DOCSLIB.ORG

Otto Loewi Scientific Context

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Otto Loewi Scientific Context Xavier REZAI J.M.N. 2007 BIOGRAPHY OTTO LOEWI SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT MAIN WORK The end of the 19th century was the starting point of many discoveries in the field of the neurophy- siology. At that time, only basic technical approaches were available, and new discoveries depended on few results and lots of deductions. Furthermore, the scientific com- munity was often debating on theoretical speculations and was often divided. I have chosen to present a German neurophysio- logist, Otto Loewi, as he witnessed lots of debates of the late 19th century, and since he had solved the major question of synaptic transmission with quite simple ex- periments. BIOGRAPHY 1873 3rd June, birth of Otto Loewi, in Frankfurt- am-Main (Germany). His father is Jacob Loewi, a merchant, and his mother is Anna Willstätter. 1891 He starts medical studies at the universities of Munich and Strasbourg (at that time part of Germany). 1893 He just manage to pass his first examina tion although he was more interested in the philosophy lectures. 1896 He finally brilliantly obtains his doctor’s 1921 He proves, the chemical transmission of the degree with a thesis about “techniques of nerve impulses. isolations of frog’s heart”. 1936 He receives the Nobel price, with Henri Dale. 1898 He becomes an assistant of Pr Hans Horst Meyer, a pharmacologist. 1938 He is forced to leave Austria, invaded by the Germans and moves to London. 1902 In London, in Starling’s laboratory, he meets for the first time Henri Hallet Dale, who was 1940 He travels from England to America, where to become a lifelong friend. he is invited to join the College of Medicine of New-York, as a Research Professor in 1904 He starts teaching at the University of Vien Pharmacology. na, as a Professor in Pharmacology. 1946 He becomes an American citizen. 1909 He is appointed to the Chair of Pharmaco logy in Graz. 1961 25th December, death. SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT 35 years before Otto Loewi ‘s birth, Gabriel Gustav Valentin was the first to describe the nucleus and nucleolus of The neuronal theory had four tenets: cells present in the brain. The name « neuron » was used for the The neuron is the structural and first time in 1891, when Otto Loewi en- functional unit of the nervous ters the university. He was 33 years old system; when Santiago Ramon Y Cajal and Camil- lio Golgi shared the 1906 Nobel Price for Neurons are individual cells, their contribution in neurophysiology, which are not continuous to This theory was supported by S.R. y although having a completely different other neurons, neither anatomi Cajal, R. A. von Kölliker, W. von Wal- point of view about brain organisation. cally nor genetically; deyer and of course was the good Actually, the scientific community was at one. that time divided about the brain organi- The neuron has three parts: den sation between reticularist and neuronal drites, soma (cell body) and axon. Having established that neurons theory. The axon has several terminal do not fuse together at any level of arborizations, which make their ramifications, a question be- The reticularist doctrine was supported close contacts to dendrites or the came important. How is the contact by C.Golgi : soma of other neurons; between neurons? How the trans- mission of an electrical impulse « There is certainly to be found a very Conduction takes place in the wave occurs between two neurons? widespread network of filaments anas- direction from dendrites to soma, This «neuronal junction», was too tomosing one with the other throughout to the end arborizations of the small to be observed by the micros- the gray matter of the brain. » axon copes of that time. SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT The problem of the nature of trans- purely electrical synapse conveying exci- Sherrington gave the name, «synapse», mission from one neuron to another was tation or inhibition. which, in Greek, means «to clasp» and he also a point of major consideration and was one of the first to discover that the inquiry among neurophysiologists at the The third was based on the observed delay interplay of central excitation and inhibi- turn of the 20th century. Back to 1846, in the transmission of impulses through a tion are fundamental for information in- Emil DuBois-Reymond proposed the exis- simple