Selected Biographies

Abramovitch, A.E. (pseud. Albrecht) (1888–?) – Bolshevik, from 1911 in , contact with Lenin, 1917 return to Russia, 1919 Comintern tasks in Berlin and , 1920–21 in France (pseud. Salewski), 1921 headed Comintern news service, 1925–30 Comintern secretariat in .

Alpári, Gyula (Julius) (1882–1944) – 1891 Hungarian Socialist Party, 1902 editor of its central organ Nepszava, 1910 expelled, 1919 Hungarian Communist Party, head of press commission and deputy people’s commissar for foreign affairs in the Hungarian Republic, from September 1919 often illegally in , Switzerland and France, del- egate to the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Seventh Congresses of the Comintern, 1921–39 editor-in-chief of Inprekorr and its successor Rundschau, 1940 arrested by Gestapo in Paris, solitary confinement in Sachsenhausen, murdered.

Balabanova, Angelica (1877–1965) – left Russia 1897, Italian Socialist Party, 1912–14 editor of Avanti, 1917 return to Russia (in Lenin’s ‘sealed train’), 1919 delegate to Comin- tern founding congress, first secretary of ECCI, left Soviet Russia 1922, 1923 , 1925 Paris, 1936–46 USA, 1947 return to Italy.

Barth, Emil (1879–1941) – plumber, from 1914 SPD and union official, 1915 soldier, from 1916 head of plumbers’ section in Berlin’s engineering union, 1917 USPD, 1918 chair of Berlin revolutionary shop stewards, November 1918 on executive of workers’ and sol- diers’ councils, November/December 1918 member of people’s executive council, the provisional government led by Ebert, 1921 SPD, 1921–24 secretary then president of the Berlin central factory council, 1933 imprisoned.

Bebel, August (1840–1913) – master carpenter in , 1869 co-founder SDAP (prede- cessor of SPD), 1872 two years’ imprisonment, until 1913 president of SPD.

Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932) – bank employee, 1871 SDP, since 1881 editor of Der Sozi- aldemokrat, 1887–1901 in London, 1902–06, 1912–18 and 1920–28 Reichstag deputy, 1917 USPD, 1919 return to SPD.

Borchardt, Julian (1868–1932) – 1900–06 editor of Social-Democratic papers, 1907–13 itinerant speaker, 1911–13 member of Prussian Landtag, 1913–16 and 1918–21 editor of left radical Lichtstrahlen, 1915 attended , 1916 brief period in ‘protective custody’, 1917 banning of Lichtstrahlen, member of IKD, expelled in Decem- ber 1918. From then on mainly literary activity, close to KPD.

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Brandler, Heinrich (1881–1967) – building worker, 1901 SPD, from 1904 secretary of Bre- men builders’ federation, editor of Bremer Bürger-Zeitung, 1915 expelled from SPD, trade-union secretary in Chemnitz, 1916 co-founder of Spartacus Group, 1919 co- founder of KPD and member of central committee, 1921 party president, April 1921 (after the ‘March action’) imprisoned, escaped to Moscow, 1921–22 KPD representat- ive on ECCI, 1923 KPD central committee, 1924–28 in Moscow, member of CPSU and collaborator of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy, 1928 return to Germany, co-founder of KPD(O), 1933 emigration to France, 1941–46 Havana, 1947–48 London, 1948–56 leading member of Arbeiterpolitik group.

Bronski, Mieczysław (pseud. Braun, Posner, Spartakus) (1882–1941) – 1902 Social-Demo- cratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, 1917 joined the in Petrograd, 1918–19 deputy people’s commissar for trade and industry, October 1919 to 1924 Comintern responsibility for Germany and member of Comintern’s West European bureau, later in Soviet people’s commissariat for finance, victim of the purges.

