DOCSLIB.ORG

Betula Lenta L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Betula Lenta L Betula lenta L. Betulaceae Cherry birch, Sweet birch, Black birch Source: James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished. 1. Uses 2. Folk Medicine 3. Chemistry 4. Toxicity 5. Description 6. Germplasm 7. Distribution 8. Ecology 9. Cultivation 10. Harvesting 11. Yields and Economics 12. Energy 13. Biotic Factors 14. References Uses A beer is made from birch bark. Fernald et al., (1958) quote an old English recipe for the beer: "To every Gallon of Birch-water put a quart of Honey, well stirr'd together; then boil it almost an hour with a few Cloves, and a little Limon-peel, keeping it well scumm'd. When it is sufficiently boil'd, and become cold, add to it three or four Spoonfuls of good Ale to make it work...and when the Test begins to settle, bottle it up . it is gentle, and very harmless in operation within the body, and exceedingly sharpens the Appetite, being drunk ante pastum." According to Grieve (1931), Kamschatka natives drink the sap without previous fermentation. In Spring, the inner bark can be cut up into noodle-sized strips and cooked as birch "noodles." Like maple sap, the sap can be used for honey, syrup, or sugar after boiling down. Wood used by cabinet makers. The oil distilled from the wood is insectifugal and can be used to preserve furs. Sweet Birch oil is used as a counter irritant for arthralgia and neuralgia, usually in balms, liniments, and ointments. It is used to impart a wintergreen flavor in such things as baked goods, candies, chewing gums, dairy desserts, gelatins, puddings, and root beer, rarely constituting as much as 0.1% of candy (Leung, 1980). Used in cosmetic shampoos (List and Horhammer, 1969–1979), and in the sugar industry for flavoring and in perfumery. Birch tar oil, distilled from the wood and bark of Betula pendula Roth is used for eczema, psoriasis, and other skin diseases. Folk Medicine According to Hartwell (1967–1971), the birch species are used in folk remedies for abdominal and mammary cancers and carcinomas and warts. Reported to be alterative, anodyne, antiseptic, counterirritant, deobstruent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, parasiticide, pectoral, stomachic, and vulnerary, sweet birch is a folk remedy for burns, chafing, cold, cough, dandruff, dysentery, dysmenorrhea, gout, gravel, lumbago, rheumatism, scalds, sciatica, and sores (Duke and Wain,1981; List and Horhammer, 1969–1979; Erichsen-Brown, 1979). The bark has been used as an astringent, antiseptic, antipyretic, and antirheumatic. Cherokee chewed the leaves for dysentery and used the bark tea for colds, dysentery, milky urine, and stomach ailments. Delaware used the bark decoction as cathartic or emetic. Iroquois used it for colds, fever, soreness, and venereal diseases. Ojibwa used bark as diuretic. In the days of Milspaugh, much of the so-called oil in wintergreen was made instead from young birch, there being little variance between oil of wintergreen and oil of birch (Duke,1983c). Chemistry Per 100 g, the leaves are reported to contain, on a zero-moisture basis, 28.1 g protein, 8.6 g fat, 55.6 g total carbohydrate, 16.9 g fiber, and 7.7 g ash (Miller, 1958). Hager's Handbuch lists 3% monotropitoside (Salicylic-acid primvercoside, gaultherin, C19H26O12) and 0.23–0.6% essential oil, 99.8% of which is methysaliclate. Buds contain 4–6% essential oil containing betulol. According to Morton (1977), the distilled oil contains 97–99% methyl salicylate (List and Horhammer, 1969– 1979). Toxicity Very toxic orally, methyl salicylate can be absorbed through the skin, resulting in human fatalities. As little as 4, 700 mg can be fatal in children (Leung, 1980). Description Aromatic tree with brown, exfoliating bark on young stems, twigs glabrous. Leaves ovate or elliptic, 2.7–10 cm long, 1.5–6 cm wide, pubescent on the veins beneath, apically acute or acuminate; sharply serrate, base cordate, rounded or cuneate; petioles usually pubescent, 0.8–1.9 cm long. Pistillate catkins cylindric or oblong, 1.2–3.4 cm long, 0.6–1.2 cm broad; bracts glabrous; samaras obovoid, 2.5–3.5 mm broad, apically winged, glabrous (Radford et al, 1968). Germplasm Reported from the North American Center of Diversity, cherry birch, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate heath balds, frost, shade, and slope. (2n = 28). Distribution Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern to eastern Ohio and Delaware, along the mountains to Alabama and Georgia. Ecology Estimated to range from Cool Temperate Moist to Wet through Boreal Moist to Wet Forest Life Zones, and to tolerate annual precipitation of ca 6 to 15 dm, annual temperature of 5 to 12°C, and pH of 4.5 to 7.5. Farther south in rich woods and heath balds. Cultivation For the oil, birch is usually harvested from the wild. Birch seeds do best if stratified, or