DOCSLIB.ORG

Our Foreign Trade in Chemicals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Our Foreign Trade in Chemicals 840 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 12, NO. 9 The deposits of salt in the United States are unimportant. If the Geological Survey and the Agricultural De- The country possesses no really considerable salt industry partment will make the search they will earn the ever- but is supplied so far as interior consumption is concerned to lasting gratitude of the farmer, and release the strangle- a small extent by brine springs. hold which European potash has on this country. The principal supplies, however, are derived from England, Pending that time, the only hope for normally priced and the shores of Spain and Portugal. The same remark potash is for the final successful development of the applies to Canada. processes for recovering potash from greensand or This statement was probably made about 1860 to feldspar, one very large plant for which is nearing com- 1870 and was doubtless true then, but in 1887 the pletion ih New Jersey, which will produce potash United States produced over I,IOO,OOO tons; in 1900, of the highest grades of all salts required. By the z,8oo,ooo; and in 1,913,4,800,000 tons. Likewise the sale of its valuable by-product at ordinary prices its price of common salt in 1866 was about $13.00per ton, potash cost will be less than nothing. and in 1887, $3.50 per ton at the mines, while in 1913 The Government’s potash search reminds me of the it got as low as $2.00 per ton. golfer who, after losing the hole, looking for his ball When the potash deposits which are surely there are in the heavy “rough” where his unscrupulous opponent developed, $5 or $IO per ton for 80 per cent “thought it went,” finds it too late nicely placed in the muriate of potash will be a high price, and no greater fair green where “there was no use looking as it benefit can accrue to the farmer than this. couldn’t have come that far.” OUR FOREIGN TRADE IN CHEMICALS By 0.P. Hopkins 1824 BELMONTROAD, WASHINGTON. D. C Two years of peace have not weakened the com- year of America’s participation in the war, and the manding position in foreign trade attained during the year just closed. Apology is offered for the groupings war by the American chemical industry. Official in this table, and also for the fact that 1918 has been statistics for the fiscal year 1920 demonstrate that this selected in preference to any one of several others. It country has been able to keep its trade in chemical is, of course, impossible to arrive at such totals for quan- and allied products very near the high mark set during tities, but in the more detailed tables that follow, quan- the war, despite the loss of markets for purely war tities have been given wherever possible, values being supplies, and despite the pressing demands that must stated only when quantities were not available. All be met in the domestic market compilations are based upon statistics of the Bureau In almost all lines, except munitions, the exports in of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington, D. C. 1920 exceeded in value those in 1918,a fact that can SUMMARYOF FOREIGNTRADS IN CHEMICALSAND ALLIEDPRODUCTS be explained in some cases, perhaps, by rising prices, (In Millions of Dollars) -IMPORTS- -EXPORTS- but which nevertheless warrants the assertion that CLASSES 1914 1918 1920 1914 1918 1920 the position has not been weakened. These exports, Chemicals .................. 72 109 8.5 15 140 92 Drugs medicines, etc ......... 9 11 20 11 21 41 which very greatly exceed those of the last normal Dyes ’dyewoods.. ........... 10 9 6 (2 17 26 Explhves .................. 1 8 2 379 28 pre-war year, are made up almost entirely of manu- Fertilizers .................. 28 5 39 12 6 33 Gums, resins, etc.. .......... 88 227 330 20 11 37 factured products. Oils, fats, waxes ............. 75 199 319 194 367 607 Paints, pigments, etc.. ....... 2 1 2 7 17 27 Imports have more than held their own and com- Tannine materials. .......... 5 7 12 1 4 6 Pa~GZXpulp............. 30 66 106 6 30 33 prise raw and partly manufactured products required Miscellaneous productsl.. .... 120 253 701 44 132 324 for further advancement by American chemical manu- Miscellaneous materials.. .... __8 -6 -9 -2 -3 -4 f acturers. TOTAL............... 