DOCSLIB.ORG

New and Non-Official Remedies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New and Non-Official Remedies and New and Non-Official Remedies most of the other sugars and appears to be more com¬ pletely utilized by the diabetic organism than the other The following articles have been tentatively acceptez sugars. by the on Pharmacy Chemistry Council and of the Amer¬ It is recommended for the nutrition ican Medical Association for inclusion in the proposée and for sweeten¬ the food and drink of in annual, "New and Non-official Remedies." Their accept¬ ing diabetics, pulmonary tuber¬ ance has been based largely on evidence supplied by the culosis, infantile malnutrition and marasmus. manufacturer or his agent, but to some extent on inves¬ Dosage.—It is given in diabetes in of 30 daily quantities tigation made by or under the direction of the Council, to (¡0 Gin. (1 to 2 ounces) ; in grave forms of the dis¬ Ckiticisms and corrections are asked for to aid in the ease the amount is reduced to from 12 to 24 Gm. (3 to 6 revision of the matter before final acceptance and pub¬ drams) daily. lication in book form. Manufactured by Chemische Fabrik auf Actlen, vorm. E. Scher The Council desires physicians to understand that the ing. Berlin (Schering & Glatz, New York). U. S. trade-mark No acceptance of an article does not necessarily mean a 21,804. RECOMMENDATION, but that so far as known it COMPLIES DIONIN. WITH THE RULES ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL. ETHYL-MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE. W. A. CODETHYLINE PUCKNER, Secretary. HYDROCHLORIDE. (Continued from page 1021.) Dionin, C17H„NO(OH) (OC2HB)HCl + H„0 = CBEOSOTAL. (C]eH,403ClX -f H20,) is the hydrochloride of the ester of CREOSOTE CARBONATE. ethyl morphine. It is prepared by the action of ethyl iodide on morphine in the Creosotal is a mixture of carbonic acid analo¬ presence of alkali, the basic product being purified by crystalliza esters, tlon from hoi alcubol, dissolving the crystals in hydrochloric acid gous to guaiacol carbonate, from creosote. and crystallizing. prepared It is a white, It is a microscopically crystalline powder, odorless and prepared by passing current of carbonyl chloride into only bitter. It is In a solution of creosote in sodium hydroxide, and the slightly soluble about 7 parts of water and purifying oily in 2 parts ol alcohol, insoluble in etber and in chloroform. It product by washing with weak soda solution and with water. melts It Is a completely with decomposition at 125° C. (257° yellowish, thick, honey-like, perfectly clear and trans¬ It gives the usual ¥.). liquid, 92 cent, of it Is odorless reactions for alkaloids: It is distinguished parent containing per creosote, from salts its and has a bland oily taste. It is insoluble In water, but soluble morphine by insolubility in excess of alkali, and in benzene and in by not producing an immediate blue color, but alcohol, ether, chloroform, fixed oils. a gradually develop The addition of a few of ferric solution the ing blue-green coloration, when Its solution is added to dilute drops' chloride to solution solution should cause ferric chloride containing a fragment of potassium ferri alcoholic not any change In color. On cyanide. boiling with potassium hydroxide solution the odor of creosote Is evolved. It Is Incompatible with alkalies and their carbonates and It is incompatible with alkalies. alkaloldal reagents, as potassio-mercurie iodide, tannic acid, boiling picric acid, etc. Actions and as Uses.-—Creosotal has the same action Actions and Uses.—It creosote, but is claimed to be non-toxic and devoid of is claimed that this compound acts like without nau¬ irritant It is recommended as a substitute morphine producing constipation, properties. sea or lassitude. is for creosote for internal exhibition in It the conclusion of some good ob¬ tuberculosis, servers that it no over and as an intestinal possesses advantage codeine. Ap¬ pneumonia, antiseptic. to the it causes a 0.3 to 2.0 Gm. to 30 for plied eye, local vaso-dilation, leading Dosage.