Revised Land and Resource Management Plan United States Department of Agriculture Sumter National Forest Service Southern Region

Management Bulletin R8-MB 116A January 2004 Revised Land and Resource Management Plan

Sumter National Forest

Abbeville, Chester, Edgefield, Fairfield, Greenwood, Laurens, McCormick, Newberry, Oconee, Saluda, and Union Counties

Responsible Agency: USDA–Forest Service

Responsible Official: Robert Jacobs, Regional USDA–Forest Service Southern Region 1720 Peachtree Road, NW Atlanta, GA 33067-9102

For Information Contact: Jerome Thomas, Forest Supervisor 4931 Road Columbia, SC 29212-3530 Telephone: (803) 561-4000

January 2004 The picnic shelter on the cover was originally named the Charles Suber Recreational Unit and was planned in 1936. The lake and picnic area including a shelter were built in 1938-1939. The original shelter was found inadequate and a modified model B-3500 shelter was constructed probably by the CCC from camp F-6 in 1941. The name of the recreation area was changed in 1956 to Molly’s Rock Picnic Area, which was the local unofficial name. The name originates from a sheltered place between and under two huge boulders once inhabited by an African- American woman named Molly. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 — Introduction To The Forest Plan

Purpose of the Forest Plan ...... 1-1 Relationship of the Forest Plan to Other Documents Plan Structure ...... 1-1 Plan Structure ...... 1-2 Forest Description ...... 1-2 Summary of the Analysis of Management Situation ...... 1-3 Summary of the Issues ...... 1-3

Chapter 2 — Forestwide Direction

Riparian Area Management, Water Quality, Aquatic Habitats, Soil and Air ...... 2-1 Wildlife Habitat and Vegetation ...... 2-5 Proposed, Endangered, Threatened, Sensitive, (PETS) and Locally-rare Species ...... 2-8 Special Areas, Rare Communities and Old Growth ...... 2-9 Forest Health ...... 2-11 products and Special Forest Products ...... 2-15 Fire Management ...... 2-18 Recreation—Developed, Dispersed and Backcountry ...... 2-21 Roadless Areas and Wilderness Management ...... 2-23 Wild and Scenic Rivers ...... 2-24 Aesthetics/Scenery Management ...... 2-26 Heritage Resources ...... 2-27 Minerals and Geology ...... 2-28 Access and Road Management ...... 2-29 Lands and Special Uses ...... 2-30 Chapter 3 – Management Prescriptions

1A—Designated Wilderness Area ...... 3-1 1B—Recommended Wilderness Study Areas ...... 3-6 2A—Chattooga Wild and Scenic River Corridor ...... 3-8 2A1—Designated Wild River Segments () ...... 3-13 2A2—Designated Scenic River Segments (Chattooga River) ...... 3-15 2A3—Designated Recreational River Segments (Chattooga River) ...... 3-16 4D—Botanical / Zoological Areas ...... 3-18 4F—Scenic Areas ...... 3-19 4G1—Calhoun Experimental Forest ...... 3-20 5A—Administrative Sites ...... 3-21 5B—Designated Communication/Electronic Sites ...... 3-21 5C—Designated Utility Corridors ...... 3-22 6C —Old Growth Areas managed with a Mix of Natural Processes and Restoration Activities ...... 3-22 7A—Scenic Byway Corridor ...... 3-23 7D—Concentrated Recreation Zone ...... 3-24 7E1—Dispersed Recreation Areas ...... 3-25 7E2—Dispersed Recreation Areas with Vegetation Management ...... 3-26 8A1—Mix of Successional Forest Habitats ...... 3-27 8B2—Woodland and Grassland/Savanna Habitats ...... 3-29 9A3—Watershed Restoration Areas ...... 3-31 9F—Rare Communities ...... 3-32 9G2—Restoration of Upland Oak-Hickory and Mixed Pine-Oak-Hickory ...... 3-37 10B—High Quality Forest Products (Piedmont Only) ...... 3-38 11—Riparian Corridors ...... 3-39 12A—Remote Backcountry Recreation—Few Roads ...... 3-44

Chapter 4 – Management Areas

Management Area 1—Turkey Creek and Upper Stevens Creek ...... 4-2 Management Area 2—Chattooga River ...... 4-5 Management Area 3—Blue Ridge Foothills ...... 4-8 Management Area 4—Piedmont ...... 4-10

Chapter 5 — Implementation

Interpretation of Desired Condition Percentages of Successional Habitat ...... 5-1 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 5-2 Appendixes

Appendix A—Relevant Statues, Regulations, Policies and Agreements

Appendix B—Glossary

Appendix C—Riparian Corridors

Appendix D—Suitability for Timber Production and Timber Sale Program

Appendix E —Monitoring Summary Table

Appendix F—Possible Outputs and Activities for the First 10 Years (Average Annual)

Appendix G—Mining Proposal Evaluation Process

Appendix H—Vegetation Management Practices

Appendix I—Resource Maps Preface

This Revised Land and Resource Management was developed and defines goals, objectives and Plan (Forest Plan) has been prepared according standards. Followed by the specific goals, to Secretary of Agriculture regulations (36 CFR objectives and standards. 219) which are based on the Forest and The “ Management Prescriptions” section Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act provides 27 unique land allocations on the (RPA) as amended by the National Forest Sumter. Within this section, management Management Act of 1976 (NFMA). The Forest prescriptions are defined. Each prescription Plan has also been developed in accordance with includes an emphasis, desired condition, regulations (40 CFR 1500) for implementing the objectives (if needed) and standards (if needed). National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 At the beginning of this section you will find a (NEPA). A detailed statement (Environmental map showing the location of each prescription Impact Statement) has been prepared as required and the acreage. by NFMA (36 CFR 219.10). The Forest Plan The “Management Areas” section provides represents the selected alternative as identified in four unique management areas on the Sumter. the Final Environmental Impact Statement for Within this section, the two types of the Revised Land and Resource Management management areas are defined. Each Plan (FEIS). management area shows existing conditions, The document is divided into six major parts: desired conditions (if applicable), objectives (if the “Introduction to the Forest Plan,” “Forest- applicable), acreage of each management Wide Direction,” “Management Prescriptions,” prescription, and standards (if applicable). “Management Areas,” “Plan Implementation,” The “Plan Implementation, Monitoring and “Monitoring and Evaluation,” and Evaluation” section includes information on the “Appendixes.” how the Forest Plan will be implemented and The “Introduction to the Forest Plan” updated through monitoring and evaluation. provides background information that places the The “Appendixes” section contains more Management Direction into context with other detailed information that may be helpful in management directives or procedures and trends understanding the Forest Plan. Items such as occurring on the Sumter National Forest. The “Laws, Rules, Regulations, Manuals and information includes the purpose of a Forest Handbooks,” “Monitoring Tasks,” and Plan: the decisions made; the relationship of the “Glossary.” Forest Plan to other important documents that also provide management direction; a forest description; a summary of the “Analysis of the Management Situation” and a summary of the significant issues. The “Forest-Wide Direction” section provides management direction that applies to the entire Sumter National Forest. This direction includes an introduction that explains how this direction Chapter 1 Introduction to the Forest Plan

This Sumter National Forest Revised Land and ¾ Multiple-use management prescriptions Resource Management Plan (Forest Plan) will and management areas containing desired guide all natural resource management activities conditions, objectives and standards; and set management standards for the Sumter National Forest for the next 10 to 15 years. ¾ Land that is suitable for timber The National Act production; (NFMA), implementing regulations, and other documents guided the preparation of this Forest ¾ The allowable sale quantity for timber Plan. Land-use determinations, management and the associated sale schedule; practices, goals, objectives, standards, and ¾ Recommended wilderness areas; guidelines are statements of the Forest Plan’s management direction. Projected yields, services, ¾ Recommended wild and scenic river and rate of implementation depend on the annual status; budgeting process. This Forest Plan provides broad program- ¾ Monitoring and evaluation requirements; level direction for management of the land and its resources. Future projects carry out the ¾ Lands administratively available for direction in this Forest Plan. This Forest Plan mineral development (including oil and does not contain a commitment to select any gas). specific project. An environmental analysis is conducted, when required, on these projects as they are proposed. Relationship of the Forest Plan to In addition to direction found in this Forest Other Documents Plan, projects also are implemented through direction found in the Forest Service directive In addition to direction found in this Forest Plan, system (manuals and handbooks) and other projects are also implemented by direction found guides. (See Chapter 5, “Monitoring, Evaluation, in laws, rules, regulations, the Forest Service Research, and Implementation.”) directive system (A listing is available in “Ap pendix A.”); and the following programmatic Purpose of the Forest Plan decision documents. ¾ Record of Decision, Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Suppression of The decisions made in the Forest Plan include: Southern Pine Beetles (USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, April 1987) ¾ Forest-wide multiple-use goals, objectives, and standards for the forest, ¾ Record of Decision, Final Environmental including estimates of the goods and Statement for Gypsy Moth Management services expected; in the United States: A Cooperative

1-1 Approach (USDA, Forest Service and Forest Description APHIS, Washington DC, January 1995).

Plan Structure The Sumter National Forest includes about 360,000 acres of National Forest System land in The Forest Plan consists of five chapters, and the mountains and piedmont of . several appendixes. The forest is divided into three ranger districts located in 11 counties. The Andrew Pickens Chapter 1 introduces the Forest Plan; explains District is located in northern Oconee County. its purpose, structure, and relationship to other The Enoree District is located east of Interstate documents; includes a brief description of the 26 in Chester, Fairfield, Laurens, Newberry, and forest; and summarizes the issues and analysis of Union Counties. The Long Cane District lies east the management situation for the revision. of the Savannah River and J. Strom Thurmond Lake in Abbeville, Edgefield, Greenwood, Chapter 2 contains the forest-wide management McCormick, and Saluda Counties. direction, including, desired conditions, goals, objectives, and standards.

Chapter 3 contains the management prescriptions and the specific management direction applied at that level, including, desired conditions, goals, objectives, and standards.

Chapter 4 contains the management area direction, including, desired conditions, goals, objectives, and standards.

Chapter 5 gives direction on Forest Plan implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Appendixes provide supplemental information about the Forest Plan.

1-2 Summary of the “Analysis of the populations is on the Andrew Pickens Ranger Management Situation” (AMS) District in Oconee County.

¾ Very little existing old growth occurs on the Sumter National Forest. The “Analysis of the Management Situation” (AMS) for the Sumter National Forest is a determination of the forest’s ability to supply ¾ Southern pine beetle (SPB) has been the goods and services in response to society’s focus of the forest’s insect suppression demand. The AMS provides a basis for efforts from 1985 to present. Activity is determining the need for change in the existing cyclical with outbreaks occurring in 1988-89, Forest Plan and for formulating a broad range of 1992-93, and 1995-96. Since 1996, reasonable alternatives. A draft AMS was approximately 78 percent of the forest’s pine completed in August 1996. A few important stands (young, overstocked stands or stands findings follow: greater than 60 years) are at great risk for SPB infestation. Another outbreak occurred in 2002. ¾ Although water quality continues to improve, many of the streams on the national forest are listed by the state of South Carolina as ¾ The hemlock woolly adelgid poses a long- impaired due to elevated fecal coliform term threat to hemlock on the forest. levels. ¾ The Sumter National Forest represents a ¾ According to South Carolina’s Department of small portion of the timber inventory in Health and Environmental Control (DHEC), South Carolina, but the quality of the no violations of air quality standards have material is generally higher than timber occurred on the Sumter National Forest. found on private land. Following existing state guidelines should allow increased prescribed burning. ¾ Few requests are received for mineral exploration or mining operations. ¾ Within the piedmont, early successional forests covered 16.9 percent and late ¾ There were five roadless areas identified in successional forest covered 4.7 percent in the 1985 Forest Plan. The Ellicott Rock 1996. This trend was reversed on the Andrew Extension was recommended for a Pickens Ranger District where early wilderness study area. Long Creek and successional forests covered 6.4 percent and Ellicott Rock Expansion were placed in late successional forests covered 31 percent general forest management. The remaining in 1996. Since 1996 the early successional two areas were placed in allocations that habitat has declined significantly to 5 percent protected their roadless characteristics (i.e., on the piedmont and 2 percent on the scenic areas). Andrew Pickens in the year 2003. ¾ In 1996, the following streams were ¾ Inventory and monitoring have increased our determined to have outstandingly remarkable knowledge of rare plant distributions, habitat values and are eligible for possible inclusion requirements, and responses to management. in the National Wild and Scenic River The greatest number of rare plant species and System: Brasstown Creek, Cedar Creek,

1-3 , Crane Creek, East Fork of the objectives, and desired conditions for the Chattooga River, Tamassee Creek, Stevens Chattooga River Watershed. Creek, and Turkey Creek. ¾ Consider insects and disease in developing desired conditions and in evaluating ¾ Recreational uses of all kinds increased on alternatives and effects. the Chattooga Wild and Scenic River during the last 10 years. ¾ Establish goals, objectives, and desired conditions for recreational opportunities and ¾ Since 1996 there has been a growing use/ experiences. Forestdemand Description for OHV trails. ¾ Establish goals, objectives, and desired conditions for developing minerals. ¾ Increased population growth and development in all counties is changing the ¾ Define the role of timber production when character of the landscape. Continuing developing desired conditions. growth and development is reducing the open spaces that are now farms, forests, and ¾ Update the Visual Quality Objective system pastures. This development may reduce with the Scenery Management System. wildlife habitat, change the scenic character of the landscape, and increase the wildland/ ¾ Recommend to Congress proposed wilderness urban interface concerns. and wild and scenic river designations. ¾ Remove direction from the revised Forest Plan ¾ Many counties are becoming less dependent that is not decided in the forest planning on Forest Service dollars. process, such as that included in the directive system, national policy, and executive orders.

¾ The total forest road mileage has slightly ¾ Link forest-wide and management area decreased since 1985 from 1,110 miles to objectives to desired conditions, rather than 1,053 miles. to specific resource output targets.

A few of the important recommendations derived ¾ Revise the monitoring and evaluation from the AMS follow: direction to include effectiveness monitoring for Forest Plan goals, objectives, and desired ¾ Establish goals, objectives, and desired conditions. conditions for riparian areas.

¾ Establish goals, objectives, and desired conditions that consider the key elements of biodiversity.

¾ Establish consistent management direction across national forest boundaries.

¾ Coordinate with the Chattahoochee National Forest in and the Nantahala National Forest in to establish goals,

1-4 Summary of the Issues Wide-ranging Species, Proposed, Endangered, Threatened Species (PETS) Recovery Plans, Old Growth, Semi-Primitive Recreation Public involvement is a key part of the planning Opportunities, Roadless Areas, Special Areas, process. Our goals for public involvement were and a consistent approach to determining lands to ensure that all individuals and groups suitable for timber production), issues common interested in or affected by the management of to all five national forests, and the issues unique the Sumter National Forest had the opportunity to each of the forests. to be informed and participate in the revision The issues developed for the Sumter National process; to reach an informed understanding with Forest follow. Brief explanations of how the the public of the varying interest; and to consider issue will be addressed in the Forest Plan follow these interests in developing this Forest Plan. each issue statement. For further information, see Public comments were used to identify the the Final Environmental Impact Statement, direction management should take in the future. Chapter 2, “Comparison of Alternatives.” This management includes goods and services to be provided, and environmental conditions. 1. Terrestrial Plants and Animals and Many opportunities were provided for people to their Associated Habitats: How should get involved in the planning process and to the national forest retain and/or restore a provide comments. Issues submitted by the diverse mix of terrestrial plant and public, as well as from within the Forest Service, animal habitat conditions while meeting guided the need to change current management public demands for a variety of wildlife strategies. values and uses? The Notice of Intent to prepare an Emphasize habitat conditions that are environmental impact statement was published suitable for maintaining viable in August 1996. In September 1996 scoping populations of all vertebrate species notification was sent to interested and affected native to the planning area. Early members of the public announcing the 120-day successional habitats will be created and comment period and associated listening maintained by a variety of events, sessions. The scoping notification also ask for conditions, treatments, and activities. comments on the draft “Analysis of The Management Situation.” 2. Threatened, Endangered, and A four-phase process was used to develop Sensitive/Locally-rare Species: What alternatives. Based on the issues and public levels of management are needed to comments, four preliminary alternatives were protect and recover the populations of developed. Public meetings were held federally-listed threatened, endangered, throughout the state, and comments were and proposed species? What level of solicited on the preliminary alternatives. Based management is needed for Forest Service on these comments, the five Southern sensitive and locally rare species? Appalachian forests (National Forests in Emphasize the inventory, monitoring, Alabama, Chattahoochee-Oconee, , conservation, and recovery of proposed, Sumter, and Jefferson) met and developed an threatened, endangered, sensitive, and additional four alternatives. Finally, a “Rolling locally-rare species or their habitats. Alternative” was created, based on criteria that addressed the Natural Resource Agenda 3. Old Growth: The issue surrounding old (Watershed Health, Recreation, Sustainable growth has several facets. How much old Forest Ecosystem Management, and Forest growth is desired? Where should old Roads), Regional Forester’s Emphasis Areas (Watershed Health/Water Quality, Habitat for

1-5 growth occur? How should old growth be managed? 6. Aesthetic/Scenery Management: The Provide areas where old growth forest issue surrounding the management of conditions are developed over time. visual quality has two facets. What are Protect existing old growth. the appropriate landscape character goals for the national forest? What should be 4. Riparian Area Management, Water the scenic integrity objectives for the Quality, and Aquatic Habitats: What national forest? are the desired riparian ecosystem National forest landscapes have a conditions within national forests, and natural appearing or natural evolving how will they be identified, maintained, character and are managed to maintain or and/or restored? What management enhance their scenic integrity. direction is needed to help ensure that the hydrologic conditions needed for the 7. Recreation Opportunities/Experiences: beneficial uses of water yielded by and This issue includes considering a full flowing through national forest system range of opportunities for developed and lands are attained? What management is dispersed recreational activities needed for the maintenance, (including such things as nature study, enhancement, or restoration of aquatic hunting and fishing activities, and trail habitats? uses). How should the increasing demand Healthy watersheds will be for recreational opportunities and maintained, and degraded watersheds experiences be addressed on the national will be restored to maintain or improve forest while protecting forest resources? water quality and aquatic habitats. Should the forest restrict equestrian use Riparian ecosystems will be essentially to designated routes only? unchanged, except for those actions Provide a spectrum of high quality, needed to restore riparian vegetative nature-based recreational settings and cover and riparian functions and values. opportunities, within the capabilities of the land, which are not widely available 5. Wood Products: The issue surrounding on non-federal lands. the sustained yield production of wood products from national forests has several 8. Roadless Areas/Wilderness facets. What are the appropriate Management: Should any of the roadless objectives for wood product areas on national forest system lands be management? Where should products be recommended for wilderness removed, given that this production is designation? How should roadless areas part of a set of multiple-use objectives not recommended for wilderness be and considering cost effectiveness? managed? How should areas What should the level of outputs of wood recommended for wilderness designation products be? What management be managed? How should the patterns activities associated with the production and intensity of use, fire, and insects and of wood products are appropriate? diseases be managed in the existing Restore and maintain desired wilderness areas? conditions and goals, which produce a Wilderness and roadless areas are stable supply of a variety of wood managed to provide their full range of products including high quality social and ecological benefits. sawtimber on the piedmont.

1-6 9. Forest Health: What conditions are social and ecological benefits while needed to maintain the ability of the protecting the outstanding values of the forest to function in a sustainable manner Chattooga Wild and Scenic River as expected or desired? Of particular corridor? Should the Chattooga River be concern are the impacts of non-native opened or closed to public boating above species and the presence of ecological Highway 28? conditions with a higher level of insect The Chattooga River watershed will and disease susceptibility. be managed to emphasize recreation in Restore and maintain forest association with the Chattooga Wild and ecosystems to provide the desired Scenic River corridor; maintenance of composition, structure, function, and roadless values; dispersed recreational productivity of those ecosystems over opportunities; and improved water time. quality. Boating on the Chattooga is not allowed above the Highway 28 Bridge. 10. Special Areas and Rare Communities: What special areas should be designated, 14. Minerals: What type of restrictions and how should they be managed? How should we place on mineral should rare communities, such as those development? identified in the Southern Appalachian Mineral exploration or development Assessment, be managed? will be compatible with the desired Protect and restore all existing special condition of the appropriate management areas and rare communities. prescriptions or management areas.

11. Wild and Scenic Rivers:Which rivers are suitable for designation into the The issues are further addressed in a variety National Wild and Scenic River System? of ways throughout this Forest Plan. Those ways How should rivers that are eligible, but include goals, objectives, standards, management not suitable, be managed? prescriptions, management areas, and Manage all existing, recommended, monitoring. and eligible rivers to protect their outstandingly remarkable values.

12. Access/Road Management: How do we balance the rights of citizens to access their national forest with our responsibilities to protect and manage the soil and water resources, wildlife populations and habitat, aesthetics, forest health, and desired vegetative conditions? Provide the minimum transportation system that would supply and improve access for forest road users while protecting forest resources.

13. Chattooga River Watershed: How can the national forests manage the Chattooga River watershed for desired

1-7 Chapter 2 Forest-Wide Direction

The Forest Plan is a strategic document Forest-wide goals, objectives, and standards providing land allocations, goals, objectives, apply to the entire forest unless superseded by desired conditions, and standards that must be specific management prescription direction. met. This chapter outlines the overall Objectives and standards may also be found at management direction for the Sumter National the management area and management Forest within the context of the southern prescription level. Projects are evaluated to Appalachian and piedmont ecosystems. This determine if they are consistent with the direction is organized around the physical, management direction in the Forest Plan. This biological, and social resources of the Sumter, as evaluation is documented in the project-level well as the major issues identified by the citizens environmental document with a finding of who helped develop this Forest Plan. consistency incorporated into the decision Each resource includes broad goal statements document. describing what we want to achieve. Objectives While this direction was being developed, the are concise statements, describing a specific forest identified some additional items that result or condition desired to contribute toward would not qualify as Forest Plan direction but achieving a goal. Objectives express measurable are important for later plan implementation. steps we will take over the next 10 years to Any decisions on projects to implement the achieve our goals and may be accomplished by Forest Plan are based on site-specific analysis in maintaining a desired condition or by compliance with the National Environmental implementing a project or activity. Not all goals Policy Act (NEPA). This environmental analysis require quantifiable objectives. Objectives are is appropriately documented based on direction linked to the monitoring plan. in the Council on Environmental Quality While goals and objectives define where we Regulations For Implementing the Procedural are headed with management of the Sumter Provisions of the National Environmental Policy National Forest, standards define the rules we Act (40 CFR Parts 1500-1508) and the will follow to get there. Standards provide Environmental Policy and Procedures Handbook management direction for making decisions, (Forest Service Handbook [FSH] 1909.15). which help achieve the forest’s desired conditions, goals, and objectives. Standards are specific technical resource management Riparian Area Management, directions and often preclude or impose Water Quality, Aquatic Habitats, limitations on management activities or resource uses, generally to protect the environment, to Soil, and Air provide public safety, or to resolve an issue. Deviation from a standard requires a Forest Plan In 1911, Congress authorized and directed the amendment. Adherence to Forest Plan standards Secretary of Agriculture “…to examine, locate, is monitored during project implementation. In and purchase such forested, cut-over, or denuded addition to following standards, the Sumter is lands within the watersheds of navigable streams required to comply with applicable laws, as in his judgment may be necessary to the executive orders, and regulations listed in regulation of the flow of navigable streams or Appendix A. for the production of timber,” through the Weeks

2-1 Law. In 1936, as a result of this Act, the Sumter water impacts. Actively eroding gullies and National Forest was established from these galled barrens are stabilized or restored to lands. Once established, the process of natural conditions where they are vegetated and and managed restoration of those lands began. functioning within the acceptable range of Erosion control projects, planting, and fire desired conditions. All activities on the Sumter prevention and control are examples of meet or exceed state requirements for Best management actions began to assist in Management Practices (BMP). Where BMP restorating and protecting the natural forestland have not been formally identified, similar and resources. However, even with restoration measures are applied to protect soil and water efforts, past land abuses have left a legacy on the resources from unacceptable impacts associated landscape of substantial areas with affected soils with soil exposure and surface disturbance. and streams that are still adjusting and needing Practices protect soil productivity and are improvement after many decades. consistent with soil quality monitoring direction. Soil and water conservation measures are Watersheds with critical aquatic habitats, wild necessary to maintain or improve many of the and scenic rivers, municipal water sources, and physical, chemical, and biological conditions on those on the state water quality impaired list will the national forest. Soil properties affect the be given priority consideration for providing processing of rainfall into streamflow and technical, cooperative, and financial assistance provide the basic elements from which plant and when conditions on private lands that prevent animal life exist. Streamflow maintains aquatic achieving desired conditions on the national life, stream channel capacity, recreation, forest. aesthetics, navigable waters, and favorable flow The primary purpose of the channeled conditions. ephemeral stream zone is to maintain the ability Although water quality continues to improve, of the land areas to filter sediment from upslope many of the streams on the Sumter remain disturbances while achieving the goals of the impaired or impacted as identified by SC adjacent management prescription area. In Department of Health and Environmental addition, the emphasis along ephemeral streams Control or the Environmental Protection Agency. is to maintain stream stability and sediment Physical, chemical, and biological decline controls by minimizing soil exposure or contribute in considerations of whether waters disturbance. See “Standard for Channeled are listed as impaired. Fecal coliform, sediment Ephermeral Streams.” or other water quality conditions caused by past Productive soils are critical to the growth and or current activities contribute to impairment. health of fauna and flora. The soils on the Sedimentation in the Chattooga River is an Sumter National Forest vary from the piedmont example of how many activities influence water and mountain topographic regions. The quality (Van Lear et. al., 1995). Past land abuses piedmont soils are formed from crystalline are often slow to recover. Some poorly located rocks, mixed acid rocks, micaceous rocks, and and maintained roads may contribute to Carolina slates. The mountain soils are formed impairment of water quality. Other contributors from colluvial materials weathered from gneiss, include industrial, agricultural, and silvicultural schist rock, and granite materials. The piedmont practices, land development, and other activities. has 63 soil-mapping units and the mountains The Forest Service is responding to water have 22 soil-mapping units. Mapping units have quality concerns. Roads are stabilized and/or at least 50 percent of a primary soil series. improved, and active gullies are treated. Some Soils of the piedmont include gently to dispersed recreational sites within riparian areas steeply rolling hills, many of which have been within the Chattooga and Chauga River severely eroded by past farming activities. Past watersheds have been treated to reduce soil and degradation of many of these soils by erosion,