proprioceptive reflex. An electrical tegration. tence of synapses that could be either transmission should have no delay. The same concepts of excitation electrical or chemical. He had no support and inhibition appeared again in the study for this speculation, and thid idea was of the peripheral nervous system, particu- abandoned. Many of the experiments supporting these larly in the Autonomous Nervous System data were carried out in the laboratory of (ANS). Many neurophysiologists defended the the great British physiologist Sir Charles For example, the force of contraction and idea that the transmission should be S. Sherrington (1852-1952), who investi- heart rate increase when the so-called electrical, just like the propagation wave gated in the late 1890s the physiology of sympathetic division is activated (by elec- along the axon. It was actually making simple and complex motor reflexes. trically stimulating the ganglionar nerves sense to imagine electrical synapses. Un- which innervate the heart, for example). fortunately there were three important ar- In contrast, they are decreased when the guments against such simple picture of vagus nerve, which conduits the so-called the nervous system. parasympathetic division, is activated. The first is the unidirectional flow of in- How electrical transmission in the same formation in a neural chain: this flow is postsynaptic element could achieve total- always in the axo-dendritic or axo-soma- ly opposite effects. The answer, of course, tic way, and must be mediated by the sy- was again a chemical transmission. napse. All these evidences have convinced neu- roscientists in the beginning of the 20th The second is that scientists were accu- century that most synapses had chemical mulating evidence that there were exci- transmission. However the fundamental tatory as well as inhibitory synapses. Sin- proof came only in 1921, as we will see, ce it was already known that the action with the crucial experiments carried out potential has always the same polarity, by Otto Loewi. it would have been difficult to imagine a MAIN WORK After working 12 years on the pharmaco- However, when he perfused the second logy of the Autonomous Nervous System, heart with the outflow of the perfusion in the University of Graz, he designed his of the first one, he achieved exactly the most famous experiment, which provided same effect (D), with a small delay provo- the first evidence for the existence of che- ked by the pump action and the chemical mical transmission in a synapse. action. The legend tells that he had the idea of the experiment in a dream and that he ran to the lab in the middle of the night. It was therefore concluded that some The experiment was very simple and be- substance produced at the parasympa- came a prototype for all investigations of thetic synapse level in heart R, was able chemical factors in the nervous system. to induce a similar response in the mus- cles of heart D. Loewi believed that it was He cut out two hearts from frogs and per- acetylcholine, and it was actually demons- fused them with a warm physiological trated later. solution (Ringer). In this condition, the frog´s hearts continue to beat for some hours. He then stimulated the vagus ner- After using the same preparation to study ve to one of the hearts. the effects of stimulating the sympathetic As a consequence, there was a strong in- nerves, he obtained an opposite effect: hibition in this heart beats (R). The second Loewi´s original kimographic record of heart D accelerated its pace, as observed heart was unaffected. the experiment. following adrenaline injection. CONCLUSION & REFERENCES «If a nerve by a stimulus gets an impulse this impulse is propagated within the nerve and is transmitted to the respective effecti- Loewi doubted that such neurotransmitters ve organs (heart, muscle, gland) innervated by the nerve. The question arose by which also operated in the somatic nervous sys- means the impulse coming from the nerve tem. is transmitted to the effector organ. I was able to solve this question by proving Research in this area was much more difficult that the impulse running down within the to carry out, but Sir Henry Dale again came nerve liberates from its endings chemical to rescue, by proving, in a series of elegant substances (Acetylcholine or Adrenaline respectively) which in their turn influence experiments between 1929 and 1936, that the effector organ exactly like the stimula- acetylcholine