Däumig, Ernst (1866–1922) – 1898 SPD, writer for many newspapers in Gera, Halle, Erfurt and Berlin, 1912–18 president of SPD educational commission for Greater Ber- lin, 1916–18 editor of Mitteilungs-Blatt (from April 1917 a USPD organ), 1917 founding member of the USPD, November 1918–19 member of executive of Berlin workers’ and soldiers’ councils, 1920–21 editor of Der Arbeiter-Rat, 1920 at Halle congress president of USPD (Left) together with Adolph Hoffmann, then KPD president with Paul Levi, 1921 resigned party functions, co-founder Communist Working Group, 1922 return to USPD, 1920–22 Reichstag deputy.

David, Eduard (1863–1930) – 1893 SPD, from 1896 writer for Sozialistische Monatshefte, 1903–18 and 1927–30 Reichstag deputy, 1919 president of national assembly in Weimar, several times minister.

Dittmann, Wilhelm (1874–1954) – carpenter, 1894 woodworkers’ union and SPD, editor of Social-Democratic papers, 1904–09 party secretary in Frankfurt, 1912–18 Reichstag deputy, 1917 USPD, 1918 imprisoned, then member of the Council of the People’s Depu- ties, from 1920 Reichstag deputy, delegate to Second Congress of Comintern, 1922 return to SPD, 1922–33 secretary of party executive and president of SPD Reichstag group, 1933 emigration to Switzerland.

Duncker, Hermann (1874–1960) – 1893 SPD, 1896–1900 studied philosophy, econom- ics and history at Leipzig, from 1906 itinerant speaker for the party, 1912–14 teacher at central party school, co-founder of Internationale Group, which became the Spartacus League, member of its leadership, 1915 conscripted, 1919 delegate to founding congress

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Duncker, Käte, née Döll (1871–1953) – teacher, 1890 SPD, collaborator of Clara Zetkin, 1917 USPD, in leadership of Spartacus Group during the war, 1919 delegate to founding congress of the KPD and elected to its central committee, imprisoned by the Nazis, 1939 emigrated to USA, 1947 return to Germany.

Eberlein, Hugo (1887–1944) – draughtsman, 1906 SPD, co-founder of Spartacus Group, 1918 leadership of Spartacus League, 1919 delegate to KPD founding congress, elected to central committee, imprisoned for a time, KPD representative at founding congress of Comintern, 1921–29 member of KPD central committee, 1921–33 member of Prussian Landtag, 1928 member of Comintern control commission, 1933 emigrated to Switzer- land, then , 1935 sector head with ECCI, 1937 imprisoned, 1941 sentenced to death.

Fischer, Ruth (Elfriede Friedländer, née Eisler) (1895–1961) – 1918 co-founder of Aus- trian Communist Party, 1921 head of Berlin KPD, 1923 member of central committee, from 1924 Reichstag deputy and candidate member of ECCI, 1926 expulsion from KPD, 1928 co-founder of Lenin League, 1933 emigrated to Paris, 1940 via Lisbon to USA, after the war again in Paris.

Friesland, Ernst (Friesland-Reuter) (1889–1953) – historian and economist, 1912 SPD, 1915–16 soldier, POW in Russia, 1918 head of people’s commissariat for Volga Germans, end 1918 return to Berlin (with Karl Radek and Werner Rakow), delegate to founding congress of KPD, then imprisoned, 1920 member of organisational bureau, then can- didate member of central committee, from December 1920 member of executive, 1922 general secretary then expelled, member of Communist Working Group, then USPD, 1922 return to SPD, editor of Vorwärts, 1926 city councillor for transport in Berlin (con- struction of subway system), 1931 mayor of Magdeburg, 1932–33 Reichstag member, 1933–34 concentration camp, 1935 emigrated to England, then Turkey, from 1947 mayor of West Berlin.

Haase, Hugo (1863–1919) – 1888 SPD, 1912–18 Reichstag deputy, until 1915 president of SPD group, 1911–16 one of two party presidents, 1917–19 USPD president, 1918 together with president of Council of the People’s Deputies, member of national assembly, murdered.

