DEPARTAMENTO DE IDEACIÓN GRÁFICA ARQUITECTÓNICA ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DE MADRID Cómic, Arquitectura Narr

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DEPARTAMENTO DE IDEACIÓN GRÁFICA ARQUITECTÓNICA ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DE MADRID Cómic, Arquitectura Narr DEPARTAMENTO DE IDEACIÓN GRÁFICA ARQUITECTÓNICA ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DE MADRID Cómic, arquitectura narrativa. Describiendo cuatro dimensiones con dos Autor Enrique Bordes Cabrera Arquitecto – profesor asocidado UPM Directora Carmen Blasco Rodríguez Doctora arquitecto – profesora titular UPM 2015 Agradecimientos A Juan, que me regaló todos sus Tintín, y me los leyó uno a uno. No muchos años después también me enseñó que con mis tebeos se podía dar una clase en la universidad. A Maribel, que me regaló ese Super López que siempre tendrá mi edad. Luego insistió con un Iron Man. los primeros de muchos cómics que entrarían por mi puerta. A Isabel que a través de su Biblioteca Nacional me escudriñó el mundo. A Carmen, por su con!anza y porque provocó esta tesis cuando me preguntó después de una clase. A los alumnos que sufrieron y compartieron mi pasión por el cómic, regalándome sus maravillosos esfuerzos creativos. A aquellos autores y demás buena gente del tebeo con los que comparto una amistad que disfruto tanto como este medio. A Marianne Reynolds por su ayuda en la distancia en la biblioteca de Cincinnati A Eliett, que me llevó a Roma y me trajo hasta aquí, ha sido aire en las velas, con su amor, su paciencia y la alegría con la que convive entre tebeos. Índice Introducción No son negocios, es estrictamente personal, 11 Arquitectura dibujada vs el cómic como arquitectura, 11 El cómic es una arquitectura del pensamiento, 13 Planteamiento, 16 Homenaje a un discurso, 16 Un campo en expansión, 17 Anexo: Cómic en la pedagogía del dibujo arquitectónico, 17 Una nota al pie, 18 1_Teoría de cómic para arquitectos 1_1 Leyendo y entendiendo el sistema del arte secuencial, 21 1_2 Un sistema del cómic: Groensteen, 22 Groensteen, definición imposible, ausencia radical, 23 Groensteen: Solidaridad icónica, dibujo de arquitectura, 25 Groensteen: Arthrología y el sistema Espacio-Tópico, 27 1_3 En torno a la viñeta, 27 Groensteen: Un marco/encuadre o una ventana, 28 Eisner: la viñeta como apoyo estructural, 29 Groensteen: El hipermarco y el multimarco, 29 Peeters: El pericampo, 31 Groensteen: El sitio, 32 Groensteen: Funciones del marco, 32 1_4 Del strip a la página, armando las piezas, 34 Groensteen: la tira, espacio intermedio, metáfora arquitectónica, 35 Groensteen: Arquitectura de la página, 36 Peeters: Construcción de la página, 39 Eisner: la página como superviñeta, 40 Groensteen: incrustación, 40 Lefèvre: construcción del espacio, de Dominion a Coconino, 40 1_5 La página, ¿una arquitectura española?, 43 Bartual: Página viñeta de concepción arquitectónica, 43 Rubén Varillas: arquitectura de las viñetas, 44 1_6 El protocolo de lectura, 45 McCloud: Transiciones, 45 Peeters: sentido prohibido, 46 Witek: números y flechas, 47 Sergio García: bandas y caminos narrativos, 48 Roberto Bartual: vectores alterados, 49 1_7 El lienzo infinito de Scott McCloud, 50 1_8 Ware: El modelo teatral vs el modelo cinematográfico, 53 1_9 Dibujo: lenguaje visual, abstracción y color , 53 Neil Cohn, el lenguaje visual del cómic, 53 McCloud: el dibujo, 56 Color, mecanismo narrativo, 57 6 2_Arquitectura gráfica narrativa, referentes históricos 2_1 La importancia de llamarse cómic, 59 2_2 De tumbas a monasterios. Antes de la imprenta y la perspectiva., 61 Menna y un ostraca, 61 La columna Trajana, visión teatral, personaje recurrente, 68 Manuscritos Medievales, 72 Un 13 Rue del siglo X, un Calpurnio del XV, 92 Involución y revolución, 93 2_3 El ojo de Alberti impreso. Antes de la fotografía. , 94 Renacimiento, horizonte y mapa del infierno, 96 De columnas, tabiques y viñetas , 102 Nuevas páginas barrocas, 111 2_4 Dos miradas orientales, 117 Mewar Ramayana, proyección vertical oblicua, 117 El manga de Hokusai, viñetas de aspecto a aspecto , 118 2_5 La ciudad industrial, antes del cine, 119 Explosión técnica para el final de la visión teatral, 120 Convivir en viñetas, mi vecino es músico , 121 2_6 Volviendo al Egipto, los edificios sociales de Gerd Antz, 135 3_Construcciones narrativas contemporáneas 3_1 Teóricos vs. Autores, 143 3_2 The Cage, el espacio como protagonista, 144 3_3 En torno a la página arquitectónica, 150 En el número 13, calle multimarco de una época, 150 Construyendo historias, la revolución Chris Ware, 157 El edificio ardiendo, construcción de un incendio, 166 (Sin) la sombra de Ware, 170 3_4 Espacio y tiempo, 172 Abriendo nuevos campos Aquí, Richard McGuire, 172 Mathieu, gestor de espacio y tiempo, 181 Morrison (y Quitely), estrategias inmersivas/recursivas , 185 3_5 Abriendo campo, 187 OuBaPo, resumiendo Oupus 6, 187 Una historieta material, 188 4_El cómic y los arquitectos 4_1 Un affaire... que es un matrimonio, 191 4_2 Ese estudió en la Escuela, 192 4_3 Dos padres de lo moderno, 201 McCay, sueños y realidad arquitectónica, 201 Le Corbusier también quiso hacer una