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Global Peace Index Global Peace GLOBAL PEACE INDEX PEACE GLOBAL GLOBAL PEACE 2019 INDEX 2019 MEASURING PEACE IN A COMPLEX WORLD Quantifying Peace and its Benefits The Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit think tank dedicated to shifting the world’s focus to peace as a positive, achievable, and tangible measure of human wellbeing and progress. IEP achieves its goals by developing new conceptual frameworks to define peacefulness; providing metrics for measuring peace and uncovering the relationships between business, peace and prosperity, as well as promoting a better understanding of the cultural, economic and political factors that create peace. IEP is headquartered in Sydney, with offices in New York, The Hague, Mexico City, Brussels and Harare. It works with a wide range of partners internationally and collaborates with intergovernmental organisations on measuring and communicating the economic value of peace. For more information visit www.economicsandpeace.org Please cite this report as: Institute for Economics & Peace. Global Peace Index 2019: Measuring Peace in a Complex World, Sydney, June 2019. Available from: http://visionofhumanity.org/reports (accessed Date Month Year). Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Key Findings 4 RESULTS 5 Highlights 6 2019 Global Peace Index Rankings 8 Regional Overview 13 Improvements & Deteriorations 20 TRENDS 25 GPI Trends 26 Peace Perceptions 32 Climate Change and Peace 43 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF VIOLENCE 57 Results 58 Methodoogy at a glance 63 POSITIVE PEACE 65 What is Positive Peace? 66 Positive Peace and Negative Peace 71 Positive Peace and the Economy 76 APPENDICES 83 Appendix A: GPI Methodology 84 Appendix B: GPI indicator sources, definitions & scoring criteria 88 Appendix C: GPI Domain Scores 96 Appendix D: Economic Cost of Violence 99 GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2019 | 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is the thirteenth edition of the Global Peace Index Four of the nine regions in the world became more (GPI), which ranks 163 independent states and peaceful over the past year. The greatest increase in territories according to their level of peacefulness. peacefulness occurred in the Russia and Eurasia region, Produced by the Institute for Economics and Peace followed by the Middle East and North Africa. In both of (IEP), the GPI is the world’s leading measure of global these regions, the number of deaths from conflict peacefulness. This report presents the most declined, owing to the de-escalation of violence in comprehensive data-driven analysis to date on peace, Ukraine and Syria respectively. The fall in conflict its economic value, trends, and how to develop deaths has been mirrored by a fall in deaths from peaceful societies. terrorism. The GPI covers 99.7 per cent of the world’s population, All three regions in the Americas recorded a using 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators from deterioration in peacefulness in the 2019 GPI, with highly respected sources, and measures the state of Central America and the Caribbean showing the peace using three thematic domains: the level of largest deteriorations, followed by South America, and Societal Safety and Security; the extent of Ongoing then North America. Increasing political instability has Domestic and International Conflict; and the degree of been an issue across all three regions, exemplified by Militarisation. the violent unrest seen in Nicaragua and Venezuela, and growing political polarisation in Brazil and the In addition to presenting the findings from the 2019 United States. GPI, this year’s report includes analysis of trends in Positive Peace: the attitudes, institutions, and structures The trend in peacefulness since 2008 shows that that create and sustain peaceful societies. It looks at global peacefulness has deteriorated by 3.78 per cent, the relationship between the actual peace of a country, with 81 GPI countries recording a deterioration, and 81 as measured by the GPI, and Positive Peace, and how a improving, highlighting that deteriorations in deficit of Positive Peace is often a predictor of future peacefulness are generally larger than improvements. increases in violent conflict. It also looks at the dynamic The index has deteriorated for eight of the last twelve relationship between changes in Positive Peace and years, with the last improvement in peacefulness before changes in the economy. 