448 901 i63i 318 1127 1258 1 The importance of this class is due to the inclusion of sugar, The A very rough estimate puts the total value of exports articles making up this class are shown in the detailed table of miscellaneous products. of all chemical and allied products at a billion and a z$400,000. quarter dollars in 1920,a slight increase over the total THE TRADE IN CHEXICALS’ for 1918, and about four times the figure for 1914, There has been a falling off in the value of both the last normal year. Imports, estimated in the same exports and imports of chemicals since the war, but rough way, were valued at more than a billion and a the decline is due almost solely to the cessation of the half dollars in 1920, an increase of some 80 per cent demand for war supplies. Exports of picric acid, for over 1918,and nearly four times the total for 1914. instance, have practically ceased, and this was an Both exports and imports have quadrupled since 1914. item of prime importance in the total for the war year Sugar is included in these totals and accounts for much 1918. Aside from war supplies, the statistics indicate of the increase in imports. that the exports of chemicals have as a whole been Although values are no longer a reliable guide in maintained since hostilities ceased, and have for some making trade comparisons, asummary table of values has groups been increased. Sodas have more than held been compiled to show at a glance the tendencies in the their own, owing largely to the insatiable demand for chemical trade for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1914, 1 The term “chemicals” is here used in the usual restricted sense, BS 1918, and 1920; that is, the last normal year, a full not including drugs, medicines, and dyes. Sept., 1920 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 841 caustic soda the world over. The war stimulated the CHEMICALS,DRUGS, DYES, ETC.(Concluded) ARTICLES 1914 1918 1920 growth of domestic industries in all countries, and Imports many of these industries require caustic soda. The Soda: Cyanide lbs.. ............. (1) 84,652 8,629,502 230,000,000 lbs. of this alkali exported in 1920 repre- Nitrate,’tons.. ............. 564,049 1 607 020 907 041 All other salts of, value.. ... $487,038 $389:384 $1,6421589 sent an increase of more than 70 per cent over the Sulfur tons ................... 19,389 282 47 Surnai. lbs.. ................. 10,770,340 14,046,662 21,180,414 quantity shipped in 1918, while the foreign sales in All other chemicals, drugs dyes, etc., value. .................$13,676,032 $18,881,465 $6,727,411 1914were not important enough to be stated separately Exports in the official statistics. In a few cases, such as cal- Acids: Carbolic, Ibs.. ............. 8,688,554 2,223 205 cium carbide and acetate of lime, the 1920 figures are Nitric, lbs.. ............... 961 494 820’517 Picric, lbs.. ................ 56,193:952 8:073 lower than in 1914,but for the class as a whole the Sulfuric, Ibs.. .............. 12, $35,750 67$5:673:707 654 722 32 336 893 All other value.. .......... $357 035 $5:291’987 trade is greatly in excess of the pre-war totals, as will Alcohol, wdod, gal, ........... 32,845,6491,598:776 2 538 001 687:008 be seen in the table entitled “Trade in Chemicals, Calcium carbide, lbs.. ........ 28:869:68653.955 2 1,164,404 Coal tar bbls... ............. 22,150 81,640 Drugs, Dyes, etc.” Coal-tar‘distillates, n. e. s.: Benzol, lbs ................ 25 400 852 17 282 368 Imports have fallen off as compared in value with All other value.. .......... $5:620:851 $3:611:514 Copper sudate, lbs.. .......... 15,164,078 4,s 11,724 those of 1918,but considering the rise in prices, the Dyes and dyestuffs: Aniline dyes, value. ........ ( 9 $7 298 298 $1 7,130,397 total is probably about the same as in 1914. Logwood extract, value.. ... (9 $7’284’1$2’339’480 10 1,832,231 All other, value.. .......... $356 919’ f 6,829,937 TRADEIN CHEMICALS,DRUGS, DYES, ETC. Extracts for tanning, value.. .. $639:941 $3’804’5 63 ARTICLES 1914 1918 1920 Formaldehyde, value.. ....... (9 $866:038 $%$:% Imports Glycerol, lbs.. ............... 36,409,619 1,875,531 2 257 623 Infants’ food. value.. ......... (9 $1,908,14 1 $3:032:330 Acids (except coal-tar acids) : Lime. acetate of. Ibs.. ........ 68,160,224 15,490,032 32,885,132 Oxalic, lbs.. 8 507 850 792 383 1401 547 ............... Chioride of, 16s.. ........... (1) 13,060,401 31,252,379 All other value.. .......... $1:133:252 $3,051:634 $4:004:018 Medicinal and pharmaceutical Albumin ehg Ibs ............. (1) (1) 8,956,845 preparations value.. ..... $6 721 978 $10 190 188 $20 118 271 Ammonik, mhate, lbs.. ...... 9,176,729 1,120,074 5,344,028 Perfumery and c&metics, value $2’309’027 $3 ‘965 ’465 $7’979’237 Argols, lbs.. 29,793,911 30,267,388 26,638,337 ................. Petroleum ..jelly, value. ....... $661:889 S1:278:658 $3:156:286 Arsenic or orpiment, lbs.. ..... 4,432,793 9,260,768 6,470,700 Potash: Balsams, not containing alco- Chlorate.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Following Carcinogenic Essential Oils Should Not Be Used In