2-2 loss of infiltration capacity and depletion of streamflow, sediment, and channel adjustment nutrients has resulted in poor soil productivity due to soil disturbance and vegetation change. (Hoover, 1949). Gullies formed in some areas. Air quality is another important element to Some of this land that became the Sumter consider for healthy forest resources.. Sulfur (Shands and Healy (1977). Some gullies, galls, compounds in the atmosphere are primarily and bare soil areas still exist on the Sumter and responsible for the haze that obscures visibility. surrounding lands. Almost all of the piedmont Sulfur compounds and sometimes nitrogen surface soils have been eroded to some extent, compounds can cause acidification of headwater averaging nearly a foot of surface soil lost, streams and cause nutrients to leach out of soils. leaving fewer than 2 inches of soil surface on Ozone causes visible injury to plant leaves, and most of the landscapes. These areas require can also cause reduced plant growth. The some type of treatment to improve soil pollutants originate from many sources over a productivity (McKee and Law, 1985). Efforts to wide geographic area. Therefore, regional reduce the effects of the gullies and severe approaches to air pollution emission reductions erosion that began with the Civilian are necessary to improve air quality and resource Conservation Corps in the 1930s were expanded conditions. It is essential that the Sumter work in the 1980s and continue (Heede, 1976, Yoho, cooperatively with air management agencies and 1980, Schumm, et. al., 1984, Hansen, 1991, Regional Planning Organizations (VISTAS) to 1995, Hansen and Law, 1996). reduce air pollution impacts to resources, and to Soil and water improvement measures are minimize the Sumter’s impacts to air quality. designed to address active severe erosion from gullies, abandoned roads, stream banks, or other Goals and Objectives sources. A combination of soil bioengineering, erosion control, stabilization and restoration Goal 1 Watersheds are managed (and where measures appropriate for the landscape position necessary restored) to provide resilient and result in a marked reduction in soil loss, erosion stable conditions to ensure the quality and and sedimentation. Results improve poor or quantity of water necessary to protect ecological declining soil properties, water quality, functions and support intended beneficial water watershed condition, riparian and/or aquatic uses. habitats. Mitigation measures to limit the temporary effects of treatments are installed to Objective 1.01 Improve soil and water produce rapid erosion control, permanent cover, conditions on 1,500 acres through and site recovery. Limiting sedimentation and stabilization or rehabilitation of actively improving soil properties are emphasized. eroding areas such as gullies, barren Cultivated or disked areas for wildlife areas, abandoned roads or trails, and openings or linear wildlife strips will prevent the unstable stream banks over the 10-year concentrated flow, rill networks, erosion, and planning period. sedimentation. When necessary, alternating vegetated strips will be left on the contour to Goal 2 Manage in-stream flows and water deter soil loss. Soil loss will be held to levels, by working with other agencies if acceptable soil quality guides. possible, to protect stream processes, aquatic and Active areas of ground disturbance will be riparian habitats and communities, and limited in extent and duration within stream recreation and aesthetic values. drainages to reduce the potential for direct, indirect, and cumulative effects caused by Objective 2.01 The in-stream flows excessive changes in runoff, erosion, needed to protect stream processes, aquatic and riparian habitats and

2-3 communities, and recreation and Standards aesthetic values will be determined on 50 streams. Water and Soil Quality

Goal 3 Riparian ecosystems, wetlands, and FW-1 Water quality, soil productivity, and aquatic systems are managed (and where channel structure are protected using best necessary restored) to protect and maintain their management practices to avoid impacts to water physical, chemical, and biological integrity. quality and soils. Where riparian prescription direction differs from BMP, the more restrictive Goal 4 Maintain or restore natural aquatic and or protective prescription will be followed. Seed riparian communities or habitat conditions in mixtures and the removal of large woody debris amounts, arrangements, and conditions to added by harvest activities suggested in the state provide suitable habitats for riparian dependent BMP for may not be followed when and migratory species, especially aquatic species they conflict with native vegetation and aquatic including fish, amphibians, and water birds habitat objectives. within the planning area. Perennial and intermittent streams are managed in a manner FW-2 Where BMP are not specifically that emphasizes and recruits large woody debris developed for activities, apply similar preventive (LWD). measures such as those published by the SC Forestry Commission concerning forestry which Objective 4.01 Create and maintain avoid, minimize and/or mitigate effects to water dense understory of native vegetation on quality, streamside management zones and soils. 1 to 5 percent of the total riparian corridor acreage during the 10-year FW-3 Major soil disturbances that expose the planning period. soil surface or substantially alter soil properties Goal 5 Maintain or restore soil productivity and such as temporary roads, skid trails, landings, quality. and rutting will not occupy more than 15 percent of forest vegetation management treatment areas Objective 5.01 Improve soil productivity except for chopping, watershed improvements, on 8,000 acres of disturbed, low or other treatments during a rotation designed to productivity, eroded soils with loblolly reforest to suitable species or correct soil and and shortleaf pine on the piedmont water problems. during the 10-year planning period. FW-4 To limit soil and water quality impacts, Goal 6 Cooperate with landowners and other heavy mechanical equipment (dozers, , partners to address watershed needs and feller/bunchers, etc.) will not be used on slopes participate in efforts to identify stream problems, over 40 percent except in designated locations watershed planning, BMP and Total Mean Daily with adequate and timely mitigation. Emergency Load (TMDL) implementation with the South fire lines and soil and water improvements Carolina Department of Health and specifically designed to stabilize or rehabilitate Environmental Control, South Carolina Forestry severe erosion such as active gullies are Commission and other agencies. exceptions to this slope limit.

Goal 7 Provide good air quality for people’s FW-5 Water is not diverted from streams health and the health of the forest environment. (perennial or intermittent) or lakes when an in- stream flow needs or water level assessment indicates the diversion would adversely affect 2-4 protection of stream processes, aquatic and small woody debris ( slash) should be riparian habitats and communities, or recreation removed when its entry is a result of activities. and aesthetic values. FW-14 and native vegetation on the Channeled Ephemeral Stream Zones stream bank should not be removed except at designated crossings. The following standards apply to 25 feet on each side of a channeled ephemeral stream. See the FW-15 Soil active herbicides are not broadcast Glossary, Appendix B, for a definition of a within channeled ephemeral stream zones. channeled ephemeral stream. Stream zones are identified before treatment, so applicators can easily avoid them. FW-6 Skidders will only be allowed within the channels at designated crossings. FW-16 Pesticide mixing, loading, or cleaning areas are not located within the channeled FW-7 For cable logging, at least partial ephemeral stream zone. suspension is required when yarding logs over ephemeral streams. Air Quality

FW-8 Skid trail crossings will be located in a FW-17 Comply with South Carolina smoke manner that minimizes stream channel and bank management guidelines and Forest Service disturbance. Region 8 smoke management guidelines.

FW-9 Fire lines are not constructed along the length of stream channels. Wildlife Habitat and Forest Vegetation FW-10 New motorized trails are prohibited within ephemeral stream zones except at designated crossings or where the trail location The Sumter National Forest lies within both the requires some encroachment, for example, to Blue Ridge and the piedmont physiographic accommodate steep terrain. provinces, where variations in elevation lead to differences in the vegetation that grows there. FW-11 Stabilize disturbed soils at channel The Andrew Pickens Ranger District is located crossings. along the Blue Ridge. There is a mixture of shortleaf pine with various hardwoods on low FW-12 New mineral, oil, and gas leases will elevation ridges and south-facing slopes. Pitch contain a controlled surface use stipulation for pine and table mountain pine are found on high channeled ephemeral stream zones. ridges. Mesic oak-hickory forests are found on lower and north-facing slopes. Mixed FW-13 Removing large woody debris from mesophytic and white pine–hemlock forests are within the channeled ephemeral stream zone is located in forested coves. allowed if the woody debris poses a significant The Long Cane and Enoree Ranger Districts, risk to stream flow or water quality, degrades in the piedmont, are predominantly loblolly pine habitat for riparian dependent species, or poses a forests interspersed with patches of upland threat to private property or National Forest hardwoods, including sweetgum, white oak, infrastructure (e.g., bridges). The need for southern red oak, hickories, yellow-poplar, red removal is determined on a case-by-case basis. maple, and various other oaks. Bottomland When needed to protect water quality, excessive 2-5 hardwoods along streams dissect these upland conjunction with other identified management forests. indicators described in chapter 3 of the FEIS Vegetation on the Sumter National Forest has (“Biological Elements” section), and other been greatly modified by human activity over the Forest Plan monitoring items to assess effects of last 200 years (Bates, 1993; Barden, 1997; Platt alternatives and to help monitor effects of and Brantley, 1997; Frost, 2002). When the implementing the selected alternative. The MIS Sumter National Forest was established in 1936, selected and their related objectives can be it was comprised primarily of abandoned found in Chapter 5. farmland. Early European explorers, beginning As shown in Table 2-1, mixes of with Hernando DeSoto’s 1540 expedition, found management prescriptions are allocated to fire-maintained prairies, savannas, and provide for a variety of habitat conditions. The woodlands in the uplands, created and following goals, objectives and standards are maintained by the Native Americans who had designed to protect, restore, maintain, and occupied the land for at least 12,000 years. enhance wildlife and plant populations and Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), warm-season communities while maintaining flexibility to grasses, and hardwoods dominated the uplands, manage other resources. and the bottomlands were mosaics dominated by bottomland hardwoods, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), canebrakes, beaver ponds, beaver marshes, and successional thickets. aT elb .1-2 eroF s t eitinummoC s yb D si .tcirt Land clearing, and intensive cultivation, eroF s t 2 0 0 2 tcirt si D si tcirt noitidnoC primarily in cotton, lasted from the late oC ytinumm ercA s 1700s through the early 1900s followed by erdnA w D-yr ciseM O ka Fsero t ,51 6 9 9 extensive planting of loblolly pine, initially kciP e sn tsero F tsero ,1 7 20 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. During )sniatnuoM( -yrD cireX O ka the 1960s, loblolly pine largely replaced the dnaldooW - native shortleaf pine forests on the ,yrD -yrD ciseM Ftsero ,9 9 5 5 piedmont, since many of the existing O ka dna O -ka enip Wdnaldoo - shortleaf pine stands were susceptible to tsero F tsero ,82 4 82 littleleaf disease, which is prevalent on ,yrD -yrD ciseM severely eroded clay soils (Oak and Tainter, eniP dna -eniP kao dnaldooW - 1988). National forest management dexiM cityhposeM 3 6 6 ,02 ,02 6 6 3 activities have perpetuated the loblolly pine tseroF forests we see today. yllolboL P eni ,6 9 63 The Sumter National Forest is charged e eronE eronE e D-yr ciseM O ka Fsero t 92 , 18 7 with creating and maintaining habitat dna conditions suitable to maintain viable F tsero ,1 7 32 enaC gnoL gnoL enaC -yrD cireX O ka populations of all species native to the P( )tnomdei dnaldooW - planning area, and where appropriate ciseM -yrD ,yrD ,yrD -yrD ciseM Ftsero ,2 2 3 9 support desirable levels of selected species. enip -ka O dna ka O ka dna O -ka enip National Forest Management Act Wdnaldoo - regulations, adopted in 1982, require F tsero ,112 5 58 eni P yllolboL yllolboL P eni selection of management indicator species dnaldooW - (MIS) during development of forest plans dexiM cityhposeM 4 2 8 ,1 8 2 4 (36 CFR 219.19(a)). Thirteen species have tseroF been selected as MIS for the Sumter ,dnalmottoB ,dnalmottoB National Forest. They will be used in ,82 8 57 tseroF tnorfreviR tnorfreviR tseroF 2-6 Goals and Objectives bearing trees (cherry, black gum, persimmon, etc.) over the 10-year Goal 8 Maintain and restore natural planning period. communities and habitats in amounts, arrangements, and conditions capable of Objective 8.06 Restore more diverse supporting viable populations of existing native native communities on 1,000 to 2,000 and desired non-native plants, aquatic, and acres currently occupied by white pine wildlife species within the planning area. stands. Prioritize xeric to intermediate sites over the 10-year planning period. Objective 8.01 Restore 2,000 – 6,000 acres of native communities on sites Goal 9 Provide habitats to sustain the diversity occupied by loblolly pine on the Andrew and distribution of resident reptile and Pickens District over the 10-year amphibian species as well as breeding, planning period. wintering, and migration staging and stopover habitat for migratory birds in ways that Objective 8.02 Provide 8,000 – 11,000 contributes to their long-term conservation. acres of woodlands in the piedmont and 4,000 – 5,000 acres of woodlands on the Objective 9.01 Construct or restore mountains on dry-xeric sites in wetlands on 600 acres in the riparian woodland, savanna, open grassland, or corridor on the piedmont over the 10­ shrubland conditions with fire associated year planning period. rare communities preferred over the 10­ year planning period. Standards Objective 8.03 Create conditions to restore dry-mesic oak, oak-pine, and FW-18 Standing snags, bird peck trees, and pine-oak forest communities on 20,000 living den trees will not be cut or bulldozed acres currently in loblolly pine in the during vegetation management treatments piedmont over the 10-year planning unrelated to timber regeneration treatments, period. unless necessary to provide for public or employee safety. Objective 8.04 Increase shortleaf pine and shortleaf pine/oak communities on FW-19 Forests dominated by eastern hemlock 2,000 to 10,000 in the piedmont. This are not subject to regeneration harvest during will be done on sites with low risk of this planning period. littleleaf disease. FW-20 During silvicultural treatments in all Objective 8.05 Increase structural forest types, patches of hemlock greater than diversity by creating canopy gaps in 1 to 0.25 acres are retained. 5 percent of closed canopy mid- and late- successional mesic deciduous forest FW-21 Oak forests on mesic sites are not (including mixed mesophytic and mesic converted to pine forests. oak forests). Gaps are defined as small openings smaller than 2 acres in size and FW-22 For all timber regeneration treatments, are designated to release mast producing including salvage activities, two or more snags species, particularly hard mast (oak, per acre from the larger size classes will be hickory, walnuts, etc.) and soft mast

2-7 retained. Live den trees will not be cut unless endangered and threatened species, when necessary to provide for public or employee available. All PETS receive additional safety. Distribution of retained snags may be consideration in biological evaluations/ clumped. assessments prepared during project-level planning. FW-23 On the Andrew Pickens, potential black bear den trees will be retained during all vegetation management treatments occurring in .2-2 elbaT elbaT .2-2 eF ed yllar soporP e ,d habitats suitable for bears. Potential den trees are hcihw s eic ep S d en eta erhT ro ,d er egnadnE egnadnE er ,d ro erhT eta en d S ep eic s hcihw those that are greater than 20” diameter at breast r etmu S eht no rucc o ot yl e kil era ro rucco rucco ro era kil e yl ot o rucc no eht S etmu r height (DBH) and are hollow with broken tops. t s eroF lanoita N lanoita eroF s t tcirt si D si tcirt FW-24 In the piedmont, hardwood inclusions eF ed sil-yllar et d sut atS atS sut som t kil e yl (1/2 acre in size or larger) in pine stands S ep eic s dominated by hard and soft mast producing trees ot rucco (i.e., oaks, hickories, walnut, black gum, black dlaB elgaE dna eer onE onE eer dna cherry, persimmon) will be retained. laH( ai ee t su denetaerhT ena C gnoL gnoL C ena )sulahpecoocue l )sulahpecoocue Proposed, Endangered, C anilora rettilpsleeH rettilpsleeH Ederegnadn gnoL C na e Threatened, Sensitive, (PETS) and L( msa anogi Locally-rare species taroced )a adirol F adirol yrrebesooG yrrebesooG Tdenetaerh gnoL C na e The Sumter National Forest provides habitat for sebiR( several federally proposed, endangered, or enihce l )mul threatened species, Forest Service sensitive P tnetsisre muillirT werdnA werdnA species (PETS), and locally rare species. The rT( il l mui deregnadnE snekci P snekci federally proposed, endangered, or threatened srep is t )sne species listed in Table 2-2 were identified tcileR muillirT through coordination and consultation with the rT( il l mui Ederegnadn gnoL C na e USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. See Appendix er l )muuqi E of the FEIS (“Biological Assessment/ delrohW llam S llam delrohW Biological Evaluation”) for a complete listing of werdnA ainogo P ainogo (I tos r ai denetaerhT all PETS and their habitats, and Appendix F in P snekci the FEIS for a complete listing of all viability m )sedioloede concern species and their habitats, including S om hto P elpru PETS and locally rare species. C rewolfeno werdnA deregnadnE deregnadnE Habitats for all PETS and locally rare species E( aecanihc P snekci are provided through forest-wide goals, veal tagi )a objectives, and standards recommended below, dooW S krot dna eer onE onE eer dna and emphasized in forest-wide, management cyM( t re ai deregnadnE ena C gnoL gnoL C ena prescription, and management area-wide ma re i )anac direction associated with rare communities, riparian areas, and forest communities. The Sumter follows recovery plans for all federally-

2-8 Goals and Objectives with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The protection zone extends a minimum of 1,500 Goal 10 Contribute to the conservation and feet from the nest or roost. Activities that modify recovery of federally-listed species and take the forest canopy within this zone are prohibited. necessary actions to maintain viable populations All management activities not associated with of all species thereby avoiding the need to list bald eagle management and monitoring are those species. prohibited within this zone during periods of use (nesting season is October 1 to June 15; roost Objective 10.01 Maintain or restore at use periods are determined through site-specific least 8 self-sustaining populations for monitoring). Where controlled by the Forest smooth coneflower and if possible, given Service, public access routes into or through this the technical expertise, 4 populations for zone are closed during the seasons of use, unless small whorled pogonia on the Andrew they are major arterial roads. Pickens, including the habitat to support them. FW-29 In artificial impoundments used by foraging wood storks, water levels are managed Objective 10.02 Maintain or restore at to provide for and encourage annual use by this least 8 self-sustaining populations for species. Georgia aster (Symphyotrichum georgianum) and 1 population for Special Areas, Rare Communities Florida gooseberry on the piedmont And Old Growth districts, and the habitat to support them. Special areas on the Sumter include those with botanical zoological characteristics, and scenic Standards areas. Following an evaluation, special areas are allocated to specific prescriptions 4.D. FW-25 Permits for the collection of listed (Botanical Zoological Area) and 4.F. (Scenic Regional Forester’s sensitive species are not Area). issued, except for approved scientific purposes Rare communities are assemblages of plants or propagation. and animals that occupy a small proportion of FW-26 Where forest uses are negatively the landscape but contribute significantly to affecting federally-listed species, or species plant and animal diversity. The list of plant and where viability is a concern, sites or uses are animal communities considered rare within the modified to reduce or eliminate negative southern Appalachian and piedmont forests impacts. undergoing forest plan revision were identified by the Southern Appalachian Assessment and FW-27 Non-native species are controlled where refined using the International Classification of they are causing adverse effects to federally- Ecological Communities (NatureServe, 2001). listed species, or species where viability is a The following groups of rare communities are concern. Non-native are not recognized as occurring on the Sumter National intentionally introduced near these species or Forest. individuals. Bogs, Seeps, and Seasonal Ponds FW-28 Protection zones are delineated and Riverine Vegetation maintained around all bald eagle nests and Table Mountain Pine Forest and communal roost sites, until they are determined Woodlands to be no longer suitable through coordination 2-9 Basic Mesic Forests Cliffs and Bluffs Conifer-Northern Hardwood Forest Rock Outcrops Mixed Mesophytic Forest Glades, Barrens, and Associated River Floodplain Hardwood Forest Woodlands Dry-Mesic Oak Forest Canebrakes Dry and Xeric Oak Forest, Woodland, Mines and Savanna Xeric Pine and Pine-Oak Forest and Conditions to promote old growth forest Woodland development are needed to address various Dry and Dry-Mesic Oak-Pine Forest social, biological, recreational, and spiritual Eastern Riverfront Forest issues in South Carolina. Theforest will adhere to the “Guidance for Conserving and Restoring Old Growth Forest Communities on National Goals and Objectives Forests in the Southern Region” (1997), in defining old growth community types on the forest, and in describing inventory and Goal 11 Those areas with special scenic, monitoring needs. To date, few old growth botanical, and/or zoological characteristics will inventories have been conducted on the Sumter, be managed to protect those characteristics. though very little existing old growth is thought to occur here, particularly on the piedmont Goal 12 Protect or restore the rare communities districts (Jones, 1988; Carlson, 1995; White and found on national forest lands. Lloyd, 1998). Paul Carlson assessed the old growth forest resource on National Forest lands Objective 12.01 Restore 500 to 2,500 in the Chattooga watershed, and found 4 percent acres of table mountain pine forest over (of a total 122,000 acres) in existing old growth. the 10-year planning period. Consistent with the old growth guidance, a possible old growth inventory was developed for Objective12.02 In the piedmont, restore the Sumter National Forest in 1997, and rerun in 1 to 5 percent of the riparian corridor on 2002. It was considered in prescriptions slopes less than 8 percent into the allocation in this Forest Plan. This Forest Plan canebrake community over the 10-year will provide conditionsto develop a network of planning period. small, medium, and large patches of future old growth, through prescriptions which are Goal 13 A variety of large, medium, and small “unsuitable for timber production,” including old growth patches will be managed (through wilderness, wild and scenic rivers, special areas, restoration, protection, or maintenance activities) old growth, dispersed recreation (unsuitable), to meet biological and social needs. remote backcountry recreation, riparian corridors, and rare communities. Additional Standards small patches of existing old growth (10-100 acres in size) will be identified through Rare Communities sitespecific surveys, and will be protected. The old growth report contains operational FW-30 Rare communities as described in this definitions for 16 old growth community types, Forest Plan are managed under the Rare of which 8 occur or have the potential to occur Community Prescription (9.F.) wherever they on the Sumter National Forest, including the occur. following:

2-10 FW-31 Project areas are surveyed for rare controlling agent, and their unchecked spread communities before implementing projects that can wreak untold damage to native ecosystems have potential to adversely affect them. and forest communities. Chestnut blight has reduced the American chestnut from the FW-32 Table mountain pine will not be cut dominant hardwood tree species in the during vegetation management activities to mountains to a minor understory component of maintain future restoration opportunities. today’s forests. Other important non-native pests Exceptions may be made where needed to include hemlock wooly adelgid, littleleaf provide for public safety, protection of private disease, butternut canker, and dogwood resources, or insect and disease control/ anthracnose. Gypsy moth will probably reach the prevention or where needed to improve the Sumter within the next few decades. habitat for PETS species. INon-native invasive plant species can spread into and persist in native plant Old Growth communities and displace native plant species, posing a threat to the integrity of the natural FW-33 Existing old growth as defined in “Old plant communities. Some of the non-native Growth Guidance for the Southern Region,” invasive plants known to severely impact native when encountered, will be managed to protect plant diversity on the Sumter National Forest the old growth characteristics. include Japanese and Chinese privet (Ligustrum spp.), kudzu (Pueraria lobata), sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata), Japanese honeysuckle Forest Health (Lonicera japonicum), Chinese wisteria, (Wisteria sinensis), Japanese stiltgrass Insect and disease organisms are important (Microstegium vimineum), tree of heaven components of forest ecosystems. Native (Ailanthus altissima), autumn olive (Elaeagus organisms contribute to many ecological umbellata), multiflora rose (Rosa mulitflora), processes of forests including nutrient cycling, mimosa (Albizia julibrissin,) and China Berry plant succession, and forest dynamics. In most (Melia azedarach). cases, these native organisms are recognized as The high percentage of relatively older (age an integral component of forest health. In a few 70-120) forest communities in the mountains instances, however, these organisms cause poses challenges in addressing forest health unacceptable resource damage or loss, and issues. These large areas of mature forests are adversely affect ecological, economic, or social particularly vulnerable to both native and non­ values. In these cases, the organisms causing the native forest pests. Oak decline is a primary damage are referred to as pests. Principal native concern in mature oak forests. In the piedmont, insect pests on the Sumter National Forest the Sumter National Forest has large acreages of include the southern pine beetle and a variety of loblolly pine that are mature, making them more defoliators. Primary native disease problems susceptible to littleleaf disease, and southern include oak decline, annosum root disease, and a pine beetle. variety of other decay organisms affecting living In 2002, the Sumter experienced a southern trees. pine beetle (SPB) epidemic, resulting in Throughout the past 100 years, a variety of substantial mortality to pines. SPB infestations insects, diseases, and plant species have been have grown especially fast in dense forests. introduced to the United States and spread into Higher stand densities make pine stands much the Sumter National Forest. These non-native more susceptible to SPB attack. This fact points organisms are often pests because they often to the need for maintaining these stands at have no natural enemies or other naturally moderate densities.

2-11 trout and other aquatic species. Recent and Pitch pine (Pinus rigida), shortleaf pine (Pinus projected trends in air pollutants show sulfur echinata), and table mountain pine (Pinus compound emissions decreasing over the life of pungeus) are declining in abundance throughout the Forest Plan, whereas nitrogen compound the southern Appalachian mountains because of emissions are projected to remain relatively flat. age, southern pine beetle outbreaks, lack of fire, Ozone pollution is negatively affecting the and limited amounts of disturbance. health of susceptible forest tree species, black Fire has historically played an important role cherry (Prunus serotina) for example. Ozone is in shaping the species composition of the Sumter formed through chemical reactions in the National Forest. Historically, relatively frequent atmosphere between nitrogen oxide (from fires have maintained and restored many vehicles and coal fired power generation) and forested communities across the piedmont and volatile organic compounds (from industrial and southern Appalachians, especially xeric pine and natural sources) in the presence of sunlight. pine-oak forest; dry and xeric oak forests; and Ozone levels are highest during the summer. dry and dry to mesic pine-oak forests. Without Recent studies suggest that competitiveness fire or other vegetation management actions that between tree species is changing over time approximate fire’s effects, many communities because of elevated ozone levels. Tree species may show dramatic reductions in distribution that are not susceptible to ozone will out and/or abundance in future years and shift compete more sensitive species over time. towards shade-tolerant and fire-intolerant Significant reductions in ozone pollution over species. In the mountains, the absence of the life of the Forest Plan are not anticipated somewhat frequent fire has allowed fire because nitrogen oxide emissions are not dependent table mountain pine to shrink in expected to decrease significantly. distribution and is now considered a rare Integrated Pest Management (IPM) bridges community. several of the following forest health goals. IPM Forests and streams located in areas of base- is the maintenance of destructive agents, poor bedrock (sandstone and granite) and with including insects, at tolerable levels, by the elevations above 3,000 feet are being negatively planned use of a variety of preventive, affected by historical and current levels of acid suppressive, or regulatory tactics and strategies deposition. The two primary acidifying that are ecologically and economically efficient compounds are sulfates and nitrates. The sources and socially acceptable. Within the constraints of of acidifying compounds are generally located Forest Plan standards and desired conditions, off national forest lands, with coal-fired electric forest insects and diseases are controlled using generation facilities and vehicles accounting for IPM if necessary to prevent unacceptable the bulk of sulfur and nitrogen emissions. When damage to resources on adjacent land, or prevent nitrogen is deposited in excess of forest nutrient unnatural loss to the forest resource or to protect needs, some nitrate will leave the soil and take threatened, endangered, and sensate species with it essential nutrients that impoverish the soil resource. When nutrients are leached from soils, growth of vegetation can be reduced. Goals and Objectives Sulfur deposition can cause the same effects on soils when the capacity to absorb sulfur is Goal 14 Manage forest ecosystems and exceeded. Sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the associated communities to maintain or restore soil also cause acidification of high elevation composition, structure, function, and streams, which can alter the solubility, mobility productivity over time. and effect of aluminum and other chemicals, thereby endangering the habitat of native brook

2-12 Goal 15 Minimize adverse effects from non­ FW-38 To limit soil compaction, no mechanical native invasive species. Coordinate with private equipment is used on plastic soils when the landowners and land managers as needed to water table is within 12 inches of the surface, or address influx of non-native invasive species when soil moisture exceeds the plastic limit. Soil and treatments needed to protect the National moisture exceeds the plastic limit if the soil can Forest resources. be rolled to pencil size without breaking or crumbling. Objective 15.01 Control non-native invasive plants on, at a minimum,1,000 FW-39 All trails, roads, ditches, and other acres by the end of the 10-year planning improvements in the project area are kept free of period, emphasizing management logs, slash, and debris. Any road, trail, ditch, or prescriptions where biodiversity or other improvement damaged by operations is restoration is a primary objective. promptly repaired.