can be sown after collection in late summer or fall. Seed is broadcast and covered very lightly (2–5 mm) keeping the seedbed moist if possible. Epigeal germination is usually complete 4–6 weeks after spring sowing. Seedlings require light shade during their first summer. Harvesting Midrange this flowers from April to May, fruits ripening from August to September, the seeds dispersing from September to November (Agriculture Handbook 450). Birch seed is collected by picking or stripping the cones while they are still green (to prevent shattering). Ripe cones, on the other hand, are placed in, bags to prevent loss of seed. Seedling densities of 250–475 m2 are suggested. Yields and Economics Most sources indicate that birch oil, which replaced wintergreen oil, has been largely replaced by synthetic methyl salicylate. Salicylic acid is now synthesized and selling at ca $2.50 to $3.00 per kilo. Salicylic acid in technical form is used as a coupling agent dye intermediates, in the foundry industry as a curing agent in the production of shell moulding compounds, as an agent for retarding the vulcanization process in rubber, as a preservative for glues and leather goods, and in alkyl/alkyd resins and latex paints (CMR, Dec. 13, 1982). Energy According to the phytomass files (Duke, 1981b), annual productivity ranges from 3 to 12 MT/ha in various species of birch, standing biomass 2–220 MT/ha. Rather lower productivity and standing biomass are reported by Cannell (1982). If there were a decent market for the oil of the bark and wood, then most of the aerial biomass could be an energetic byproduct. Biotic Factors Browne (1968) lists the fungi Melampsoridium betulinum and Nectria galligena and hymenoptera Heterarthrus nemoratus affecting cherry birch. Agriculture Handbook No. 165 lists the following as affecting this species: Comandra umbellata (seed plant parasitic on roots), Cryptospora betulae (on dead branches), Cryptospora humeralis, Dermea molliuscula (on dead twigs), Diatrypella betulina (on dead branches), Fomes applanatus (white-mottled heart rot), F. connatus (white spongy heart rot), F. pinicola (brown crumbly heart rot), F. robustus (white sapwood and heart rot),.Gloeosporium betularum (leaf spot), Hymenochaete agglutinans (trunk canker), Melanconis acrocystis, M. stilbostoma, Microsphaera alni (powdery mildew), Nectria coccinea (on branches), Phyllactinia corylea (powdery mildew), Poria laevigata (white spongy rot, trunk canker), Poria obliqua (white spongy rot, trunk canker), Septoria betulicola (leaf spot), S. microsperms, Steganosporium piriforme (on twigs), Taphrina sp. (leaf blister), and Torula ligniperda (red stain of heartwood). References • Agriculture Handbook 165. 1960. Index of plant diseases in the United States. USGPO. Washington. • Agriculture Handbook 450. 1974. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Forest Service, USDA. USGPO. Washington. • Browne, F.G. 1968. Pests and diseases of forest plantations trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford. • Cannell, M.G.R. 1982. World forest biomass and primary production data. Academic Press, New York. • Duke, J.A. 1981b. The gene revolution. Paper 1. p. 89–150. In: Office of Technology Assessment, Background papers for innovative biological technologies for lesser developed countries. USGPO. Washington. • Duke, J.A. 1983c. Amerindian medicinal plants. Typescript. • Duke, J.A. and Wain, K.K. 1981. Medicinal plants of the world. Computer index with more than 85,000 entries. 3 vols. • Erichsen-Brown, C. 1979. Use of plants for the past 500 years. Breezy Creeks Press. Aurora, Canada. • Fernald, M.L., Kinsey, A.C., and Rollins, R.C. 1958. Edible wild plants of eastern North America. Rev. Ed. Harper & Bros., New York. • Grieve, M. 1931. A modern herbal. Reprint 1974. Hafner Press, New York. • Hartwell, J.L. 1967–1971. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 30–34. • Leung, A.Y. 1980. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons. New York. • List, P.H. and Horhammer, L. 1969–1979. Hager's handbuch der pharmazeutischen praxis. vols 2–6. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. • Miller, D.F. 1958. Composition of cereal grains and forages. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Publ. 585. • Morton, J.F. 1977. Major medicinal plants. C.C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. • Radford, A.E., Ahles, H.E., and Bell, C.R. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. UNC Press, Chapel Hill. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Following Carcinogenic Essential Oils Should Not Be Used In