    Aromatherapy Undiluted- Safety and Ethics Copyright © Tony Burfield and Sylla Sheppard-Hanger (2005) [modified from a previous article “A Brief Safety Guidance on Essential Oils” written for IFA, Sept 2004]. Intro In the last 20 years aromatherapy has spread its influence to the household, toiletries and personal care areas: consumer products claiming to relax or invigorate our psyche’s have invaded our bathrooms, kitchen and living room areas. The numbers of therapists using essential oils in Europe and the USA has grown from a handful in the early 1980’s to thousands now worldwide. We have had time to add to our bank of knowledge on essential oils from reflecting on many decades of aromatherapeutic development and history, the collection of anecdotal information from practicing therapists, as well as from clinical & scientific investigations. We have also had enough time to consider the risks in employing essential oils in therapy. In the last twenty years, many more people have had accidents, been ‘burnt’, developed rashes, become allergic, and become sensitized to our beloved tools. Why is this? In this paper, we hope to shed light on this issue, clarify current safety findings, and discuss how Aromatherapists and those in the aromatherapy trade (suppliers, spas, etc.) can interpret this data for continued safe practice. After a refresher on current safety issues including carcinogenic and toxic oils, irritant and photo-toxic oils, we will look at allergens, oils without formal testing, pregnancy issues and medication interactions. We will address the increasing numbers of cases of sensitization and the effect of diluting essential oils.
    [Show full text]
  • White Birch Trees As Resource Species of Russia : Their Distribution, Ecophysiological Features, Multiple Utilizations
    Title White Birch Trees as Resource Species of Russia : Their Distribution, Ecophysiological Features, Multiple Utilizations Author(s) Zyryanova, Olga A.; Terazawa, Minoru; Koike, Takayoshi; Zyryanov, Vyacheslav I. Citation Eurasian Journal of Forest Research, 13(1), 25-40 Issue Date 2010-08 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/43853 Type bulletin (article) File Information EJFR13-1_004.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Eurasian J. For. Res. 13-1: 25-40 , 2010 © Hokkaido University Forests, EFRC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- White Birch Trees as Resource Species of Russia: Their Distribution, Ecophysiological Features, Multiple Utilizations 1＊ 2 3 1 ZYRYANOVA Olga A. , TERAZAWA Minoru , KOIKE Takayoshi and ZYRYANOV Vyacheslav I. 1 V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Academgorodok, 50, Bldg. 28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia 2 Emeritus Professor, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan, Universal Niuppu Organization, Bifuka Hokkaido 089-2208, Japan 3 Hokkaido University, Department of Forest Science, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan Abstract Four birch tree species (Betula costata, B. pendula, B. platyphylla, B. pubescens) are traditionally important resource species in Russia. In the article, we discuss their spatial and ecophysiological features, biochemical constituents of the living tissues of the birches such as the wood, outer and inner bark, twigs, leaves, buds, roots. The exudation, tapping periods and sap productivity, exudated birch sap and derived birch tar are also reviewed. We show numerous useful wooden, medicinal, tanning, coloring as well as feeding and decorative properties. Chaga – (Inonotus obliquus), a fungi-parasite developed on the stems of the birch trees, is mentioned to be famous due to its antitumor and/or especially anti-cancer activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Tutorial: How to Dye Black with Natural
    http://www.aurorasilk.com/ Tutorial: How To Dye Black with Natural Dyes by Cheryl Kolander. Excerpted from TrueFibers. Aurora Silk sells a full selection of natural dyes and mordants. For ideas on which dyes and which mordants to use, view our Natural Dye colour Chart. For more detailed dyeing recipes, read Brilliant Colours! by Cheryl Kolander. After recording the dry weight of your fiber, wet the fiber out in warm or hot water. STEP I: TANNIN 2 oz. tannic acid per pound of fiber (dry weight) OR: 4 oz. tara sawdust per pound of fiber, extracted twice OR: 3 oz Catechu (Cutch) extract per pound of fiber with optional 1/2 oz copper mordant 1. Dissolve tannic acid or catechu extract in hot water. 2. Heat the solution to approximately 200 F. 3. Remove from heat. 4. Enter the silk (or other fiber) that has been thoroughly wet out in warm to hot water. 5. Set to soak for at least 24 hrs, stirring occasionally. STEP II: IRON 1/2 to 1 oz Ferrous Sulphate per pound of fiber Use the lesser amount for fine silk yarn and soft wools. Use the greater amount for wild silk and other fibers. 1. Dissolve the iron in warm water. 2. Soak fiber in a mild soap solution about 15 minutes to neutralize the acid in the tannin (which couters the effect of the iron). This step is not necessary if you used Catechu for STEP I. 3. Add fiber to warm iron solution and soak for about 20 minutes. 4. Remove fiber from iron solution, wring excess solution from fiber, and hang to air 20 minutes to 1 hour.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Botanical Pesticides in Modern Plant Protection