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Haenisch, Konrad (1876–1925) – 1893 expelled from high school for socialist propa- ganda, 1894 assistant on Leipziger Volkszeitung, 1895–1911 editor of Social-Democratic papers, 1911 head of the leaflet propaganda for the SPD, 1913–25 member of Prussian parliament, 1915–19 editor of Die Glocke, 1919–21 Prussian minister for education, 1923– 25 head of district government in the Prussian part of Hesse.

Henke, Alfred (1868–1946) – cigar maker, 1888–91 military service, official in Ger- man Tobacco Workers’ Association, SPD member, 1900–17 political editor and 1906 to January 1917 editor-in-chief Bremer Bürger-Zeitung, 1906–22 member of Bremen city council, 1912–18 Reichstag deputy, 1916 Social-Democratic Working Group, 1917 USPD, June 1917 USPD secretary for north coastal district, 1918 president of Bremen workers’ and soldiers’ council, 1919 with Johann Knief president of council of people’s commissioners in Bremen, member of National Assembly, 1920–32 Reichstag deputy, until 1922 USPD advisory council, then return to SPD, 1922–33 councillor in Berlin- Reinickendorf.

Hölz, Max (1889–1933) – 1918 USPD, 1919 KPD, 1920 KAPD and commander of the ‘Red Army’ in the Vogtland, 1921 leader of uprising in central Germany, sentenced to life imprisonment, 1928 amnestied, 1929 emigrated to Russia.

Jogiches, Leo (Tyszka) (1867–1919) – from 1885 active in Russian revolutionary move- ment, several times imprisoned, 1890 flight to Switzerland, connection with Plekhanov, 1893 co-founder Social-Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, 1905–06 inWarsaw, condemned to eight years’ forced labour, 1907 escape to Germany, from 1915–16 de facto head of Internationale Group or Spartacus Group, 1918 imprisoned, co-founder of KPD and leading member, March 1919 murdered.

Kabaktchiev, Christo (1878–1940) – 1897 co-founder of Bulgarian Social-Democratic Party, from 1905 member of its central committee, 1919 founding member of Bulgarian Communist Party and central committee member, 1920 Comintern delegate to USPD congress in Halle and Comintern emissary to Italy, 1923 political secretary of Bulgarian Communist Party, after failed uprising imprisoned until 1926, then in Moscow teacher at Comintern’s Lenin School and Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, 1937 imprisoned.

Karski, Julian, see Marchlewski, Julian

Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938) – philosopher and economist, 1875 Austrian Social-Demo- cratic Party, 1882–1917 editor-in-chief of Neue Zeit, 1917 USPD, 1918 foreign secretary, 1922 return to SPD.

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Knief, Johann (1880–1919) – schoolteacher, 1906 SPD, 1906–11 executive of Bremen teachers’ association, 1911–16 editor of Bremer Bürger-Zeitung, leading figure of Bremen Left Radicals, 1914 army, 1916–19 editor of Arbeiterpolitik, from May 1917 underground, 1918 imprisoned, leader of IKD, 1919 people’s commissioner in Bremen soviet republic, from November 1919 editor of daily Der Kommunist.

Kornfeld, Charlotte (Lotte) (1896–1974) – from 1917 companion of Johann Knief, busi- ness manager of Arbeiterpolitik, 1918 imprisoned, emigrated to Italy, Switzerland, Eng- land, 1940 USA.

Kun, Béla (1886–1939) – 1918 co-founder and president of Hungarian Communist Party, 1919 leader of Hungarian Soviet Republic, 1920–37 various Comintern functions, 1928– 37 member of ECCI presidium, 1937 imprisoned, 1939 shot.

Landauer, Gustav (1870–1919) – anarchist writer, 1906 founder of Socialist League, 1909–15 editor of Der Sozialist, member of Munich soviet government, murdered by Freikorps.