    Aromatherapy Undiluted- Safety and Ethics Copyright © Tony Burfield and Sylla Sheppard-Hanger (2005) [modified from a previous article “A Brief Safety Guidance on Essential Oils” written for IFA, Sept 2004]. Intro In the last 20 years aromatherapy has spread its influence to the household, toiletries and personal care areas: consumer products claiming to relax or invigorate our psyche’s have invaded our bathrooms, kitchen and living room areas. The numbers of therapists using essential oils in Europe and the USA has grown from a handful in the early 1980’s to thousands now worldwide. We have had time to add to our bank of knowledge on essential oils from reflecting on many decades of aromatherapeutic development and history, the collection of anecdotal information from practicing therapists, as well as from clinical & scientific investigations. We have also had enough time to consider the risks in employing essential oils in therapy. In the last twenty years, many more people have had accidents, been ‘burnt’, developed rashes, become allergic, and become sensitized to our beloved tools. Why is this? In this paper, we hope to shed light on this issue, clarify current safety findings, and discuss how Aromatherapists and those in the aromatherapy trade (suppliers, spas, etc.) can interpret this data for continued safe practice. After a refresher on current safety issues including carcinogenic and toxic oils, irritant and photo-toxic oils, we will look at allergens, oils without formal testing, pregnancy issues and medication interactions. We will address the increasing numbers of cases of sensitization and the effect of diluting essential oils.
    [Show full text]
  • White Birch Trees As Resource Species of Russia : Their Distribution, Ecophysiological Features, Multiple Utilizations
    Title White Birch Trees as Resource Species of Russia : Their Distribution, Ecophysiological Features, Multiple Utilizations Author(s) Zyryanova, Olga A.; Terazawa, Minoru; Koike, Takayoshi; Zyryanov, Vyacheslav I. Citation Eurasian Journal of Forest Research, 13(1), 25-40 Issue Date 2010-08 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/43853 Type bulletin (article) File Information EJFR13-1_004.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Eurasian J. For. Res. 13-1: 25-40 , 2010 © Hokkaido University Forests, EFRC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- White Birch Trees as Resource Species of Russia: Their Distribution, Ecophysiological Features, Multiple Utilizations 1＊ 2 3 1 ZYRYANOVA Olga A. , TERAZAWA Minoru , KOIKE Takayoshi and ZYRYANOV Vyacheslav I. 1 V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Academgorodok, 50, Bldg. 28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia 2 Emeritus Professor, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan, Universal Niuppu Organization, Bifuka Hokkaido 089-2208, Japan 3 Hokkaido University, Department of Forest Science, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan Abstract Four birch tree species (Betula costata, B. pendula, B. platyphylla, B. pubescens) are traditionally important resource species in Russia. In the article, we discuss their spatial and ecophysiological features, biochemical constituents of the living tissues of the birches such as the wood, outer and inner bark, twigs, leaves, buds, roots. The exudation, tapping periods and sap productivity, exudated birch sap and derived birch tar are also reviewed. We show numerous useful wooden, medicinal, tanning, coloring as well as feeding and decorative properties. Chaga – (Inonotus obliquus), a fungi-parasite developed on the stems of the birch trees, is mentioned to be famous due to its antitumor and/or especially anti-cancer activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Botanical Pesticides in Modern Plant Protection
    We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 5,400 133,000 165M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 154 TOP 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com 12 Use of Botanical Pesticides in Modern Plant Protection Kari Tiilikkala1, Isa Lindqvist1, Marleena Hagner2, Heikki Setälä2 and Dionyssios Perdikis3 1MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production 2Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki 3Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology 1,2Finland 3Greece 1. Introduction The European Union has made very clear political decisions to increase environmental awareness. A Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides was launched by the Commission of the European Communities in 2006. It was decided to minimize the hazards and risks to health and the environment caused by the use of plant protection products. In 2009, the European Parliament accepted a new framework directive on the sustainable use of pesticides. Directive 2009/128/EC fosters the development of plant protection and integrated pest management (IPM) in the EU. The directive states that “when pesticides are used, appropriate risk management measures should be established and low-risk pesticides as well as biological control measures should be considered in the first place“.