Goal 16 Maintain or restore native tree species FW-40 Herbicides and application methods are whose role in forest ecosystems is threatened by chosen to minimize risk to human and wildlife insects or disease. health and the environment. No class B, C, or D chemical (defined in Glossary, Appendix B) may Goal 17 Manage forest stands so they are less be used on any project, except with Regional susceptible to insects and disease. Forester’s approval. Approval will be granted only if a site-specific analysis shows that no Objective 17.01 Improve forest health other treatment would be effective and that all on 10,000 – 50,000 acres of pine forests adverse health and environmental effects will be by reducing stand density. fully mitigated. Diesel oil will not be used as a carrier for herbicides, except as it may be a component of a formulated product when Standards purchased from the manufacturer. Vegetable oils will be used as the carrier for herbicides when FW-34 Apply pesticides according to label available and compatible with the application instructions, Forest Service policies and other proposed. federal regulations. FW-41 Areas are not burned under prescription FW-35 Areas treated with pesticide are signed. for at least 30 days after herbicide treatment.

FW-36 Seeding with invasive non-native species FW-42 Weather is monitored and the project is (listed on the Regional Forester’s invasive suspended if temperature, humidity, or wind species list) shall not be conducted. becomes unfavorable as follows:

FW-37 Healthy (full crowns and free of littleleaf FW-43 Nozzles that produce large droplets disease) shortleaf pine will not be cut on the (mean droplet size of 50 microns or larger) or piedmont during vegetation management streams of herbicide are used. Nozzles that activities in order to maintain future restoration opportunities. Exceptions may be made where needed to provide for public safety, protection of private resources, or insect and disease control, or thinnings.

2-13 produce fine droplets (mean droplet size of less skin are not cleaned in open water or wells. than 50 microns) are used only for hand Mixing and cleaning water must come from a treatment where distance from nozzle to target public water supply and be transported in does not exceed 8 feet. separate labeled containers.

FW-48 Herbicide mixing, loading, or cleaning W dni eT m ep -ar areas in the field are not located within 200 feet Huidim yt ( ta s erut erut s Le s s egrat t ) of private land, open water or wells, or other r ehgiH ehgiH r nahT nahT G er eta r sensitive areas. nahT nahT nahT nahT :dnuorG :dnuorG FW-49 No herbicide is aerially applied within ecafrus tucdnaH tucdnaH ecafrus )( N A N A N A 300 feet of any threatened, endangered, proposed, or sensitive plant. Buffers are clearly 0 rehtodnaH rehtodnaH )( 89 F %02 51 hpm marked before treatment so applicators can :lacinahceM :lacinahceM easily see and avoid them. Ldiuqi 9 50F30 %01 pm h Gralunar NA NA 01 pm h FW-50 No herbicide is aerially applied within :laireA :laireA 100 horizontal feet of lakes, wetlands, or diuqiL diuqiL 09 0F %05 5 hpm perennial or intermittent springs and streams. ralunarG ralunarG N A N A 8 hpm FW-51 No herbicide is aerially applied within 200 horizontal feet of an open road or a designated trail. Buffers are clearly marked FW-44 A certified pesticide applicator before treatment so applicators can easily see supervises each Forest Service application crew and avoid them. Contracted crews will be supervised by a licensed pesticide applicator. Crewmembers are FW-52 Pine straw or any other mulching trained in personal safety, proper handling and material will not be sold (as mulch or for any application of herbicides, and proper disposal of other purpose) from areas treated with empty containers. clopyralid.

FW-45 People living within ¼ mile of an area to be treated aerially are notified during project planning and shortly before treatment.

FW-46 With the exception of permittee treatment of right-of-way corridors that are continuous into or out of private land and through Forest Service managed areas, no herbicide is broadcast applied (as opposed to directed sprays) within 100 feet of private land or 300 feet of a private residence, unless the landowner agrees to closer treatment. Buffers are clearly marked before treatment so applicators can easily see and avoid them. FW-47 Application equipment, empty herbicide containers, clothes worn during treatment, and

2-14 Wood Products And Special Forest quantity. The allowable sale quantity for the forest is 139 million cubic feet (MMCF) for all Products decades, or an average of 13.9 MMCF annually. Management of the Sumter National Forest Lands suitable for timber production provide a balances the ecological value of leaving dead, planned periodic harvest of wood products. dying, and damaged trees as part of the Suitable lands are managed to influence tree ecosystem, with aesthetic desires, visitor safety, species composition, control stocking, ensure and the economic value of this resource for adequate , harvest trees, and protect wood products if removed before deterioration. the productivity of the site while providing for a During southern pine beetle outbreaks, salvage healthy vigorous forest within the growth harvest is an important for preventing capabilities of the sites. Maintaining a mix of further spread of infested spots. Only a relatively successional habitats and/or a desired species small portion of the mortality across the Sumter composition is a primary objective for most of is removed through salvage operations with the these lands on the Sumter National Forest. remainder providing organic matter, nutrients, Trees and the products derived from them are tree cavities, large woody debris, etc. a highly valued forest resource, managed Appropriate regeneration methods are used to through a timber program for multiple-use perpetuate desirable tree species. Decisions on objectives. Wood products contribute to the specific harvest methods are based on site- social and economic well being of the people specific project level analysis. living in the area. Forest products vary from high quality veneer for furniture and flooring to construction timbers to small diameter pulp logs used in the production of paper. Lands not suitable for timber production may provide additional wood products. However, no yields of forest products are planned from these lands. Any such harvests are either driven by resource objectives other than forest products, or are a result of insect/disease control or salvage operations. All of the acres in Table 2-3 are approximate. Management prescription 11 is estimated based on stream order, slope, and soil type. Actual area will be based on ground conditions. A map that accompanies this Forest Plan shows the allocation of management prescriptions on the Sumter. The allowable sale quantity includes estimated timber volume from timber sales on lands suitable for timber production. The estimates are based on site quality, tree growth rates, habitat and environmental adjustments. When salvage occurs on these lands, the salvage volume is considered part of the allowable sale quantity. Salvage on lands unsuitable for timber production is not part of the allowable sale

2-15 no i t cudorP r ebmiT rof e l bat i u snUdna e l bat i u S s ercA . 3-2 e l baT baT le 3-2 . ercA s S ui bat le snUdna ui bat le rof ebmiT r cudorP ti no s ercA ercA s ercA s l atoT atoT l tn emegana M emegana tn snU ui bat le S ui bat le rof no i tpi rc s e D e s rc tpi i no ercA s n o i tpi rc s erP erP s rc tpi io n rof ebmiT r ebmiT r no i t cudorP cudorP ti no cudorP ti no 1A Dse i ang t de iW l senred s 2, 58 5 2 , 58 5 1B Rdednemmoce Wi l senred s1, 79 1 1, 79 1 21A Dse i ang t de iW ld iR ev r 3, 92 03 , 92 0 22A Dse i ang t de S nec ic iR ev r 22 4 22 4 23A Dse i ang t de rceR ae ti ano l iR ev r 97 7 79 7 4D Bto na i ac l looZ go i ac l rA ae s 4, 73 9 4 , 73 9 4F Snec ic rA ae s 9, 79 9 9 , 79 9 41G Cal nuoh repxE nemi ta l F ro se t 908 3, 11 1 4 , 0 19 5A Aimd ni s t r a t i ev iS te s285 82 5 5B nummoC i ac ti no S it e s4 4 5C Util i t Cy ro ri rod s 2, 84 02 , 84 0 6C Old tworG h 1, 26 0 1, 26 0 7A Snec ic awyB y 2, 57 4 2 , 57 4 7D C necno tr a t de rceR ae ti no enoZ s 235 32 5 71E Di reps des rceR ae ti no rA ae s6, 45 56 , 45 5 72E Di reps des rceR ae ti no rA ae s51, 83 1 15 , 83 1 t se r o F l ano i s seccu S fo x iM x fo S seccu si ano l F o r se t 1A8 1A8 35, 232 53 , 32 2 s t a t ibaH ibaH ta t s 82B Wldoo rG/sdna sa sl S/sdna annava s 6, 36 0 6 , 36 0 93A Wat re dehs seR t ro at i o n 9, 46 69 , 46 6 9F Rra nummoCe it i *se 622 26 2 -ka Odna l pU fo no i t a ro t seR seR t ro at i no fo pU l Odna -ka 2G9 2G9 iH okc yr dna iM dex iP O-en -ka 36, 844 63 , 44 8 s t se ro F yr okc iH okc yr F ro se ts 10B Hi Qhg au li t y roF se t cudorP t s161 , 68 5 611 , 68 5 11 Ri rap i Cna ro ri rod s55, 65 3 55 , 65 3 1A2 Rtome e nuockcaB t yr rceR ae ti o n4, 14 3 4 , 4 13 Wat re 1, 67 1 1, 67 1 B5 ,A5 fo ed i s t uo t se r o f -no N -no fo r se t uo ts i ed fo ,A5 B5 2, 276 2 , 76 2 C 5 dna dna 5 C Tato l 130 , 35 7295 , 13 3 263 , 58 0 i f i ceps -e t i s fo no i t a t neme lpmi eh t h t iw den i fe r eb l l iw rebmun s i hT* hT* is rebmun iw ll eb r fe i den iw th t eh lpmi neme ta t i no fo si t -e ceps if i c i nevn t ro i se .

2-16 Goals and Objectives (Five years after final harvest means 5 years after , 5 years after final overstory Goal 18 removal in shelterwood cutting, 5 years after the Provide a sustainable supply of wood products. seed tree removal cut in seed tree cutting, or 5 years after selection cutting.) The new stand Standards must meet the minimum stocking levels as described in Table 2-4. These standards apply to FW-53 Special collections are not both artificial and natural means of stand allowed in botanical areas and rare communities, regeneration. Where natural means are used and except for research or propagation. stand reestablishment has not been accomplished within 3 years after committing the stand to FW-54 The maximum size of an opening regeneration, the stand is re-examined for further created by even-aged or two-aged regeneration treatment needs. treatments is 80 acres for southern yellow pine and 40 acres for all other tree species. FW-57 Sell no more than 138.7 MMCF of Exceptions to these acreage limitations may be chargeable timber from lands suitable for timber permitted following review by the Regional production during the 10-year planning period. Forester. These acreage limits do not apply to areas treated as a result of natural catastrophic FW-58 No timber harvesting shall occur on conditions such as fire, insect or disease attack, lands classified as not suited for timber or windstorm. Areas managed as permanent production except for salvage sales, harvest openings (e.g., meadows, pastures, food plots, activities necessary to protect other multiple-use rights-of-way, woodlands, savannas, and values, or harvest activities needed to meet other grasslands) are not subject to these standards and (non-timber) desired conditions of the are not included in calculations of opening size, management prescriptions established in this even when within or adjacent to created Forest Plan. openings. The 80-acre limit will not apply to the elbaT M.4-2 mumini s kcot ediuggni s loblolly pine forest type on the Andrew Pickens f o r ebmuNmumini M ebmuNmumini r o f Ranger District. These stands have a desired epyT t s eroF eroF s t epyT S e e ld gni s rof condition of more native species composition, gni kcotS etauqedA etauqedA kcotS gni and many are more than 80 acres with the largest stand being 290 acres. Leaving loblolly pine Lyllolbo enip 002 rep rca e trees on site would provide an unwanted seed S faeltroh p hctip/eni erca rep 002 002 rep erca source and would work against restoration enip activities. 001 rep lliw(erca rucco htiw sdnats dexim ni dexim sdnats htiw enip etihW etihW enip FW-55 An even-aged regeneration area will no rehto senip ro longer be considered an opening when the rah d doow )s certified reestablished stand has reached an age rep seert elbarised 001 001 elbarised seert rep of 5 years. owdraH sdo erca erca FW-56 Regeneration harvest on lands suitable Tba el niatnuom enip 001 rep rca e for timber production must be done under a dexiM sdnats regeneration harvest method where adequate drah( oow enip/d ro 001 rep erca stocking of desirable species is expected to ip )doowdrah/en occur within 5 years after the final harvest cut. 2-17 Fire Management Fire and Aviation Management, Washington, DC. FS-590. August 1996.) Three Condition Classes define the degree of Historically, fire may have been the most departure from historical fire regimes, resulting common form of natural disturbance on the in alteration of key ecosystem components. landscape now managed as the Sumter National (Reference A Collaborative Approach for Forest. Fire has played an important role in Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities developing and maintaining southern yellow and the Environment, 10-Year Comprehensive pine ecosystems and appears to be a major factor Strategy, Implementation Plan May 2002.) in the developing oak forests. (Reference Southern Appalachian Assessment “Terrestrial Condition Class 1: Fire regimes in this Report” page 94-96). For additional discussion fire condition class are within historical on fire’s role in forest health, please refer to ranges. Vegetation composition and “Forest Health.” structure are intact. Fire dependent For purposes of fire management, ecosystems ecosystem components are maintained by have been classified into five fire regimes. desired fire regimes. Thus, the risk of losing key ecosystem components from Group 1—(0 to 35 years) low severity. the occurrence of wildland fire remains Group 2—(0 to 35 years) stand relatively low. replacement severity. Group 3—(35 to 100+ years) mixed Condition Class 2: Fire regimes on severity. these lands have been moderately altered Group 4—(35 to 100+ years) stand from their historical range. A moderate replacement severity. risk of losing key ecosystem components Group 5—(more than 200 years) stands has been identified on these lands. Fire replacement severity. frequencies have departed by one or more return intervals. Vegetation Fire regimes are generalized descriptions of the composition has been moderately altered. role fire plays in an ecosystem. (Discussion of fire regimes can be found in the FEIS, Chapter 3, Condition Class 3: Fire regimes on “Prescribed and Wildland Fire.”) The Sumter is these lands have been significantly dominated by fire-adapted and fire-dependent altered from their historical return ecosystems characterized by short return interval interval. The risk of losing key understory fire regimes with low to moderate ecosystem components from fire is high. intensity ground fires that generally are non­ Fire frequencies have departed from lethal to the dominant trees. historical ranges by multiple return Fire exclusion, primarily by suppression, intervals. Vegetation composition, disrupted the pattern of fire intensity and structure, and diversity have been occurrence on the Sumter. The effect of the significantly altered. Consequently, these changes in the vegetation eventually leads to a lands verge on the greatest risk of regime shift on the continuum. Almost all ecological collapse. significant forest health problems and many of the most destructive occur in these The Sumter National Forest is characterized ecosystems, where fire has been excluded for by short return-interval fire regime 1, and all prolonged periods and the natural fire regime has three condition classes. shifted. (Reference Land Management The hazardous fuels reduction program Considerations in Fire Adapted Ecosystems: focuses on maintaining land in existing Conceptual Guidelines. USDA Forest Service, 2-18 condition class 1, and treating the fuels hazard in midstory and ground cover), and the presence of condition classes 2 and 3 to bring them into insects and disease. Regeneration harvests over condition class 1. Priority is in the wildland the past 20 years have resulted in a mosaic of 0 urban interface (WUI), followed by maintaining to 20 year-old pine stands. Fires starting in and restoring fire adapted ecosystems.The reproduction stands are harder to suppress than current prescribed burning program for fire in open stands with light fuels. These stands hazardous fuels and resource management treats have a greater potential of increased mortality to about 20,000 acres annually. Approximately the overstory with increased potential for stand 18,000 acres of the average are burned for replacement fires. A recent infestation of the hazardous fuels reduction and 2,000 acres for southern pine beetle has dramatically increased other resource management. It is important for the amount of fuel present, both on the ground forest health, threatened and endangered species and standing. Treatments include salvage sales habitat, and reducing the risk in the wildland in the piedmont and cut-and-leave activities in urban interface to maintain the forest currently in the mountains and piedmont. Both types of condition class 1 and restore as much of the treatment will increase hazardous fuels on the condition class 2 and 3 to a lower class if ground, and add complexity and hazard to possible. suppression efforts and wildland fire use. Fire behavior and its effects vary within the Much of the Sumter is in dispersed Sumter National Forest. The piedmont is ownership and can be classified as wildland characterized by gentle rolling hills. Steeper, urban interface.This wildland urban interface longer slopes characterize the mountains, and places the private structures at increased risk affect fire behavior and fire size more from wildland fires and vice versa. If fire is dramatically than the topography found in the excluded from these areas, fuel loadings will piedmont. Consequently, the mountains have increase, resulting in increasingly greater risk for the potential for larger fires. larger and more intense fires. The hazardous The Sumter National Forest suppresses an fuels reduction program strives to reduce this average of 30 wildland fires annually, which risk. burn approximately 200 acres of National Forest The National Fire Plan – A Collaborative land. Humans cause 94 percent of these fires: Approach for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to most are intentionally set or escaped debris Communities and the Environment 10-Year burning. Lightning causes 6 percent of these Comprehensive Strategy Implementation Plan fires. Most fires, 86 percent, are 10 acres or established four goals for Forest Service Fire fewer. Management (and other federal and state The Sumter may expect 40 to 50 days of high agencies). Theese goals provide the framework fire danger and 1 day of very high to extreme for developing the Sumter’s fire management fire danger, annually. Most fires occur during program. These four goals follow. the high fire danger periods with flame lengths of 3-5 feet. Severe and extreme droughts occur 1. Improve Fire Prevention and periodically, usually beginning in the spring and Suppression may continue through November. During these 2. Reduce Hazardous Fuels periods the Keetch-Byrum Drought Index 3. Restore Fire-Adapted Ecosystems (KBDI) may reach 700+. In the past 25 years, 4. Promote Community Assistance the Sumter has had 17 escaped fires (over 100 acres), an annual escape fire frequency of 0.68 The appropriate management response will and an average of 234 acres burned per year. be used for suppression strategies. These Major factors affecting forest fuels are strategies range from direct attack to minimizing dominant vegetation type and age (overstory, acreage burned and resource value loss, to

2-19 indirect attack where firefighter and public Standards safety is always the primary consideration. (Reference “Federal Wildland and Prescribed Wildland Fire Fire Management Policy” 1995, and amendments.) FW-59 The safety of firefighters and the public The “Fire Management Plan” (FMP), a is the first priority in all fire management strategic document based on and in support of activities. this Forest Plan, provides comprehensive guidelines for both the suppression and the FW–60 Suppress human-caused fires. prescribed fire programs in relation to other management activities and geographic areas on FW-61 Wildland fire use, the management of the Sumter. The “Fire Management Plan” does naturally ignited wildland fire, is allowed with not document fire management decisions; rather an approved “Fire Management Plan” and a it provides the operational parameters whereby specific “Wildland Fire Implementation Plan” fire managers implement the goals and for the area. objectives in the Forest Plan or land management decisions.” (FSH 31 FW–62 Wildland fire use of naturally-ignited 5109.19 CH 50, 52.1) wildland fire in wilderness is allowed with an approved “Fire Management Plan,” a Goals and Objectives “Wilderness Fire Plan,” and a specific “Wildland Fire Implementation Plan” for the area. Goal 19 Protect life, property, and resources Prescribed Fire from unacceptable damage by fire through improved fire prevention, suppression, FW-63 Prescribed fires will be implemented hazardous fuel reduction, and promoting following the direction found in FSM 5140. community assistance. FW-64 Prescribed burns are done so they do not Goal 20 Maintain and restore fire-adapted consume all litter and duff and/or alter structure ecosystems by reducing hazardous fuels through and color of mineral soil on more than 15 the use of prescribed fire and mechanical fuels percent of the area. treatments. FW-65 On severely eroded forest soils, any area Objective 20.01 Maintain condition with an average litter-duff depth of less than ½ class 1 by restoring historic fire return inch or duff less than ¼ inch will only be burned intervals and reducing the risk of losing at low intensity. ecosystem components to on approximately 250,000 acres over the 10­ FW-66 Use existing barriers, e.g., streams, year planning period. lakes, wetlands, roads, and trails, whenever possible to reduce the need for fire line Goal 21 Emissions from prescribed fire will not construction and to minimize resource impacts. hinder the state’s progress toward attaining air quality standards and visibility goals. FW-67 All managed burns will comply with Smoke Management Programs (SMP) for South Carolina.

2-20 FW-68 Conform with the “State Implementation interspersed with pastured lands, croplands, Plan” for any prescribed fire planned within industrial timberlands, and small communities. EPA-designated “non-attainment” and National forest lands in this area are not “maintenance” areas. consolidated and often are adjacent to private lands. The recreational resources include campgrounds and primitive camps, rifle ranges, Recreation—Developed, trails for a variety of uses, interpretive Dispersed, and Backcountry opportunities, hunting and several recreational fishing lakes. The statewide Palmetto Trail will cross this district when completed. Rose Hill The Sumter National Forest consists of three State Park, a historic state park, is located in the ranger districts, the Andrew Pickens, Enoree, middle of the district. An emphasis of this and Long Cane. Each district is unique in its district is a premier network of trails for riding recreational offering as well as its landscape. OHVs, horses, mountain bikes, and hiking, as The Andrew Pickens Ranger District well as abundant opportunities for hunting and (85,500 acres) is located in the northwest corner wildlife viewing. of the state, bordering both North Carolina and The Long Cane Ranger District (117,500 Georgia. The district is also rural in nature. acres) is located on the western edge of the state, Apple orchards and small residential complexes near Abbeville, Edgefield and North Augusta. are common sights. The district’s land base is The district also has a rural setting and an much more consolidated than either the Enoree unconsolidated land base. Small towns and or Long Cane Ranger Districts. National forest communities dot the landscape. Forested lands, land dominates the landscape with some pastures and private residences and industrial occasional private lands. The recreational timberland coexist. The recreational resources resources include developed campgrounds, on this district include developed campgrounds, primitive/seasonal camps, several types of trails, primitive/seasonal camps, rifle ranges, trails for including the Chattooga Wild and Scenic River, a variety of uses, interpretive opportunities, a rifle range, hunting and fishing opportunities. hunting, and fishing opportunities. There are Hotspots on this district include the recreational several state parks located within the forest use associated with the Chattooga Wild and boundaries, including Baker Creek State Park, Scenic River. The river is one of the main Hamilton Branch State Park, and Hickory Knob attractions of this area and people flock to see it. State Park. Also, there are several Corps of River boating approachs 100,000 per year. There Engineer projects along the Strom Thurmond is one state park within the forest’s boundaries, Lake, which borders the Long Cane to the west. . Another large state park, A state scenic highway (state highway 28/81) is located just a few runs through the district. Also, a National miles to the east of the forest. This district is Heritage Corridor also runs through the district. located on the state line for North Carolina, An emphasis of this district is a premier network South Carolina and Georgia and borders both the of trails for hiking and riding OHVs, horses, Chattahoochee and the Nantahala National mountain bikes, as well as abundant Forests. These national forests also provide opportunities for hunting and wildlife viewing. recreational settings and opportunities that affect Although the opportunities for outdoor supply in the area. recreation are extensive and the public demand The Enoree Ranger District (161,500 acres) for these opportunities is seemingly endless, the is located in central South Carolina, between Sumter’s capability to meet these demands is not Spartanburg and Columbia. The district has a endless. Visitor preferences can shift over time. very rural setting with National Forest lands Both changing financial limitations and

2-21 environmental impacts must be considered. In Goal 24 Enhance opportunities to provide order to maximize value to the public with the backcountry (semi-primitive motorized and non- limited resources available, the forest will focus motorized/remote) recreational experiences that on providing those opportunities that are unique are generally not available on other land or of exceptional long-term value in a manner ownerships. that focuses on maximizing visitor satisfaction within financial and environmental limitations. Goal 25 Provide a range of accessible recreation facilities and trails. Goals and Objectives

Goal 22 Provide a spectrum of high quality Standards nature-based recreational settings and opportunities that reflect the unique or General exceptional resources of the Sumter and the interests of the recreating public on an FW-69 Limit OHVs and mountain bikes to environmentally sound and financially designated routes. sustainable basis. Adapt management of recreation facilities and opportunities as needed FW-70 Prohibit camping stays over 14 days, to shift limited resources to those opportunities. unless permitted.

Goal 23 Where financially and environmentally FW-71 No new OHV routes in the Turkey, feasible, enhance the following opportunities: Stevens, Chauga and Chattooga Watersheds.

Hiking, biking, canoe, kayak, raft and FW-72 Dispersed camping is not allowed on the equestrian trail systems, especially in Enoree and Long Cane ranger districts without a non-motorized settings with high quality permit. landscapes Designated OHV routes FW-73 Motorized use of the trail system is The high priority improvements, permissible for administrative purposes and expansions, or additions of facilities to emergencies. provide developed recreational opportunities FW-74 All management activities will be Hunting, fishing, wildlife, bird, and plant consistent with meeting or exceeding the viewing opportunities condition associated with each Recreation Educational and interpretive Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) class. opportunities FW-75 At developed recreational sites and on trails, effects from recreational use that conflicts Objective 23.01 Maintain or improve with environmental laws (such as Endangered 150 acres of ponds/lake habitat for Species Act, National Heritage Preservation Act, recreational fisheries. or Clean Water Act), are analyzed and mitigated.

Objective 23.02 In the piedmont, FW-76 At developed recreational sites, water, increase acreage that is at least ½ mile wastewater, and sewage treatment systems meet from an open road to 35,000 acres, federal, state and local water quality regulations. emphasizing land blocks that are at least 2,500 contiguous acres in size. 2-22 FW-77 At developed recreation sites high-risk Forest contains one recommended wilderness conditions do not exist. study area that has not been acted upon by Congress, Ellicott Rock Extension (1,982 acres.) FW-78 At developed recreation sites, utility The Sumter National Forest has 4 inventoried inspections meet federal, state and local roadless areas, totaling approximately 6,161 requirements acres. One of the areas is shared with the Chattahoochee National Forest. FW-79 When signed as accessible, constructed Air pollution emitted within or near the features meet current accessibility guidelines. Sumter can be transported and transformed over long distances. The impacts from secondary FW-80 Trails, when signed accessible, meet pollutants on natural resources can be found current accessibility guidelines. downwind of where the air pollution is emitted. There are four areas within 200 km of the FW-81 Dispersed camping occurs at least 50 Sumter that are designated as class I air quality feet from lakes and streams to protect riparian according to the Clean Air Act Amendments of areas, 50 feet from trails, and 1/4 mile from a 1977. Three of these class I areas (Linville road on the Andrews Pickens district. Gorge, Joyce Kilmer/Slickrock, and Shining Rock Wilderness) are under the responsibility of FW-82 Camping with horses may only occur in the USDA Forest Service on other national designated areas on the Andrew Pickens District. forests. The forests managing Class I wilderness have a legal responsibility to advise the state environmental agencies if any new or modified Roadless Areas and Wilderness source of air pollution originating within the Management state will have an adverse impact to the air quality related values (AQRV) of the nearby class I areas.

