory and conflict resolution. He is co-author with Hugh Miall and Oliver Ramsbotham of the book Tom Woodhouse ment of Peace Studies University of the Bradford Centre for UK. Conflict He Resolution at is Bradford, the and the Director of academic Bradford’s of director Rotary World Peace Fellows programme. He has written on peace building activities and development in the poorest areas of the world, Camilla is focused on developing metrics to better understand what leads to peace. In her role of Regional Adviser to the United Nations Office for Part nerships Camilla provides advice and support to the United Nations in ef forts to build new partnerships with civil society, foundations and the pri vate sector in South East Asia. a tool for measuring the peacefulness of countries and identifying the driv ers of peace. She manages the development of the Index as well as search the carried re out, internationally, on and around the index. Camilla directs the Peace and Security portfolio of The Charitable Foundation, a pri also vate trust aimed to improve the quality of life for as many people as possi substantially supporting ble through interventions that are life changing. In flict from Jaume I University and participates as a lecturer in several cours es, postgraduate and masters on peace and war. Between 2006 and 2009 he for peace, worked on a proposal for the measurement at the Delàs Center. Camilla Schippa for Peace Research Centre J. M. Delàs for Justice and Peace of Barcelona and and Barcelona of Peace and Justice for Delàs M. J. Centre Research Peace for holds a UNESCO Chair of Philosophy for Peace from the sity of Jaume Castellón. I He Univer has worked as a coordinator of humanitarian and projects conducted field work and research in various areas and of has conducted armed several conflict, studies, reports and publications on militarism, armed conflict and humanitarianism. He holds a PhD in peace and con and post-war rehabilitation (Mozambique and Angola) and human security. He has authored numerous articles and several books, including (as direc tor), a Alejandro Pozo in Political Science (1995), a BA in History and a Masters in Humanitarian Action. He has researched on food security, humanitarian action, conflict

DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals 60 cacy ofhumanrights. advo and building peace coexistence, and peace of roots the strengthening and tensions, social and conflicts of resolution peaceful disarmament, and prevention security, the human for working of aim the holds It states. and nations cultures, peoples, individuals, between relationships in equity and equality justice, democracy, peace, promote which gov principles is the by means, erned and ends between consistency seeking ICIP, The peace. of agent an and as role solutions active an with peaceful Catalonia endow endorse to and resolutions to conflict world, the throughout as well as lonia Cata in peace of culture a promote to is ICIP the of purpose principle The plications. du and redundancies avoiding and subsidiarity of principle collaborations, the practicing synergies, seeking mandate, by and conviction with so, do should It field. the in intervention and awareness and ideas of dis semination knowledge, of transfer teaching, research, as such activities of ization organ and collaboration the through administrations, public and general in world academic the universities, movement, peace the citizens, to respond The law which produced the ICIP states that it must provide services for and the CatalanGovernment,tocivilsocietyaswellallofitspatrons. to Parliament, to accountable both is which manner, a in act to capacity the with independent thus is Institution The law. private to subject but tonomy, au full with company, public a entity, public a be would ICIP the addition, In sectors. private and public in both work to capacity full with individuality legal own its maintain would It entities. private and government of pendent inde also but nature, by institutional be would which organization, public a create to building, consensus and deliberation of period long a after and society civil of request the at chose, parliament The (ICIP). Peace for stitute In Catalan International the of creation the in resulting Peace” of motion Pro the for “Law the passed Catalonia of Parliament the 2007 of end the At www.icip.cat International CatalanInstituteforPeace–ICIP I Ab nstitute for for nstitute out t out h e e I nternational nternational P eace C atalan ------

61 DOCUMENTS 03/2010 Measuring Peace. Initiatives, Limitations and Proposals MEASURING PEACE.

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Seminar Proceedings Barcelona, MarCH 2010

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