was also a neurotransmitter in tion of the nerve. With other words: the influence of nervous the neuromotor synapse, and that pregan- stimulation on an organ is not a direct one glionic synapses in the ANS are all choliner- but an indirect one mediated to the organ by chemical substances released by the gic, in contrast to the postganglionic ones, nerve stimulation in its endings.» which can be either cholinergic or adrener- gic, as Loewi had demonstrated. Otto Loewi Dale also was the first to isolate acetylcholi- ne from mammalian organs, and to propose the terms «cholinergic» and «adrenergic» sy- http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/index.html napses. http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons4_i.htm Loewi and Dale, who were friends since 1906, http://ura1195-6.univ-lyon1.fr/articles/savenir/genie/loewi.html continued their efforts on clarifying the role http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=loewi&gwp=13 of neurotransmitters.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Otto Loewi (1873–1961): Dreamer and Nobel Laureate
    Singapore Med J 2014; 55(1): 3-4 M edicine in S tamps doi:10.11622/smedj.2014002 Otto Loewi (1873–1961): Dreamer and Nobel laureate Alli N McCoy1, MD, PhD, Siang Yong Tan2, MD, JD ronically, Otto Loewi is better known for the way in barely passed the end-of-year examination, requiring a year which he came upon the idea that won him the Nobel of remediation before he was able to complete his medical Prize than for the discovery itself. Loewi’s prize-winning degree in 1896. experiment came to him in a dream. According to Loewi, Loewi’s first job as an assistant in the city hospital at I“The night before Easter Sunday of [1920] I awoke, turned on the Frankfurt proved frustrating, as he could not provide effective light and jotted down a few notes on a tiny slip of thin paper. treatment for patients with tuberculosis and pneumonia. Then I fell asleep again. It occurred to me at 6.00 o’clock in Disheartened, he decided to leave clinical medicine for a the morning that during the night I had written down something basic science research position in the laboratory of prominent important, but I was unable to decipher the scrawl. The next German pharmacologist, Hans Meyer, at the University of night, at 3.00 o’clock, the idea returned. It was the design of Marburg an der Lahn. While Loewi would eventually win an experiment to determine whether or not the hypothesis of international acclaim for his contribution to neuroscience, his chemical transmission that I had uttered 17 years ago was correct.
    [Show full text]
  • E Neurobiology of Learning and Memory – As Related in the Memoirs of Eric R
    www.surgicalneurologyint.com Surgical Neurology International Editor-in-Chief: Nancy E. Epstein, MD, Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, State U. of NY at Stony Brook. SNI: Socioeconomics, Politics, and Medicine Editor James A Ausman, MD, PhD University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Open Access Book Review e neurobiology of learning and memory – as related in the memoirs of Eric R. Kandel Miguel A. Faria Clinical Professor of Surgery (Neurosurgery, ret.) and Adjunct Professor of Medical History (ret.), Mercer University School of Medicine, United States. E-mail: *Miguel A. Faria - [email protected] Author : Eric R. Kandel Published by : W.W. Norton & Co., New York, NY, USA Price : $19.95 ISBN-13 : 978-0393329377 ISBN-10 : 9780393329377 Year : 2006 *Corresponding author: Miguel A. Faria, MD Clinical Professor of Surgery (Neurosurgery, ret.) and Adjunct Professor of Medical History (ret.), Mercer University School of Medicine, United States. [email protected] is magnificent tome by Eric R. Kandel, M.D., a psychoanalyst and neuroscience researcher, Received : 22 July 2020 is both a delightful autobiography and a scrupulously detailed history of the neurobiology of Accepted : 22 July 2020 learning and memory, a relatively new area of neuroscience that Kandel refers to as a “new [7] Published : 15 August 2020 science of mind.” His own fundamental work in this area made him a recipient of a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000, which he shared with two other distinguished investigators, DOI Drs. Arvid Carlsson (for elucidating the effects of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease) and Paul 10.25259/SNI_458_2020 Greengard (for the discovery of signal transduction in neurons).