Congressionally designated wilderness areas are Goals and Objectives protected by law and valued for their ecological, historical, scientific, and experiential resources. There is one designated wilderness area on Goal 26 Maintain wilderness, wilderness study the Sumter National Forest. Ellicott Rock areas, and inventoried roadless area Wilderness is shared between three national characteristics. forests, the Sumter, the Nantahala and the Chattahoochee. Of the combined 8,271 acres for Goal 27 Manage wilderness, wilderness study the entire wilderness area, 2,856 acres are on the areas, and inventoried roadless areas to provide Sumter. This acreage represents less that 1 the social and ecological benefits that only they percent of the total forest acreage. The existing can offer. wilderness areas will be managed to maintain the area’s natural characteristics. Natural occurrences such as outbreaks of insects or disease are allowed as part of the natural cycle. Man-caused intrusions are not allowed. Under emergency conditions, mechanical equipment and motorized transport may be approved for use to control fire, which threatens life, property, or the wilderness resource. The Sumter National

2-23 Wild and Scenic Rivers Chauga River as eligible. This river was placed in a scenic area prescription to protect the free- flowing condition and outstandingly remarkable values. Chattooga Wild and Scenic River In 1995 a comprehensive inventory was done. This inventory included rivers identified on the The Sumter National Forest has one designated Nationwide Rivers Inventory, the South Carolina Wild and Scenic River. On May 10, 1974, the Statewide River Assessment, and by public Chattooga River was added to the National Wild involvement and information gathered by Forest and Scenic Rivers System. It is one of the Service personnel. Seventeen streams or rivers premier whitewater streams of the eastern on the Sumter National Forest were reviewed for United States. Its 57 designated miles begin in potential eligibility. Of the 17, eight were found the National Forests of North Carolina and to be free-flowing and possess one or more forms the state boundary between South outstandingly remarkable values. Carolina (Sumter National Forest) and Georgia These streams were classified according to (Chattahoochee National Forest). The Sumter Section 2 of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act National Forest has the lead authority for all (WSR) (PL 90-542). Table 2-5 shows the rivers boating/floating use (commercially-guided and that were studied and found ineligible and Table self-guided) on the Chattooga River when it involves the main channel from Burrell’s Ford to Lake Tugaloo, as well as the West Fork in Georgia. The respective forests where these uses elbaT 5-2 R evi sr eidutS d of Nr ta lanoi occur administer all other land and water uses. iW dnadl S ec cin R evi r S sy dnamet dnuof The Chattooga River has several enI l elbigi outstandingly remarkable values including Dis rt tci R evi r M i el s geology, biology, scenery, recreation and history. rebmiL P elo C keer .2 0 The Chattooga River corridor has a variety of werdnA keer C gni K gni C keer .3 2 recreational activities from hiking and equestrian kciP e sn use to nature study, backpacking, and fishing. C dekoor C keer .1 3 Floating use, both guided and self-guided, daorB reviR .73 0 fluctuates each year based on water levels. In regyT reviR .03 2 years of high water levels, the use for both eronE e guided and self-guided has reached as high as eeronE reviR .63 7 89,000 people per year. In years of lower water F tserofria C keer .9 6 levels the number can be significantly lower. elttiL reviR .6 2 enaCgnoL enaCgnoL Specific management direction can be found in gnoL C ena C keer .92 2 Management Prescription 2A in Chapter 3.

Eligible Rivers

During the current forest plan development, rivers on the Sumter National Forest were considered for potential inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System based on the requirements of Section 5(d)(1) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. The forest evaluated the eligibility of five rivers and found only the

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2-25 2-6 shows the rivers that were studied and found FW-87 New utility corridors or eligible. communications/electronic sites will be Management direction for the eligible rivers discouraged. is not in separate management prescriptions but is governed by the following forest-wide FW-88 Protect the outstandingly remarkable direction. An explanation of the Wild and Scenic values and maintain the identified wild, scenic or River study process can be found in Appendix D recreational classification. of the FEIS. A map of the eligible rivers can be found in Appendix I. Aesthetics/Scenery Management Goals and Objectives Public concern for the quality of scenery in National Forest System lands in the Blue Ridge Goal 28 The Chattooga Wild and Scenic River and piedmont regions is increasing. Many would be managed to protect and enhance free- sightseers visit the national forest as part of an flow, water quality and the outstandingly interwoven experience with other tourist remarkable values of geology, biology, scenery, opportunities. The Sumter National Forest recreation and history. provides opportunities for high quality nature- related sightseeing and scenic viewing. Scenic Goal 29 Eligible rivers will be managed to features include the Chattooga Wild and Scenic protect free-flow, protect and to the extent River, a Congressionally-designated wilderness possible enhance outstandingly remarkable area, the Oscar Wiggington National Forest values, and maintain the identified wild, scenic, Scenic Byway. The Sumter National Forest also, or recreational classification. offers premier opportunities for wildlife viewing and driving for pleasure. Objective 29.01 A suitability analysis These highly visible lands, including those for Turkey and Stevens Creek will be adjacent to heavily used waterways, major forest completed by the year 2009. trails, scenic road corridors and major highways through the forests, present challenges to land Standards managers. Potential conflicts could arise between scenery management and other resource Eligible Rivers objectives. The visual resource has been inventoried and classified in an effort to arrive at The following standards apply to ¼ mile on each management solutions that include the scenic side of the eligible rivers shown in Table 2-6. resource. A visual inventory was mapped on Sumter lands using the Scenery Management FW-83 No new road construction in wild sections. System (SMS). This system increases the role of constituents throughout the inventory and FW-84 No motorized boats or crafts are allowed planning process. It borrows from and is on the wild sections. integrated with basic concepts and terminology FW-85 No motorized trails are allowed. of ecosystem management. The system provides for improved integration of aesthetics with other FW-86 No federal mineral leasing or mineral biological, physical, and social/cultural material authorization is permitted. resources in the planning process.

2-26 Goals and Objectives More than 10,000 years ago American Indians first occupied the area of South Carolina that is now part of the Sumter National Forest. Goal 30 Protect and enhance the scenic and Historic period Indians included groups with aesthetic values of the national forest lands in social and political ties to the Cherokee and the the Southern Appalachians and piedmont. Catawba. Archeological and historical research has been used to reconstruct and interpret both Standards Native American prehistory and the advance of Euro-American settlement into the upstate of FW-89 The Forest Scenic Integrity Objectives South Carolina beginning in the eighteenth Maps and Scenic Integrity Objectives (SIO) in century. Land acquisition for a national forest in each prescription governs all new projects South Carolina began as early as 1914 in Oconee (including special uses). Assigned SIO are County as part of the Nantahala National Forest. consistent with Recreation Opportunity However, most of the land acquired to form the Spectrum management direction. Existing national forest in the piedmont was purchased conditions may not meet the assigned SIO. from willing sellers between 1934 and 1936. Together these public lands became the Sumter National Forest. FW-90 The Scenery Management System More than 3,800 heritage resource sites are guides protection and enhancement of scenery recorded on the Sumter National Forest. on the Sumter National Forest. The scenic class Prehistoric period sites include campsites, inventory will be maintained, refined, and villages, hunting areas, stone tool quarrying updated as a result of site-specific project areas, and petroglyphs. Historic period sites analysis. The standards under each Management include farm houses, outbuildings, mines, Prescription in Chapter 3 refer to the inventory improved springs, dams, mills, quarries, as updated. cemeteries, churches, Revolutionary War battlefields, pottery and lime kilns, bridges, FW-91 Lands mapped as concern level 1 Civilian Conservation Corp camps, World War II middle ground from travel ways and use areas Prisoner of War camps, and towers. will be inventoried as Scenic Class 2 or higher A network of old Indian trails, railroad beds, and and will be managed for an SIO of Moderate or abandoned roadbeds can be found on the forest. higher. Heritage resources are nonrenewable and the purpose of the heritage management is to protect significant heritage resources. The Forest Heritage Resources Service seeks to improve public understanding of our heritage, to raise public awareness of the Awaiting discovery in the woodlands of the fragile and irreplaceable nature of heritage Sumter National Forest are the remnants of past resources, to share its values with the forest cultures that confront us and remind us of the visitor, to contribute relevant information and centuries-old relationship between people and perspectives to forest management, and to the land. These heritage resources hold clues to provide enhanced public recreational past ecosystems, add richness and depth to our opportunities. landscapes, help us to understand past life-ways, Heritage resources are an essential provide links to living traditions, and help component of ecosystem analysis and forest transform a walk in the into an health assessments providing the link that unforgettable encounter with history. connects people, past, and present to the land. They also provide a context for understanding

2-27 contemporary landscapes and natural resource Minerals and Geology issues. The Forest Plan for heritage resources takes The United States holds title of nearly all of the its cue from the Forest Service’s National mineral rights beneath the surface of the Sumter. Heritage Strategy; a strategic plan that articulates Forest tract L-446, containing 358 acres, is the the role the heritage program can play in only tract on the Sumter where the United States achieving the overall mission and vision of the does not own the mineral rights. The right of Forest Service. It seeks to clarify and define the development of private mineral rights will be program in terms of three key components: allowed subject to the terms of the deed which stewardship, public service, and a context for severed the mineral estate from the surface estate natural resource management. and the applicable state and federal laws. There are no active mines on the Sumter at this time. Goals and Objectives The “Plan of Operations for a Preference Right Lease Application for Gold” has been approved Goal 31 Manage areas with special for 1,100 acres on the Long Cane District. A paleontological, cultural, or heritage “Prospecting Permit Plan of Operations” has characteristics to maintain or restore those been approved on the Long Cane District and a characteristics. Prospecting Permit Application has been received for 200 acres on the Long Cane Goal 32 Meet the demand for quality heritage District. learning and tourism opportunities. Realize the Congress has passed various laws providing potential of heritage sites on the national forest for the exploration and development of mineral to draw heritage tourism partners to benefit both resources on National Forest System lands. Federal mineral resources are classified into the heritage assets and public programs. three types: 1) locatable minerals, 2) leasable minerals, and 3) salable (common variety) Standards minerals. Locatable mineral exploration and development is authorized by the 1872 Mining Act, which applies to Public Domain status FW-92 Significant sites are evaluated for lands. The Sumter has no public domain status eligibility to the National Register of Historic lands; therefore, the locatable mineral program Places and are submitted to the State Historic does not apply. However, locatable minerals Preservation Office for review. (e.g., gold, silver, lead, iron, copper, etc.) become leasable on acquired status lands. All FW-93 Projects are designed to avoid, federal lands in the state of South Carolina have minimize, or mitigate negative effects on been acquired. Leasable minerals are managed in potentially significant heritage resources. In- cooperation with the U.S. Department of place protection of identified sites is the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM). minimum requirement until site significance is The BLM is the federal agency that issues all determined. mineral leases. Leasable minerals include the “locatable” minerals that occur on acquired FW-94 If cultural resources are encountered, status lands, the energy minerals (e.g., coal, oil, regardless of whether the area has been gas, geothermal, oil shale) and phosphate, previously disturbed, halt activities until the site sodium and potassium. Salable minerals (e.g., significance is determined sand, gravel, pumice, clay, stone, riprap) are managed solely by the Forest Service on National Forest System lands. 2-28 Goals and Objectives use conflicts. These conflicts may include mixed vehicle use, wildlife considerations, and water Goal 33 Mineral resources will be managed to quality concerns. Refer to Chapter 3 of the FEIS meet demands for energy and non-energy for miles of road by functional class. minerals consistent with Forest Plan Forest highways are specially designated management prescriptions. routes maintained by a public road agency that is of special importance to the forest. These roads may be partially funded under the Federal Lands Standards Highway program. The forest works with the state transportation department on the FW-95 Common variety mineral permits designation and management of these roads. The (individual sales and free use permits) involving forest currently has 412.64 miles of designated more than casual use amounts (1 ton) or forest highways. occurring in a sensitive area such as near streams National Forest System roads are divided into or rare communities will have an approved five levels for maintenance purposes. Roads mining and reclamation plan. requiring only custodial care, such as long-term closures, are level 1. Very low standard roads Access and Road Management permitting limited passage of high clearance vehicles are level 2. Roads maintained for safe The transportation system provides public access and moderately convenient travel suitable for and facilitates Forest use and management passenger cars are level 3. Roads with higher activities. The system is facing increased use average daily traffic and generally a through with a declining road budget and a large backlog route are level 4. Arterial roads and routes into of deferred maintenance work. The increasing special locations, such as recreation urban activities along and into the forest campgrounds, are level 5. User comfort and boundary are creating new demands on the road driving ease are increasingly important system. Most of the roads have existed for 25 considerations from level 3 to level 5. About years or more. Many of the system roads were 57.9 percent of the Sumter is in the level 3 to not designed to handle these new demands of level 5 classes, and 38 percent of forest roads are traffic mix and volume. in class 1, generally closed. The Sumter road system includes 2,640.6 The forest handles nearly all maintenance miles of road. This system includes the State, activities with service or construction contracts. county, and National Forest System roads. The The Sumter road maintenance contracts for the National Forest system roads have recently been last few years have had to reduce the mileage divided into public and administrative road maintained because of decreased funding. The categories. The administrative roads are forest road condition survey program has generally for administration of the national identified over $27 million in deferred forest lands and resources and are not classified maintenance work on the road system. as public roads. However, the Secretary of Road management objectives will be Agriculture allows public use if the road is open reviewed for existing roads and proposed new to traffic. The designated public roads are roads through area analysis, watershed level generally open and can be traveled by car. analysis, and site-specific project analysis. These National Forest system roads currently total analyses will be aided by the use of a Road 1,052.9 miles. These system roads are divided Analysis Process (RAP) to assist the forest in into three functional classes: arterial, collector, making road decisions including identifying any and local. The roads are operated under road unclassified roads and deciding whether to add management objectives to minimize resource- them to the system or re-vegetate them so they

2-29 can revert back into forest management. Timber 4. cost to maintain is unacceptable/ sales will generally use existing roads or impractical; temporary roads. New road construction for 5. the road is determined unneeded for timber sales will be less than in the past. The resource management or public access. forest will have nearly 17,000 acres where no new roads will be allowed and nearly 138,000 acres where the open road mileage may decrease over the planning period. The forest will move to Lands and Special Uses more cooperation with the counties in road maintenance especially for roads serving a large The Sumter National Forest has an active land number of private residences or needed for adjustment program. A Land Ownership school bus access or other community reasons. Adjustment Strategy (LOAS) will provide Key roads identified in the public roads program guidance to the land adjustment program and will be upgraded as funds become available to identify the optimum desired future land improve the public’s access and safety. ownership pattern to provide for resource use and protection to meet public needs. Consolidation of National Forest System Goals and Objectives lands is an important objective of the land ownership adjustment program. Land Goal 34 Provide a minimum transportation adjustments have been accomplished primarily system that supplies safe and efficient access for through land exchanges and purchases. Between forest users while protecting forest resources. 1992 and 2002, four land exchanges have been completed resulting in the acquisition of 2,101 Goal 35 Improve conditions of needed roads that acres and the conveyance of 885 acres, or a net are adversely affecting soil and water resources. gain of 1,216 acres. During the same time period, eleven purchases totaling 5,420 acres Standards have been completed using Land and Water Conservation Funds (LWCF). Purchases depend entirely on available LWCF funding for a given FW-96 Establish and maintain vegetation, year. The purchase program is expected to preferably native to the ecotype, on roadbeds, increase as the public becomes more aware and cut slopes, and fill slopes of intermittent service supportive of protecting important lands within roads when they are closed. Annuals may be national forest boundaries. The LOAS will assist used to provide temporary soil cover until in identifying land purchase and exchange natives can take over. opportunities, and define criteria for prioritization of lands for acquisition and/or FW-97 Constructed transportation routes disposal. inventoried in the Forest Transportation System There are currently 231 special use (roads and trails) should remain opened for authorizations covering 4,746 acres on the public travel unless any of the following occurs: Sumter National Forest. The number of 1. the road is unsafe for motorized public proposals for new authorizations received is travel; growing each year. Most authorizations are for road easements or permits. Other authorized 2. there is unacceptable resource damage; uses include utilities, wells, cemeteries, 3. closures or restrictions are needed to meet communication uses, reservoirs, agriculture, other resource needs; churches, experimental or research areas, outfitters and guides and oil and gas pipelines.

2-30 About 20 new proposals for authorizations FW-100 Prior to authorizing or re-authorizing exceeding 1 year in duration are received new or existing individual well/spring permits or annually for these types of uses. Numerous diversions of water from streams or lakes, requests for authorizations lasting less than 1 determine the in-stream flow or lake level needs year are also received. sufficient to protect stream processes, aquatic and riparian habitats and communities, and Proper boundary line maintenance is an recreation and aesthetic values. important factor in protecting the national forest from encroachment and trespass. The Sumter National Forest has about 1,750 miles of General boundary lines to maintain. Several encroachment and trespass cases are processed every year as a result of poorly maintained Standard boundary lines. This standard is forest-wide.

Goals and Objectives FW-101 Except in the cases noted below, individual management prescription boundaries Goal 36 Acquire non-federal lands through may be refined at the project level, through purchase, donation or exchange to improve appropriate NEPA documentation, to provide management effectiveness, support specific logical, manageable boundaries. resource management objectives, and enhance public benefits. Exceptions:

Goal 37 Manage special uses in a manner that allocations made at authority higher than protects natural resource values and public the Regional Forester, health and safety. where the change would involve the Goal 38 Resolve all known title claims and boundary or could potentially negatively encroachments affecting National Forest System lands. affect the roadless character of an inventoried roadless area, Goal 39 Provide legal access to National Forest System lands to allow for the use and enjoyment where the change could potentially by the public now and in the future. negatively affect the outstandingly remarkable values of streams meeting the Standards eligibility requirements of Wild and Scenic River designation. FW-98 Rights-of-way (ROW) will be acquired for existing and proposed National Forest System roads and trails. Temporary rights-of- way are acceptable if a permanent right-of-way cannot be obtained.

FW-99 When compatible, manage future acquired lands according to the management prescription direction within which the newly acquired lands are located.

2-31 Chapter 3 Management Prescriptions

This chapter describes direction specific to the …is of sufficient size as to make practicable its management prescriptions on the Sumter. The preservation and use in an unimpaired condition; emphasis, desired condition, objectives, and and 4) may also contain ecological, geological, or standards for the area make up the management other features of scientific, educational, scenic, prescription direction.Forest-wide goals, or historic value.” objectives and standards apply to all management The natural evolving character of the prescriptions unless specifically exempted or landscape consists primarily of older forest modified by the management prescription communities, with many large trees. Dead and direction. See pages 3-2—3-4 for maps of the down trees are common. The forest canopy is Management Prescriptions for each district. continuous except for occasional gaps created by natural occurrences such as storms, insect or 1.A. Designated Wilderness Area disease outbreaks, and fire. Bad Creek, reference drainage, is contained Area— within the wilderness boundary, north of the East Fork of the Chattooga River drainage. This Andrew Pickens, 2,855 acres reference drainage is maintained in relatively (approximate) undisturbed conditions from recent human intervention or impact. Emphasis: The emphasis is to allow ecological Management ignited fire can be used to reduce and biological processes to progress naturally the unnatural buildups of fuels to reduce the risks with little to no human influence or intervention, and consequences of wildfire within wilderness except the minimum impacts made by those who or escaping from wilderness. seek the wilderness as a special place that offers Mature forests and older stands in various opportunities to experience solitude. stages of climax canopy development and decline dominate habitat conditions provided through Desired Condition: As stated in the Wilderness this prescription. Wildlife responsive to large Act, Wilderness provides “…an area where the diameter standing snags and living den trees earth and its community of life are untrammeled (raccoon, barred owl [Strix varia], great-crested by man, where man himself is a visitor who does flycatcher [Myiarchus cinerascens], chickadee, not remain... an area of undeveloped Federal land etc.) would be expected here in high densities if retaining its primeval character and influence, adequate food supplies were available. High without permanent improvements or human canopy species such as red-eyed vireo (Vireo habitation, which is protected and managed so as altiloquus) and species that use mid-story and to preserve its natural conditions and which; 1) well developed shrub layers in understory generally appears to have been affected primarily (thrushes, ovenbird [Seiurus aurocapillus], etc.) by the forces of nature, with the imprint of man’s would also be expected in high densities. work substantially unnoticeable; 2) has Existing old fields and wildlife openings are outstanding opportunities for solitude or a not maintained. In some cases, existing openings primitive and unconfined type of reaction; 3) may be obliterated through and

3-1 3-2 3-3 Management Prescription for the Long Cane Ranger District Sumter National Forest

3-4 elimination of non-native species. New wildlife designation may be considered native if the openings are not created. species is likely to survive. Stocking shall Aquatic and riparian protection measures as normally be done by primitive means; however, referenced in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to Regional may permit dropping of fish this prescription. from aircraft for those waters where this practice The area provides visitors with solitude and was established before the area was designated a remoteness in the most primitive and natural wilderness. setting possible. Access into the areas is limited. Once in these areas, visitors must rely on their 1.A.-5 No new utility corridors or own primitive recreational skills. Recreation and communication sites will be authorized in these trails within wilderness are non-motorized. areas. Trailheads at surrounding roads are designed with sensitivity to scale and character to set the 1.A.-6 Forest insect and disease outbreaks are tone for experiencing a primitive experience. controlled only if necessary to prevent Trails, themselves lie lightly on the land, blending unacceptable damage to resources on adjacent with the natural surroundings.Visitors are land, to prevent an unnatural loss to the physically challenged as they ford streams and wilderness resource due to exotic pests, or to climb over downed trees. Few structures protect threatened, endangered, and sensitive including signs and facilities are provided. The species. recreational opportunities are in a primitive recreational setting. 1.A.-7 Hand-applied chemicals to eradicate non­ native invasive plants requires Regional Forester Standards approval.

1.A.-1 The scenic integrity objective is very high 1.A.-8 No permits for commercial use of any for all inventoried scenic classes. forest product is allowed.

1.A.-2 The Forest Supervisor approves the use 1.A.-9 The Regional Forester approves the use of motorized equipment or mechanical transport of motorized equipment or mechanical transport for emergencies where the situation involves an for non-emergency purposes. inescapable urgency and temporary need for speed beyond that available by primitive means 1.A.-10 Fire lines are obliterated as soon as or for exploration (categories include fire practical. suppression, health and safety, law enforcement involving serious crime or fugitive pursuit, 1.A.-11 Following a catastrophic natural removal of deceased persons, and aircraft occurrence, use to reopen trails is accident investigations) and development of valid permitted with Regional Forester approval. existing mineral rights. 1.A.-12 Commercial and organized group size is 1.A.-3 Monitor and mitigate for acid rain and limited to 12. other pollution as needed on a case-by-case basis with Forest Supervisor approval. 1.A.-13 No new permits for special uses, except for research and outfitter-guide operations. 1.A.-4. Allow fish stocking only to reestablish or Phase out existing non-conforming uses. maintain native species; species of fish traditionally stocked before wilderness 1.A.-14 These areas are statutorily withdrawn for federal oil and gas and other mineral leases. 3-5 1.A.-15 These areas are not available for mineral other features of scientific, educational, scenic, materials for commercial purposes. or historic value.” Wilderness consists primarily of older forest 1.A.-16 Road construction is prohibited, subject communities with many large trees. Dead and to valid existing rights or leases. down trees are common. Forests are dense with a thick, shrubby, evergreen understory. The forest 1.A.-17 Motorized equipment for search and canopy is continuous except for occasional gaps rescue requires Forest Supervisor approval. created by natural occurrences such as storms, insect or disease outbreak, and fire. 1.A.-18 These lands are unsuitable for timber Management ignited fire can be used to reduce production. the unnatural buildups of fuels to reduce the risks and consequences of wildfire within wilderness 1.A.-19 Use minimum impact suppression or escaping from wilderness. techniques (MIST) for fire suppression activities Mature forests and older stands in various in wilderness. stages of climax canopy development and decline dominate habitat conditions provided though this 1.B. Recommended Wilderness prescription. Wildlife responsive to large diameter standing snags and living den trees Study Areas (raccoon, barred owl, great-crested flycatcher, chickadee, etc.) would be expected here in high densities if adequate food supplies were Ellicott Rock Extension—Andrew available. High canopy species such as red-eyed Pickens, 1,982 acres (approximate) vireo and species that use mid-story and well developed shrub layers in understory (thrushes, Emphasis: Manage this area to protect ovenbird, etc.) would also be expected in high wilderness characteristics pending legislation as densities. to their classification and provide for existing Existing old fields and wildlife openings are uses where compatible with protecting maintained. In some cases, existing openings may wilderness character. be obliterated through tree planting and elimination of non-native species. New Desired Condition: As stated in the Wilderness permanent wildlife openings are not created. Act, Wilderness provides “…an area where the Aquatic and riparian protection measures as earth and its community of life are untrammeled referenced in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to by man, where man himself is a visitor who does this prescription. not remain... an area of undeveloped Federal land Trails lie lightly on the land, blending with the retaining its primeval character and influence, natural surroundings. Visitors are physically without permanent improvements or human challenged as they ford streams and climb over habitation, which is protected and managed so as downed trees. Few facilities are provided. to preserve its natural conditions and which; 1) Wilderness recreation includes inherent risks. generally appears to have been affected primarily Encounters with other visitors are rare. by the forces of nature, with the imprint of man’s Access into the area is limited. Once in the work substantially unnoticeable; 2) has area, visitors must rely on their own primitive outstanding opportunities for solitude or a recreational skills. The recreational opportunities primitive and unconfined type of reaction; 3) is are in primitive to a semi-primitive non- of sufficient size as to make practicable its motorized setting. preservation and use in an unimpaired condition; and 4) may also contain ecological, geological, or 3-6 Standards 1.B.-8 No permits for commercial use of any forest products are allowed. 1.B-1 The scenic integrity objective is very high for all inventoried scenic classes. 1.B.-9 The Forest Supervisor approves the use of motorized equipment or mechanical transport for 1.B.-2 The Forest Supervisor approves the use of non-emergency purposes. motorized equipment or mechanical transport for emergencies where the situation involves an 1.B.-10 Fire lines are obliterated as soon as inescapable urgency and temporary need for practical. speed beyond that available by primitive means or for exploration (categories include fire 1.B.-11 Commercial and organized group size is suppression, health and safety, law enforcement limited to 12. involving serious crime or fugitive pursuit, removal of deceased persons, and aircraft 1.B.-12 Scenic integrity objective for these areas accident investigations) and development of valid is very high. existing mineral rights. 1.B.-13 Livestock grazing is not allowed. 1.B-3 Allow mitigation for acid rain and other pollution effects and evaluate on a case-by-case 1.B.-14 These areas are administratively basis with Forest Supervisor approval. withdrawn for federal oil and gas and other mineral leases. 1.B.-4 Allow fish stocking only to reestablish or maintain native species; species of fish 1.B.-15 These areas are not available for mineral traditionally stocked before wilderness materials for commercial purposes. designation may be considered native if the species is likely to survive. Stocking shall 1.B.-16 Road construction is prohibited, subject normally be done by primitive means; however, to valid existing rights or leases. Forest Supervisor may permit dropping of fish from aircraft for those waters where this practice 1.B.-17 Motorized equipment for search and was established before the area was designated a rescue requires Forest Supervisor approval. wilderness. 1.B.-18 These lands are unsuitable for timber 1.B.-5 No new utility corridors or production. communication sites will be authorized in these areas. 1.B.-19 Use minimum impact suppression techniques (MIST) for fire suppression activities 1.B.-6 Forest insect and disease outbreaks are in wilderness. controlled only if necessary to prevent unacceptable damage to resources on adjacent land, prevent an unnatural loss to the wilderness resource due to non-native pests, or protect threatened, endangered, and sensitive species.

1.B.-7 Hand-applied chemicals to eradicate non­ native invasive plants require Forest Supervisor approval.