Laufenberg, Heinrich (pseud. Karl Erler) (1872–1932) – philosopher, member of , 1904–07 editor of SPD paper Volkszeitung in Düsseldorf, 1915–18 military service, leader of Left Radicals in Hamburg, 1918–19 head of executive of Hamburg workers’ and soldiers’ council, founding member of KPD, condemned to one year’s imprisonment, 1920 expulsion from KPD, co-founder KAPD, August 1920 expelled, founded League of Communists.

Ledebour, Georg Theodor (1850–1947) – trader, 1890 SPD, 1890–95 collaborator and 1895–98 contributing editor of Vorwärts, 1900 again contributor to Vorwärts and Neue Zeit, 1900–18 and 1920–24 Reichstag deputy, 1916 executive member of Socialist Work- ing Group, 1917 co-founder of USPD, 1918 member of executive of revolutionary shop stewards and Berlin workers’ and soldiers’ council, January 1919 president of revolution- ary executive of Berlin workers, imprisoned 11 January 1919, 1920 together with Artur Crispien president of USPD, 1924–31 member of Socialist League, from 1924 leading con- tributor to International Workers’ Aid, 1931 joined SAP, 1933 emigrated to Switzerland.

Lensch, Paul Albert (1873–1926) – economist, 1900 SPD, 1902–13 contributor to Leipziger Volkszeitung and from 1907 its editor-in-chief, 1912–18 Reichstag deputy, 1918 represent- ative of council of people’s deputies to the army general staff, 1919–25 professor of social and economic history in Berlin, 1922–25 editor-in-chief of Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 1922 expelled from SPD.

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Levi, Paul (pseud. Hartstein, Hartlaub, Lapis Durus) (1883–1930) – lawyer, SPD member, 1914 legal defender of , from 1916 in Switzerland (contact with Lenin), leading member of Spartacus Group and founding member of KPD, from March 1919 its president, February 1921 resigned party offices, April 1921 expelled from KPD, founded Communist Working Group, 1922 returned to USPD, then SPD, leading representative of its left wing, from 1920 Reichstag deputy.

Leviné, Eugen (1885–1919) – lawyer, 1905–07 participation in Russian revolution, mem- ber of Social Revolutionaries, 1906 and 1908 imprisoned, 1917 USPD, member of Sparta- cus Group, 1918 in Berlin, worked for Soviet telegraph agency, 1919 founding member of KPD, participation in January battles in Berlin, March 1919 along with Max Levien KPD leader in Munich, in April leader of executive council of second soviet republic, after its defeat condemned to death and executed in June.

Liebknecht, Karl (1871–1919) – lawyer, 1907 SPD, 1912–17 Reichstag deputy, 1915 con- scripted, 1916 expelled from Reichstag SPD group after condemnation for high treason, founding member of Spartacus Group and KPD, murdered January 1919.

Liebknecht, Wilhelm Philipp (1826–1900) – teacher and philologist, 1848 took part in republican uprising in Baden, emigrated to London, 1850 League of Communists in London, 1863 ADAV, 1869 SDAP (merged into SPD), several times imprisoned, 1872 accused in Leipzig high-treason trial, 1874 released, editor of Volksstaat, then of Vor- wärts (from 1891 editor-in-chief), 1874–1900 with interruptions Reichstag deputy.

Luxemburg, Rosa (1870–1919) – 1893 co-founder Social-Democratic Party of Kingdom of Poland, 1898 SPD, 1915–18 twice imprisoned, co-founder of Spartacus Group and KPD, murdered January 1919.

Man, Henrik de (1885–1953) – Belgian social psychologist and politician, several times government minister, from 1939 president Belgian Workers’ Party.

Marchlewski, Julian Balthasar (pseud. Karski) (1866–1925) – dyer, 1893 co-founder Social-Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, 1905 participant in Russian revolu- tion, imprisoned, contributor to LeipzigerVolkszeitung, co-founder of Spartacus Group, 1916–18 in prison, 1919 KPD and co-opted onto its leadership, illegal work in the Ruhr and flight to Russia, 1922–25 rector Communist University of National Minorities of the West, president International Red Aid.