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of Memory
    In Search of Memory (The emergence of a new science of mind) Eric R. Kandel (Book review by Carles Sierra. Published in AI Journal 2010, vol 174) This book is a passionate praise of scientific inquiry. The initial biography of the author, from a childhood in nazi-occupied Vienna to a youth of liberal education in the USA, set the character of Eric Kandel as a determined person. His family escaped, when he was 9 years old, the nazi prosecution of Jews in 1939. The book accounts for his personal biography at large put in the context of the research of his time and his contribution to neurosciences. He accounts also for the results of many other European researchers that unfortunately had to leave their countries during WWII. The book is hard to put down, Kandel masters scientific writing and gives a clear and chronological history of the fascinating discoveries of the neurosciences in the twentieth century, The book also accounts for the personal quest of the author to find the ultimate biological explanation of human behaviour, that is, how learning processes and memory are sustained by neurological mechanisms, electrical, chemical and genetic. Memory is the essence of all of us. When we lose our memory we fade away. As Kandel puts it: ‘we are who we are because of what we learn and what we remember.’ The book is organised along three different types of content. On the one hand the personal biography of the author that allows the reader to enjoy the motives, illusions and emotions of a researcher, a detailed explanation of research findings that introduce the reader to the big names in neuroscience during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and a chronological description of the research focus of Eric Kandel.
    [Show full text]
  • Federation Member Society Nobel Laureates
    FEDERATION MEMBER SOCIETY NOBEL LAUREATES For achievements in Chemistry, Physiology/Medicine, and PHysics. Award Winners announced annually in October. Awards presented on December 10th, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. (-H represents Honorary member, -R represents Retired member) # YEAR AWARD NAME AND SOCIETY DOB DECEASED 1 1904 PM Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (APS-H) 09/14/1849 02/27/1936 for work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged. 2 1912 PM Alexis Carrel (APS/ASIP) 06/28/1873 01/05/1944 for work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs 3 1919 PM Jules Bordet (AAI-H) 06/13/1870 04/06/1961 for discoveries relating to immunity 4 1920 PM August Krogh (APS-H) 11/15/1874 09/13/1949 (Schack August Steenberger Krogh) for discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism 5 1922 PM A. V. Hill (APS-H) 09/26/1886 06/03/1977 Sir Archibald Vivial Hill for discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle 6 1922 PM Otto Meyerhof (ASBMB) 04/12/1884 10/07/1951 (Otto Fritz Meyerhof) for discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle 7 1923 PM Frederick Grant Banting (ASPET) 11/14/1891 02/21/1941 for the discovery of insulin 8 1923 PM John J.R. Macleod (APS) 09/08/1876 03/16/1935 (John James Richard Macleod) for the discovery of insulin 9 1926 C Theodor Svedberg (ASBMB-H) 08/30/1884 02/26/1971 for work on disperse systems 10 1930 PM Karl Landsteiner (ASIP/AAI) 06/14/1868 06/26/1943 for discovery of human blood groups 11 1931 PM Otto Heinrich Warburg (ASBMB-H) 10/08/1883 08/03/1970 for discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme 12 1932 PM Lord Edgar D.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article
    Revista de la Facultad de Medicina ISSN: 2357-3848 ISSN: 0120-0011 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Barco-Ríos, John; Duque-Parra, Jorge Eduardo; Barco-Cano, Johanna Alexandra From substance fermentation to action potential in modern science (part two) Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, vol. 66, no. 4, 2018, October-December, pp. 623-627 Universidad Nacional de Colombia DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v66n4.65552 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=576364271017 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Rev. Fac. Med. 2018 Vol. 66 No. 4: 623-7 623 REFLECTION PAPER DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v66n4.65552 From substance fermentation to action potential in modern science (part two) De la fermentación de sustancias al potencial de acción en la ciencia moderna (segunda parte) Received: 08/06/2017. Accepted: 12/12/2017. John Barco-Ríos1,2 • Jorge Eduardo Duque-Parra1,2 • Johanna Alexandra Barco-Cano2,3 1 Universidad de Caldas - Faculty of Health Sciences - Department of Basic Sciences - Manizales - Colombia. 2 Universidad de Caldas - Department of Basic Sciences - Caldas Neuroscience Group - Manizales - Colombia. 3 Universidad de Caldas - Faculty of Health Sciences - Clinical Department - Manizales - Colombia. Corresponding author: John Barco-Ríos. Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Caldas. Calle 65 No. 26-10, office: M203. Telephone number: +57 6 8781500. Manizales. Colombia. Email: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Molecular Machinery of Neurotransmitter Release Nobel Lecture, 7 December 2013