    [Show full text]
  • Our Foreign Trade in Chemicals
    840 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 12, NO. 9 The deposits of salt in the United States are unimportant. If the Geological Survey and the Agricultural De- The country possesses no really considerable salt industry partment will make the search they will earn the ever- but is supplied so far as interior consumption is concerned to lasting gratitude of the farmer, and release the strangle- a small extent by brine springs. hold which European potash has on this country. The principal supplies, however, are derived from England, Pending that time, the only hope for normally priced and the shores of Spain and Portugal. The same remark potash is for the final successful development of the applies to Canada. processes for recovering potash from greensand or This statement was probably made about 1860 to feldspar, one very large plant for which is nearing com- 1870 and was doubtless true then, but in 1887 the pletion ih New Jersey, which will produce potash United States produced over I,IOO,OOO tons; in 1900, of the highest grades of all salts required. By the z,8oo,ooo; and in 1,913,4,800,000 tons. Likewise the sale of its valuable by-product at ordinary prices its price of common salt in 1866 was about $13.00per ton, potash cost will be less than nothing. and in 1887, $3.50 per ton at the mines, while in 1913 The Government’s potash search reminds me of the it got as low as $2.00 per ton. golfer who, after losing the hole, looking for his ball When the potash deposits which are surely there are in the heavy “rough” where his unscrupulous opponent developed, $5 or $IO per ton for 80 per cent “thought it went,” finds it too late nicely placed in the muriate of potash will be a high price, and no greater fair green where “there was no use looking as it benefit can accrue to the farmer than this.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetal Grave Goods in a Female Burial on Bornholm (Denmark)
    Danish Journal of Archaeology, 2014 Vol. 3, No. 1, 52–60, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2014.994280 Vegetal grave goods in a female burial on Bornholm (Denmark) from the Late Roman Iron Age period interpreted in a comparative European perspective Sabine Karga,b*, Ulla Lund Hansenb, Anne Margrethe Walldénb, Jens Glastrupc, Henrik Ærenlund Pedersena and Finn Ole Sonne Nielsend aFaculty of Science, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen; bFaculty of Humanities, Saxo Institute, Department of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen; cConservation Department, National Museum of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby; dBornholms Museum, Rønne (Received 13 March 2014; accepted 21 November 2014) Knowledge about the healing properties of plant substances is probably as old as humankind, and this can be demonstrated by botanical finds in archaeological contexts. Southern Scandinavia has a long tradition of supplying deceased persons with vegetal material for use in their afterlife, as shown by single seeds or processed plants in the form of foods, drinks or medicines. A well- known example is the small container made of birch bark most probably filled with a kind of mead produced from honey, in the Egtved girl’scoffinafind which has been dated to the Early Bronze Age. Another fascinating plant discovery derives from the grave of the Fyrkat woman dated to the Viking Age: a handful seeds of the poisonous plant henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)wasfoundina small pocket fixedtothewoman’s belt. Plant materials enclosed in small amulet boxes are quite common and are frequently attached to necklaces that the deceased had certainly worn during their lives. In this article, we discuss the organic finds from a newly excavated amulet box which was discovered in a woman’s grave at the Late Roman Iron Age site of Vellensby, on the island of Bornholm.