3-7 2.A. Chattooga Wild and Scenic ¾ Includes emphasis statements, desired conditions and standards to protect river River Corridor values. ¾ Provides detailed direction for on-river recreational capacity and establishes dna dliW agoottahC ni sercA .1-3elbaT .1-3elbaT sercA ni agoottahC dliW dna capacity for in-corridor recreation yb tseroF yb rodirroC revi R ec S ec cin R revi rodirroC yb tseroF yb through a desired condition for facility salC salC s noitacifi development. ¾ Addresses water quality issues within the lanoita N lanoita Wdli Sec in cR e erc anoita lwatershed, particularly through tseroF tseroF partnerships in Chapter 4. htuo S(retmu S S(retmu htuo 32, 09 22 4 30,1 0 ¾ Includes river-specific monitoring )anilora C )anilora measures for water quality and the alahatna N alahatna outstandingly remarkable values in htro N( htro 10, 6 5 30 5 89 5 Chapter 5. Plan Implementation, )anilora C )anilora Monitoring and Evaluation. eehcoohattah C eehcoohattah The Nantahala and Chattahoochee National ()aigroeG 59, 9 846 8 55,1 1Forests will use this direction for management of Tlato sercA 13,0 5 3997 65,3 6 the river within their respective forest boundaries. By agreement among the three forests, the Emphasis : Congress designated this corridor as Sumter National Forest has the lead authority for part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers all boating/floating use (commercially-guided and System. It is managed to protect and enhance the self-guided) on the Chattooga River when it outstandingly remarkable values of the river and involves the main channel from Burrell’s Ford to its surroundings. The river will be preserved in a Lake Tugaloo, as well as the West Fork . free-flowing condition for the benefit, use, and enjoyment of present and future generations. Outstandingly Remarkable Values of The Chattooga Wild and Scenic River the Chattooga River corridor is located in the Sumter, Nantahala, and Chattahoochee National Forests. Its 57 In 1974, when the river was designated by designated miles begin in North Carolina Congress as a part of the National Wild and (Nantahala National Forest) and forms the state Scenic Rivers System, the river possessed several boundary between South Carolina (Sumter outstandingly remarkable values including National Forest) and Georgia (Chattahoochee geology, biology, scenery, recreation and history. National Forest). The river includes sections These values have generally improved over the designated as ‘wild,’ ‘scenic’ and ‘recreational’. years. The direction in this Forest Plan specific to the Chattooga (prescriptions 2A, 2.A.1, 2.A.2. Geology— The geologic and geomorphologic and 2.A.3.) constitutes the comprehensive plan values of the Chattooga, as described in the 1971 as required in Section 3(d)(2) of the Wild and Wild and Scenic River Study Report for the Scenic Rivers Act (Act). Chattooga River and included the deeply Relative to the requirements in the Act, this dissected escarpment and the steep, rocky, direction: forested slopes that plunge into deep, narrow ¾ Describes the outstandingly remarkable gorges. There are a series of outstanding values. monolithic treeless domes and slopes of exposed resistant granite, which occur at the upper 3-8 headwaters of the river in North Carolina. The river itself provides a varying scene from a Another feature of the river is that it is the smooth flowing stream to a river with thundering headwaters of the Savannah River, which flows falls and cascades, raging rapids, enormous into the Atlantic Ocean. It is likely that a boulders, and cliff-enclosed deep pools. combination of geologic fault, severe erosion, and channel entrenchment associated with the Recreation—The recreational values of the river headwaters of the Savannah River, now known and corridor are outstanding along its 57-mile as the (formed by the confluence course. The river offers a wide variety of of Chattooga and the Tallulah) captured these activities in a high-quality setting. Activities rivers from the Chattahoochee River. A stream range from swimming to hiking and horseback capture of this magnitude is unusual in the riding with spectacular scenery, to excellent trout region, but the adjacent Chauga River also fishing and nationally recognized white-water exhibits these characteristics. rafting opportunities. Other activities include backpacking, photography, and nature study. Biology—There is a variety and richness of the Most of these activities take place in largely plant life within the Chattooga Watershed, unmodified natural surroundings, with many including the Chattooga Wild and Scenic River opportunities for remoteness and solitude. Corridor. The unique geography and climate characteristics provide habitats for uncommon History—Very little systematic survey has been assemblages of endemic, disjunct, and relic plant completed in the river corridor. A total of 38 species. The most rare species within the archeological sites have been recorded within the Chattooga River Gorge landtype are the corridor. These include 15 prehistoric sites, 15 Southern Appalachian endemics, which include historic house and farmstead sites, a railroad the liverworts; the rock gnome lichen and Blue embankment, 2 historic cemeteries, a 19th century Ridge bindweed, Fraser’s loosestrife, Manhart’s mineral prospecting pit, and a rock shelter. About sedge, Biltmore’s sedge pink shell azeala and the half of these sites are considered potentially divided leaf ragwort. Old growth communities eligible for the National Register of Historic comprise almost 10 percent of the corridor. Places. The destroyed Chattooga Federal and state agencies consider several non­ Town, a large settlement of Indians, before 1600. game wildlife species within the watershed The site is near the present day Highway 28 sensitive species. bridge site. This regionally significant site is potentially eligible for the National Register of Scenery—The scenery along the Chattooga Historic Places. River is exceptional. The scenery plays an important part of the Wild and Scenic River Standards experience. The river is deeply entrenched between high ridges for large stretches of its 2.A.-1 Floating on the Chattooga River is not length. Steep forested slopes on either side of the allowed upstream of the Highway 28 bridge. river give a feeling of seclusion. The river constantly meanders and curves, and there are 2.A.-2 Organized events (such as boat races) are excellent views along these bends. The seasons not allowed on the river. change the landscape from the varying soft greens of spring and summer to the patchwork of 2.A.-3 Motorized boats or craft are not allowed red, yellow, and orange. The winter finds the on the river. leaves stripped away and the patches of green from the white pines stand out against the gray- brown hillsides and exposed rock formations. 3-9 2.A.-4 The number of multi-year permits to 1. October-April—5 Section IV trips and 4 provide guided inflatable raft trips for the public Section III trips. on the Chattooga River will not exceed three (3). 2. May-September—4 Section IV trips and 4 Section III trips. 2.A.-5 The number of multi-year permits to provide guided hardboat trips on the Chattooga High Water Level (approximately 2 1/2 to 3 feet River will not exceed five (5). on the Highway 76 gauge) At this level, the Section IV trips may launch as far upstream as 2.A.-6 The recognized holidays for all boating/ Thrift’s Ferry, thus the Section III and Section IV floating uses (both guided and self-guided) are trips may overlap between Thrift’s Ferry and Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Labor Highway 76. At this level, the Section IV trips Day. may not run Five Falls. A. Weekdays, except for Holidays—6 Section 2.A.-7 Allow no more than 12 craft on all IV trips and 7 Section III trips. guided trips. B. Weekends and Holidays: 1. October-April—5 Section IV trips and 2.A.-8 Overnight camping at locations along the 4 Section III trips. river by guided (inflatable and hardboat) 2. May-September—4 Section IV trips and permittees must be approved by the Forest 4 Section III trips. Service. Very High Water Level (approximately 3 feet 2.A.-9 The total allocation of guided inflatable on the Highway 76 gauge up to the maximum trips (for all multi-year permittees combined) and safe water level) their locations are as follows (See Tables 3-2 and A. Weekdays, except for Holidays—No Section 3-3.): IV trips and 13 Section III trips. B. Weekends and Holidays: Allocation 1. October-April—No Section IV trips and Low Water Level (below approximately one 9 Section III trips. foot at the Highway 76 gauge) 2. May-September—No Section IV trips A. Weekdays, except for Holidays - 9 Section and 8 Section III trips. IV trips and no Section III trips (A map of these sections is found in Appendix I). Only Trip size (including guides, paying clients and 6 of these trips may run Five Falls. non-paying clients) does not exceed 40. Trips B. Weekends and Holidays: may exceed 30 clients: however, total number of 1. October-April—9 Section IV trips and clients served per section per day does not no Section III trips. Only 5 of these trips exceed the average of 30 per trip. may run Five Falls. 2. May-September—8 Section IV trips and Location no Section III trips. Only 4 of these trips A. Section III trips launch as far upstream as may run Five Falls. Earl’s Ford and take out as far downstream as Woodall Shoals, unless otherwise noted. Moderate Water Level (approximately 1 to 2 B. Section IV trips launch as far upstream as 1/2 feet on the Highway 76 gauge) Highway 76 and takeout as far downstream A. Weekdays, except for Holidays—6 Section as Lake Tugaloo, unless otherwise noted. IV C. Section III and IV trips may overlap trips and 7 Section III trips. between Highway 76 and Woodall Shoals. B. Weekends and Holidays: 3-10 D. Inflatable raft trips in Sections III and IV Allocation can be moved to Sections I or II. A. The number of permits is unlimited. E. Short-term adjustments to the locations of B. The maximum number of trips permitted launches and takeouts are necessary on rare each year by each different organization is 5. occasions because of occurrences such as (Each day on the river is considered one accidents or natural disasters, which affect trip.) access to or navigability of the river. These C. The maximum group size is 12 crafts (10 for adjustments will only be made with the students) for canoes and kayaks, not to approval of the Forest Service. exceed 24 people (including instructors). D. The maximum group size is 24 inner tubes, 2.A.-10 The total allocation of guided hardboat not to exceed 24 people (including trips (for all multi-year permittees combined) and instructors). their locations are as follows (See Table 3-3): E. Trips are allowed on weekdays only from Allocation April 1 through September 30 and on all A. No more than 48 trips per week (20 on days (including weekends) during the Section I/II and 28 on Section III) on remainder of the year. weekdays. B. No more than 13 trips (6 on Section I/II and Location 7 on Section III) on weekdays. A. Canoe and kayak trips can be taken in C. No more than 2 trips per day on weekends. Sections I, II, and III only. D. No trips on holidays or holiday weekends. B. Inner tube trips can be taken in Sections I E. The combined total number of clients and and II only. instructors will not exceed 24 people per trip. 2.A.-12 The total allocation of self-guided F. Two inflatable canoes and kayaks are boaters and their locations are as follows. (See allowed on each trip. Table 3-5.) Location Allocation and Location A. Section I/II trips launch as far upstream as A. In Section III, year-round allocation for self- the West Fork registration site and take out guided use at all water levels is 175 people as far downstream as Earls Ford. per weekend day and holidays and 125 B. Section III trips launch as far upstream as people per weekday. Earls Ford and take out as far downstream B. In Section IV, year-round allocation for self- as Highway 76. guided use at all water levels is 160 people C. A trip in Section IV is allowed in the place per weekend day and holidays and 75 people of a scheduled Section IV guided inflatable per weekday. trip. C. The procedure for the enforcement of self- guided use allocations in Sections III and IV 2.A.-11 The total allocation of short-term canoe, is: kayak and inner-tube guided trips (for short In Section III between April 1 and term permits) and their locations are as August 31, should daily self-guided use ever follows: reach 175 people per weekend day (holidays included) for 20 days per year for 2 consecutive years, reservations would be required for self-guided boaters on Section III on weekends and holidays during those 3-11 months beginning the following year. Tables 3-2 through 3-5 summarize some of Similarly, should daily self-guided use reach the requirements discussed above in standards 125 people per weekday for 50 weekdays 2.A.-9 through 2.A.-12. per year for 2 consecutive years, reservations would be required for self- 2.A.-13 The total allocation of shuttles for self- guided boaters on Section III on weekdays guided boaters is as follows: during those months beginning the following year. A. No more than two shuttle permittees. In Section IV between April 1 and August 31, should daily self-guided use ever B. No more than 30 percent of the daily self- reach 160 people per weekend day (holidays guided allocation by section is authorized included) for 20 weekend days per year for for shuttle services. 2 consecutive years, reservations would be required for self-guided boaters on Section 2.A-14 Possessing or using a saddle, pack, or IV on weekends and holidays during those draft animal is prohibited within the corridor months beginning the following year. unless on a designated trail or road. Similarly, should daily self-guided use reach 75 people per weekday for 50 weekdays per 2.A-15 The corridor is unsuitable for timber year for 2 consecutive years, reservations production. would be required for self-guided boaters on Section IV on weekdays during those 2.A-16 New utility corridors or communications/ months beginning the following year. electronic sites will be discouraged within the D. Self-guided users will use a non-voluntary corridor. registration system. 2.A.-17 Fire can be used within the corridor if the outstandingly remarkable values of the stream are protected.

2.A.-18 Limit III noi tc eS snoi tacol lA gni t fa Rd ediuGr evi R agoot tahC.2-3 e lbaT lbaT e tahC.2-3 agoot R evi ediuGr Rd fa t gni lA tacol snoi eS tc noi III mountain biking r etaW etaW r icapaC yt M eS--ya ebmetp r ebotcO rpA--r i lto designated s l ev eL ev ls eP imr t et d routes. Wsyadkee dnekeeW s 1 Wsyadkee dnekeeW s 1 yad/spirT yad/spirT 0 0 0 0 woL woL yad/el poeP poeP yad/el 2 0 0 0 0 Tyad/spir 7 4 7 4 etaredoM etaredoM yad/elpoeP yad/elpoeP 2 208 160 280 61 0 yad/spirT yad/spirT 7 4 7 4 hgiH hgiH yad/el poeP poeP yad/el 2 082 061 082 61 0

hgiH yreV yreV hgiH 3 Tyad/spir 13/3 3/8 13/3 3/9 yad/elpoeP yad/elpoeP 2 502 320 520 63 0 1 sedulcnI syadiloH 2 sedulcnI diuG se 3 oneD rotanim setacidni p noitro fo spirt dewolla morf ywH 82 ot 'lraE s ro droF ydna S ydna droF

3-12 VI n oi tc eS snoi tacol lA gni t fa Rd ediuGr evi R ago ot tahC.3-3 e lbaT lbaT e tahC.3-3 ot ago R evi ediuGr Rd fa t gni lA tacol snoi eS tc oi n VI

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r evi R agoot t ahC.4-3 e lbaT lbaT e ahC.4-3 t agoot R evi r ediuG d 2.A.1. Designated Wild River snoi tacol lA taobdraH taobdraH lA tacol snoi Segments, Chattooga River eht fo y a D a y fo eht capaC i yt R evi r k e eW e k eP imr t et d S e tc noi I& II II I Tkeew/spir 2 02 8 syadkeeW syadkeeW Tyad/spir 6 7 lbaT e D.6-3 e s etangi d iW dl R evi r Wsdnekee T yad/spir 2 S e emg tn s fo tahCeht agoot R evi r r evi R dl iW dl R evi r t s eroF lanoi ta N ta lanoi eroF s t S e emg tn (s ni d ediug-f l e S r evi R agoot tahC.5-3 e lbaT lbaT e tahC.5-3 agoot R evi r S e l ediug-f d )s erca erca )s )yad/sr etaob(snoi tacol lA e sU gni tao B tao gni sU e lA tacol etaob(snoi )yad/sr VI dna III snoi tc e S rof rof S e tc snoi III dna VI retmu htuoS(S C ra lo ani ) 92,3 0 ra eY l lA l eY ra N alaha (atn Nhtro lora ani )C 60,1 5 Wee k syad eW e k e sdn * C oh )aigroeG(eehcoattah 99,5 8 III noi tc e S e tc noi III TsercAlato 53,01 3 152 71 5 VI noi tc e S e tc noi VI 75 61 0 Emphasis: Congress designated these wild river syadi loh sedulcnI* sedulcnI* loh syadi segments and their associated corridors as part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. They are managed to protect and enhance the outstandingly remarkable values of the river. The river will be preserved in a free-flowing condition for the benefit, use, and enjoyment of present and future generations. 3-13 Desired Condition: These segments of the remarkable values, but no creation of new Chattooga River are the most primitive and permanent openings of this type occurs. Native remote. Management of these segments is species are preferred but non-invasive, non­ focused on protecting the outstandingly native species may be used when establishing remarkable values of the river and preserving the food plants for wildlife. natural environment and natural processes from Aquatic and riparian protection measures in human influences. Access to the area is limited to Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this roads outside of the corridor. Non-motorized prescription. trails accommodate use and river access while Mature forests and older stands in various protecting the resources and the river’s stages of climax canopy development and decline outstanding resource values. Canoeing, kayaking, dominate habitat conditions provided though this fishing, outfitted use, hiking, backpacking, and prescription. Wildlife responsive to large wildlife viewing are all typical uses along some diameter standing snags and living den trees activities without seeing many other users except (raccoon, barred owl, great-crested flycatcher, parts of this corridor. Most users enjoy these at chickadee, etc.) would be expected here in high the occasional boat put-ins and trailheads. densities if adequate food supplies were Capacity of facilities is typically low, and they are available. High canopy species such as red-eyed rustic in character. Limited new facilities are vireo and species that use mid-story and well provided, and if constructed, are usually in developed shrub layers in understory (thrushes, response to the need to correct environmental ovenbird, etc.) would also be expected in high problems rather than increase capacity. Type, densities. number, location, and degree of facility Disturbance is primarily caused by natural development are a primary means of limiting process (floods, wind storms, insects, diseases, visitor use. There is no emphasis on upgrading and fires) or prescribed fire. Prescribed fire may recreational facilities to provide more amenities. be used to mimic natural disturbances and to Floating these segments of the river (If allowed, maintain and restore rare communities and some wild segments do not allow floating/ threatened, endangered and sensitive species boating.) requires considerable skill and self- habitat, and fuel reduction. Integrated pest reliance. The recreational opportunities are in a management practices might be used to control semi-primitive non-motorized setting. or minimize impacts from native and non-native The landscape character is natural evolving invasive species. This may include the use of with a mostly continuous canopy except for the mechanized equipment, power and linear swath of the river itself. Occasional gaps approved pesticides. Mechanized equipment and occur from the results of natural disturbances. power tools may also be used to provide for Most of the forest is mature, with many large public health and safety; search and rescue; trees. Most common tree species include facilities, trail and wildlife opening maintenance hemlock, white pine, and various hardwoods. and fire line construction. Understory plants, particularly rhododendron, silverbell, dogwood, redbud, and ferns such as Standards Christmas fern and New York Fern provide a lush vegetative understory visible from the river 2.A.1.-1 The scenic integrity objective is very and trails. Old growth forests predominate, high for all inventoried scenic classes. except where significant natural disturbances occur. 2.A.1.-2 Road construction and new river Existing old fields and openings for wildlife crossings are prohibited, subject to valid existing may be present and maintained when consistent rights or leases. with and do not detract from the outstandingly 3-14 2.A.1.-3 No federal mineral leasing. No mineral Visitors enjoy a natural setting although the material authorization is permitted for sights and sounds of other visitors and commercial or private use. civilization may be present. Visitors’ outdoor skills are challenged moderately. The opportunity 2.A.1.-4 No new wildlife clearings will be to encounter other visitors is moderate to high, developed, but existing ones may be maintained. depending upon the location and time of year. Visitors seeking solitude visit during non-peak 2.A.2. Designated Scenic River seasons, mid-week, or by hiking some distance from roads and parking areas. Segments, Chattooga River Recreational facilities are primarily for visitor safety and access and to protect the river resources. Capacity of facilities is typically low, and they are rustic in character. Limited new r evi R cin ec S d etan gi s e D .7-3 elbaT elbaT .7-3 D e s gi etan d S ec cin R evi r facilities are provided, and if constructed, are r evi R a g oottahC eht fo stn emg e S e emg stn fo eht oottahC g a R evi r usually in response to the need to correct r evi R cin ec S ec cin R evi r environmental problems rather than increase t s er oF lanoita N lanoita oF er s t S e emg ni(stn capacity. Type, number, location, and degree of )s erca erca )s facility development is a primary means of )anilora C htuo S(retmu S S(retmu htuo C )anilora 22 4 limiting visitor use. There is no emphasis on )anilora C htr o N(alahatna N N(alahatna o htr C )anilora 03 5 upgrading recreational facilities to provide more )aigroeG(eehc oohattah C oohattah )aigroeG(eehc 864 amenities. The recreational opportunities are in Tlato sercA 99 7 semi-primitive motorized setting. The landscape character is natural appearing and pastoral with a mostly continous canopy except for the linear swath of the river itself. Emphasis: Congress designated these scenic Most of the forest is mature, with many large river segments and their associated corridors as a trees. Most common tree species include part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers hemlock, white pine, and various hardwoods. System. They are managed to protect and Understory plants, particularly rhododendron, enhance the outstandingly remarkable values that silverbell, dogwood, redbud, and ferns such as led to their designation. The river itself is Christmas fern and New York Fern provide a preserved in a free-flowing condition for the lush vegetative understory visible from the river benefit, use, and enjoyment of present and future and trails. Old growth forests predominate, generations. Recreational opportunities except where significant natural disturbances emphasize relatively low development levels. occur. Existing old fields and openings for wildlife may be present and maintained. New Desired Condition: The scenic river segments wildlife openings may be created if they enhance on the Chattooga are slightly more developed the outstandingly remarkable values of the than the wild segments. The river’s shorelines are corridor. Native species are preferred but non­ undeveloped with occasional roads or bridges invasive non-native species may be used when crossing the river and there may be designated establishing food plants for wildlife. parking areas and trailheads. Non-motorized Aquatic and riparian protection measures as trails accommodate use and river access while referenced in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to protecting the resources and the river’s this prescription. outstanding resource values. Non-motorized trail Mature forests and older stands in various users may include hikers, anglers, boaters, stages of climax canopy development and decline mountain bikers, and horseback riders. dominate habitat conditions provided though this 3-15 prescription. Wildlife responsive to large 2.A.3. Designated Recreational diameter standing snags and living den trees (raccoon, barred owl, great-crested flycatcher, River Segments, Chattooga River chickadee, etc.) would be expected here in high densities if adequate food supplies were available. High canopy species such as red-eyed vireo and species that use mid-story and well elbaT .8-3 ercA s fo R e erc oita an l R evi r developed shrub layers in understory (thrushes, S e emg stn ovenbird, etc.) would also be expected in high R e erc lanoita densities. N lanoita eroF s t R evi r Disturbance is primarily caused by natural S e emg tn process (floods, wind storms, and fires) or S S(retmu htuo C )anilora 30,1 0 prescribed fire. Management actions may provide N N(alahatna htro C )anilora 89 5 scenic vistas and watchable wildlife C )aigroeG(eehcoohattah 55,1 1 opportunities, maintain developed recreation Tlato sercA 65,3 6 facilities and trails, restore native vegetative communities, restore aquatic and riparian ecosystems, reduce fuel buildup and control non­ Emphasis: Congress designated these native invasive vegetation. Prescribed fire is used recreational river segments and their associated to mimic natural disturbances and to maintain corridors as part of the National Wild and Scenic and restore desired communities. Integrated pest Rivers System. They are managed to protect and management practices might be used to control enhance the outstandingly remarkable values that or minimize impacts from native and non-native led to their designation. The river itself is invasive species. This may include the use of preserved in a free-flowing condition for the mechanized equipment, power tools and benefit, use, and enjoyment of present and future approved pesticides. Mechanized equipment and generations. A range of recreational opportunities power tools may also be used to provide for is provided in this prescription area. These public health and safety; search and rescue; opportunities are characteristic of, and in facilities, trail and wildlife opening maintenance. harmony with, the natural setting of the individual river segments. Standards Desired Condition: The river corridor provides outstanding opportunities for people to enjoy a 2.A.2.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for wide variety of river-oriented recreational inventoried scenic classes. opportunities in an attractive natural setting. Visitors are likely to see others. Non- 2.A.2.-2 Road construction and new river motorized trails may be highly developed, crossing are prohibited, subject to valid existing including hardened trails for a high level of rights or leases accessibility for persons of all abilities. The river is readily accessible by roads. Roads may parallel 2.A.2.-3 Federal mineral leasing is allowed with a the river for stretches. no surface occupancy (NSO) stipulation. No There is evidence of human activity along the mineral material authorization is permitted for shores of these segments of river. commercial or private use. There is limited need for visitors to rely on their personal physical abilities and primitive 2.A.2.-4 Allow no new wildlife openings unless recreational skills within developed and trail they enhance the outstandingly remarkable areas of these segments. Other areas remain values. 3-16 remote and difficult to access or negotiate. openings of this type occurs. New wildlife Visitors seeking solitude may find it difficult to openings may be created if they enhance the achieve, particularly in peak-use rafting and outstandingly remarkable values of the corridor. fishing seasons. On National Forest system land, Native species are preferred but non-invasive visitors enjoy a natural-appearing setting with a non-native species may be used when establishing range of man-made recreational developments. food plants for wildlife. Since there is the potential for large numbers of Aquatic and riparian protection measures visitors at peak-use seasons, regulations may be found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this necessary to protect resources and visitors. prescription. Facilities provide visitor safety and comfort and Mature forests and older stands in various protect the river resources. Facilities may include stages of climax canopy development and decline parking areas, trailheads, bulletin boards, dominate habitat conditions provided though this interpretive kiosks, signs, restrooms, canoe/raft prescription. Wildlife responsive to large launches, fishing platforms, picnic sites, etc. The diameter standing snags and living den trees recreational opportunities are in roaded natural (raccoon, barred owl, great-crested flycatcher, setting. chickadee, etc.) would be expected here in high The landscape character is mostly natural densities if adequate food supplies were appearing and pastoral. Plant communities are available. High canopy species such as red-eyed structurally diverse with occasional small gaps vireo and species that use mid-story and well occurring from natural events and manipulation. developed shrub layers in understory (thrushes, However, most of the forest in these sections is ovenbird, etc.) would also be expected in high mature, with many large trees. Most common densities. Species associated with habitat tree species include hemlock, white pine, and conditions found in riparian areas, i.e., Acadian various hardwoods. Understory plants, flycatcher, parula warbler, Louisiana waterthrush, particularly rhododendron, silverbell, dogwood, could potentially be found in high densities in redbud, and ferns such as Christmas fern and these areas. New York Fern provide a lush vegetative understory visible from the river and trails. Standards Management actions may provide scenic vistas and watchable wildlife opportunities, maintain 2.A.3.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for developed recreation facilities and trails, restore inventoried scenic classes 1 and 2 and moderate native vegetative communities, restore aquatic for scenic classes 3 through 5. and riparian ecosystems, reduce fuel buildup, and control non-native invasive vegetation. 2.A.3.-2 No new river crossings are permitted, Prescribed fire is used to mimic natural subject to valid existing rights. disturbances and to maintain and restore desired communities. Integrated pest management 2.A.3.-3 Federal mineral leasing is allowed with a practices might be used to control or minimize no surface occupancy (NSO) stipulation. impacts from native and non-native invasive Mineral material authorizations will be allowed. species. This may include the use of mechanized equipment, power tools and approved pesticides. 2.A.3.-4 Allow no new wildlife openings unless Mechanized equipment and power tools may also they enhance the outstandingly remarkable be used to provide for public health and safety; values. search and rescue; facilities, trail and wildlife opening maintenance. Existing old fields and openings for wildlife may be present and maintained, but no creation of new permanent 3-17 4. D. Botanical-Zoological Area variety of older forested communities containing a variety of species native to the area. Disturbances within these areas are primarily 4,399 acres (approximate) caused by natural events and prescribed fire. Management that maintains or enhances the Enoree Ranger District botanical, zoological, or interpretive properties Rosehill Chestnut Oak/Oak-Hickory Forest for which these areas were designated, such as the control of non-native invasive species, may Long Cane Ranger District be seen. Interpretive signs encouraging the Parsons Mountain Monadnock protection of native plant and animals in these Post Oak Savanna Complex areas are commonly seen. Turkey/Stevens Creek Corridor This prescription area encompasses a wide variety of habitat conditions, from deep rich Andrew Pickens Ranger District coves, to natural barrens and glades, to table Brasstown Creek and Falls mountain pine woodlands. Wildlife and plants Cedar Creek Natural Area found in these areas are a combination of species King Creek commonly found across the Sumter (warblers, Opossum Creek vireos, squirrels, bats, etc.) and species that are Station Cove/Station Mountain Cove almost always found in or near these specialized Tamassee Knob and Coves/Tamassee Creek habitats (i.e., walking fern, nodding trillium). Existing old fields and wildlife openings are not maintained but are allowed to succeed to forest. Emphasis: These lands serve as a network of In some cases, existing openings may be core areas for conservation of significant obliterated by tree planting and eliminating non­ elements of biological diversity. These areas native species. New permanent wildlife openings serve to perpetuate or increase existing individual are not created. plant or animal species that are of national, Aquatic and riparian protection measures regional, or state significance as identified on found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this PETS lists; and to perpetuate plant and animal prescription. communities that are unique at the scale of their The Turkey and Stevens Creek corridor is ecological section or subsection unit. eligible for wild and scenic river designation and will be studied for wild and scenic river suitability Desired Condition: The goals of designation by the year 2009. The outstandingly remarkable and management of these areas are: values, including wildlife, botanical/ecological, and fish/aquatic, will be protected within this 1. Perpetuate or increase existing individual prescription. plant or animal species that are of The landscape character is natural evolving to national, regional, or state significance as natural appearing to most forest visitors. Hikers, identified on PETS lists. hunters, anglers, and backpackers commonly use 2. Perpetuate plant and animal communities these areas. Signs that interpret the biological or that are unique or uncommon at the scale cultural aspects of each area may be commonly of their ecological section or subsection seen along interpretative trail sections. Closed unit. roads and trails, compatible with maintenance of 3. Allow for public use and enjoyment. the botanical, zoological, or interpretive values, are available for non-motorized uses. The The botanical-zoological areas on the Sumter recreational opportunities are in a roaded natural National Forest are primarily dominated by a setting. 3-18 Density of open roads and/or motorized trails Desired Condition: Visitors enjoy a variety of may decrease over time as roads and/or trails that activities in these areas that may include hiking, are unneeded or are causing undesirable resource photography, wildlife viewing, canoeing/ impacts are closed. This decrease results in kayaking, mountain bicycling, horseback riding, improvements in remote recreational hunting, and fishing. The landscape is natural opportunities, habitat for disturbance-sensitive appearing with an intact, mostly continuous wildlife, and water quality. forest canopy containing a variety of species native to the area. Old growth forest Standards communities develop over time. Disturbances are primarily caused by natural 4.D.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for process (floods, wind storms, insects, diseases, inventoried scenic classes 1 and 2 and moderate and fires). Occasionally, some vegetation would for inventoried scenic classes 3 through 5. be manipulated, and open forest canopies would be present. Many factors contribute to these 4.D.-2 New federal mineral leases will contain a conditions: PETS habitat may be improved; no surface occupancy stipulation or controlled wildlife viewing opportunities provided; native surface use stipulation. vegetation restored; southern pine beetle activity suppressed; salvage timber removed; riparian 4.D.-3 No mineral material operations are ecosystems restored; or hazard trees removed. allowed. Existing old fields and openings for wildlife may be present and maintained. Native species are 4.D.-4 OHVs and horses are not permitted. preferred but non-invasive non-native species may be used when establishing food plants for 4.D.-5 These lands are unsuitable for timber wildlife. Prescribed fire is an essential component production. of maintaining fire-adapted communities within the areas and fuel reduction. Hiking, biking, and horseback riding trails 4.F. Scenic Areas may be present. Recreational facilities fit the character of the specific sites where they are located. Facilities might include roads, pullouts, 10,020 acres (approximate) and overlooks, parking areas, trails, trailheads, bulletin boards, interpretive kiosks, signs, Enoree Ranger District restrooms and picnic sites. Trails may be highly Henderson Island/Broad River Scenic Area developed, including hardened trails for a high Sandy River Scenic Area level of accessibility for persons of all abilities. Lower Rennick’s Branch The recreational opportunities are in roaded natural and rural settings. Open road density will Long Cane Ranger District not increase or decrease significantly. Long Cane Scenic Area Aquatic and riparian protection measures found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this Andrew Pickens Ranger District prescription. Chauga Scenic Area Density of open roads and/or motorized White Rock Scenic Area vehicle trails remains near the current level throughout the planning period, with only small Emphasis: Protect and enhance the scenic increases and decreases. qualities and natural beauty of designated scenic areas.