    We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 5,400 133,000 165M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 154 TOP 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com 12 Use of Botanical Pesticides in Modern Plant Protection Kari Tiilikkala1, Isa Lindqvist1, Marleena Hagner2, Heikki Setälä2 and Dionyssios Perdikis3 1MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production 2Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki 3Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology 1,2Finland 3Greece 1. Introduction The European Union has made very clear political decisions to increase environmental awareness. A Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides was launched by the Commission of the European Communities in 2006. It was decided to minimize the hazards and risks to health and the environment caused by the use of plant protection products. In 2009, the European Parliament accepted a new framework directive on the sustainable use of pesticides. Directive 2009/128/EC fosters the development of plant protection and integrated pest management (IPM) in the EU. The directive states that “when pesticides are used, appropriate risk management measures should be established and low-risk pesticides as well as biological control measures should be considered in the first place“.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Dye Identification in Japanese Woodblock Prints
    Plant Dye Identification in Japanese Woodblock Prints Michele Derrick, Joan Wright, Richard Newman oodblock prints were first pro- duced in Japan during the sixth Wto eighth century but it was not until the Edo period (1603–1868) that the full potential of woodblock printing as a means to create popular imagery for mass consumption developed. Known broadly as ukiyo-e, meaning “pictures of the float- ing world,” these prints depicted Kabuki actors, beautiful women, scenes from his- tory or legend, views of Edo, landscapes, and erotica. Prints and printed books, with or without illustrations, became an inte- gral part of daily life during this time of peace and stability. Prints produced from about the 1650s through the 1740s were printed in black line, sometimes with hand-applied color (see figure 1). These col- ors were predominantly mineral (inorganic) pigments supplemented by plant-based (organic) colorants. Since adding colors to a print by hand was costly and slowed pro- duction, the block carvers eventually hit upon a means to create a multicolor print using blocks that contained an “L” shaped groove carved into the corner and a straight groove carved further up its side in order to align the paper to be printed (see figure 2). These guides, called kento, are located Figure 1. Actors Sanjō Kantarō II and Ichimura Takenojō IV, (MFA 11.13273), about 1719 (Kyōho 4), designed by Torii Kiyotada I, and published by in the same location on each block. They Komatsuya (31.1 x 15.3 cm). Example of a beni-e Japanese woodblock ensure consistent alignment as each color print with hand-applied color commonly made from the 1650s to 1740s.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetal Grave Goods in a Female Burial on Bornholm (Denmark)
    Danish Journal of Archaeology, 2014 Vol. 3, No. 1, 52–60, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2014.994280 Vegetal grave goods in a female burial on Bornholm (Denmark) from the Late Roman Iron Age period interpreted in a comparative European perspective Sabine Karga,b*, Ulla Lund Hansenb, Anne Margrethe Walldénb, Jens Glastrupc, Henrik Ærenlund Pedersena and Finn Ole Sonne Nielsend aFaculty of Science, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen; bFaculty of Humanities, Saxo Institute, Department of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen; cConservation Department, National Museum of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby; dBornholms Museum, Rønne (Received 13 March 2014; accepted 21 November 2014) Knowledge about the healing properties of plant substances is probably as old as humankind, and this can be demonstrated by botanical finds in archaeological contexts. Southern Scandinavia has a long tradition of supplying deceased persons with vegetal material for use in their afterlife, as shown by single seeds or processed plants in the form of foods, drinks or medicines. A well- known example is the small container made of birch bark most probably filled with a kind of mead produced from honey, in the Egtved girl’scoffinafind which has been dated to the Early Bronze Age. Another fascinating plant discovery derives from the grave of the Fyrkat woman dated to the Viking Age: a handful seeds of the poisonous plant henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)wasfoundina small pocket fixedtothewoman’s belt. Plant materials enclosed in small amulet boxes are quite common and are frequently attached to necklaces that the deceased had certainly worn during their lives. In this article, we discuss the organic finds from a newly excavated amulet box which was discovered in a woman’s grave at the Late Roman Iron Age site of Vellensby, on the island of Bornholm.