    [Show full text]
  • 3OOVIP Shampoos "Improved Formula" Series
    Natural Health Technologies 3OOVIP Shampoos "improved formula" series 2015 3OOVIP — IMPROVED FORMULA VEDA is proud to present the updated series of grooming products aimed to provide hygienic care after the hair-coat covering of horses. IMPROVED FORMULA New active ingredients have been added to the shampoos composition: KERATIN — a biopolymer substance that is extracted from sheep's wool. It penetrates to the heart of the hair shaft, reconstructs and improves its structure. It protects the scalp from the negative effects of external environment, restores the damaged areas and recreates the natural keratin layer of the hair. CONIFEROUS CHLOROPHYLL-CAROTENE PASTE — a phytoncidal multivitamin complex that possesses beneficial properties for the hair and fur due to the presence of chlorophyll, phytosterols, and volatile. MILK WHEY — due to the content of vitamins, amino acids and minerals, promotes hair growth, strengthens and makes them shiny and elastic. DECOCTIONS OF HERBS (CHAMOMILE, NETTLE, BURDOCK) — the useful properties of theses infusions are caused by the content of many useful substances, minerals, essential oils and vitamins. They contribute to the strengthening of hair growth, strengthens the roots, improve the overall appearance. NEW PACKAGE DESIGN Before after All of the products from the updated 3OOVIP series are presented in a new package design: ► accurate and neat design in accordance with the brand style; ► the «silver horse» steps out as an element of continuity; ► a new updated modern 3OOVIP logo design; ► focus on the umbrella brand logo — VEDA; ► a mark "improved formula". Shampoo-balm revitalizing with tar and propolis The superconcentrated shampoo provides professional high quality hygienic care for the horse.
    [Show full text]
  • FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE PRIVATE BLEND OUD COLLECTION “I Have
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE PRIVATE BLEND OUD COLLECTION “I have wanted to revisit oud for years; it is one of the most endlessly fascinating ingredients in a perfumer’s palette. For this collection, I explored how oud could intertwine with other precious ingredients from the rich and storied culture and artisanal traditions of the Middle East.”—Tom Ford The Private Blend Oud Collection is an olfactory journey that explores three mesmerizing and sensual facets of oud. Two new oud fragrances join the best-selling fragrance, Private Blend Oud Wood, a groundbreaking composition of exotic woods and spices that is hailed as a definitive interpretation of oud. The new fragrances, Private Blend Oud Fleur and Private Blend Tobacco Oud, share the signature elements of the original Oud Wood—oud, sandalwood and patchouli—then follow two unique and contrasting directions. They give Tom Ford another opportunity to show his mastery of this rare and precious ingredient. The collection of three oud fragrances also offers three bath and body products that offer sumptuous new ways to wear this unforgettable note, creating a complete world of oud within Tom Ford Private Blend. Oud Wood Body Moisturizer, Oud Wood Shower Gel and Oud Wood Bath Soap are perfumed with the original Oud Wood fragrance. PRIVATE BLEND OUD WOOD Private Blend Oud Wood captures the most sophisticated, precious and highly regarded materials in the Middle East. Rich, elegant oud is paired with smoky birch tar and cistus heart, which impart a sultry, smoky effect reminiscent of burnt incense lingering in the air, further enhancing the fragrance’s depth and sensuality.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Tar in the Dnieper and Elbe Communities: Vi – Ii Millenium Bc
    WOOD TAR IN THE DNIEPER AND ELBE COMMUNITIES: VI – II MILLENIUM BC Sławomir Pietrzak VOLUME 17 • 2012 BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES 61-809 Poznań (Poland) Św. Marcin 78 Tel. 618294799, Fax 618294788 E-mail: [email protected] EDITOR Aleksander Kośko EDITORIAL COMMITEE Sophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska (Poznań), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lucyna Domańska (Łódź), Elena G. Kalechyts (Minsk), Viktor I. Klochko (Kiev), Jan Machnik (Kraków), Vitaliy V. Otroshchenko (Kiev), Ma- rzena Szmyt (Poznań), Petro Tolochko (Kiev) SECRETARY Marzena Szmyt SECRETARY OF VOLUME Danuta Żurkiewicz ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF EASTERN STUDIES INSTITUTE OF PREHISTORY Poznań 2012 ISBN 83-86094-17-6 ISSN 1231-0344 WOOD TAR IN THE DNIEPER AND ELBE COMMUNITIES: VI – II MILLENIUM BC Sławomir Pietrzak Translated by Ryszard J. Reisner VOLUME 17 • 2012 © Copyright by BPS and Authors All rights reserved Cover Design: Eugeniusz Skorwider Sławomir Pietrzak Printed in Poland Computer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu Printing: Zakłady Poligraficzne TMDRUK in Poznań CONTENTS Editor’s Foreword . 7 Editorial Comment . 8 Foreword from the Author . 9 Introduction . 11 1 . Study Objectives . 11 2 . Material Scope . 12 3 . Chorological and Chronological Scope . 13 4 . History of Research . 14 5 . Research Method and Methodology . 17 6 . Structure . 18 I . Evidence for Wood-Tar Production in Historic Times . 21 I .1 . Terminology: Definitions of the Terms ‘Wood Tar’ / ‘Wood-Tar Production’ . 21 I .2 . Wood Tar in Written Sources . 24 I .2 .1 . Production Process Evidence . 24 I .2 .2 . Application Evidence . 25 I .3 . Linguistic Evidence . 27 II . Techno-Archaeological Fundamentals of Wood-Tar Studies .