3-19 Standards development. A flow of wood products is provided to local economies. 4.F.-1 The scenic integrity objective is very high For wildlife, the emphasis of this prescription for inventoried scenic class 1 and high for is to balance objectives that result in a range of inventoried scenic class 2. beneficial habitat conditions . Animals that utilize a variety of habitats (white-tailed deer, wild 4.F.-2 New federal mineral leases will contain a turkey, gray squirrel, woodpeckers, and no surface occupancy stipulation and controlled migrating neotropical birds) would benefit and surface use stipulation. would be expected to be found in high densities in this area. Existing old fields and openings for 4.F.-3 These lands are unsuitable for timber wildlife may be present and maintained. Native production. species are preferred but non-invasive non-native species may be used when establishing food 4.G.1 Calhoun Experimental plants for wildlife. Aquatic and riparian protection measures as Forest found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this prescription 4,862 acres (approximate) Hiking, biking, and horseback riding trails may be present. Visitors enjoy a natural Emphasis: Meet the current and future research appearing setting especially on trails away from needs of the Southern Research Station. high use areas. The recreational opportunities are Demonstrate common forestry practices to non­ in roaded natural and rural settings. Open road industrial private forest landowners density will be maintained at the current level. Prescribed fire may be used to reduce Desired Condition: Research results supply hazardous fuels, maintain or restore PETS needed information to forest landowners and habitat or rare communities, maintain wildlife land managers. Demonstration aspects of the habitat, or meet research needs. experimental forest transfer knowledge to non­ industrial private forest landowners to meet the Standards increased demands for forest benefits in an environmentally conscientious manner. 4.G.1.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for Forest vegetation is in a variety of conditions inventoried scenic class 1 and moderate for that meet the research needs of the Southern inventoried scenic class 2 and low for scenic Research Station. Aside from demonstration, the classes 3 through 5. main need is to maintain various age classes and conditions for future research. Within the natural 4.G.1.-2 New federal mineral eases will contain a area (908 acres) of the experimental forest, old no surface occupancy stipulation. growth conditions exist. The following conditions apply outside of the natural area, and 4.G.1.-3 No mineral leases or mineral material outside of riparian areas. Trees are typically operations are allowed in the natural area grown to ages of 50 to 80 years for pine, and 80 to 120 years for hardwood. Relatively equal 4.G.1.-4 The natural area is unsuitable for timber amounts of area are in each 10-year age class up production, the remainder of the experimental to rotation age. Pine stands are maintained at forest is suitable for timber production. moderate densities (less than 100 square feet/acre basal area) to reduce susceptibility to southern pine beetle attack and to promote understory 3-20 5.A. Administrative Sites 5.B. Designated Communication Sites

(285 acres embedded in adjoining prescriptions) (4 acres embedded in adjoining prescriptions) Emphasis: Sites are managed to serve and Emphasis: These specific sites serve a public support resource programs and will be benefit and include ridge top radio towers and maintained to protect capital investment. Site support facilities to provide for local such as work centers, lookout towers, and Forest governmental agencies and the nation’s Service owned offices are included. communication and electronic network. Areas are managed to minimize adverse impacts on Desired Condition: Provide administrative sites other areas. and facilities that effectively and safely serve the public and accommodate the work force. Desired Condition: The Long Mountain Administrative sites are readily accessed by road, Communication site is the only designated and should have barrier-free access. communication site. Existing special-use The landscape character can range from authorizations for communications and natural appearing to urban/cultural. The limited electronics continue within these designated recreational opportunities are in rural settings. areas. Where possible, existing sites are Occasionally, short, hiking trails can complement expanded as needed rather than creating the offices. Where possible these sites provide additional areas. All users’ equipment is condensed examples of open grassland/shrub compatible to forest surroundings and other land to backyard habitats. users equipment and frequencies. New Sumter offices provide educational and equipment is as inconspicuous to the surrounding interpretive opportunities such as exhibits and terrain as possible. displays, books, videos, and brochures. These sites are non-forested, benefiting wildlife species that favor grass, shrubs, old Standards fields, and forest edges. These areas contain low- growing vegetation, which conforms to the safe- 5.A.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for operating requirements of the utility and reduces inventoried scenic class 1 and moderate for surface water runoff and erosion. Recreation is inventoried scenic classes 2 through 5. not emphasized nor encouraged at these sites.

5.A.-2 No mineral leasing or mineral material Standards operations are allowed. 5.B.-1 The scenic integrity objective is moderate 5.A.-3 Dispose of administrative sites no longer for inventoried scenic class 1 and 2 and low for needed for national forest management purposes. inventoried scenic classes 3 through 5. 5.A.-4 These lands are unsuitable for timber 5.B.-2 No mineral leasing will be allowed. production. 5.B.-3 No mineral material operations are allowed.

5.B.-4 These lands are unsuitable for timber production. 3-21 5.C. Designated Utility Cooridors Aquatic and riparian protection measures found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this prescription. 2,948 acres (approximate)

Emphasis: These uses serve a public benefit and Standards include long linear features such as high voltage electric transmission lines and buried pipelines 5.C.-1 The scenic integrity objective is moderate for public drinking water or natural gas. These for inventoried scenic classes 1 and 2 and low for designated corridors serve uses that require at inventoried scenic classes 3 through 5. least 50 feet of right-of-way. Local distribution lines are not included in this prescription area, 5.C.-2 Herbicide application methods will target but rather are part of the prescription area where woody or invasive non-native species only. they are physically located. 5.C.-3 These lands are unsuitable for timber Desired Condition: Existing linear special-use production. authorizations for electric transmission lines and pipelines for water and natural gas will continue 5.C.-4 No mineral leasing will be allowed. within these designated corridors. Utility corridors are authorized either by special-use 6.C. Old-Growth Areas Managed authorization or license. Where possible, existing with a Mix of Natural Processes corridors are expanded to add new transmission lines as needed rather than creating additional and Restoration Activities areas. Compatible multiple uses are encouraged. Utility access roads and trails within corridors 1,640 acres (approximate) are designed, managed, and maintained to forest standards, including appropriate stream Emphasis: This prescription is part of an overall crossings, surfacing and/or drainage dips, or network of large (2,500+ acres), medium (100 to other appropriate water control structures. 2,499 acres), and small (fewer than 100 acres) Recreational use is generally hunting related, old growth patches associated with a disturbance although existing trail systems occasionally cross regime. Management of these areas emphasizes these corridors. The recreational opportunities protection, restoration, and management of old are in roaded natural and rural settings. The growth forests and their associated wildlife, landscape character ranges from natural botanical, recreational, scientific, educational, appearing to pastoral/cultural. cultural, and spiritual values. Within this Utility corridors, electric transmission lines, prescription, most of the area will contain forest and oil or gas pipelines are prime areas for communities where no forest management viewing wildlife species that favor grass, shrubs, activities or intervention will take place. On a old fields, and forest edges. These areas are smaller portion of the area, forest management managed to retain a variety of low-growing and/ activities are allowed to restore or maintain old- or shallow-rooted vegetation, which conforms to growth conditions. the safe-operating requirements of the utility and reduces surface water runoff and erosion. These Desired Condition: The area contains a variety areas provide opportunities for annual plantings. of old growth community types including dry and When the permit is renewed or revised dry-mesic oak-pine forest, dry-mesic oak forest, opportunities are taken to utilize these corridors mixed mesophytic forest, dry and xeric oak by planting and maintaining wildlife plantings. forest, woodland, and savanna, river floodplain hardwood forest, and eastern riverfront forest. 3-22 Desired future conditions and natural disturbance Standards regimes (including fire) specific to each old growth community type are described in the 6.C.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for “Guidance for Conserving and Restoring Old- inventoried scenic classes 1 and 2 and moderate Growth Forest Communities on National Forests for inventoried scenic classes 3 through 5. in the Southern Region” (May 1997). There may be evidence of past land use in most of these 6.C.-2 New federal mineral leases will contain a areas especially in the piedmont. Dead, dying, no surface occupancy stipulation. Mineral and down trees, and large-diameter trees are material authorizations with conditions to protect common. Forest canopies are typically the old-growthcharacter may be permitted. continuous, interspersed with small gaps from natural causes. Management to restore or 6.C.-3 These lands are unsuitable for timber maintain the desired composition and structure production. for the respective old growth community types will be allowed. 6.C.-4. OHVs are not permitted and horses are Mature forests and older stands in various only permitted on designated trails. stages of climax canopy development and decline dominate habitat conditions provided though this 7.A. Scenic Byway Corridor prescription. Wildlife that responds to large diameter standing snags and living den trees (raccoon, barred owl, great-crested flycatcher, Oscar Wiggington Scenic Byway— chickadee, etc.) would be expected here in high Andrew Pickens, densities if adequate food supplies were available. High canopy species such as red-eyed 3,044 acres (approximate) vireo and species that use mid-story and well developed shrub layers in understory (thrushes, Emphasis: A scenic byway corridor is managed ovenbird, etc.) would also be expected in high to provide visitors with the enjoyment of densities. Existing old fields and wildlife outstanding scenery of natural and cultural openings are not maintained but are allowed to landscapes along a well-maintained road. The succeed to forest. In some cases, existing area may also contain recreational and openings may be obliterated by tree planting and interpretive trails. The area that is visible during eliminating non-native species. New permanent the leaf-off season for up to ½ mile from either wildlife openings are not created. side of the road, unless other criteria are Aquatic and riparian protection measures established in a site-specific scenic byway found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this corridor management plan. Management is prescription. focused on protecting and showcasing the unique The landscape character of the area is natural and scenic natural and cultural resources, which appearing. Hikers, backpackers, dispersed were the basis for the corridor’s being designated campers, boaters, hunters, or anglers commonly a scenic byway. use these areas. Closed roads and trails are available for non-motorized uses. The Desired Condition: The area provides recreational opportunities are in roaded natural exceptional opportunities for motorized settings. Open road density is likely to decrease recreation, including scenic driving. The scenic in this area. byway, state highways 107 and 413, is a mixture of private ownership and national forest lands. The landscape results in a patchwork of

3-23 pastureland, residences, farms, forests, and prescription. Wildlife that responds to large woodlands. diameter standing snags and living den trees The landscape character of the area is natural (raccoon, barred owl, great-crested flycatcher, appearing to pastoral settings. On national forest chickadee, etc.) would be expected here in high lands, the byway has a mostly continuous densities if adequate food supplies were overstory canopy of large hardwoods and pines available. High canopy species such as red-eyed as well as diverse midstory and understory vireo would also be expected in high densities. vegetation, which provide colorful accents. Both Density of open roads and/or motorized natural processes and humans influence vehicle trails remains near the current level vegetation. Occasional openings allow visitors to throughout the planning period, with only small enjoy viewing wildlife, native wildflowers, increases and decreases. flowing water, geographic features, or a cultural landscape. A combination of prescribed fire and Standards some vegetative management result in a forest of deciduous and mixed hardwood-pine forest 7.A.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for community types primarily in mid- and late- inventoried scenic classes 1 and 2. successional conditions. Areas of older forest communities are common and increase over time. 7.A.-2 New federal mineral leases will contain a Tree harvest may also be used to control insect no surface occupancy stipulation. (Mineral infestation or disease, or to remove salvage material authorizations with conditions to protect timber. Existing old fields and openings for the scenic character may be permitted. wildlife may be present and maintained. Native species are preferred but non-invasive non-native 7.A.-3 These lands are unsuitable for timber species may be used when establishing food production. plants for wildlife. Additional openings and open park-like woodland conditions may be developed 7.D. Concentrated Recreation to improve views in the area. Openings may provide views of wildlife, water, or geographic Zone features. Aquatic and riparian protection measures 605 acres (approximate) found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this prescription. Emphasis: Concentrated Recreation Zones are This area is easily accessed with a moderate managed to provide the public with a variety of to high potential to encounter others.Byway recreational opportunities in visually appealing facilities may include pullouts, overlooks, and environmentally healthy settings. Developed interpretive kiosks, trails, restrooms, and picnic recreation areas, concentrated use areas, and sites. Scenic, historical and/or natural resources areas of high-density dispersed recreational are interpreted for the benefit of visitors. There activity are the components of Concentrated is little need for visitors to rely on personal Recreation Zones. Facilities are provided to abilities or primitive recreation skills. Most, if enhance the quality of the recreational experience not all facilities are designed to accommodate and/or to mitigate damage to the affected persons with disabilities. The recreational ecosystems. These areas also serve as “gateways” opportunities are in roaded natural and rural to the wide diversity of recreational opportunities settings. on the remainder of the forest. Mature forests and older stands in various stages of climax canopy development and decline dominate habitat conditions provided by this 3-24 Desired Conditions: Provide and maintain high opossum (Didelphis virginiana) are evident in quality recreation sites in natural forested and around these sites. settings. Aquatic and riparian protection measures Visitors will be able to choose from a variety found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this of recreational experiences. Campgrounds, rifle prescription. ranges, picnic sites, boat ramps, river access sites, swimming beaches, interpretive sites, Standards primitive camping areas, and trails provide a variety of enjoyable recreational experiences. 7.D.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for Recreational information and interpretive inventoried scenic classes 1 and 2, moderate for programs enhance visitors’ experience. Access to inventoried scenic classes 3 through 5. fishing, hunting, trails, and nature study are provided. Outdoor skills are generally of little 7.D.-2 New federal mineral leases will contain a importance, except where knowledge of no surface occupancy stipulation. Mineral specialized activities (boating or horseback material authorizations with conditions to protect riding) is critical. Motorized access and their the recreational character may be permitted. support facilities (i.e., roads, parking lots, or water access) will be provided, but some 7.D.-3 These lands are unsuitable for timber experiences (for example, walking, and viewing production. nature) will be non-motorized. The recreational opportunities are in roaded natural and rural 7.E.1. Dispersed Recreation Areas settings. The landscape character is natural appearing (Piedmont Only) with visitors enjoy a pleasing mosaic of tree species of various densities and stem forms, 12,575 acres (approximate) flowering trees, character trees and shrub species, park-like effects in the understory, fall Emphasis: Dispersed recreational demand is color species, opportunities for photography, and managed to provide the public with a variety of minimal impacts from insect and disease recreational opportunities in a setting that outbreaks. provides quality scenery, numerous trails, and These areas are in a variety of vegetative limited facilities. communities. The landscape character will be natural appearing with variations created by the Desired Condition: These areas include the recreational facilities. Over time, native foreground view shed of the Enoree, Tyger, and hardwoods component of the piedmont forest Broad Rivers on the Enoree Ranger District. recreation zones increase. Risk to visitors from These areas are approximately ¼ mile from each hazard trees is minimal. Older forest communities side of the Enoree, Tyger, and Broad Rivers. are common and increase over time. Visitors may choose from a variety of high Wildlife tolerant of high levels of human quality, well maintained dispersed recreational activity and open park-like conditions are opportunities including, but not limited, to day commonly found in these areas. Sights and hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, sounds of American robin (Turdus migratorius), photography, canoeing, kayaking, boating, chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina), northern fishing, hunting, waterfowl hunting, dispersed mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), cardinal camping, and nature study. Recreational (Cardinalis cardinalis), barn swallow (Hirwood information, interpretive trails, and self-guided rustica), gray squirrel, American crow (Corvus programs enhance visitors’ experiences. Visitors brachyrynchos), raccoon (Procyon lotor), and will frequently see other people in some parts of 3-25 this area. Outdoor skills are of moderate throughout the planning period, with only small importance. The recreational opportunities are in increases and decreases. roaded natural and rural settings. The landscape character is natural appearing Standards with visitors enjoying a pleasing mosaic of tree species of various densities and stem forms, 7.E.1.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for flowering trees, character trees and shrub inventoried scenic classes 1 and moderate for species, park-like effects in the understory, fall inventoried scenic classes 2 through 5. color species, opportunities for photography, and minimal impacts from insect and disease 7.E.1.-2 These lands are unsuitable for timber outbreaks. Prescribed fire is used to reduce fuel production. buildup, mimic natural disturbance, maintain pleasing open park-like views, and maintain and restore desired native communities. Additional 7.E.2. Dispersed Recreation Areas open park-like woodland conditions may be developed to improve habitat conditions or views with Vegetation Management in the area. Tree harvest may be used to control insect infestation or disease, to remove salvage 61,938 acres (approximate) timber, to maintain moderate stand densities, to create small canopy gaps, or to create openings Emphasis: These areas receive moderate to for canebrakes. Existing openings and linear high recreational use and are managed to provide strips may be found or new ones created to a variety of dispersed recreation opportunities, improve habitat conditions or views in the area. improve the settings for outdoor recreation, and Native species are preferred but non-invasive, enhance visitor experiences, in a manner that non-native species may be used when establishing protects and restores the health, diversity, and food plants for wildlife. productivity of the land. These areas provide a Road and river access is conveniently sustained yield of timber products; however, located within some parts of this area. timber harvest methods used will be compatible Mature forests and older stands in various with the recreational and aesthetic values of these stages of climax canopy development and decline suitable lands. dominate habitat conditions provided by this prescription. Wildlife responsive to large Desired Condition: Visitors may choose from a diameter standing snags and living den trees variety of high quality, well maintained dispersed (raccoon, barred owl, great-crested flycatcher, recreational opportunities that may include, but chickadee, etc.) would be expected here in high are not limited to, horseback riding, hiking, densities if adequate food supplies were hunting, fishing, mountain bike riding, available. High canopy species such as yellow- OHVriding, and nature study. Maintain, improve, throated warbler and red-eyed vireo as well as or expand trails to meet local demands without species that use mid-story and well developed negatively affecting the local ecosystem. These shrub layers in understory (thrushes, ovenbird, areas absorb moderate to high levels of use while etc.) would also be expected in high densities. protecting air, soil, vegetation, and water Aquatic and riparian protection measures resource conditions. The recreational found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this opportunities are in roaded natural and rural prescription. settings. A flow of wood products is provided to Density of open roads and/or motorized local economies. vehicle trails remains near the current level Forest management activities maintain the natural characteristics that make the area