    The Molecular Machinery of Neurotransmitter Release Nobel Lecture, 7 December 2013 by Thomas C. Südhof Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, USA. 1. THE NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE ENIGMA Synapses have a long history in science. Synapses were frst functionally demon- strated by Emil duBois-Reymond (1818–1896), were morphologically identifed by classical neuroanatomists such as Rudolf von Kölliker (1817–1905) and San- tiago Ramon y Cajal (1852–1934), and named in 1897 by Michael Foster (1836– 1907). Although the chemical nature of synaptic transmission was already sug- gested by duBois-Reymond, it was long disputed because of its incredible speed. Over time, however, overwhelming evidence established that most synapses use chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, most notably with the pioneer- ing contributions by Otto Loewi (1873–1961), Henry Dale (1875–1968), Ulf von Euler (1905–1983), and Julius Axelrod (1912–2004). In parallel, arguably the most important advance to understanding how synapses work was provided by Bernard Katz (1911–2003), who elucidated the principal mechanism of syn- aptic transmission (Katz, 1969). Most initial studies on synapses were carried out on the neuromuscular junction, and central synapses have only come to the fore in recent decades. Here, major contributions by many scientists, including George Palade, Rodolfo Llinas, Chuck Stevens, Bert Sakmann, Eric Kandel, and Victor Whittaker, to name just a few, not only confrmed the principal results obtained in the neuromuscular junction by Katz, but also revealed that synapses 259 6490_Book.indb 259 11/4/14 2:29 PM 260 The Nobel Prizes exhibit an enormous diversity of properties as well as an unexpected capacity for plasticity.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine
    All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring Germany ”for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths” 1902 Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain ”for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it” 1903 Niels R. Finsen Denmark ”in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science” 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia ”in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged” 1905 Robert Koch Germany ”for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis” 1906 Camillo Golgi Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" Santiago Ramon y Cajal Spain 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" 1908 Paul Ehrlich Germany "in recognition of their work on immunity" Elie Metchniko France 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" 1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" 1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" 1912 Alexis Carrel France "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" 1913 Charles R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neuro Nobels
    NEURO NOBELS Richard J. Barohn, MD Gertrude and Dewey Ziegler Professor of Neurology University Distinguished Professor Vice Chancellor for Research President Research Institute Research & Discovery Director, Frontiers: The University of Kansas Clinical and Translational Science Grand Rounds Institute February 14, 2018 1 Alfred Nobel 1833-1896 • Born Stockholm, Sweden • Father involved in machine tools and explosives • Family moved to St. Petersburg when Alfred was young • Father worked on armaments for Russians in the Crimean War… successful business/ naval mines (Also steam engines and eventually oil).. made and lost fortunes • Alfred and brothers educated by private teachers; never attended university or got a degree • Sent to Sweden, Germany, France and USA to study chemical engineering • In Paris met the inventor of nitroglycerin Ascanio Sobrero • 1863- Moved back to Stockholm and worked on nitro but too dangerous.. brother killed in an explosion • To make it safer to use he experimented with different additives and mixed nitro with kieselguhr, turning liquid into paste which could be shaped into rods that could be inserted into drilling holes • 1867- Patented this under name of DYNAMITE • Also invented the blasting cap detonator • These inventions and advances in drilling changed construction • 1875-Invented gelignite, more stable than dynamite and in 1887, ballistics, predecessor of cordite • Overall had over 350 patents 2 Alfred Nobel 1833-1896 The Merchant of Death • Traveled much of his business life, companies throughout Europe and America • Called " Europe's Richest Vagabond" • Solitary man / depressive / never married but had several love relationships • No children • This prompted him to rethink how he would be • Wrote poetry in English, was considered remembered scandalous/blasphemous.