Maslow, Arkadi (Isaak Jefimovitch Chemerinsky) (1891–1941) – pianist, 1918 member Spartacus League, 1920 central committee KPD, 1921 with Ruth Fischer head of Berlin

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KPD, contributor to Die Internationale, foreign editor of Rote Fahne, 1922 imprisoned, 1923 underground, 1923–24 in Moscow, from April 1924 leader of KPD, again arres- ted and sentenced to four years’ imprisonment, released 1926 and expelled from KPD, member of Lenin League, 1933 emigrated to Paris, 1936 foundation of Gruppe Interna- tionale (Marxisten-Leninisten), 1940 to Cuba.

Mehring, Franz (1846–1919) – philologist and journalist, originally hostile to SPD, then its historian, 1891 SPD, collaboration with Neue Zeit, 1902–07 editor-in-chief of Leipziger Volkszeitung, 1916 co-founder Spartacus Group, four months in prison, 1917–18 member of Prussian parliament, 1919 KPD.

Merges, August (1870–1945) – tailor, SPD, from 1911 editor of the Brunswick Volksfreund, 1917 USPD, co-founder Spartacus group in Brunswick, 1918 chair of workers’ and soldiers’ council, then of the ‘Socialist Republic of Brunswick’, 1919 KPD and central committee member, from 1920 KAPD, delegate to Second Congress of the Comintern, 1935–37 in prison, then under police supervision.

Meyer, Ernst (1887–1930) – philosopher and economist, 1908 SPD, 1913–15 political editor of Vorwärts in Berlin, co-founder Spartacus Group, 1915–16 ‘protective custody’, 1918 leader Spartacus League, 1919 co-founder KPD and member of its leadership, Feb- ruary 1919 imprisoned, 1921 editor-in-chief RoteFahne and head of KPD political bureau, 1922 dismissed, 1925 head of KPD press service, 1926 again central committee and polit- ical bureau member, 1921–24 and 1928–30 member of Prussian parliament, 1927 serious illness, stay in Switzerland, then Soviet Union, then returned.

Niekisch, Ernst (1889–1967) – 1917 SPD, 1919 USPD, president of central council of Bav- arian workers’, peasants’ and soldiers’ councils, 1919–21 imprisoned, 1922 secretary Ger- man Textile Workers’ Association, 1925 founder National-Bolshevik paper Widerstand, 1937 arrested, 1939 condemned to life imprisonment, 1948–54 professor at Humboldt University, Berlin.

Pannekoek, Anton (1873–1960) – astronomer, 1902 member of Netherlands Social- Democratic Workers’ Party, 1907 co-founder of left opposition De Tribune, 1909 expul- sion and foundation of Netherlands SDP, from 1909 in Bremen, contributor to Bremer Bürger-Zeitung and Neue Zeit, 1914 expelled from Germany, 1918 founding member of Netherlands Communist Party, contributor to Arbeiterpolitik and Lichtstrahlen, 1920 initiator and intellectual inspiration of KAPD and co-founder of Netherlands Commun- ist Workers’ Party.

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Parvus, Alexander (Israil Lazarevitch Helphand) (1867–1924) – Russian economist, 1886 acquaintance with Plekhanov, 1887–91 study in Basel (with Alphons Thun, Jacob Burckhardt), SPD member, contributor to Neue Zeit, Gleichheit and Vorwärts, from 1896 editor of Leipziger Volkszeitung, 1905 participant with Trotsky in the Russian revolu- tion, imprisoned and escaped, reprimanded by the SPD leadership because of a fin- ancial scandal, 1910–15 in Turkey, 1915 Copenhagen, editor of Die Glocke (contributors included Konrad Haenisch and Paul Lensch), theory of ‘war socialism’, 1917 organised Lenin’s illegal return to Russia.

Piatnitsky,Ossip Aronovitch (1882–1938) – tailor, 1898 Russian Social-DemocraticWork- ers’ Party, 1903 Bolshevik, 1908–13 organised illegal courier service, 1914–17 banned, 1921–35 member of ECCI, head of Comintern organisational bureau, 1937 imprisoned.