—From (5 grains) to acute edema. children, to 1 to 4 Gm. to 60 for adults in conjunctival (15 grains) Dionin is recommended to relieve in milk, coffee, wine, cod-liver oil or emulsion. Externally pain, especially it may be undiluted. respiratory affections, as an antispasmodic in whooping- applied for insomnia and in the treatment of Manufactured by Farbenfabriken, vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co., cough, externally Elberfeld. Germany (Continental Color & Chemical Co. New York). corneal affections, conjunctivitis, iritis, etc. Fabrik von Ilevden, Radebeul, near Dresden. German patent No. S8.129; U. S. patent No. 501,235; U. S. trademark. Dosage.—0.015 to Ò.06 Gm. (V4 to 1 grain). Ex¬ it is in 10 to 20 cent, solutions. DENTALONE. ternally applied per Manufactured bv B. Merck, Darmstadt. (Merck & Co., Ne» A saturated solution of chloretone (which see) in a liquid York). German patents Nos. 102,654, 107,225, and 108,075. U. S composed of oil of cloves, oil of gaultheria and oil of cassia, trademark. and containing 30 per cent, of chloretone. It is a reddish-brown oily liquid of characteristic odor and taste. BIUEETIN. Actions and Uses.—Dentalone possesses pronounced A name applied to theobromine-sodium salicylate. anesthetic properties and is intended for use by dentists which see. in the treatment of exposed nerves in teeth. Manufactured by Knoll & Co., Ludwigshafen, Germany (E. Merck decayed & Co., New York). Prepared by Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. Ü. S. trademark. DTJOTAL. DERMATOL. A name applied to Guaiacolis Carbonas, TJ. S. P. A name to Bismuthi U. S. P. applied Subgallas, Manufactured by Farbenfabriken, vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co.. Manufactured by Meister, Lucius & Bruening, Hoechst a. M Elberfeld. Germani· (Continental Oolor * Chemical Co., New York) (Victor Koechl & Co., New York). U. S. patent No. 466,913. TJ. S. trademark. DIABETIN. DIJOTONOL. LEVULOSE. FRUIT SUGAR. FRUCTOSE. A name applied to a mixture of equal parts of calcium tonol and sodium tonol. (See Diahetin is tonols.) a pure, crystallized fructose (lévulose), Actions and Uses and Dosage.—See CH.OH.CHOH.CHOH.CHOH.CO.CH.OH = CeH1200, Glycerophos- absolutely free from dextrose phates. (ordinary glucose). Manufactured by Chemische Fabrik auf Actien. vorm E. Schering, It Is prepared from invert sugar by precipitation as caicium Berlin (Schering & Glatz, New York). TJ. S. trademark. salt, decomposing the precipitate with carlMtnlc acid, and crystal¬ lizing It is a colorless, odorless, slightly hygroscopic, crystal¬ ELIXIR EUPNEIN. line powder, having a sweet taste comparable with that nf ordi¬ cane It Is nary sugar (saccharose). readily soluble in water and COMPOUND ELIXIR OF HEROIN, CREOSOTE AND TERPIN in diluted alcohol, slightly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in absolute alcohol and in ether. HYDRATE, SCHIEFFELIN. Its aqueous solution reduces Fehlirg's solution and rotates the ray of polarized light to the left (—90.2). A preparation said to contain in each dose of 8 Cc. (2 flnidramsi : heroin 0.0026 Gm. (1/24 grain), terpin hydrate 0.13 Actions and Uses.—Lévulose is metabolized in the Gm. (2 grains), creosote 0.3 Gm. (5 grains), in a menstruum other containing 30 per cent, of alcohol with glycerin and aromatic body by agencies than those that act on dextrose essential oils. Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a Oakland University User on 05/31/2015 Actions and Uses.—From its composition it appears Dosage.—It is used externally only in the form of 5 to be well adapted to use in chronic cough from bron¬ to 20 per cent, ointment, with petrolatum or wool fat chitis, etc. (lanolin) as base, or in the form of oily or alcoholic so¬ Dosage.