    [Show full text]
  • Midterm Exam 2014
    9.14_2014 Midterm Exam NAME KEY Class 19 1) Matching: Write the letter of the best match in the space before each name (11 points) A. Pioneer in biopsychology B. Chemical synapses H Fritch and Hitzig C. Neurons in tissue culture G Ramon y Cajal D. Nerve growth factor J Charles Scott Sherrington E. Gap junctions B Otto Loewi F. Induction of CNS development F Hans Spemann G. Prolific neuroanatomist, Golgi method K Bror Rexed H. Electrical stimulation of neocortex C Ross Harrison I. Pharmacological definitions A Karl Lashley J. Spinal reflexes, physiology L Walle Nauta K. Layers of the gray matter D Rita Levi-Montalcini L. Selective stains for degenerating axons N Hans Kuypers M. Tract tracing by MRI N. Descending pathways, motor control 2) Short definitions: (22 points) a) Anterograde degeneration When an axon is transected, the portion of the axon no longer connected to the cell body undergoes “anterograde” degeneration. [When neuronal cell bodies are destroyed, their axons undergo anterograde degeneration.] b) Motor neuron A neuron with an axon that leaves the CNS. It terminates on a muscle cell or on a peripheral ganglion. c) Schwann cell Glial cell found in peripheral nerves. Schwann cells form myelin in the PNS [by wrapping their membranes around axons]. 9.14, March 19, 2014 Page 1 9.14_2014 Midterm Exam NAME KEY Class 19 d) Sensory placode A thickening of a region of the ectodermal layer of the embryo in which some of the cells become primary sensory neurons. e) Rhombic lip A transient neural proliferative zone located in the alar plate of the rostral hindbrain.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Lecture Series Speakers: 1936 – 2019
    Public Lecture Series Speakers: 1936 – 2019 The Graduate School has been fortunate to host the following speakers as part of the Public Lecture Series. Lecturers on this list are not eligible for the upcoming nomination cycle. Please contact [email protected] with any questions about the nomination process. Signature Speakers Series Menhaz Afridi Maria Hinojosa Donna Shalala Morehshin Allahyari Ralina Joseph Ellen Schur Harry Belafonte Verlaine Keith-Miller Nate Silver Carl Bergstrom Marieka Klawitter Kristen Soltis Anderson Misty Copeland Anthony Leiserowitz Touré Laverne Cox Ulf Leonhardt Jose Antonio Vargas Robin DiAngelo Sharon Maeda Jevin West Junot Díaz Trinh Mai Joy Williamson-Lott Lori Dorfman Peggy McIntosh Tim Wise Adam Drewnowski Megan Ming Francis Kevin Young Ronan Farrow Kathy Najimy Sara Zewde Larry Gossett Emile Pitre Temple Grandin Rogelio Riojas Walker-Ames Scholars Alexander Nagel Kirk Johnson Louis Nirenberg John Beverley Charles Keil Rithy Panh Peter Brewer James Lawson Valerie Smith Ming Cho Lee Samuel NC Lieu Roger Strasser Deborah Dryden Helen Longino Elizabeth Wilson Carole Gassert Philip Kumar Maini Joy James Guiseppe Mazzotta Walker-Ames Lecturers Jeno Adam James Balog George Benedek Julian Agyeman Leonard Barkan Seyla Benhabib Huda Akil George Bartholemew T. Brooke Benjamin Hans Albrecht Bethe Paul Bartlett Margaret Bent Emilio Amero George Batchelor Russell Berman Alexander Archipenko Joseph Beach Howard Bern Kenneth Bailey Hugh Beales Jagdish Bhagwati Bernard Bailyn Arnold Beckett Bhabani Bhattacharya Mieke Bal Jean-Albert Bede Garrett Birkhoff Alan Bittles Alfred Chandler, Jr. Robert Dicke J. Bjerknes Li Chi Liselotte Dieckmann Felix Bloch Brock Chisholm Jean Dieudonne Bruce Blumberg Gustave Choquet Andrea (Andy) DiSessa Larry Bobo Ralph Cicerone Stuart Dodd Christoph Bode Marion Clawson Denis Donoghue Bart Bok Cornell Clayton Sterling Dow Bert Bolin William Clebsch Curt Ducasse Paul Bonifas JM Coetzee John Dunning Gabriel Bonno Philip Cohen J.