3-26 popular. They include restoring native vegetative mast producing hardwoods, or scattered hard communities, creating permanent openings, and soft mast or fruit producers, will be retained establishing a pleasing mosaic of tree species of across the stand to the extent compatible with various densities and stem forms, feature achieving desired conditions of open pine forests. flowering trees, character trees and shrub Retain soft mast producing species species, enhance fall color species, enhance both (dogwood, black gum, hawthorn, grapes, game and non-game wildlife habitat for viewing, serviceberry, etc.) during vegetative treatments photography and hunting, minimize impacts from to the extent compatible with meeting treatment insect and disease outbreaks and rehabilitate objectives. areas damaged by insects and disease. Pine This prescription provides habitat conditions stands are maintained at moderate to low for wild turkey, white-tailed deer, gray squirrels densities (less than 100 square feet/acre basal and other small mammals, tanagers, whip-poor- area) to reduce susceptibility to southern pine wills and a variety of passerine birds. beetle attack and promote understory Prescribed fire is used to reduce fuel buildup, development. Existing old fields and openings for mimic natural disturbance, maintain pleasing wildlife may be present and maintained. open park-like views, create and maintain wildlife Expansion of existing openings and linear strips and plant habitat, and maintain and restore or creation of new ones may occur to improve desired communities such as woodland habitat conditions or views in the area. Native conditions. species are preferred but non-invasive, non­ Densities of open roads remain near current native species may be used when establishing levels. food plants for wildlife. Over time, the oak/ hickory component of the piedmont forest Standards increases, especially within trail and road corridors. 7.E.2.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for Aquatic and riparian protection measures inventoried scenic class 1 and moderate for found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this inventoried scenic classes 2 through 5. prescription. In the mountains, Loblolly pine stands will be 7.E.2.-2 These lands are suitable for timber replaced over time with openings and native production. species including, woodlands or native forest types. Permanent openings, savanna to woodland 8.A.1. Mix of Successional Forest conditions and oaks, hickories, shortleaf pine and pitch pine dominate locations previously Habitats occupied by loblolly pine. An intermediate mix of forest successional 41,544 acres (approximate) stages characterizes these areas. Mid-and late- successional forests are common, but 4 to 10 Emphasis: This area provides habitat for plants percent of the forested land is in early- and animals associated with mid- to late- successional forest conditions. Fifty percent of successional forest habitats. Management the forest acres are in mid-to late successional activities are designed to: (1) maintain a forests conditions. Within this 50 percent, at least minimum of 50 percent of the forested acres in 20 percent are in late successional or old growth mid- to late-successional habitat, (2) maintain or conditions enhance hard and soft mast production, (3) Provide for tree diversity for current and increase vegetative diversity (structural and future production of hard and soft mast and den spatial), and (4) limit motorized access across the trees. In addition, existing patches dominated by prescription area. 3-27 Desired Condition: A full range of wildlife producing hardwoods, or scattered hard and soft habitats is provided with most of the forested mast or fruit producers, will be retained across stands in this prescription in mid- to late- the stand to the extent compatible with achieving successional forest conditions. Develop and desired conditions of open pine forests. maintain high capacities for hard mast production Soft mast producing species (dogwood, black across the landscape. Create and maintain gum, hawthorn, grapes, serviceberry, etc.) woodland/savannah habitats on suitable sites. remains during vegetative treatments to the Hunting and wildlife viewing are emphasized extent compatible with meeting treatment recreation opportunities. A flow of wood objectives products is provided to local economies. Habitats in this prescription are weighted Forests 40+ years of age dominate the towards mid-to late-successional forest landscape, occupying 50 percent or more of the conditions in a forested landscape that includes prescription area. These forested stands will be young forested stands, grass/shrubland openings maintained in more open forest conditions than and woodland/savanna conditions. Principal currently exists, with an emphasis on oak and beneficiaries of this management approach would hickory mast production on appropriate sites, favor species such as pileated woodpecker, red- i.e., oaks and hickories with large, well- eyed vireo, and Eastern wood peewee. With the developed crowns. emphasis on hard mast, all species that consume An intermediate mix of forest successional acorns and hickory nuts (squirrels, turkey, deer, stages characterizes these areas. Mid-and late- raccoon, black bear, etc.) would also benefit. successional forests are common, but 4 to 10 Well developed crowns and multi-layered percent of the forested land is in early- canopies within mature forest stands benefit most successional forest conditions. Fifty percent of breeding forest-dwelling birds, i.e., black-and- the forest acres are in mid-to late- successional white warbler (Mniotilta yaria), wood thrush forests conditions. Within this 50 percent, at least (Hylocichla mustrlina), vireos, flycatchers, and 20 percent are in late successional or old growth northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), and are conditions. Additional areas will be maintained in extremely important to a majority of neotropical open woodland, savanna habitat conditions. migrants that pass through the Sumter in the On ridges, south and west facing slopes, and spring and fall. in pine, pine-oak, oak-pine or oak forest types, The compliment of early successional habitat most of the stands in mid-to late-successional in a landscape dominated by mature forest in this forest conditions will be maintained as prescription is important to species such as moderately stocked, with a desirable level of 60 prairie warbler, yellow-breasted chat, Bobwhite to100 square feet of basal area, and open crown quail, Swainson’s warbler, ruffed grouse, wild conditions. Older trees will occur as individuals turkey, white-tailed deer, and a variety of small and inclusions in these stands to retain high mammals. Existing old fields and openings for canopy, late successional habitat characteristics. wildlife may be present and maintained. Existing Loblolly pine stands will be replaced over openings and linear strips may be expanded, and/ time with more native habitats including or new openings may be present and maintained. openings, woodlands, or native forest types. Additional open, park-like woodland conditions Permanent openings, savanna to woodland may be developed to improve habitat conditions conditions and oaks, hickories, shortleaf pine and in the area. Native species are preferred but non­ pitch pine dominate locations previously invasive non-native species may be used when occupied by loblolly pine. establishing food plants for wildlife. Permanent Sweetgum will be discouraged for future forest openings, woodland, and savanna production of hard and soft mast and den trees. conditions with a well developed herbaceous In addition, existing patches dominated by mast layer, to a grass/shrub dominated area with 3-28 scattered trees will benefit several other species opportunities for solitude are available. In these of wildlife. These species include Bachman’s more remote areas, visitors may take on some sparrow, American kestrel, red-tailed hawk, risk and be challenged to rely on their own Cooper’s hawk, eastern cottontail, fox, cotton personal physical abilities and primitive mouse, eastern bluebird, and mourning dove. recreational skills. The recreational opportunities Aquatic and riparian protection measures are in roaded natural and rural settings. foundin Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this Open road densities may decrease over the prescription. planning period. Roads that are unneeded or are Prescribed fire plays an important role in causing undesirable resource impacts may be maintaining forest openings, woodland closed. conditions, and many forested communities. Prescribed fire encourages oak sprouting and Standards reduces competition from more shade tolerant species, creates conditions for developing an 8.A.1.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for uneven canopy which stimulates shrubs as well as inventoried scenic class 1 and moderate for mid-story development and forage production, inventoried scenic class 2 and low for inventoried restores and maintains habitat for federally- scenic classes 3 through 5. endangered smooth coneflower, restores and maintains habitat for sensitive species such as 8.A.1.-2 These lands are suitable for timber Fraser’s loosestrife and sun-facing coneflower. production. Prescribed fire may also be used to reduce fuel build up and the risk of wildfire. 8.B.2. Woodland and Grassland/ Recreational opportunities in this area include, but are not limited to, driving for Savanna Habitats pleasure, day hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, dispersed camping, backpacking, hunting, 8,320 acres (approximate) fishing, rock climbing, nature study, viewing, and photographing scenery. Trails through this area Emphasis: This area emphasizes providing are well marked and may include features for optimal to suitable habitat for a variety of upland visitors with special access needs, loop systems, game species and plant and animal populations and/or interpretive programs. Facilities within associated with early successional habitats. Open these areas may include portable or permanent park-like woodlands and savannas with toilets, trash receptacles, fire grills, signs, or herbaceous ground cover are found. vehicle barriers, but are generally rare and are Management activities are designed to (1) sustain only provided for health and sanitation or to a distribution of early successional habitat protect the area from resource damage. The conditions interspersed throughout a forested landscape character of the area appears natural. landscape, (2) restore areas of native warm The sights and sounds of other visitors and season grasses and maintain open, forb and motorized vehicles may be present. The grass-dominated groundcover, (3) optimize hard opportunity to encounter other visitors is high and soft mast production, and (4) control access along roadways, at parking areas, pullouts, and to protect habitat when necessary. overlooks, but may be moderate to low on trails away from congregated use areas. At points of Desired Condition: Create and maintain highly developed recreational use, visitors take woodland habitats (very open forests with low on low risk and are not challenged to rely on tree densities) and grassland/savanna habitat. their own physical abilities and outdoor skills. Improve, restore, and maintain habitats for fire- Once away from the more developed areas, adapted communities and species. 3-29 Fire-adapted species are common in moist slopes not responsive to burning produce groundcover and the overstory. unique habitat conditions particularly suited for Grassland and savanna to woodland conditions animals such as Indigo bunting, blue-grosbeak, are common in small to large patches in this area orioles, American kestrel, fox, and mourning and collectively dominate the landscape. Annual dove. Existing old fields and openings for wildlife and perennial herbaceous plants dominate ground may be present and maintained. Expansion of cover. Habitats for sun-loving species such as existing openings and linear strips or creation of smooth coneflower, sun-facing coneflower, and new ones may occur to improve habitat others are improved and expanded to their conditions or views in the area. Native species natural extent. are preferred but non-invasive non-native species Woodland conditions are characteristically may be used when establishing food plants for found on areas that are frequently maintained wildlife. with prescribed fire. Woodlands have relatively Sweetgum will be discouraged to provide low tree densities of 25 to 60 percent forest additional diversity for current and future cover. Young forests are likely to have higher production of hard and soft mast and den trees. densities. Trees in the overstory will vary in age, In addition, existing patches dominated by mast diameter, and species composition. Scattered producing hardwoods, or scattered hard and soft clumps of mast producing hardwoods occur mast or fruit producers, will be retained across throughout. Shortleaf pine is desirable in places the landscape to the extent compatible with where littleleaf disease is not likely to adversely achieving desired conditions of open pine forests. affect it. Retain soft mast-producing species A mix of forest successional stages (dogwood, black gum, hawthorn, grapes, characterizes these areas, with an emphasis on serviceberry, etc.) during vegetative treatments early-successional forests. Mid- and late- to the extent compatible with meeting treatment successional forests are common, but in stands objectives. not managed as woodland, grassland or savanna The landscape character appears habitats 10 to 17 percent of the remaining natural.These areas provide a variety of forested land is in early-successional forest recreational opportunities, especially hunting. conditions. A flow of wood products is provided Hunting opportunities are some of the best to local economies. available on the Sumter National Forest, most Aquatic and riparian protection measures notably for upland game. Wildlife viewing found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this opportunities are plentiful. The recreational prescription. opportunities are in roaded natural and rural Prescribed fire is an essential feature of this settings. management prescription. It creates, shapes, and Open road density may decrease over the maintains the desired herbaceous understory and planning period. Roads that are unneeded or are the remaining overstory in upland stands. It causing undesirable resource impacts are closed. limits the establishment of woody stems in the understory. Fire frequency is 1 to 3 years in the Standards uplands. The emphasis on developing and maintaining 8.B.2.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for open forest woodland to savanna and grassland inventoried scenic class 1 and moderate for habitats with scattered trees produces ideal inventoried scenic class 2 and low for inventoried habitats for northern Bobwhite quail, cottontail scenic classes 3 through 5. rabbit, bluebird, turkey, deer, sparrows, rodents, raptors, and bats. The combination of open 8.B.2.-2 OHVs are not permitted. conditions on suitable sites, forested draws, and 3-30 8.B.2.-3 These lands are suitable for timber of the forest is in mid- to late- successional forest production. conditions and within this 50 percent, at least 10 percent is in late successional or old growth 9.A.3. Watershed Restoration conditions. Pine stands are maintained at moderate to low densities (less than 100 square Areas feet/acre basal area) to reduce susceptibility to southern pine beetle attack and promote 11,360 acres (approximate) understory development. A flow of wood products is provided to local economies. Emphasis: Management emphasis is on The emphasis of this prescription would improving conditions where past land uses have create two distinct combinations of habitat degraded water quality or soil productivity. The conditions interlaced across the landscape. Most long-term goal of these watersheds is to forest dwelling species are found in this showcase restored and resilient watersheds prescription. The shrubby and herbaceous ground where proper multiple use management practices cover encourages eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) are applied. When this goal is achieved, these red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), watersheds are allocated to a different brown-headed nuthatch (Sitta pusilla) Carolina management prescription. wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), eastern wild turkey (Melearia gallopavo), white-tailed deer Desired Condition: These areas have (Odocoileus virginianus), and white-eyed vireo experienced severe erosion in past years. Steep (Vireo griseus). The closed canopy forested side slopes are allowed to continue healing. portions of this area support varying densities of Areas with active erosion are restored with soil red-eyed vireo, great crested flycatcher, pileated and water rehabilitation work to improve soil woodpecker, gray squirrel, a variety of migratory productivity and water quality. birds, and small mammals. As consistent with Soil productivity and cover are satisfactory, watershed protection goals, existing openings and erosion is limited. Barren areas (galls) or and linear strips may be expanded or new ones actively eroding gullies and stream banks are created to improve habitat conditions or views in stabilized or restored whenever possible. Some the area. Native species are preferred but non­ of the methods used to stabilize and restore these invasive non-native species may be used when areas may involve intense ground disturbing establishing food plants for wildlife. activities with temporary to short-term effects. Aquatic and riparian protection measures Exposed soil is seldom seen. The forested found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this drains would remain essentially intact over time prescription. unless gully restoration activities require Sweetgum is discouraged to provide for reshaping the land to stop unacceptable erosion. future production of hard and soft mast and den Upland forest canopies are maintained at trees. In addition, existing patches dominated by moderate to low densities to encourage a dense mast producing hardwoods, or scattered hard understory of shrubs, warm season grasses, and and soft mast or fruit producers, are retained other herbaceous species. Over time there is an across the stand to the extent compatible with increased oak/hickory component. Permanent achieving desired conditions of open pine forests. openings are retained and occupy 1 to 2 percent Soft mast producing species (dogwood, black of the area. An intermediate mix of forest gum, hawthorn, grapes, serviceberry, persimmon, successional stages characterizes these areas. etc.) are retained during vegetative treatments to Mid- and late-successional forests are common, the extent compatible with meeting treatment but 4 to 10 percent of the forested land is in objectives early-successional forest conditions. Fifty percent

3-31 Prescribed fire is used to maintain PETS without Forest Plan amendment, unless such habitats. additions would result in large shifts in land Open road densities may decrease over the allocation or expected benefits and outputs. planning period. Roads that are unneeded or are causing undesirable resource impacts may be Desired Condition: Rare communities exhibit closed. the composition, structure, and function People use these areas for hunting or other necessary to support vigorous populations of dispersed recreational activities. Recreational species characteristic of the community, including opportunities in this area include, but are not relevant federally-listed threatened and limited to, driving for pleasure, day hiking, endangered species, and species at risk of losing dispersed camping, backpacking, hunting, viability. Ecological disturbances are at the fishing, nature study, mountain biking, viewing frequency and intensity needed to maintain and photographing scenery. The landscape desired composition, structure, and function. character of the area appears natural. Generally, natural forces are sufficient to The recreational opportunities are in roaded maintain these conditions; however, in some natural and rural settings. cases environmental factors have changed to the extent that natural processes are prevented or Standards hindered from maintaining the community. In these cases management activities used to restore 9.A.3.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for or maintain desired conditions, such as inventoried scenic class 1 and moderate for prescribed burning or vegetation management, inventoried scenic classes 2 through 5. may be evident. Beyond restoration and maintenance 9.A.3.-2 No new OHV routes. activities, human-caused alteration of rare communities is not evident. Signs and barriers 9.A.3.-3 These lands are suitable for timber may limit recreational access where necessary to production. protect community integrity. Interpretive signs or other information may be made available where it 9.F. Rare Communities is likely to promote public knowledge of rare communities and improve community protection. These naturally evolving or natural-appearing 916 acres (approximate) communities are characterized by a variety of forested and nonforested communities, ranging Emphasis: Rare communities are assemblages from granitic domes, to table mountain pine of plants and animals that occupy a small portion woodlands and ephemeral wetlands. (See of the landscape, but contribute significantly to description of communities.) Old growth forest plant and animal diversity. They generally are conditions will often develop within many of the limited in number of occurrences, are small in communities in future years; however, some of size, and have relatively discrete boundaries. the rare communities may require active Rare communities, wherever they occur on the restoration and maintenance using prescribed fire Sumter, will be managed under this prescription and/or mid-story removal. to ensure their contribution to meeting goals for This prescription area encompasses a wide community diversity, endangered and threatened variety of habitat conditions, from deep rich species recovery, and species viability. All known coves, to natural barrens and glades, to caves and rare community sites are allocated to this rock cliffs. Wildlife and plants found in these prescription. As new rare community sites are areas are a combination of species commonly found, they will be added to this prescription found across the forest (warblers, vireos, 3-32 squirrels, bats, etc.) and species that are almost target management disturbance and resource always found in or near these specialized habitats impacts, particularly to local hydrology. Periodic (wood rat, coneflower, etc.). Existing old fields vegetation management may be necessary to and wildlife openings are not maintained but are maintain desired herbaceous and/or shrubby allowed to succeed to forest. In some cases, tree composition at some sites. These communities planting and elimination of non-native species include mafic and calcareous fens, sphagnum and may obliterate existing openings. New permanent shrub bogs, swamp forest-bog complexes, wildlife openings are not created. mountain ponds, seasonally dry sinkhole ponds, Aquatic and riparian protection and beaver pond and wetland complexes as measuresfound in Riparian Prescription 11 apply defined in the Southern Appalachian Assessment to this prescription. and rare associations within the following Access is primarily by a non-motorized trail ecological groups defined by NatureServe system. Interpretive signs or other information (2001a): may be available to promote public knowledge of 458-15 Appalachian Highlands Wooded rare communities and improve community Depression Ponds protection.The recreational opportunities are in 470-10 Appalachian Highlands Forested roaded natural and rural settings. Motorized Bogs access is limited to existing roads and open road 470-20 Appalachian Highlands Forested density is likely to decrease in the future. The Acid Seeps landscape character of the area is natural 475-10 Appalachian Highlands Acid evolving to natural appearing. Herbaceous Seeps The following rare communities are covered 475-30 Appalachian and Interior by this prescription: Highlands Herbaceous Depression Ponds and Pondshores Wetland Communities Appalachian Highlands Riverine Appalachian Highlands Bogs, Fens, Seeps, Vegetation—These rare communities are and Ponds—These rare communities are characterized by 1) sites adjacent to or within characterized by 1) soils that are semi- stream channels that are exposed to periodic permanently to permanently saturated as a result flooding and scour, and 2) presence of significant of groundwater seepage, perched water tables, populations or associations of species at risk. rainfall, or beaver activity, but otherwise are These communities may be found in both generally nonalluvial, and 2) presence of Appalachian and piedmont regions. Primary wetland-associated species such as sphagnum, management needs are protection from ferns, and sedges. Dominant vegetation may be disturbance during development of road herbs, shrubs, trees, or some complex of the crossings, and maintaining desirable in-stream three. Ponds in this group include lime sink, flows. These communities include river gravel- karst, and depression ponds, which may hold cobble bars as defined in the Southern areas of shallow open water for significant Appalachian Assessment, and the rare portions of the year. Also included are some associations within the following ecological impoundments and associated wetlands resulting groups defined by NatureServe (2001a): from beaver activity. Artificial impoundments are 457-10 Appalachian Highlands Riverine not included, unless they support significant Vegetation populations or associations of species at risk. 457-30 Rocky Riverbeds These communities may be found in both the 40-40 Appalachian Highlands Appalachian and piedmont regions. Primary Riverscour Vegetation management needs are protection from non­ 3-33 20-20 Appalachian Highlands Small strobus), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Stream and Lower Slope Forest rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.), and 420-xx Appalachian Highlands Large Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides). An River Floodplain Forest oak-dominated variant of moderate to high elevation basic mesic forest occurs over Forest Communities limestone on upper to mid slopes of the Interior Plateau of Tennessee, the Cumberlands of Table Mountain Pine Forest and Woodland— Alabama, and the Ridge and Valley of Georgia. This community is characterized by a dominant This basic mesic community is dominated or co or significant component of table mountain pine dominated by shumard oak (Quercus shumardii) (Pinus pungens) in the overstory often in or chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), in combination with pitch pine (Pinus rigida). It is combination with various species of oaks and found in the Appalachian region. Primary hickories and either sugar maple (Acer management needs are maintaining and saccharum), chalk maple (Acer leucoderme), or expanding existing occurrences, using thinning southern sugar maple (Acer barbatum). Typical and prescribed fire. This community corresponds calciphilic understory species also are present. to table mountain pine/pitch pine woodlands as On lower elevation sites, these communities are defined in the Southern Appalachian Assessment, more typically found on north slopes, where and all associations within the following dominant and characteristic overstory species are ecological group defined by NatureServe American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and (2001a): northern red oak (Quercus rubra), with tulip 401-80 Appalachian Highlands Pitch and poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white oak Table Mountain Pine Woodlands (Quercus alba), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), or white ash (Fraxinus americana), with Basic Mesic Forests—These communities are southern sugar maple, chalk maple, painted characterized by complex multi-storied canopies buckeye (Aesculus sylvatica), and pawpaw comprised of deciduous overstories and rich and (Asimina triloba) in the midstory and shrub diverse understories of calciphilic herbs, layers, and understories that include faded underlain by high-base geological substrates. On trillium, nodding trillium (Trillium rugelii), black moderate to high elevation sites, these cohosh, doll’s eyes, foam flower (Tiarella communities are typically found in protected cordifolia var. collina), bloodroot (Sanguinaria coves, and can be distinguished from more acidic canadensis), bellworts (Uvularia sp.) and trout mesic cove forests by the abundance of species lilies (Erythronium spp.). Good examples of low such as white basswood (Tilia americana), elevation basic mesic forests have a low yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), black walnut incidence of sweetgum (Liquidambar (Juglans nigra), faded trillium (Trillium styraciflua), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and discolor), sweet white trillium (Trillium simile), non-natives such as Japanese honeysuckle black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), blue (Lonicera japonica) or Chinese privet cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), whorled (Lingustrum vulgare). Basic mesic forest horsebalm (Collinsonia verticillata), mock communities are found in both the Appalachian orange (Philadelphus inodorus), sweet shrub and piedmont regions. Provisions of the rare (Calycanthus floridus), sweet cicely (Ozmorhiza community prescription apply only to prime spp.), doll’s eyes (Actaea racemosa), maidenhair examples of this community that support fern (Adiantum pedatum), and plantain-leaved significant populations or associations of species sedge (Carex plantaginea). Good examples of of viability concern. Primary management needs moderate and high elevation basic mesic forests are protection from non-target management have a low incidence of white pine (Pinus disturbance. This community includes the 3-34 following associations defined by NatureServe within the following ecological groups defined by (2001a, 2001b): NatureServe (2001a): 435-10 Appalachian Highlands Granitic CEGL007711 Southern Appalachian Domes Cove Forest (Rich 435-20 Appalachian Highlands Grantic Foothills Type), Flatrock CEGL007695 Southern Appalachian Cove Forest (Rich Montane Type), Other Communities CEGL008466 Basic Piedmont Mesic Mixed Hardwood Forest Glades, Barrens, and Associated CEGL004542 Piedmont Rocky Mesic Woodlands—These communities are Mafic Forest. characterized by thin soils and exposed parent material that result in localized complexes of bare Cliffs and Rock Outcrops soil and rock, herbaceous and/or shrubby vegetation, and thin, often stunted woods. Cliffs and Bluffs—Steep, rocky, sparsely During wet periods, they may include scattered vegetated slopes, usually above streams or rivers, shallow pools or areas of seepage. They vary characterize these communities. Cliff widely in species composition depending on the communities may be dry or wet, and include type of underlying parent material. They differ communities associated with waterfalls, such as from rock outcrop communities by exhibiting spray cliffs and rock houses. These communities some level of soil and vegetation over most of are found in the Appalachian region. Primary the site. Field delineations should include the management needs are protection from entire complex of characteristic vegetation management disturbance and maintenance of composition and structure. These communities hydrology near wet cliffs. This community may be found in both Appalachian and piedmont includes calcareous cliffs, mafic cliffs, sandstone regions. Primary management needs are cliffs, and spray cliffs as defined in the Southern protection from nontarget management Appalachian Assessment, and all associations disturbance and recreational impacts. Periodic within the following ecological groups as defined vegetation management, especially prescribed by NatureServe (2001a): fire, may be necessary to maintain or restore 430-40 Eastern Dry Acid Cliffs desired herbaceous and/or shrubby composition. 430-45 Eastern Moist Acid Cliffs These communities include calcareous 430-50 Eastern Dry Alkaline Cliffs woodlands and glades, mafic woodlands and glades, serpentine woodlands and glades, and Rock Outcrops—Significant areas of exposed, shale barrens as defined in the Southern usually smooth, exfoliating granite or related Appalachian Assessment, and the rare rocks, with scattered vegetation mats and associations within the following ecological abundant lichens characterize these communities. groups as defined by NatureServe (2001a): These communities are found in both the 401-17 Appalachian Highlands Appalachian and piedmont regions. Primary Calcareous/Circumneutral Dry- management needs are protection from nontarget Mesic Hardwood Forests and management disturbance and recreational Woodlands impacts. This community includes granitic dome 440-40 Appalachian Shale Glades and and granitic flatrock as defined in the Southern Barrens Appalachian Assessment, and all associations 80-80 Appalachian Mafic Igneous/ Metamorphic Glades and Barrens 3-35 12-12 Appalachian Highlands Xeric Standards Hardpan Forests and Woodlands 12-13 Appalachian Highlands Dry Mesic 9.F.-1 The scenic integrity objective is very high Oak Forests and Woodlands to high for inventoried scenic class 1 and high for 401-xx Appalachian Highlands Unstable inventoried scenic class 2 and moderate for Substrate Woodlands scenic classes 3 through 5.

Canebrakes—This community is characterized 9.F.-2 Rare communities are protected from by almost monotypic stands of giant or switch detrimental effects caused by management cane (Arundinaria gigantea), usually with no or actions. An exception may be made for beaver low densities of overstory tree canopy. It is ponds on a case-by-case basis where conflicts typically found in bottomlands or stream terraces. with aquatic PETS, trout or safety, health, and Although cane is found commonly as an infrastructure (roads, buildings, culverts, understory component on these sites, provisions developed sites) are known to occur. of the Rare Community Prescription apply only Management activities occur within rare to larger patches (generally greater than 0.25 communities only where maintenance or acres) exhibiting high densities that result in restoration of rare community composition, nearly monotypic conditions, or to areas selected structure, or function is needed. for restoration of such conditions. This community is found in the Appalachian, 9.F.-3 Where recreational or other uses are piedmont, and coastal plain regions. Primary negatively affecting rare communities, sites are management needs are restoration and modified to reduce or eliminate negative effects. maintenance through overstory reduction and New recreational developments are designed to periodic prescribed fire. Although several avoid adverse effects to rare communities associations described by NatureServe (2001a, 2001b) include cane as a major component, this 9.F.-4 Management actions that may adversely community most closely corresponds to: alter the hydrologic conditions of wetland rare CEGL003836 Floodplain Canebrake communities are prohibited. Such actions include construction of roads, plowed or bladed Mines—This community is characterized by firelines, and impoundments in or near these natural and human-made openings in the ground communities. Exceptions are made for actions that extend beyond the zone of light, creating designed to control impacts caused by beavers, sites buffered in relation to the outside activities designed to manage water levels to environment. Included are karst and sinkhole expand or maintain wetland communities, or features that lead to such subterranean where needed to control fires to provide for environments. Provisions of the Rare public and employee safety and to protect private Community Prescription apply only to those sites land resources. supporting cave-associated species. This community is found in the Appalachian region. 9.F.-5 Introducing fish into wetland rare Primary management needs are protection from communities is prohibited. An exception may be non-target management disturbance and made for beaver ponds on a case-by-case basis. recreational impacts, and maintaining quality of water flowing into underground streams. 9.F.-6 New federal mineral leases will contain a no surface occupancy (NSO) stipulation.