—4 to 12 Cc. (1 to 3 fluidrams). lutions (10 percent.). Prepared by Schieffelin & Co., New York. U. S. trademark No. Manufactured by Farbenfabriken, vorm. Frtedr. Bayer & Co., 36.419. Elberfeld. Germany (Continental Color & Chemical Co., New York). TJ. S. patent applied for. ELIXIR SAW PALMETTO. EBYTHEOL TETRANITRATE. ELIXIR SABALI, SANTALI, ET ZEJE MAIDIS. EIÎYTIIROL NITRATE. TETÜANITROL, A preparation said to represent In each 30 Cc. (tlitidounce) : Saw palmetto benies 8 Gm. (120 grains): sandalwood 2 Gm. is f30 grains; ; and cornsilk S Gm. (12u grains). Erythrol tetranitrate, CJI„(N03)4=C4IIe012N4, It is stated to contain 30.7 per cent, of alcohol. the tetranitrate of erythrite or butane-tetrol, C4Il6(OH)4. and It is obtained by the nitration of the tetratomic alcohol erv-- Actions Uses.—The constituents of this prepara¬ thiite. tion are credited with diuretic properties and believed It forms colorless crystalline scales. Insoluble In cold water, be tract and to exert a readily soluble in alcohul. melting at (¡Io C. (141.8° F.). On to sedative to the genitourinary percussion it explodes much tike nitroglycerin. curative action on the inflamed mucous membrane, espe¬ Actions and Uses.—-It is a vasodilator and in chronic cases. antispas- cially modic, like Its action is slower and more to lü Cc. to 4 three times nitroglycerin. Dosage—4 (1 fluidrams) lasting; it begins in 15 minutes and persists for three or a day. four hours. Prepared by Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. It is recommended in angina pectoris and cardiac dis¬ EMPYROFORM. eases. It is reported as especially useful as a prophylac¬ tic in preventing anginal pain. Empyroform is a condensation product of birch tar Dosage.—Because of its explosiveness it is marketed and formaldehyde. in the form of tablets, each 0.03 Gm. the hlrch tar is boiled with containing (% According to patent specifications or formaldehyde solution and the hot liquid poured into hydrochloric grain). One two tablets every four to six hours. acid. When cold, the solid niass is collected and washed until Manufactured by E. Merck, Darmstadt (Merck & Co., New York). free from acid. German patent >-o. 81.664. It is a grayish-brown, almost odor'ess powder, insoluble in water, but readily soluble in solution» of caustic alkalies, in ace¬ tone, and in chloroform.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Following Carcinogenic Essential Oils Should Not Be Used In
    Aromatherapy Undiluted- Safety and Ethics Copyright © Tony Burfield and Sylla Sheppard-Hanger (2005) [modified from a previous article “A Brief Safety Guidance on Essential Oils” written for IFA, Sept 2004]. Intro In the last 20 years aromatherapy has spread its influence to the household, toiletries and personal care areas: consumer products claiming to relax or invigorate our psyche’s have invaded our bathrooms, kitchen and living room areas. The numbers of therapists using essential oils in Europe and the USA has grown from a handful in the early 1980’s to thousands now worldwide. We have had time to add to our bank of knowledge on essential oils from reflecting on many decades of aromatherapeutic development and history, the collection of anecdotal information from practicing therapists, as well as from clinical & scientific investigations. We have also had enough time to consider the risks in employing essential oils in therapy. In the last twenty years, many more people have had accidents, been ‘burnt’, developed rashes, become allergic, and become sensitized to our beloved tools. Why is this? In this paper, we hope to shed light on this issue, clarify current safety findings, and discuss how Aromatherapists and those in the aromatherapy trade (suppliers, spas, etc.) can interpret this data for continued safe practice. After a refresher on current safety issues including carcinogenic and toxic oils, irritant and photo-toxic oils, we will look at allergens, oils without formal testing, pregnancy issues and medication interactions. We will address the increasing numbers of cases of sensitization and the effect of diluting essential oils.