    [Show full text]
  • 3OOVIP Shampoos "Improved Formula" Series
    Natural Health Technologies 3OOVIP Shampoos "improved formula" series 2015 3OOVIP — IMPROVED FORMULA VEDA is proud to present the updated series of grooming products aimed to provide hygienic care after the hair-coat covering of horses. IMPROVED FORMULA New active ingredients have been added to the shampoos composition: KERATIN — a biopolymer substance that is extracted from sheep's wool. It penetrates to the heart of the hair shaft, reconstructs and improves its structure. It protects the scalp from the negative effects of external environment, restores the damaged areas and recreates the natural keratin layer of the hair. CONIFEROUS CHLOROPHYLL-CAROTENE PASTE — a phytoncidal multivitamin complex that possesses beneficial properties for the hair and fur due to the presence of chlorophyll, phytosterols, and volatile. MILK WHEY — due to the content of vitamins, amino acids and minerals, promotes hair growth, strengthens and makes them shiny and elastic. DECOCTIONS OF HERBS (CHAMOMILE, NETTLE, BURDOCK) — the useful properties of theses infusions are caused by the content of many useful substances, minerals, essential oils and vitamins. They contribute to the strengthening of hair growth, strengthens the roots, improve the overall appearance. NEW PACKAGE DESIGN Before after All of the products from the updated 3OOVIP series are presented in a new package design: ► accurate and neat design in accordance with the brand style; ► the «silver horse» steps out as an element of continuity; ► a new updated modern 3OOVIP logo design; ► focus on the umbrella brand logo — VEDA; ► a mark "improved formula". Shampoo-balm revitalizing with tar and propolis The superconcentrated shampoo provides professional high quality hygienic care for the horse.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Transformations in the Chemical Industry
    Historical Transformations in the Chemical Industry Ernst Homburg, Maastricht University VoltaChem Annual Event, Amsterdam, 11 December 2019 Four major transitions: 50 to 100 years each Raw materials/ Chemical feedstocks Energy sources Plants/ animals > Minerals (inorganic Wood substances) Peat 1780-1870 Horse dung; Sun Plants/ animals > Coal (organic Coal (1800-today) substances) 1760-1910 Coal > Oil/ natural gas Oil/ natural gas (1910-today) 1910-1980 Petroleum etc. > Biobased, CO2, etc. Electricity, renewables 2010-ff 2010-ff Outline • (1) Transition theory Cases • (2) From plants/ animals to minerals • (3) From plants/ animals to coal • (4) From coal to oil & gas • (5) Lessons from the past and recommendations (1) Multi Level Perspective (MLP): Arie Rip, Frank Geels, Johan Schot Different societal functions Generic Materials Energy functions supply supply (’upstream’) Intermediary Business Transport functions services Communication Personal Housing Feeding, End use Recreation/ care (washing, Health (shelter, drinking, functions entertainment clothing, care heating) cooking (’downstream’) cleaning) Transition and system innovation Regulations and policies Maintenance and distribution network (e.g. traffic rules,parking fees, emission standards, car tax) (e.g. repair shops, dealers) Industry structure (e.g. car manufacturers, suppliers) Road infr as t r uc t ur e Socio-technical system and traffic system for transportation (e.g. lights, signs) Markets and user practices (mobility patterns, driver preferences) Culture and symbolic meaning
    [Show full text]
  • FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE PRIVATE BLEND OUD COLLECTION “I Have