Pieck, Wilhelm (1876–1960) – carpenter, 1895 SPD, head of Bremen woodworkers’ union, 1905 deputy to Bremen assembly, 1910–14 secretary of SPD educational associ- ation, member of Spartacus Group, 1915 imprisoned then conscripted, 1917–18 deserted and escaped to Holland, member of Spartacus leadership, 1919 delegate to KPD found- ing congress, May 1919 imprisoned, 1919–33 member of leadership and central com- mittee, 1921–28 and 1932 member of Prussian parliament, 1928–33 Reichstag deputy, 1926–29 head of Berlin-Brandenburg district KPD, 1930–32 KPD representative to ECCI, 1933 emigrated to Paris, 1935 to Moscow, president of KPD, 1946 president of SED, from 1949 president of GDR.

Radek, Karl Bernhardovitch (Karl Sobelsohn) (1885–1939) – 1903 Russian Social-Demo- cratic Workers’ Party, 1904–12 Social-Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, parti- cipant in 1905–07 revolution in Warsaw, several times imprisoned, 1908–12 SPD, 1912–13 in Bremen, contributor to Freie Volkszeitung in Göppingen and Bremer Bürgerzeitung, war years in Switzerland, 1915–16 participant in Zimmerwald and Kiental conferences, from April 1917 head of the Bolshevik foreign bureau in Stockholm, 1918–19 Soviet government emissary in Berlin, 1919 participant in KPD founding conference, then imprisoned, later under house arrest, 1919–24 member of Bolshevik central commit- tee, 1920–24 of ECCI, responsible for liaison with KPD, 1927 expelled from party, 1930 reinstated, 1936 imprisoned, condemned to ten years’ imprisonment in second Moscow show trial, 1939 murdered.

Rákosi, Matyas (1892–1971) – 1910 member of Hungarian Social-Democratic Party, sol- dier during the war, POW in Russia, 1918 Hungarian Communist Party,commissar for fin- ance in the Hungarian Soviet Republic, 1920 Comintern work in Moscow, 1921 Comin- tern emissary to Italy, 1924 member of ECCI, central committee of Hungarian Commun- ist Party, 1925–40 imprisoned in Hungary, 1940–45 in Moscow, 1945 return to Hungary, 1952–53 prime minister, from 1956 exile in Soviet Union.

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Sachs, Samuel (pseud. Fritz Sturm) (1890?–1937) – participant in October Revolution in Russia, 1918 Russian Communist Party emissary in Germany, 1919 Hamburg IKD deleg- ate to founding congress of the KPD, founder withWerner Rakow of Carl Hoym publish- ing house for the Comintern, 1920 imprisoned and expelled from Germany, Comintern work in Moscow, 1927 expulsion from CPSU, 1937 shot.

Schoenlank, Bruno (1859–1901) – 1883 SAPD, 1883–93 editor of various SPD papers (including Vorwärts), 1893–1901 Reichstag deputy, 1894–1901 editor-in-chief Leipziger Volkszeitung.

Thalheimer, August (1884–1948) – philologist, 1904 SPD, 1909–12 editor-in-chief of rad- ical Freie Volkszeitung in Göppingen, connection with Karl Radek, 1915 contributor to Die Internationale, member of Spartacus Group, 1915–16 editor-in-chief of Volksfreund in Brunswick, 1916–18 military service, 1919 delegate to founding congress of KPD and member of its leadership, 1921 originator of ‘offensive theory’, then theoretical leader of the ‘right’, 1924–27 at Marx-Engels-Institute and Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, member CPSU, 1928 return to Germany, 1929 expelled from Comintern and CPSU, co- founder of KPD(O) and member of its national leadership, 1933 emigration to France, 1939 interned, 1941 to Cuba, inspirer of Arbeiterpolitik group.