2019 occurring in 2014. Seventeen of the 23 GPI indicators are less peaceful on average in 2019 when The results this year show that the average level of compared to 2008. global peacefulness improved very slightly in the 2019 GPI. This is the first time the index has improved in five Two of the three GPI domains deteriorated over the years. The average country score improved by 0.09 per past decade, with Ongoing Conflict deteriorating by cent, with 86 countries improving, and 76 recording 8.69 per cent and Safety and Security deteriorating by deteriorations. The 2019 GPI reveals a world in which 4.02 per cent. Terrorism and internal conflict have been the conflicts and crises that emerged in the past the greatest contributors to the global deterioration in decade have begun to abate, but new tensions within peacefulness. One hundred and four countries and between nations have emerged. recorded increased terrorist activity, while only 38 improved, and the total number of conflict deaths Iceland remains the most peaceful country in the world, increased by 140 per cent between 2006 and 2017. a position it has held since 2008. It is joined at the top of the index by New Zealand, Austria, Portugal, and However, contrary to public perception, the Denmark. Bhutan has recorded the largest Militarisation domain has recorded a 2.6 per cent improvement of any country in the top 20, rising 43 improvement since 2008. The number of armed places in the last 12 years. services personnel per 100,000 people has fallen in 117 countries, and military expenditure as a percentage of Afghanistan is now the least peaceful country in the GDP fell in 98 countries, with only 63 countries world, replacing Syria, which is now the second least increasing their spending. peaceful. South Sudan, Yemen, and Iraq comprise the remaining five least peaceful countries. This is the first Perceptions of peacefulness have increased in some year since the inception of the index that Yemen has areas but decreased in others. More people across the been ranked amongst the five least peaceful countries. world now feel that they have more freedom in life, are GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2019 | 2 more satisfied with life, and are treated with more and the Central African Republic incurred the largest respect than in 2008. Many more people also feel that economic cost of violence in 2018 as a percentage of their countries are better places to live for ethnic and their GDP, equivalent to 67, 47 and 42 per cent of GDP, religious minorities. However, daily feelings of sadness, respectively. worry, and stress have also increased over the same time period. The economic impact of violence model includes data on suicide for the first time in the 2019 GPI. The report There is a strong correlation between perceptions of finds that the economic impact of suicide is higher than peacefulness and actual peacefulness as measured by that of Armed Conflict, amounting to $737 billion in the GPI. Both men and women in more peaceful 2018. countries are more likely to report that they feel safe walking alone at night than people in less peaceful The report’s Positive Peace research analyses the countries. There is also a greater level of trust in police relationship between the GPI and Positive Peace. There in more peaceful societies. is a strong correlation between the GPI and Positive Peace. Countries with high levels of both Positive and Perceptions of trust in the world’s most powerful Negative Peace have achieved a sustainable peace and countries has fallen since 2008. Confidence in US are unlikely to fall into conflict. Conversely, many of the leadership has fallen more than confidence in Russian, countries with low levels of both Positive and Negative Chinese and German leadership in the past five years, Peace have fallen into a violence trap, and find it with people on average now having more confidence in difficult to escape from vicious cycles of conflict. Chinese leadership than the US. Some countries score much higher on the GPI than Dealing with these negative trends in peacefulness their Positive Peace score would indicate. This is known becomes even more crucial when looking at the as a Positive Peace deficit, and research has shown that potential impact of climate change on peace. An these countries are more likely to have increased levels estimated 971 million people live in areas with high or of violence in the future, because they lack the very high climate change exposure. Of this number, necessary attitudes, institutions and structures to 400 million (41 per cent) reside in countries which prevent violence from breaking out once the country already have low levels of peacefulness. receives a shock. Climate change can indirectly increase the likelihood of Some pillars of Positive Peace exhibit tipping points. violent conflict through its impacts on resource Small improvements or deteriorations in Positive Peace availability, livelihood, security and migration. In order can trigger large increases or decreases in their GPI to address these challenges, there will need to be much scores. This tipping point can be seen when looking at greater cooperation both within and between the relationship between corruption, economic growth, countries. Countries with high levels of Positive Peace inequality, and the GPI’s Safety and Security domain. are better able to manage climate-induced shocks and tend to have higher environmental performance than The report also finds that Positive Peace is dynamically those with lower levels of Positive Peace. associated with economic development. There is a strong correlation between changes in the Positive The economic impact of violence on the global Peace Index and GDP growth between 2005 and 2018.
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