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE PRIVATE BLEND OUD COLLECTION “I have wanted to revisit oud for years; it is one of the most endlessly fascinating ingredients in a perfumer’s palette. For this collection, I explored how oud could intertwine with other precious ingredients from the rich and storied culture and artisanal traditions of the Middle East.”—Tom Ford The Private Blend Oud Collection is an olfactory journey that explores three mesmerizing and sensual facets of oud. Two new oud fragrances join the best-selling fragrance, Private Blend Oud Wood, a groundbreaking composition of exotic woods and spices that is hailed as a definitive interpretation of oud. The new fragrances, Private Blend Oud Fleur and Private Blend Tobacco Oud, share the signature elements of the original Oud Wood—oud, sandalwood and patchouli—then follow two unique and contrasting directions. They give Tom Ford another opportunity to show his mastery of this rare and precious ingredient. The collection of three oud fragrances also offers three bath and body products that offer sumptuous new ways to wear this unforgettable note, creating a complete world of oud within Tom Ford Private Blend. Oud Wood Body Moisturizer, Oud Wood Shower Gel and Oud Wood Bath Soap are perfumed with the original Oud Wood fragrance. PRIVATE BLEND OUD WOOD Private Blend Oud Wood captures the most sophisticated, precious and highly regarded materials in the Middle East. Rich, elegant oud is paired with smoky birch tar and cistus heart, which impart a sultry, smoky effect reminiscent of burnt incense lingering in the air, further enhancing the fragrance’s depth and sensuality.
    [Show full text]
  • Betula Lenta L
    Betula lenta L. Betulaceae Cherry birch, Sweet birch, Black birch Source: James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished. 1. Uses 2. Folk Medicine 3. Chemistry 4. Toxicity 5. Description 6. Germplasm 7. Distribution 8. Ecology 9. Cultivation 10. Harvesting 11. Yields and Economics 12. Energy 13. Biotic Factors 14. References Uses A beer is made from birch bark. Fernald et al., (1958) quote an old English recipe for the beer: "To every Gallon of Birch-water put a quart of Honey, well stirr'd together; then boil it almost an hour with a few Cloves, and a little Limon-peel, keeping it well scumm'd. When it is sufficiently boil'd, and become cold, add to it three or four Spoonfuls of good Ale to make it work...and when the Test begins to settle, bottle it up . it is gentle, and very harmless in operation within the body, and exceedingly sharpens the Appetite, being drunk ante pastum." According to Grieve (1931), Kamschatka natives drink the sap without previous fermentation. In Spring, the inner bark can be cut up into noodle-sized strips and cooked as birch "noodles." Like maple sap, the sap can be used for honey, syrup, or sugar after boiling down. Wood used by cabinet makers. The oil distilled from the wood is insectifugal and can be used to preserve furs. Sweet Birch oil is used as a counter irritant for arthralgia and neuralgia, usually in balms, liniments, and ointments. It is used to impart a wintergreen flavor in such things as baked goods, candies, chewing gums, dairy desserts, gelatins, puddings, and root beer, rarely constituting as much as 0.1% of candy (Leung, 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Tar in the Dnieper and Elbe Communities: Vi – Ii Millenium Bc