    [Show full text]
  • Eric Kandel's Personal Collection.)
    IN SEARCH OF MEMORY The Emergence of a New Science of Mind ERIC R. KANDEL Copyright © 2006 ISBN 0-393-05863-8 POUR DENISE CONTENTS Preface xi ONE 1. Personal Memory and the Biology of Memory Storage 3 2. A Childhood in Vienna 12 3. An American Education 33 TWO 4. One Cell at a Time 53 5. The Nerve Cell Speaks 74 6. Conversation Between Nerve Cells 90 7. Simple and Complex Neuronal Systems 103 8. Different Memories, Different Brain Regions 116 9. Searching for an Ideal System to Study Memory 135 10. Neural Analogs of Learning 150 THREE 11. Strengthening Synaptic Connections 165 12. A Center for Neurobiology and Behavior 180 13. Even a Simple Behavior Can Be Modified by Learning 187 14. Synapses Change with Experience 198 15. The Biological Basis of Individuality 208 16. Molecules and Short-Term Memory 221 17. Long-Term Memory 240 18. Memory Genes 247 19. A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses 201 FOUR 20. A Return to Complex Memory 279 21. Synapses Also Hold Our Fondest Memories 286 22. The Brain's Picture of the External World 295 23. Attention Must Be Paid! 307 FIVE 24. A Little Red Pill 319 25. Mice, Men, and Mental Illness 335 26. A New Way to Treat Mental Illness 352 27. Biology and the Renaissance of Psychoanalytic Thought 363 28. Consciousness 376 SIX 29. Rediscovering Vienna via Stockholm 393 30. Learning from Memory: Prospects 416 Glossary 431 Notes and Sources 453 Acknowledgments 485 Index 489 PREFACE Understanding the human mind in biological terms has emerged as the central challenge for science in the twenty-first century.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir Henry Hallet Dale∗ (1875–1968)
    GENERAL ARTICLE Sir Henry Hallet Dale∗ (1875–1968) Andrew Wickens Sir Henry Hallet Dale can undisputedly be accoladed as one of the greatest British pharmacologists of the twentieth cen- tury. His work was pivotal in laying down the principles of chemical neurotransmission. This article gives some account of Dale’s life and his most important discoveries, including the identification of acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Andrew Wickens was a lecturer in Neuroscience at Introduction the University of Central Lancashire for over 25 years. The concept of chemical neurotransmission at the synapse is one His History of the Brain won of the fundamental keystones on which neuroscience is built. In- the best textbook of the year award by the British deed, without the knowledge of chemical neurotransmission, it Psychological Society in 2016. would be impossible to understand how the nervous system, including the brain, operates. Sir Henry Dale’s identification of acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter at several sites in the pe- ripheral nervous system11, including the synapse between the pre- The peripheral nervous sys- ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibres of the sympathetic system2; tem is composed of (1) the au- the post-ganglionic parasympathetic synapse; and the neuromus- tonomic nervous system which has sympathetic and parasym- 3 cular junction , were groundbreaking advances in proving that pathetic branches, and (2) the neurons communicate with each other using chemical messengers4. somatic nervous system which controls the skeletal muscles. In addition, Dale recognised that acetylcholine had both mus- carinic and nicotinic-like actions depending on its site of action.
    [Show full text]