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CCC Forestry C C CForestry Prepared by H. R. Kylie, G. 11. ilieronymus and A. G. Hall ECW ErROLLEE TRAINING FOREST SERVICE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON1937 Emergency Conservation Work CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS ROBERT FECHNER,Director ADVISORY COUNCIL GEORGE P. TY1NER,Brigadier General, representing the Secretary of War. W. FRANK PERSONS,representing the Secretary of Labor. F. A. SILcox, Chief, Forest Service, represeHting the Secre- tary of Agriculture. ARNO B. CAMMERER,Director, National Park Service, rep. resenting the Secretary of the Interior. United States Department of the Interior OFFICE OF EDUCATION The Office of Education edited the original manu- script and cooperated in its publication for use in the CCC educational program FORE WORD THISmanual of forestry and forest work is intended to serve as an aid to both the instructional and learn- ing phases of Civilian Conservation Corps educa- tion.As a simple text relative to forest work projects, it will serve to obviate time-taking research on the part of the foreman-instructor and to give the enrollee- student a reference book for self-initiated study and reading The practical and theoretical aspects of forest work are not covered exhaustively, but an attempt has been made to bring out the subjects of greatest interest and value to the enrolleein increasing his efficiency as a CCC man, in fitting him for advancement in camp responsibility, and in giving him the technique necessary to obtain a position when he returns to civilian life. The text, photographs, pen-and-ink sketches, and charts are designed to interest and instruct readers who are not equipped with the technical background neces- sary to the intelligent perusal of most forestry books. It should be serviceable, therefore, to both the layman and the CCC enrollee. A cross-reference guide, in the Appendix, adapts the text to the questions which may arise in teaching from the Outline of Instruction in Forestry, CCC Vocational Series8.1 I For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., price, 15 cents. CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY 1 THE FOREST; FORESTRY; THE TREE; THE FOREST FLOOR; THE TREE COMMUNITY; SUMMARY. CHAPTER II. FOREST VALUES 15 STANDARDS OF VALUE; PHYSICAL VALUES, Effect of forests on tem- perature and humidity, Forests and rainfall, The forest and erosion, Stream flow; SOCIAL VALUES, The forest and employment, The forest and community development, Recreation, Wildlife; SUMMARY. CHAPTER III. FOREST CONSERVATION 35 FORESTS OF THE PAST; AGENCIES WORKING FOR CONSERVATION, The United States Forest Service, The National Park Service, The Soil Conservation Service, Indian forests, Tree pest control, State forestry, Forestry organizations, Forestry on private lands; SUMMARY. CHAPTER IV. FOREST PROTECTION 57 MAN THE FOREST ENEMY; FOREST FIRES, Causes, Effects of forest fires, Fire prevention, Fire control, Kinds of fires, How forest fires burn, Fighting fire, Fire-fighting equipment; FOREST INSECTS, Insect types and attacks, Insect control measures; TREE DISEASES, Fungous Diseases, Nursery Diseases, Introduced Diseases, Solving the Disease Problem; OTHER FOREST ENEMIES; SUMMARY. CHAPTER V. FOREST REPRODUCTION 99 NATURAL REPRODUCTION, Seed dispersal, Seedling growth; ARTIFI- CIAL REPRODUCTION, Choosing species, Reasons for planting, Repro- duction by sprouts, Handling seed, Direct seeding, Planting; SUMMARY. CHAPTER VI. SYSTEMS OF TIMBER MANAGEMENT 125 STANDS; CLEAR-CUTTING SYSTEMS, Shelterwood method, Strip method, Seed tree method; THE SELECTION SYSTEM; FOREST SUBDIvISIoNS; IMPROVEMENT CUTTINGS, Utilizing the products; MARKING TIMBER; FARM WOODLANDS, The uses of the farm forest, Care and manage- ment of farmwoods, Grazing in the farmwoods, Harvesting the prod- ucts, Marketing farm timber; SUMMARY. CHAPTER VII. FOREST UTILIZATION 147 WooD CONSUMPTION; PROPERTIES OF WOOD; USE OF FOREST PROD- UCTS, Use of lumber in construction, Lumber in manufacturing, Tim- bers, Pulpwood, Bolts, Fuel wood, Distillation wood, Miscellaneous wood products; BETTER UTILIZATION, Decreasing wood waste, In- creasing wood usage, Preserving wood; SUMMARY. CHAPTER VIII. FOREST MENSURATION 167 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT; CRUISING, Cruising instruments, Cruising practices; GROWTH STUDIES; TIMBER SURVEYS; SCALING TIMBER; SUMMARY, An example of practical forest mensuration. Page CHAPTER IX. LUMBERING 187 LOGGING, Felling, Trimming, Bucking; TRANSPORTING LOGS, Skidding, Log hauling, Transportation by water; STORING Loes; MILLING, Types of saws, Sawing, Seasoning, Portable mills; SUMMARY. CHAPTER X. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 201 CLASSIFICATION OF GAME; FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE, Wildlife and rec- reation, Wildlife of the past, Wildlife of today; PROBLEMS OF GAME MANAGEMENT; VALUES or WILDLIFE; MANAGEMENT or SMALL GAME, Cover, Feed, Stocking, Laws; MANAGEMENT OF BIG GAME, Homes, The Yellowstone herds, Solving big-game problems; MANAGEMENT OF CARNIVORE; MANAGING MIGRATORY FOWL; FISH MANAGEMENT, Protecting fish streams, Improving streams and ponds, Planting and restocking, Laws; SUMMARY, The outlook. CHAPTER XI. RANGE MANAGEMENT 221 INTRoDUcTIoN; HISTORY OF THE RANGE; PRINCIPLES OF RANGE MANAGEMENT, Restoring and maintaining forage, Proper class of stock, Seasonal use, Regulation of number of stock, Proper distribution of stock, Improvement of the range, Handling to meet local conditions, Coordination with other land uses; SUMMARY. CHAPTER XII. FOREST ENGINEERING 241 INSTRUMENTS, The compass, The Abney level, Chains and tapes, Maps; TRUCK TRAILS, Truck trail location, Surveys, Construction, Mainte- nance; TELEPHONE LINE CONSTRUCTION; THE TELEPHONE INSTRUMENT, The transmitter, The induction coil, The receiver, The generator, The bell, Telephone currents; LOOKOUT TOWERS, Steel towers, Wooden towers; BRIDGES, Abutments, Trestles, Wood for bridges; DAMS. CHAPTER XIII. FOREST RECREATION 279 TYPES OF RECREATIONAL AREAS; CAMPGROUND IMPROVEMENTS, Location of camp sites, Clearing, Signs and posts, Camp stoves and fireplaces, Tables and benches, Garbage pits, Incinerators, Water supply, Latrines, Miscellaneous improvements; SUMMARY. CHAPTER XIV. THE WORK OF FORESTRY 291 THE NATURE OF FOREST WORK, Scope of forestry, Standards of forest work; TRAINING OF FOREST WORKERS, For nonskilled work, For skilled work, For professional foresters; EMPLOYMENT IN FORESTRY, Jobs in the Federal forestry program, Jobs in private forestry, State forestry, Educational work, Where foresters work, Emergency employment; PAY FOR FOREST WORK, The "forest work" tree. APPENDIX 307 CROSS-REFERENCE GUIDE; ONE HUNDRED IMPORTANT TREES OF THE UNITED STATES; GLOSSARY OF FORESTRY TERMS. INDEX 325 A CKNO WLEDGMENTS ADVICEin the preparation of this text, and con- structive criticisms of the original drafts were given by the following men of the United States Forest Service: J. A. Fitzwater, assistant chief of the Divi- sion of Forest Management; R. R. Hill, inspector of grazing of the Division of Range Management; H. S. Betts, acting chief, and W. D. Brush of the Division of Forest Products; W. R. Mattoon, extension forester, Division of State Cooperation; H. Hopkins, assistant regional forester and F. C. Simmons, Jr., associate forester, Region 7; F. X. Schumacher, in charge of Forest Measurements, Division of Silvics; G. M. Gowen, forest inspector; Dr. 0. Raber, plant physiologist; W. L. Dutton, acting chief, Division of Wildlife and Range Management, and B. C. Park, assistant range examiner, Region 7; and H. E. Schwan, in charge of Range Surveys and Plans, Region 2. The Office of Education of the Department of the Interior, and especially Howard W. Oxley, director, and Maj. Silas M. Ransopher, assistant director, CCC Camp Education; C. M. Arthur, research specialist, vocational education; and W. A. Ross, specialist, agricultural education, reviewed the text and offered many helpful suggestions concerning format and adaptability to CCC camp needs. The sketches, diagrams, and charts are from the pens of Jinnie H. Dawkins, Leta Hughey, Irma A. Schofield, C. L. Taylor, E. M. Callahan, and E. G. McCabe. Ruth P. Odell, and Helen M. A. Doyle, aided in proof- reading, stenographic work, and in the arrangement of text and illustrative material. Chapter I INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY THE FOREST WORD "forest" has been variously defined. What Is a Forest? THEAs men have become better acquainted with the forest and its uses, the definitions have changed. It is difficult to reconcile some of the earlier defi- nitions of the forest as "a waste grounds belonging to the king" (Blackstone), with such modern defi- nitions as "a complex association of trees, shrubs, and other plants in which each individual plays some part in the life of the community" (Graves and Guise).Some foresters recognize manage- ment as a factor in the definitions, but forests can and do exist without the slightest semblance of The forest. management. To the forester, the forest embraces more than trees and shrubs.It is an association or com- munity of trees, shrubs, soil and soil organisms, animals, birds, and insects, each of which exerts important influences on the ultimate character and value of the area.This association should extend over a considerable area.The farm wood lot of less than 5 acres would not be classified as a forest, although it is possible to practice forestry in it. Trees in the forest usually differ from those Forest-grown trees. grown in the open or in orchards.Their shape and the absence of lower limbs is a result
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