    [Show full text]
  • White Birch Trees As Resource Species of Russia : Their Distribution, Ecophysiological Features, Multiple Utilizations
    Title White Birch Trees as Resource Species of Russia : Their Distribution, Ecophysiological Features, Multiple Utilizations Author(s) Zyryanova, Olga A.; Terazawa, Minoru; Koike, Takayoshi; Zyryanov, Vyacheslav I. Citation Eurasian Journal of Forest Research, 13(1), 25-40 Issue Date 2010-08 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/43853 Type bulletin (article) File Information EJFR13-1_004.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Eurasian J. For. Res. 13-1: 25-40 , 2010 © Hokkaido University Forests, EFRC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- White Birch Trees as Resource Species of Russia: Their Distribution, Ecophysiological Features, Multiple Utilizations 1＊ 2 3 1 ZYRYANOVA Olga A. , TERAZAWA Minoru , KOIKE Takayoshi and ZYRYANOV Vyacheslav I. 1 V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Academgorodok, 50, Bldg. 28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia 2 Emeritus Professor, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan, Universal Niuppu Organization, Bifuka Hokkaido 089-2208, Japan 3 Hokkaido University, Department of Forest Science, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan Abstract Four birch tree species (Betula costata, B. pendula, B. platyphylla, B. pubescens) are traditionally important resource species in Russia. In the article, we discuss their spatial and ecophysiological features, biochemical constituents of the living tissues of the birches such as the wood, outer and inner bark, twigs, leaves, buds, roots. The exudation, tapping periods and sap productivity, exudated birch sap and derived birch tar are also reviewed. We show numerous useful wooden, medicinal, tanning, coloring as well as feeding and decorative properties. Chaga – (Inonotus obliquus), a fungi-parasite developed on the stems of the birch trees, is mentioned to be famous due to its antitumor and/or especially anti-cancer activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Botanical Pesticides in Modern Plant Protection
    We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 5,400 133,000 165M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 154 TOP 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com 12 Use of Botanical Pesticides in Modern Plant Protection Kari Tiilikkala1, Isa Lindqvist1, Marleena Hagner2, Heikki Setälä2 and Dionyssios Perdikis3 1MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production 2Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki 3Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology 1,2Finland 3Greece 1. Introduction The European Union has made very clear political decisions to increase environmental awareness. A Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides was launched by the Commission of the European Communities in 2006. It was decided to minimize the hazards and risks to health and the environment caused by the use of plant protection products. In 2009, the European Parliament accepted a new framework directive on the sustainable use of pesticides. Directive 2009/128/EC fosters the development of plant protection and integrated pest management (IPM) in the EU. The directive states that “when pesticides are used, appropriate risk management measures should be established and low-risk pesticides as well as biological control measures should be considered in the first place“.
    [Show full text]
  • Our Foreign Trade in Chemicals
    840 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 12, NO. 9 The deposits of salt in the United States are unimportant. If the Geological Survey and the Agricultural De- The country possesses no really considerable salt industry partment will make the search they will earn the ever- but is supplied so far as interior consumption is concerned to lasting gratitude of the farmer, and release the strangle- a small extent by brine springs. hold which European potash has on this country. The principal supplies, however, are derived from England, Pending that time, the only hope for normally priced and the shores of Spain and Portugal. The same remark potash is for the final successful development of the applies to Canada. processes for recovering potash from greensand or This statement was probably made about 1860 to feldspar, one very large plant for which is nearing com- 1870 and was doubtless true then, but in 1887 the pletion ih New Jersey, which will produce potash United States produced over I,IOO,OOO tons; in 1900, of the highest grades of all salts required. By the z,8oo,ooo; and in 1,913,4,800,000 tons. Likewise the sale of its valuable by-product at ordinary prices its price of common salt in 1866 was about $13.00per ton, potash cost will be less than nothing. and in 1887, $3.50 per ton at the mines, while in 1913 The Government’s potash search reminds me of the it got as low as $2.00 per ton. golfer who, after losing the hole, looking for his ball When the potash deposits which are surely there are in the heavy “rough” where his unscrupulous opponent developed, $5 or $IO per ton for 80 per cent “thought it went,” finds it too late nicely placed in the muriate of potash will be a high price, and no greater fair green where “there was no use looking as it benefit can accrue to the farmer than this.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetal Grave Goods in a Female Burial on Bornholm (Denmark)
    Danish Journal of Archaeology, 2014 Vol. 3, No. 1, 52–60, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2014.994280 Vegetal grave goods in a female burial on Bornholm (Denmark) from the Late Roman Iron Age period interpreted in a comparative European perspective Sabine Karga,b*, Ulla Lund Hansenb, Anne Margrethe Walldénb, Jens Glastrupc, Henrik Ærenlund Pedersena and Finn Ole Sonne Nielsend aFaculty of Science, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen; bFaculty of Humanities, Saxo Institute, Department of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen; cConservation Department, National Museum of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby; dBornholms Museum, Rønne (Received 13 March 2014; accepted 21 November 2014) Knowledge about the healing properties of plant substances is probably as old as humankind, and this can be demonstrated by botanical finds in archaeological contexts. Southern Scandinavia has a long tradition of supplying deceased persons with vegetal material for use in their afterlife, as shown by single seeds or processed plants in the form of foods, drinks or medicines. A well- known example is the small container made of birch bark most probably filled with a kind of mead produced from honey, in the Egtved girl’scoffinafind which has been dated to the Early Bronze Age. Another fascinating plant discovery derives from the grave of the Fyrkat woman dated to the Viking Age: a handful seeds of the poisonous plant henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)wasfoundina small pocket fixedtothewoman’s belt. Plant materials enclosed in small amulet boxes are quite common and are frequently attached to necklaces that the deceased had certainly worn during their lives. In this article, we discuss the organic finds from a newly excavated amulet box which was discovered in a woman’s grave at the Late Roman Iron Age site of Vellensby, on the island of Bornholm.