    [Show full text]
  • Roundtable Exhibitor Product Lists
    Roundtable Exhibitor Product Lists ADM/Alfrebo LLC • Pear Distillate • Cucumber Distillate • ACETALDEHYDE ETHYL cis-3-HEXENYL ACETAL Natural • OCTADIENAL 2,4 10% ETHYL ACETATE Natural • UNDECADIENAL 10% IN MCTG -2,4 Natural • Fusel Whiskey Bottoms Natural Advanced Biotech • 1655 2 Acetyl Pyrazine 5% ETOH Natural • 1513 Gamma Dodecalactone EU Natural • 1495 Vanillin ex Ferulic Acid Natural • 1569 Trans 2 Octenal Natural • 1284 Citrus Enhancer Natural • 6074 St. Johns Bread Solid Extract • 6072 Chicory Root Solid Extract • 1634 2,4 Decadienal 95% Natural • 7009 Honey Distillate Organic • 7022 Coconut Distillate Organic • NEW Citral Dimethyl Acetal Natural Aromiens International, Inc. 23601-R Gamma Decalactone Natural, Optical Active 30911-R Gamma Undecalactone Natural, Optical Active 24001-R Gamma Dodecalactone Natural, Optical Active 35901 Delta Tetradecalactone Natural 32911 Gamma Butyrolactone Natural 35841 1-Penten-3-ol Natural (Jitian) 27300 4-Methyl-2,3-pentanedione (Jitian) Bedoukian Cerezoate (BRI 512) in a Strawberry Flavored Water Honeyflor (BRI 123) in a Citrus/Honey Tea Dihydro Alpha Ionone (BRI 468) in a Raspberry Flavored Water 12-Methyl Tridecanal (BRI 284MCT) on blotter for odor evaluation Berjé, Inc. Blood Orange WS-23 Hop C02 Hop C02 Bitter Fraction Schinus Molle Coffee Oil Cedarwood Terpenes Birch Tar Rectified Bontoux, Inc. and Bontoux Organics Spearmint Absolute Ginger Oil Fresh Madagascar Lemon Oil Certified Organic Grapefruit Oil Certified Organic Rosemary Oil Certified Organic We will be showing all oils in application, and only showing neat oils (on blotters) if requested. Charkit Chemical Corp. 4-Methyl-2-Pentenoic Acid FEMA 4180 1-Penten-3-OL FEMA 3584 Methyl FurfurylthioPyrazine FEMA 3189 Methyl 2-methyl-3-furyl disulfide FEMA 3573 NATURALS: Acetylpyrazine Natural FEMA 3126 Butterscotch Furanone Natural FEMA 4101 Homofuraneol Natural FEMA 3623 White Cognac Oil Natural FEMA 2332 Dimethylpyrazines 2,5 Natural 50% FEMA 3272 Chemtex Showing: Ginger Oil Ext.