Thalheimer, Bertha (1883–1959) – economist, sister of August Thalheimer, SPD mem- ber, contributor to Gleichheit, member of Spartacus Group, 1915–16 attended Zimmer- wald and Kiental conferences, 1917 imprisoned, 1919 delegate to KPD founding con- gress, member of leadership with responsibility for women’s work, 1929 expulsion from KPD, 1929–33 KPD(O), 1943Theresienstadt concentration camp, 1945–48 KPD, from 1952 Arbeiterpolitik group.

Thälmann, Ernst (1886–1944) – dock worker, 1903 SPD, 1915–18 soldier, 1917 USPD, 1919– 33 member of Hamburg city council, 1920 KPD, 1921 president of Hamburg KPD group, supporter of ‘offensive theory’,1923 co-opted onto central committee, 1924 political bur- eau and candidate member of ECCI, 1924–33 Reichstag deputy, from 1925 president of Red Front Fighters’ League and KPD, 1933 imprisoned, 1944 murdered in Buchenwald.

Toller, Ernst (1893–1939) – writer, USPD, 1919 president of Bavarian workers’, peasants’ and soldiers’ council, imprisoned for five years, 1933 emigrated via Switzerland and France to USA, suicide.

Walcher, Jacob (1887–1970) – turner, 1906 SPD, 1911 editor Schwäbische Tagwacht in Stuttgart, during the war member of Spartacus Group, 1918–19 co-founder of KPD in Stuttgart and delegate to KPD founding congress, 1919–23 member of KPD leadership

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(trade-union work), 1924–25 in Moscow, 1928 expelled from KPD, co-founder and leader of KPD(O), 1932 SAP and member of its political leadership, 1933 emigrated to France, 1941 to USA, 1946 SED, 1947 editor-in-chief of Tribüne, 1951 expelled from SED, 1956 rein- stated.

Warszawski, Adolf (1868–1937) – Polish revolutionary, 1889 co-founder of Social-Demo- cratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland with Rosa Luxemburg and Julian Marchlewski. Editor Sprawa Robotnicza, 1918 co-founder Polish Communist Party, from 1923 on its political bureau, from 1930 exile in Soviet Union, 1937 executed.

Wolffheim, Fritz (1888–1942) – shop assistant, 1909 SPD, 1910–13 in USA, together with Heinrich Laufenberg leader of Hamburg left radicals, 1915–18 army, several times im- prisoned, 1918 delegate to national conference of Spartacus Group and member of Hamburg workers’ and soldiers’ council, 1919 KPD, 1920 expelled KPD and co-founded KAPD, August 1920 expelled KAPD, until 1925 and after 1929 leader of League of Com- munists in Hamburg, 1930 member of Social-Revolutionary Nationalists group, 1933 imprisoned, murdered in Ravensbrück.

Wolfstein, Rosi (née Alma Rosali Wolfstein) (1888–1987) – office worker, 1908 SPD, 1910 trade-union official, 1913 attended SPD party school in Berlin, member of Spartacus Group, several times imprisoned, 1917 Spartacus delegate to USPD founding congress, 1918 member of workers’ and soldiers’ council in Düsseldorf, delegate to KPD founding congress, 1920 candidate and 1921–23 member of KPD central committee and organisa- tional bureau (in charge of party publications), 1921–24 in Prussian parliament, 1929 expelled from KPD, until 1932 KPD(O), then SAP, 1933 escape to Belgium, 1936 Paris, member of foreign executive of SAP, 1939 interned, 1941 USA, 1951 returned to Germany, member of SPD.

Zetkin, Clara Josephine (née Eissner) (1857–1933) – teacher, from 1878 Social Demo- crat, from 1907 secretary of International Women’s Secretariat, 1917 USPD, member of Spartacus Group, from March 1919 KPD (in the leadership until 1924), 1927–29 on cent- ral committee, from 1924 head of ECCI women’s secretariat, 1932 Alterspräsidentin [‘age president’] of the Reichstag.

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