    [Show full text]
  • 3OOVIP Shampoos "Improved Formula" Series
    Natural Health Technologies 3OOVIP Shampoos "improved formula" series 2015 3OOVIP — IMPROVED FORMULA VEDA is proud to present the updated series of grooming products aimed to provide hygienic care after the hair-coat covering of horses. IMPROVED FORMULA New active ingredients have been added to the shampoos composition: KERATIN — a biopolymer substance that is extracted from sheep's wool. It penetrates to the heart of the hair shaft, reconstructs and improves its structure. It protects the scalp from the negative effects of external environment, restores the damaged areas and recreates the natural keratin layer of the hair. CONIFEROUS CHLOROPHYLL-CAROTENE PASTE — a phytoncidal multivitamin complex that possesses beneficial properties for the hair and fur due to the presence of chlorophyll, phytosterols, and volatile. MILK WHEY — due to the content of vitamins, amino acids and minerals, promotes hair growth, strengthens and makes them shiny and elastic. DECOCTIONS OF HERBS (CHAMOMILE, NETTLE, BURDOCK) — the useful properties of theses infusions are caused by the content of many useful substances, minerals, essential oils and vitamins. They contribute to the strengthening of hair growth, strengthens the roots, improve the overall appearance. NEW PACKAGE DESIGN Before after All of the products from the updated 3OOVIP series are presented in a new package design: ► accurate and neat design in accordance with the brand style; ► the «silver horse» steps out as an element of continuity; ► a new updated modern 3OOVIP logo design; ► focus on the umbrella brand logo — VEDA; ► a mark "improved formula". Shampoo-balm revitalizing with tar and propolis The superconcentrated shampoo provides professional high quality hygienic care for the horse.
    [Show full text]
  • FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE PRIVATE BLEND OUD COLLECTION “I Have
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE PRIVATE BLEND OUD COLLECTION “I have wanted to revisit oud for years; it is one of the most endlessly fascinating ingredients in a perfumer’s palette. For this collection, I explored how oud could intertwine with other precious ingredients from the rich and storied culture and artisanal traditions of the Middle East.”—Tom Ford The Private Blend Oud Collection is an olfactory journey that explores three mesmerizing and sensual facets of oud. Two new oud fragrances join the best-selling fragrance, Private Blend Oud Wood, a groundbreaking composition of exotic woods and spices that is hailed as a definitive interpretation of oud. The new fragrances, Private Blend Oud Fleur and Private Blend Tobacco Oud, share the signature elements of the original Oud Wood—oud, sandalwood and patchouli—then follow two unique and contrasting directions. They give Tom Ford another opportunity to show his mastery of this rare and precious ingredient. The collection of three oud fragrances also offers three bath and body products that offer sumptuous new ways to wear this unforgettable note, creating a complete world of oud within Tom Ford Private Blend. Oud Wood Body Moisturizer, Oud Wood Shower Gel and Oud Wood Bath Soap are perfumed with the original Oud Wood fragrance. PRIVATE BLEND OUD WOOD Private Blend Oud Wood captures the most sophisticated, precious and highly regarded materials in the Middle East. Rich, elegant oud is paired with smoky birch tar and cistus heart, which impart a sultry, smoky effect reminiscent of burnt incense lingering in the air, further enhancing the fragrance’s depth and sensuality.