    [Show full text]
  • A Literature Review of Biological and Bio-Rational Control Strategies for Slugs: Current Research and Future Prospects
    insects Review A Literature Review of Biological and Bio-Rational Control Strategies for Slugs: Current Research and Future Prospects Archita Barua 1, Christopher D. Williams 2 and Jenna L. Ross 1,3,* 1 Crop Health and Protection Limited (CHAP), York Biotech Campus, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK; [email protected] 2 School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; [email protected] 3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Terrestrial molluscs (slugs and snails) pose a major threat to agriculture, causing severe yield losses in a wide range of crops worldwide. The limited number of chemical molluscicides on the market, along with their negative impact on nontarget organisms and the environment, make mollusc control a real concern for growers and farmers. Therefore, the exploration of alternative, effective and eco-friendly control measures has become a dire need. This study focuses on slugs, as opposed to snails, and reviews the literature on three natural enemies of slugs, namely nematodes, carabid beetles and marsh flies, along with various natural products with slug control potential (for example, essential oils), and this study contributes to providing a comprehensive understanding of how slugs can be better controlled by using nonchemical measures. In doing so, this study also draws attention to the limitations of current research and discusses some important future research avenues in order to develop effective nonchemical slug control measures. Citation: Barua, A.; Williams, C.D.; Ross, J.L.
    [Show full text]
  • New and Non-Official Remedies
    and New and Non-Official Remedies most of the other sugars and appears to be more com¬ pletely utilized by the diabetic organism than the other The following articles have been tentatively acceptez sugars. by the on Pharmacy Chemistry Council and of the Amer¬ It is recommended for the nutrition ican Medical Association for inclusion in the proposée and for sweeten¬ the food and drink of in annual, "New and Non-official Remedies." Their accept¬ ing diabetics, pulmonary tuber¬ ance has been based largely on evidence supplied by the culosis, infantile malnutrition and marasmus. manufacturer or his agent, but to some extent on inves¬ Dosage.—It is given in diabetes in of 30 daily quantities tigation made by or under the direction of the Council, to (¡0 Gin. (1 to 2 ounces) ; in grave forms of the dis¬ Ckiticisms and corrections are asked for to aid in the ease the amount is reduced to from 12 to 24 Gm. (3 to 6 revision of the matter before final acceptance and pub¬ drams) daily. lication in book form. Manufactured by Chemische Fabrik auf Actlen, vorm. E. Scher The Council desires physicians to understand that the ing. Berlin (Schering & Glatz, New York). U. S. trade-mark No acceptance of an article does not necessarily mean a 21,804. RECOMMENDATION, but that so far as known it COMPLIES DIONIN. WITH THE RULES ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL. ETHYL-MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE. W. A. CODETHYLINE PUCKNER, Secretary. HYDROCHLORIDE. (Continued from page 1021.) Dionin, C17H„NO(OH) (OC2HB)HCl + H„0 = CBEOSOTAL. (C]eH,403ClX -f H20,) is the hydrochloride of the ester of CREOSOTE CARBONATE.
    [Show full text]
  • Acute Toxicity of Birch Tar Oil on Aquatic Organisms
    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE Vol. 19 (2010): 24–33. Vol. 19(2010): 24–33. Acute toxicity of birch tar oil on aquatic organisms Marleena Hagner1, Olli-Pekka Penttinen1, Tiina Pasanen1, Kari Tiilikkala2 and Heikki Setälä1* 1Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland, *e-mail: [email protected] 2MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, Rillitie 1, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland Birch tar oil (BTO) is a by-product of processing birch wood in a pyrolysis system. Accumulating evidence suggests the suitability of BTO as a biocide or repellent in terrestrial environments for the control of weeds, insects, molluscs and rodents. Once applied as biocide, BTO may end up, either through run-off or leaching, in aquatic systems and may have adverse effects on non-target organisms. As very little is known about the toxicity of BTO to aquatic organisms, the present study investigated acute toxicity (LC50/EC50) of BTO for eight aquatic organisms. Bioassays with the Asellus aquaticus (crustacean), Lumbriculus variegatus (oligochaeta worm), Daphnia magna (crustacean), Lymnea sp. (mollusc), Lemna minor (vascular plant), Danio rerio (fish), Scenedesmus gracilis (algae), and Vibrio fischeri (bacterium) were performed accord- ing to ISO, OECD or USEPA-guidelines. The results indicated that BTO was practically nontoxic to most aquatic organisms as the median effective BTO concentrations against most organisms were > 150 mg l-1. In conclusion, our toxicity tests showed that aquatic organisms are to some extent, invariably sensitive to birch tar oil, but suggest that BTO does not pose a severe hazard to aquatic biota.
    [Show full text]