    WOOD TAR IN THE DNIEPER AND ELBE COMMUNITIES: VI – II MILLENIUM BC Sławomir Pietrzak VOLUME 17 • 2012 BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES 61-809 Poznań (Poland) Św. Marcin 78 Tel. 618294799, Fax 618294788 E-mail: [email protected] EDITOR Aleksander Kośko EDITORIAL COMMITEE Sophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska (Poznań), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lucyna Domańska (Łódź), Elena G. Kalechyts (Minsk), Viktor I. Klochko (Kiev), Jan Machnik (Kraków), Vitaliy V. Otroshchenko (Kiev), Ma- rzena Szmyt (Poznań), Petro Tolochko (Kiev) SECRETARY Marzena Szmyt SECRETARY OF VOLUME Danuta Żurkiewicz ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF EASTERN STUDIES INSTITUTE OF PREHISTORY Poznań 2012 ISBN 83-86094-17-6 ISSN 1231-0344 WOOD TAR IN THE DNIEPER AND ELBE COMMUNITIES: VI – II MILLENIUM BC Sławomir Pietrzak Translated by Ryszard J. Reisner VOLUME 17 • 2012 © Copyright by BPS and Authors All rights reserved Cover Design: Eugeniusz Skorwider Sławomir Pietrzak Printed in Poland Computer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu Printing: Zakłady Poligraficzne TMDRUK in Poznań CONTENTS Editor’s Foreword . 7 Editorial Comment . 8 Foreword from the Author . 9 Introduction . 11 1 . Study Objectives . 11 2 . Material Scope . 12 3 . Chorological and Chronological Scope . 13 4 . History of Research . 14 5 . Research Method and Methodology . 17 6 . Structure . 18 I . Evidence for Wood-Tar Production in Historic Times . 21 I .1 . Terminology: Definitions of the Terms ‘Wood Tar’ / ‘Wood-Tar Production’ . 21 I .2 . Wood Tar in Written Sources . 24 I .2 .1 . Production Process Evidence . 24 I .2 .2 . Application Evidence . 25 I .3 . Linguistic Evidence . 27 II . Techno-Archaeological Fundamentals of Wood-Tar Studies .
    [Show full text]
  • Roundtable Exhibitor Product Lists
    Roundtable Exhibitor Product Lists ADM/Alfrebo LLC • Pear Distillate • Cucumber Distillate • ACETALDEHYDE ETHYL cis-3-HEXENYL ACETAL Natural • OCTADIENAL 2,4 10% ETHYL ACETATE Natural • UNDECADIENAL 10% IN MCTG -2,4 Natural • Fusel Whiskey Bottoms Natural Advanced Biotech • 1655 2 Acetyl Pyrazine 5% ETOH Natural • 1513 Gamma Dodecalactone EU Natural • 1495 Vanillin ex Ferulic Acid Natural • 1569 Trans 2 Octenal Natural • 1284 Citrus Enhancer Natural • 6074 St. Johns Bread Solid Extract • 6072 Chicory Root Solid Extract • 1634 2,4 Decadienal 95% Natural • 7009 Honey Distillate Organic • 7022 Coconut Distillate Organic • NEW Citral Dimethyl Acetal Natural Aromiens International, Inc. 23601-R Gamma Decalactone Natural, Optical Active 30911-R Gamma Undecalactone Natural, Optical Active 24001-R Gamma Dodecalactone Natural, Optical Active 35901 Delta Tetradecalactone Natural 32911 Gamma Butyrolactone Natural 35841 1-Penten-3-ol Natural (Jitian) 27300 4-Methyl-2,3-pentanedione (Jitian) Bedoukian Cerezoate (BRI 512) in a Strawberry Flavored Water Honeyflor (BRI 123) in a Citrus/Honey Tea Dihydro Alpha Ionone (BRI 468) in a Raspberry Flavored Water 12-Methyl Tridecanal (BRI 284MCT) on blotter for odor evaluation Berjé, Inc. Blood Orange WS-23 Hop C02 Hop C02 Bitter Fraction Schinus Molle Coffee Oil Cedarwood Terpenes Birch Tar Rectified Bontoux, Inc. and Bontoux Organics Spearmint Absolute Ginger Oil Fresh Madagascar Lemon Oil Certified Organic Grapefruit Oil Certified Organic Rosemary Oil Certified Organic We will be showing all oils in application, and only showing neat oils (on blotters) if requested. Charkit Chemical Corp. 4-Methyl-2-Pentenoic Acid FEMA 4180 1-Penten-3-OL FEMA 3584 Methyl FurfurylthioPyrazine FEMA 3189 Methyl 2-methyl-3-furyl disulfide FEMA 3573 NATURALS: Acetylpyrazine Natural FEMA 3126 Butterscotch Furanone Natural FEMA 4101 Homofuraneol Natural FEMA 3623 White Cognac Oil Natural FEMA 2332 Dimethylpyrazines 2,5 Natural 50% FEMA 3272 Chemtex Showing: Ginger Oil Ext.
    [Show full text]