    [Show full text]
  • Betula Lenta L
    Betula lenta L. Betulaceae Cherry birch, Sweet birch, Black birch Source: James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished. 1. Uses 2. Folk Medicine 3. Chemistry 4. Toxicity 5. Description 6. Germplasm 7. Distribution 8. Ecology 9. Cultivation 10. Harvesting 11. Yields and Economics 12. Energy 13. Biotic Factors 14. References Uses A beer is made from birch bark. Fernald et al., (1958) quote an old English recipe for the beer: "To every Gallon of Birch-water put a quart of Honey, well stirr'd together; then boil it almost an hour with a few Cloves, and a little Limon-peel, keeping it well scumm'd. When it is sufficiently boil'd, and become cold, add to it three or four Spoonfuls of good Ale to make it work...and when the Test begins to settle, bottle it up . it is gentle, and very harmless in operation within the body, and exceedingly sharpens the Appetite, being drunk ante pastum." According to Grieve (1931), Kamschatka natives drink the sap without previous fermentation. In Spring, the inner bark can be cut up into noodle-sized strips and cooked as birch "noodles." Like maple sap, the sap can be used for honey, syrup, or sugar after boiling down. Wood used by cabinet makers. The oil distilled from the wood is insectifugal and can be used to preserve furs. Sweet Birch oil is used as a counter irritant for arthralgia and neuralgia, usually in balms, liniments, and ointments. It is used to impart a wintergreen flavor in such things as baked goods, candies, chewing gums, dairy desserts, gelatins, puddings, and root beer, rarely constituting as much as 0.1% of candy (Leung, 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Tar in the Dnieper and Elbe Communities: Vi – Ii Millenium Bc
    WOOD TAR IN THE DNIEPER AND ELBE COMMUNITIES: VI – II MILLENIUM BC Sławomir Pietrzak VOLUME 17 • 2012 BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES 61-809 Poznań (Poland) Św. Marcin 78 Tel. 618294799, Fax 618294788 E-mail: [email protected] EDITOR Aleksander Kośko EDITORIAL COMMITEE Sophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska (Poznań), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lucyna Domańska (Łódź), Elena G. Kalechyts (Minsk), Viktor I. Klochko (Kiev), Jan Machnik (Kraków), Vitaliy V. Otroshchenko (Kiev), Ma- rzena Szmyt (Poznań), Petro Tolochko (Kiev) SECRETARY Marzena Szmyt SECRETARY OF VOLUME Danuta Żurkiewicz ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF EASTERN STUDIES INSTITUTE OF PREHISTORY Poznań 2012 ISBN 83-86094-17-6 ISSN 1231-0344 WOOD TAR IN THE DNIEPER AND ELBE COMMUNITIES: VI – II MILLENIUM BC Sławomir Pietrzak Translated by Ryszard J. Reisner VOLUME 17 • 2012 © Copyright by BPS and Authors All rights reserved Cover Design: Eugeniusz Skorwider Sławomir Pietrzak Printed in Poland Computer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu Printing: Zakłady Poligraficzne TMDRUK in Poznań CONTENTS Editor’s Foreword . 7 Editorial Comment . 8 Foreword from the Author . 9 Introduction . 11 1 . Study Objectives . 11 2 . Material Scope . 12 3 . Chorological and Chronological Scope . 13 4 . History of Research . 14 5 . Research Method and Methodology . 17 6 . Structure . 18 I . Evidence for Wood-Tar Production in Historic Times . 21 I .1 . Terminology: Definitions of the Terms ‘Wood Tar’ / ‘Wood-Tar Production’ . 21 I .2 . Wood Tar in Written Sources . 24 I .2 .1 . Production Process Evidence . 24 I .2 .2 . Application Evidence . 25 I .3 . Linguistic Evidence . 27 II . Techno-Archaeological Fundamentals of Wood-Tar Studies .
    [Show full text]
  • Roundtable Exhibitor Product Lists
    Roundtable Exhibitor Product Lists ADM/Alfrebo LLC • Pear Distillate • Cucumber Distillate • ACETALDEHYDE ETHYL cis-3-HEXENYL ACETAL Natural • OCTADIENAL 2,4 10% ETHYL ACETATE Natural • UNDECADIENAL 10% IN MCTG -2,4 Natural • Fusel Whiskey Bottoms Natural Advanced Biotech • 1655 2 Acetyl Pyrazine 5% ETOH Natural • 1513 Gamma Dodecalactone EU Natural • 1495 Vanillin ex Ferulic Acid Natural • 1569 Trans 2 Octenal Natural • 1284 Citrus Enhancer Natural • 6074 St. Johns Bread Solid Extract • 6072 Chicory Root Solid Extract • 1634 2,4 Decadienal 95% Natural • 7009 Honey Distillate Organic • 7022 Coconut Distillate Organic • NEW Citral Dimethyl Acetal Natural Aromiens International, Inc. 23601-R Gamma Decalactone Natural, Optical Active 30911-R Gamma Undecalactone Natural, Optical Active 24001-R Gamma Dodecalactone Natural, Optical Active 35901 Delta Tetradecalactone Natural 32911 Gamma Butyrolactone Natural 35841 1-Penten-3-ol Natural (Jitian) 