tesis sobre tebeos, 204 4_4 Pero ¿es arquitectura el cómic de los arquitectos?, 208 Tschumi, un dispositivo secuencial, 210 Swarte, arquitecto de la línea clara, 212 Dibujando un poco de Pekín, 219 7 5_ Un discurso 5_1 De 1 a 5 dimensiones, 222 5_2 Alzado/fachada., 242 5_3 Sección, 262 5_4 Comunicación vertical, escaleras, ascensores, 284 5_5 Planta, 306 5_6 Ventana y viñeta, 314 5_7 Recorrido/descripción, del interior a la ciudad, 320 5_8 El tiempo sólido, 332 6_Conclusiones Intersección teórica, 336 Siempre estuvo allí, 336 De segunda mano, pero como nuevo, 336 La viñeta, espacio habitado, 337 La interferencia de la máquina, 337 La figura humana, protagonista del tiempo, 338 Una arquitectura del ser humano , 339 Anexo_Cómic en la eseñanza del dibujo de arquitectura Un tebeo como ejercicio de dibujo del espacio, 343 Bibliografía I_Historia de Cómic, 359 II_Narración gráfica y dibujo, 378 III_Arquitectura y Cómic, 400 IV_Autores, 407 V_Selección ampliada de obras de autores, 416 VI_Otras fuentes, 417 W_Fuentes en línea, 418 8 Dada la diversidad de fuentes y complejidad de muchas de las referencias vinculadas al cómic –variedad de formatos y ediciones que van desde la página asociada a una publicación periódica a cualquier tipo imaginable de reedición, retapado e incluso recopilación de a!cionados...– Se ha optado por simpli!car siguiendo el criterio que ya utilizaron Román Gubern y Luis Gasca en el Discurso del cómic, esto es, nombrar primero el nombre del cómic seguido de su fecha de creación y autores. Este criterio se ha mante- nido homogéneo para todas las ilustraciones, sean o no cómic. En aquellas fuentes únicas sí se ha intentado hacer referencia al origen especí!co. El código de la bibliografía en notas es el autor seguido de su fecha y la sección de la bibliografía. A!"#$ (2015-I) Todas las traducciones, salvo que se indique lo contrario, las ha realizado el autor, se incluye para su consulta la versión original en las notas. Las fuentes en línea se han incorporado también en las notas, para facilitar la lectura en la versión digital de la tesis. En todas ellas se ha comprobado si existe copia operativa de lo consultado en archive.org y en caso a!rmativo se proporciona la fecha. 9 10 Introducción Introducción No son negocios, es estrictamente personal* Para iniciar, una confesión. Este estudio está muy vinculado a mi vida personal. Creo que en esto no estoy solo, conozco poca gente cercana al medio del cómic que no lo haya cultivado como una pasión cercana, personal y muchas veces vinculada a una relación que se remonta a la infancia. Esto, reconozco que condiciona una inclinación totalmente subjetiva hacia el medio, pero también me ha dotado, a lo largo de muchos años, de una biblioteca propia y especializada a la que difícilmen- te hubiese podido acceder de otra manera y que ha sido el motor principal para construir este discurso. Arquitectura dibujada vs el cómic como arquitectura La mayor parte de los estudios con un enfoque académico en torno a cómic y ar- quitectura, se han centrado más en las distintas realidades representadas dentro del medio, en sus decorados, que en la estructura del cómic en sí. No cabe duda de que reviste un gran interés detenerse en el estudio de esa arqui- tectura dibujada en las !cciones del cómic. Ciudades en el norte de Venus de Dan Dare, fantasías en los rascacielos del Gotham de Batman o la Brüsel que Peeters y Schuiten crean para un particular futuro/pasado de la capital de Bélgica... todas estas arquitecturas de !cción son un campo fértil para diseccionar in"uencias, ana- lizar propuestas estilísticas y muchos más elementos que competen al arquitecto en un mundo real, desde el diseño interior hasta el de la ciudad. Estas arquitecturas dibujadas que se desarrollan dentro del cómic, en un marco puramente grá!co, Dan Dare, Pilot of the Future, nacen libres de requisitos técnicos, económicos y programáticos. A su vez están Frank Hampson, 1950. Una visión de Mekonta, “capital del vinculadas a las necesidades de una historia, que puede trascurrir en cualquier hemisferio norte de Venus”. entorno, real o de !cción. Todo ello constituye un terreno fértil para el desarro- llo de la forma de estas arquitecturas de papel. Lo mismo ocurre en otros medios 11 Introducción narrativos también sujetos a estudio, fundamentalmente cine y teatro, ambos algo más vinculados a unas técnicas y límites presupuestarios en sus escenografías, pero igualmente capaces de establecer un diálogo de sugerencias entre lo real y lo imaginado. Distintas tesis han afrontado el análisis de estas arquitecturas de !cción en nues- tro país, en la misma Escuela Técnica Superior de Madrid (#$%&'), Margarita de Luxán (1986) abordó el estudio de las construcciones en la literatura de la ciencia !cción, Spiros Papadopoulos (1997) analizó la ciudad en el cómic de los años se- tenta y más recientemente Jorge Tuset Souto (2011) presentó un análisis centrado en la obra de Schuiteen y Peeters. Más recientemente, ya fuera de la #$%&', Koldo Lus Arana (2013) profundiza en torno a las ciudades representadas en el cómic en su tesis, titulada Futurópolis.
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