27300 4-Methyl-2,3-pentanedione (Jitian) Bedoukian Cerezoate (BRI 512) in a Strawberry Flavored Water Honeyflor (BRI 123) in a Citrus/Honey Tea Dihydro Alpha Ionone (BRI 468) in a Raspberry Flavored Water 12-Methyl Tridecanal (BRI 284MCT) on blotter for odor evaluation Berjé, Inc. Blood Orange WS-23 Hop C02 Hop C02 Bitter Fraction Schinus Molle Coffee Oil Cedarwood Terpenes Birch Tar Rectified Bontoux, Inc. and Bontoux Organics Spearmint Absolute Ginger Oil Fresh Madagascar Lemon Oil Certified Organic Grapefruit Oil Certified Organic Rosemary Oil Certified Organic We will be showing all oils in application, and only showing neat oils (on blotters) if requested. Charkit Chemical Corp. 4-Methyl-2-Pentenoic Acid FEMA 4180 1-Penten-3-OL FEMA 3584 Methyl FurfurylthioPyrazine FEMA 3189 Methyl 2-methyl-3-furyl disulfide FEMA 3573 NATURALS: Acetylpyrazine Natural FEMA 3126 Butterscotch Furanone Natural FEMA 4101 Homofuraneol Natural FEMA 3623 White Cognac Oil Natural FEMA 2332 Dimethylpyrazines 2,5 Natural 50% FEMA 3272 Chemtex Showing: Ginger Oil Ext.
    [Show full text]
  • A Literature Review of Biological and Bio-Rational Control Strategies for Slugs: Current Research and Future Prospects
    insects Review A Literature Review of Biological and Bio-Rational Control Strategies for Slugs: Current Research and Future Prospects Archita Barua 1, Christopher D. Williams 2 and Jenna L. Ross 1,3,* 1 Crop Health and Protection Limited (CHAP), York Biotech Campus, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK; [email protected] 2 School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; [email protected] 3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Terrestrial molluscs (slugs and snails) pose a major threat to agriculture, causing severe yield losses in a wide range of crops worldwide. The limited number of chemical molluscicides on the market, along with their negative impact on nontarget organisms and the environment, make mollusc control a real concern for growers and farmers. Therefore, the exploration of alternative, effective and eco-friendly control measures has become a dire need. This study focuses on slugs, as opposed to snails, and reviews the literature on three natural enemies of slugs, namely nematodes, carabid beetles and marsh flies, along with various natural products with slug control potential (for example, essential oils), and this study contributes to providing a comprehensive understanding of how slugs can be better controlled by using nonchemical measures. In doing so, this study also draws attention to the limitations of current research and discusses some important future research avenues in order to develop effective nonchemical slug control measures. Citation: Barua, A.; Williams, C.D.; Ross, J.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Acute Toxicity of Birch Tar Oil on Aquatic Organisms
    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE Vol. 19 (2010): 24–33. Vol. 19(2010): 24–33. Acute toxicity of birch tar oil on aquatic organisms Marleena Hagner1, Olli-Pekka Penttinen1, Tiina Pasanen1, Kari Tiilikkala2 and Heikki Setälä1* 1Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland, *e-mail: [email protected] 2MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, Rillitie 1, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland Birch tar oil (BTO) is a by-product of processing birch wood in a pyrolysis system. Accumulating evidence suggests the suitability of BTO as a biocide or repellent in terrestrial environments for the control of weeds, insects, molluscs and rodents. Once applied as biocide, BTO may end up, either through run-off or leaching, in aquatic systems and may have adverse effects on non-target organisms. As very little is known about the toxicity of BTO to aquatic organisms, the present study investigated acute toxicity (LC50/EC50) of BTO for eight aquatic organisms. Bioassays with the Asellus aquaticus (crustacean), Lumbriculus variegatus (oligochaeta worm), Daphnia magna (crustacean), Lymnea sp. (mollusc), Lemna minor (vascular plant), Danio rerio (fish), Scenedesmus gracilis (algae), and Vibrio fischeri (bacterium) were performed accord- ing to ISO, OECD or USEPA-guidelines. The results indicated that BTO was practically nontoxic to most aquatic organisms as the median effective BTO concentrations against most organisms were > 150 mg l-1. In conclusion, our toxicity tests showed that aquatic organisms are to some extent, invariably sensitive to birch tar oil, but suggest that BTO does not pose a severe hazard to aquatic biota.
    [Show full text]