9.F.-7 No mineral material operations are allowed. 3-36 forest composition, accompanied by loblolly 9.F.-8 Non-native invasive species are controlled pine, sweetgum, red maple, yellow poplar, and where they are causing adverse effects to rare dogwood. An intermediate mix of forest communities. Non-native invasive species are successional stages characterizes these areas. not introduced in or near rare communities. Mid-and late-successional forests are common, 9.F.-9 In proximity to rich cove communities (basic but 4 to 10 percent of the forested land is in mesic), limit the direct application of fire on north- early-successional forest conditions. Fifty and east-facing slopes, allowing low intensity fires percent of the forest acres are in mid-to late- only. Avoid the use of fire on these sites when successional forests conditions and within this 50 conditions are droughty. percent, at least 20 percent are in late successional or old growth conditions. Where 9.F.-10 These lands are unsuitable for timber compatible with other multiple-use objectives, production. early-successional forest created by management 9.F.-11. OHVs, mountain bikes and horses are actions is clustered on the landscape to maintain not permitted. blocks of mid- and late- successional forest. In the long-term, oaks, hickories, and pines dominate most sites. Sweetgum, red maple, and 9.G.2 Restoration of Upland Oak- yellow poplar comprise a minor component. Hickory and Mixed Pine-Oak- Management activities in this prescription provide a flow of wood products to local Hickory Forests economies. This management approach would favor 43,080 acres (approximate) species such as pileated woodpecker, red-eyed vireo, and Eastern wood peewee. With the Emphasis: Restore and maintain upland oak- emphasis on hard mast, this approach will also hickory and mixed oak-hickory-pine forest. favor all species that consume acorns and hickory nuts (squirrels, turkey, deer, raccoon, etc.). Well- Desired Condition: These areas contain developed crowns and multi-layered canopies primarily oak-hickory and oak-hickory-pine within mature forest stands would be most forests. Fire-maintained woodlands and savannas, beneficial to most breeding forest-dwelling birds, and mixed mesophytic forests occur as a minor i.e., black-and-white warbler, wood thrush, component of the landscape. vireos, flycatchers, and flicker. Existing openings Short-term. Advanced oak and/or hickory and linear strips may be expanded or new ones regeneration occurs as seedlings or saplings in created to improve habitat conditions or views in the understory of loblolly pine stands. Loblolly the area. Native species are preferred but non­ pine stands are manipulated to encourage oaks invasive non-native species may be used when and hickory, yet suppress loblolly pine growth establishing food plants for wildlife. and regeneration. Stand densities are moderate to Aquatic and riparian protection measures low (60 to 80 square feet/acre basal area) to found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this encourage oak and hickory seedling prescription. development, to maintain larger crowns for mast Prescribed fire will be used periodically to production, to reduce susceptibility to southern maintain or to restore the desired composition. pine beetle attack and to promote understory Density of open roads remains near the development. The trees will be larger and more current level throughout the planning area. widely spaced, and understory hardwoods will be The landscape character is generally natural more developed. In the short-term, oak and appearing. The sights and sounds of human hickory may comprise a minor component of the activities, especially motorized uses along main 3-37 travel corridors, are evident in many parts of component of pine stands. Shortleaf pine (Pinus these areas. Visitors frequently see other people echinata) is desirable in places where littleleaf in some parts of these areas. Motorized access is disease is not likely to adversely affect it. Across available to many places. Non-motorized trails the landscape one sees trees of various ages and are also available, and in some cases, motorized sizes. Individual stands are likely to have trails are available. Hunting and wildlife and plant somewhat uniform heights and diameters. As viewing are common activities. The recreational markets allow, pine stands are maintained at opportunities are in roaded natural and rural moderate densities (less than 100 square feet/acre settings. basal area) to reduce susceptibility to southern pine beetle attack, and to encourage development Standards of larger diameter trees. , fuelwood, and other low value forest products are produced 9.G.2.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for to maintain moderate densities and as secondary inventoried scenic class 1 and moderate for products in sawtimber harvests. inventoried scenic class 2 and low for scenic A mix of forest successional stages classes 3 through 5. characterizes these areas, with an emphasis on early-successional forests. Mid- and late- 9.G.2.-2 Only use site preparation methods that successional forests are common, but 10 to 17 promote oak/hickory regeneration. percent of forested land is in early-successional forest conditions. Twenty percent of the forest is 9.G.2.-3 These lands are suitable for timber in mid-to late-successional forest conditions and production. within this 20 percent at least 10 percent is in late successional or old growth conditions. Relatively equal areas are in each 10-year age class.Where 10.B. High Quality Forest opportunities exist, the oak and hickory component is expanded. Additional open, park­ Products (Piedmont Only) like woodland conditions may be developed to improve habitat conditions in the area. Existing 139,528 acres (approximate) openings and linear strips may be expanded or new ones created to improve habitat conditions Emphasis: This prescription is applied to lands or views in the area. Native species are preferred capable of producing high quality, valuable but non-invasive non-native species may be used sawtimber. Timber stand improvement and when establishing food plants for wildlife. regeneration harvest methods that best provide Sweetgum will be discriminated against in for the growth and harvest of high quality, order to provide for additional tree diversity for valuable sawtimber that is most in demand in the current and future production of hard and soft marketplace are applied. Opportunities are also mast and den trees. In addition, existing patches provided for other high value forest products. dominated by mast producing hardwoods, or scattered hard and soft mast or fruit producers, Desired Condition: Grow and sell log size will be retained across the stand to the extent timber (pine and hardwood) in a sustained compatible with achieving desired conditions of manner on upland sites. Where opportunities open pine forests. exist, the oak and hickory component is Soft mast producing species (dogwood, black expanded. gum, hawthorn, grapes, serviceberry, etc.) are The predominant species are loblolly pine and retained during vegetative treatments to the mixtures of loblolly pine and hardwoods. extent compatible with meeting treatment Encourage mast-producing species as a objectives. 3-38 For wildlife, this prescription balances 11. Riparian Corridors objectives for providing a range of habitat conditions. Animals that use a variety of habitats (62,524 acres embedded in adjoining (white-tailed deer, wild turkey, gray squirrel, prescriptions) woodpeckers, and migrating neotropical birds) benefit and are found in high densities in this prescription. Species that prefer more mature Emphasis: Riparian corridors will be managed to forest conditions and species that prefer more retain, restore and/or enhance the inherent grassland/shrubland habitats would also be found ecological processes and functions of the in noticeable numbers throughout this area. associated aquatic, riparian, and upland Aquatic and riparian protection measures components within the corridor. found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this prescription. Desired Conditions for the Riparian Prescribed fire is likely to be used for fuel Corridor: Riparian corridors reflect the physical reduction, wildlife habitat objectives, and PETS structure, biological components, and ecological habitat improvement in the uplands. processes that sustain aquatic, riparian, and The landscape character generally appears associated upland functions and values. natural. The recreational opportunities are in Primarily, natural processes (floods, erosion, roaded natural and rural settings. These areas are seasonal water table fluctuations, etc.) will very accessible and provide a variety of modify most of the areas within the riparian recreational opportunities, foremost of which is corridor. However, management activities may be hunting. used to provide terrestrial or aquatic habitat Density of open roads remains near the improvement, favor recovery of native current level throughout the planning period, vegetation, control insect infestation and disease, with only small increases and decreases. comply with legal requirements (e.g., Additional roads may be needed to provide Endangered Species Act, Clean Water Act), environmentally suitable access for management provide for recreation and public safety, and meet activities, but may be closed to public use. other riparian functions and values. (See Appendix C for a graphical representation of a Objectives Riparian Corridor and an operational definition of a riparian area.) 10.B-OBJ-1 Provide local economies with 47– Riparian corridors occur along all defined 74 MMCF of wood products annually. perennial and intermittent stream channels that show signs of scour, and around natural ponds, Standards lakeshores, wetlands, springs, and seeps. Portions of the corridor may extend into upland 10.B.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for areas, especially within steep-sided stream valleys inventoried scenic class 1 and moderate for and headwater reaches. The riparian corridor inventoried scenic class 2 and low for scenic management direction and these minimum classes 3 through 5. distances (See Tables 3-9 and 3-10.) do not apply to constructed ponds, reservoirs, ditches, or 10.B.-2 These lands are suitable for timber terraces. For these areas, site-specific analysis production. will determine the appropriate protective measures. Streams are in dynamic equilibrium; that is, stream systems normally function within natural ranges of flow, sediment movement, temperature, 3-39 and other variables. The geomorphic condition of human life and property or to meet other some channels may reflect the process of long- appropriate management goals (e.g., restoration). term adjustment from historical watershed There may be evidence of some roads, trails, and disturbances (e.g., past intensive farming recreational developments. Some wetland practices within the piedmont). The combination habitats may show signs of restoration. of geomorphic and hydrologic processes creates Silvicultural treatments including timber and a diverse physical environment, which, in turn, vegetation removal may occur to restore and/or fosters biological diversity. The physical integrity enhance riparian resources such as soil, water, of aquatic systems, stream banks and substrate, wildlife and natural communities. Prescribed fire including shorelines and other components of can be used within the corridor to create or habitat is intact and stable. maintain the composition and vitality of fire- The natural range of in-stream flows is dependent vegetative communities (e.g., maintained to support channel function, aquatic canebrakes). Low intensity fire may occur when biota and wildlife habitat, floodplain function, streams are used as natural firebreaks in and aesthetic values. association with landscape-level burning. Water quality remains within a range that Vegetative communities within the riparian ensures survival, growth, reproduction, and corridor are diverse and productive, providing migration of aquatic and riparian-dependent for a rich variety of organisms and habitat types. species, and contributes to the biological, The vegetative community within the riparian physical, and chemical integrity of aquatic corridor is predominantly forested; however, ecosystems. Water quality meets or exceeds state some natural non-forested habitats such as wet and federal standards. Water quality (e.g., water meadows, grasses or shrub dominated plant temperatures, reducing sediment, dissolved communities may occur. Many canebrake oxygen, and pH) will be improved where communities may be restored. Existing old fields necessary to benefit aquatic communities. and openings for wildlife may be present and The soils of riparian corridors have an organic maintained. Native species are preferred but non­ layer (including litter, duff, and/or humus) of invasive non-native species may be used when sufficient depth and composition to maintain the establishing food plants for wildlife. Some natural infiltration capacity, moisture regime, and agricultural plantings of non-invasive non-natives productivity of the soil (recognizing that floods may occur to augment stopover and wintering may periodically sweep some areas within the habitat for migratory species. floodplain of soil and vegetation). Exposed The forest contains multiple canopy layers, mineral soil and soil compaction from human which provide a variety of habitat niches, and activity may be present but are dispersed and do thermal and protective cover for wildlife. Snags not impair the productivity and fertility of the used by birds, bats, and small animals are soil. Any human-caused disturbances or abundant. Dying and down trees are common, modifications that cause environmental often in natural patches. Suitable habitat is degradation through concentrated runoff, soil provided in riparian areas, and where applicable erosion, or sediment transport to the channel or in the associated uplands, for riparian-dependent water body are promptly rehabilitated or flora and fauna; including migratory species. mitigated to reduce or eliminate impacts. High canopy species such as red-eyed vireo and Floodplains properly function as detention/ yellow-throated warbler as well as species that retention storage areas for floodwaters, sources use mid-story and well developed shrub layers in of organic matter to the water column, and understory (thrushes, ovenbird, etc.) would also habitat for aquatic and riparian-dependent be expected in high densities. Species associated species. Modification of the floodplain is with habitat conditions found in riparian areas infrequent but may be undertaken to protect and wetland habitats, (i.e., Acadian flycatcher 3-40 (Epidonax viresens), parula (Parula Americana) pastoral settings and recreational developments Louisiana waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), (such as a swim beach at a campground). prothonotary warbler (Protonotaria chrea), However, due to the high value that these areas wood duck (Aix sponsa), egrets and great blue have for many uses, evidence of human activity heron (Aroea herodias) could potentially be (developed recreation areas, roads and trails, found in high densities in localized areas. dams and reservoirs, and pastoral areas) may be Trees within the corridors are managed to present. provide sufficient amounts and sizes of woody The recreational opportunities are in roaded debris to maintain habitat complexity and natural and rural settings. Both dispersed and diversity for aquatic and riparian-dependent developed recreational opportunities may be species. Recruitment of woody debris typically present within these corridors. Hiking, nature occurs naturally; however, woody debris may be viewing, camping, canoeing, hunting, and fishing purposefully introduced to enhance aquatic and are activities available within the corridor. terrestrial habitat. Both in-stream and terrestrial Visitors may encounter developed camping areas, woody debris are regarded as essential and boat launches, and fishing piers. Current generally left undisturbed. recreation areas and facilities are maintained or The biological integrity of aquatic upgraded to minimize impacts on stream banks, communities is maintained, restored or enhanced. shorelines, and water quality. Environmental Aquatic species distributions are maintained or education and interpretation about the aquatic expanded into previously occupied habitat. The component and riparian corridor may be amount, distribution and characteristics of provided to increase awareness of the value of aquatic habitat for all life stages are present to riparian dependent resources. maintain populations of indigenous and desired Density of open roads and/or motorized trails nonnative species. Habitat conditions contribute may decrease over time as roads and/or trails that to the recovery of species under the Endangered are unneeded or are causing undesirable resource Species Act. Species composition, distribution impacts are closed. and relative abundance in managed habitats are comparable to that of natural habitats of the same Determination of Riparian Corridors region or reference stream. Streams and water Due to their spatial extent, riparian corridors are bodies are periodically inventoried and monitored not identified on the Forest Plan map of on a sample basis to characterize larger scale prescription allocations. conditions or trends. Streams and water bodies Riparian corridor widths are designed to are protected from adverse effects and managed encompass the riparian area when defined on the to restore native species as appropriate. basis of soils, vegetation and hydrology as Management activities are allowed to restore, described in Appendix C, and the ecological enhance, and manage aquatic communities of functions and values associated with the riparian native and demand species. Management area to include distinctive landscape features activities will be coordinated with the South such as alluvial terraces, floodplains, bottomland Carolina Department of Natural Resources. hardwoods, and wetlands. Perennial and intermittent streams are For project planning and implementation, the managed in a manner that emphasizes and following process will be used to determine the recruits large woody debris. The desired extent of site-specific riparian corridors: condition is approximately 200 pieces of large The widths in Tables 3-9 and3-10 shall be woody debris (LWD) per stream mile. used to define the riparian corridor along The landscape character is naturally evolving streams, lakes and other water bodies if the or natural appearing, but occasional enclaves of a corridor is not site-specifically determined as rural landscape character may occur with described below. 3-41 If a site-specific field investigation determines Some ephemeral streams exhibit evidence of the need to vary the widths in Table3-9 and 2 to scouring from storm events. better address desired riparian, aquatic or Standards for the Ephemeral Stream Zone are resource health conditions, that width shall found in Chapter 2, Forest-wide Standards, of become the project level riparian corridor. This this Forest Plan. corridor ensures that riparian values and functions are maintained. Objectives The slope-dependent riparian corridor widths are measured in on-the-ground surface feet 11-OBJ-1 Improve structural diversity and perpendicular from the edge of the channel or composition within the riparian corridor on 2,000 bank (stream, water body, etc.) and extend out acres on the piedmont as canebrake habitat from each side of a stream. restoration. For ponds, lakes, sloughs, and wetlands (including seeps or springs associated with 11-OBJ-2 Restore and enhance stream habitat wetlands) the measurement would start at the and aquatic communities in 50 miles of streams. ordinary high water mark and go around the This includes woody debris, stream bank perimeter. For braided streams, the outermost stabilization, brook trout restoration, and in braid will be used as the water’s edge. stream habitat improvement. Entrenched streams do not have banks along a floodplain and will typically be measured from Relationship with Other Management the terrace along the bank. An interrupted stream Prescriptions (a watercourse that goes underground and then reappears) will be treated as if the stream were The riparian corridors overlap with other above ground. (An acceptable level of error for management prescription allocations. In order to on-the-ground measurements of these widths is + establish precedence, the following rules apply. 10 percent.) The riparian corridor includes human-created reservoirs, wildlife ponds, ¾ Where the riparian corridor management wetlands, and waterholes connected to or prescription area overlaps with lands that associated with natural water features. In have been allocated to Management addition, those areas not associated with natural Prescriptions 1A/1B—Wilderness and water features, but support riparian-associated Recommended Wilderness, 2A—Existing flora or fauna, will have a riparian corridor Wild/Scenic/Recreational Rivers, 4D and designation. The riparian corridor management 4F—Special Areas, and 9F—Rare direction does not apply to constructed ponds Communities; then whichever developed for recreational uses; or to human- management direction is the most made ditches, gullies, or other features that are restrictive will apply. maintained or in the process of restoration. For these areas, site-specific analysis will determine ¾ For lands allocated to any of the other appropriate protective measures. management prescriptions, where the riparian corridor overlaps with these Relationship with Ephemeral Streams allocations, the direction in the Riparian Corridor Management Prescription will Ephemeral streams do not have riparian areas, take precedence. but are hydrologically connected to perennial and intermittent streams downstream. They flow only in direct response to precipitation, normally lack defined channels and are above the water table. 3-42 Standards some encroachment, for example, to accommodate steep terrain. 11.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for inventoried scenic classes 1 through 5. 11.-7 Motorized and non-motorized trail reconstruction and relocation within the riparian 11.-2 The removal of large woody debris (pieces corridor are allowed to reduce impacts to greater than 4 feet long and 4 inches in diameter riparian and aquatic resources. on the small end) is allowed if it poses a risk to water quality, degrades habitat for riparian- 11.-8 New stream crossings will be evaluated and dependent species, for recreational access, or where necessary constructed so that they do not when it poses a threat to private property or adversely impact the passage of aquatic National Forest infrastructures (i.e., culverts, organisms. Exceptions may be allowed to prevent bridges). The need for removal must be the upstream migration of undesired species. determined on a case-by-case basis. Except in unusual circumstances, woody debris embedded 11.-9 Alternative locations must be considered within the channel materials will not be removed. for all new facilities. Where none exist, potential impacts must be minimized or mitigated to 11.-3 Stocking of new nonnative species and moderate the severity of those impacts. stocking of previously unstocked areas is discouraged where it will adversely impact native 11.-10 Camping trailers and vehicles are not aquatic species or communities. Before any allowed within 100 feet of perennial streams, stocking, coordinate with South Carolina lakes or other water bodies, except at designated Department of Natural Resources to ensure that areas. populations and habitats of native species are maintained. 11.-11 Tethering or corralling of horses or other livestock is not allowed within 100 feet of 11.-4 Existing wildlife openings are allowed stream courses or lakes. within the riparian corridor. However, wildlife openings identified as causing environmental 11.-12 New federal mineral leases will contain a degradation through concentrated runoff, soil no surface occupancy stipulation or controlled- erosion, sediment transport to the channel or surface-use stipulation for the riparian corridor. water body, loss of thermal shading, stream bank support and aquatic or riparian habitats will be 11.-13 Federal mineral material (36 CFR 228(c)) mitigated or closed and restored. New wildlife authorizations are only allowed to restore openings within the riparian corridor are riparian areas and aquatic habitat, control erosion permitted where needed to provide habitat for and sedimentation, and repair flood damage. migratory or riparian-dependent species. 11.-14 Gold panning and other related activities 11.-5 New non-motorized trail construction is are only authorized where they do not adversely allowed to improve existing trail configuration affect stream channel stability, substrate, aquatic and to improve access to specific locations along species, or their habitats. streams, lakes, and the riparian corridor. 11.-15 Commercial collection of botanical 11.-6 New motorized trails are prohibited within products will not be allowed in the riparian the riparian corridor except at designated corridor if it would adversely affect the functions crossings or where the trail location requires and values of the riparian area.

3-43 11.-16 Tree removals may only take place if aligned with the stream channel at as near a right needed to enhance the recovery of the health, angle as possible. Locate riparian corridor diversity and/or complexity of vegetation, crossings to minimize the amount of fill material rehabilitate both natural and human-caused needed and minimize channel impacts. disturbances, provide habitat improvements for PETS or riparian-dependent species, suppress 11.-23 If culverts are removed, stream banks and pest insect populations, reduce hazardous fuel channels must be restored to a natural size and buildup, provide for visitor safety, and for shape. All disturbed soil must be removed from approved facility construction/renovation. the active channel and floodplain, and stabilized.

11.-17 Permitted firewood cutting within the 11.-24 These lands are unsuitable for timber riparian corridor must take into consideration the production. large woody debris requirements. 12.A. Remote Backcountry 11.-18 Alternative measures for insect and disease control will be determined on the basis of Recreation—Few Open Roads risk to adjacent resources, long-term sustainability, and appropriate needs for the Andrew Pickens Ranger District, 4,929 acres function and condition of the riparian area. (approximate)

11.-19 Except for wildfire or escaped prescribed Emphasis: These lands are managed to provide fire, construction of firelines with heavy users with a degree of solitude and a semi- mechanized equipment (e.g., bulldozers) in primitive experience in large remote areas that wetlands or riparian corridors is prohibited. still allow the use of limited public motorized access on existing, open motorized roads. Areas 11.-20 Except for wildfire or escaped prescribed will be 2,500 acres or greater in size unless fire, hand lines will be used for fire line adjacent to a prescription that also provides a construction and water diversions will be used to semi-primitive experience (1.A., 1.B., 4.A., 6.A., deter sediments from streams. Fire lines are not 12.B., 12.C., etc.). constructed in stream channels, but streams may be used as firelines. Desired Condition: Provide users with solitude and a semi-primitive experience in large remote 11.-21 Where risks of resource damage are high, areas. These areas provide large tracts of each road segment will be constructed and backcountry recreational opportunities with a stabilized before starting another segment. High- semi-primitive non-motorized emphasis that risk areas include landslide prone areas such as allows some existing vehicular access. Human certain colluvial slopes, steep slopes and highly activities may be evident in some places.Visitors erosive soils. High-risk streams include streams occasionally see other people especially near the containing sensitive aquatic species such as trout few open roads in these areas. A non-motorized and mussels, or any threatened or endangered trail system provides the predominant means of species, Wild and Scenic Rivers, Outstanding access. Closed roads are available for non- Resource Waters, those listed with sediment, motorized uses. Outdoor skills are important for turbidity or aquatic habitat problems on state visitors in the more remote portions of these 303d or 305b water quality reports. areas. Hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, backpacking, dispersed camping, hunting, 11.-22 To minimize the length of streamside and fishing are typical activities available in this disturbance, ensure that approach sections are area. 3-44 The landscape character appears natural with ecological processes, rather than management activities, being the primary forces shaping the landscape. Vegetative management activities, including prescribed fire, are for the purposes of threatened, endangered, sensitive and locally rare species habitat improvements; forest health considerations; to restore native vegetative communities; and to restore riparian ecosystems. Older forest communities predominate and increase over time Habitat conditions provided though this prescription are dominated by climax canopy development and decline. Wildlife that responds to large diameter standing snags and living den trees (raccoon, barred owl, great-crested flycatcher, chickadee, etc.) would be expected here in high densities if adequate food supplies were available. High canopy species such as red- eyed vireo and species that use mid-story and well developed shrub layers in understory (thrushes, ovenbird, etc.) would also be expected in high densities. The limited supply of open shrubland habitats (openings, rights-of way, road corridors) would provide foraging habitat for some species (black and white warbler, towhee, cardinal, etc.) in portions of this prescription. Aquatic and riparian protection measures found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this prescription.

Standards

12.A.-1 The scenic integrity objective is high for inventoried scenic classes 1 through 5.

12.A.-2 New road and motorized trail construction is prohibited, subject to valid existing rights or leases.

12.A.-3 New federal mineral leases will contain a no surface occupancy stipulation or controlled surface use stipulation.

12.A.-4 These lands are unsuitable for timber production.

3-45 4-1 Chapter 4 Management Areas

Management Areas are assigned on all acres of the state. Turkey and Upper Stevens Creek the Sumter. There are two types of management watersheds contain critical habitat for the areas. One type will have unique management federally-endangered Carolina Heelsplitter, direction that is not covered in either forest-wide (Lasmigona decorata). Occurring along with the goals, objectives, standards, or management Carolina heelsplitter is the brook floater prescription desired conditions, objectives and (Alasmidonta varicosa), a sensitive species. standards. These management areas will be According to several state and federal based on watersheds and are described below as authorities, the Stevens Creek/Turkey Creek Turkey Creek and Upper Stevens Creek watershed is “…one of the most biologically Management Area and Chattooga River diverse aquatic systems in all of South Carolina Management Area. and appears to be the most biologically The second type of management area contains significant tributary of the entire Savannah River no unique direction. The direction is already Basin in North Carolina, South Carolina, and available in the Forest Plan. These management Georgia.” (Alderman, 1998) The Nature areas are presented here to provide a “sense of Conservancy has identified Stevens Creek place” as well as to present additional watershed as one of national significance for information related to objectives and conservation of aquatic biodiversity (Master, et management prescription allocations.These al, 1998). It ranks in the top 15 percent of the management arears are defined on the remaining entire nation’s watersheds for its significance in forest acres outside the Turkey Creek and Upper biodiversity. Stevens Creek Management Area and Chattooga The management area is underlain by several River Management Area. They are described complex sequences of crystalline, mixed acid, below as Blue Ridge Mountains and Foothills micaceous rocks and Carolina slates. Soils Management Area (Andrew Pickens District) surfaces are generally thin with sandy clay loam and the Piedmont Management Area (Enoree and surfaces. Carolina slate surfaces consist of silt Long Cane Districts). loams and subsurfaces consist of silty clay loams. Annual precipitation averages about 45 inches of which 17 inches is water yield. Management Area 1—Turkey Vegetation is primarily loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Secondary vegetation includes red oak Creek and Upper Stevens Creek, (Quercus falcata), white oak (Quercus alba), Long Cane Ranger District hickory (Carya spp.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), yellow polar (Liriodendron Existing Conditions tulipifera), water oak (Quercus nigra), willow oak (Quercus phellos), river birch (Betula nigra), This 41,653-acre management area includes sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), cottonwood Turkey Creek and Upper Stevens Creek (Populus deltoides), elm (Mlmus spp.), ash watershed areas above the confluence of Turkey (Fraxinus sp.), and red maple (Acer rubrum). and Stevens Creeks. This area contains Some areas contain invasive non-native species approximately 238.4 miles of moderate to large such as kudzu (Pueraria lobata), privet perennial streams, all classified as freshwater by (Ligustrum spp.), autumn olive (Elaeagnus 4-2 umbellate), and Chinese wisteria (Wisteria Desired Conditions sinenis). Turkey Creek was evaluated by outside Habitat for Carolina heelsplitter (Lasmigona agencies and found to have elevated levels of decorata) is maintained or improved, and suspended solids and turbidity resulting from populations are increasing toward recovery. The agricultural activities, with fecal coliform, movement of aquatic species is unhindered by dissolved oxygen and phosphorus levels also migration barriers. Habitats for the diversity of problematic for some sections. Upper Stevens freshwater mussels and other aquatic sensitive Creek is listed in the Nonpoint Source species are stable or increasing. The dominant Management Program as needing water quality land use is forestry. This low frequency use and macroinvertebrate community improvement, pattern is the best land cover to conserve most with Cuffytown and Hard Labor Creeks also Atlantic slope freshwater mussels, reptiles, and mentioned for elevated turbidity and suspended amphibians. Mid- and late- successional forests solids. About 3 percent is urban land, 83 percent dominate this management area; however, some forested land, and 14 percent agricultural land. scattered early successional habitat is evident. In National Forest land comprises 15 percent of the the long-term, pines, oak, and hickory dominate Turkey Creek and 9 percent of Upper Stevens most of the sites. Creek watersheds. There are a variety of high-quality well Municipal water uses in the vicinity include maintained developed and dispersed recreational McCormick, SC, from Lake Thurmond and opportunities including camping, shooting North Augusta, SC, and Edgefield County from ranges, day hiking, mountain biking, canoeing the Savannah River. Due to the size of the and kayaking, fishing, hunting, dispersed Savannah River, the amount of private land camping and nature study. Visitors frequently involved and distance from both the Long Cane see other people in parts of the management and Andrew Pickens Ranger Districts, forest area. Outdoor skills are of moderate importance. management activities have little or no influence The recreational opportunities are in roaded on these public water sources. natural and rural settings. A variety of wildlife species occur within the Old growth communities, especially mixed area including Bachman’s sparrow (Aimophila mesophytic forests, dry-mesic oak forests, and aestivalis), brown-headed nuthatch (Sitta dry-mesic oak-pine and pine-oak forests, are pusilla), white tail deer (Odocoileus found along the riparian corridors within this virginianus), quail (Colinus virginianus), management area. Small or medium-sized Webster’s salamander (Plethodon websteri) and patches of dry-xeric pine and oak old growth red fox (Vulpes fulva). A diversity of significant woodlands and savannas, and dry-mesic oak plant life occurs in this area: faded trillium forests, are scattered throughout. In the short- (Trillium discolor), Oglethorpe oak (Quercus term, the results of loblolly pine removal may be oglethorpensis), Shoal’s spider lily observed as old growth communities more native (Hymenocallis coronaria), and others. The fire to the area are restored. maintained woodland/savanna habitat, known for Aquatic and riparian protection measures its 300-year-old post oak trees located near Little found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this Mountain Creek in the northern portion of this management area. management area also is significant. Wooded riparian corridors are maintained to This area also contains one of the original prevent stream isolation; to provide large woody wild turkey releases and turkey management debris, stream bank stability and morphology, sites in the state of South Carolina. allochthonous material, stable microclimate (including stream temperature); and to control sedimentation, erosion, and toxic material 4-3 movement. Mature hardwoods dominate the M egana em nt rA e a St sdradna historic floodplain of the creeks within these MA 1-1 C etaer a oces yradn oz enf or m ht e riparian corridors in the long-term, and advanced lbatse i dehs r rapi nai rroc di or ot oak and/or hickory regeneration occurs as edulcni 002 teef onie reht dis e fo seedlings or saplings in the pine understories. lainnerep ts aer ms dna 001 teef on Some natural non-forested habitats such as wet ie reht edis fo retni mit tnet ts aer m .s meadows, grasses or shrub dominated plant MA 1-2 nI eht oces yradn oz enm niatnia an communities may occur. Vegetative communities egareva fo 07 tnecrep onac yp oc rev , within the riparian corridor are diverse and dna la ol w o yln larutan tareneger oi n productive, providing a rich variety of organisms nac rucco , sselnu drah wood tnalp gni and habitat types. is yrassecen ot eveihca eht ised der Due to the heavily mixed ownership pattern, erutuf oc idnt oi n ( ro on ra ti f laici addressing water quality and aquatic habitat tareneger oi n fo enip i s la ol w de). concerns will require cooperating with private MA 1-3 No tuc t gni wi niht eht arutan l landowners and conservation agencies. f ol o nialpd tpecxe , sa a tsal roser t , The acres of management prescription rof eht oc tn lor fo tsep . allocations are displayed in Table 4-1. MA 1-4 No en w sdaor era b iul t wi niht ht e oces oces yradn oz en sa fed deni ni MA1­ 1 tpecxe w ereh dedeen ot ssorc n o i t p i rc s e rP t n em e g ana M. 1 -4e l baT baT l -4e 1 M. ana g e em nt rP e s rc ip t i o n aer ts aer m .s 1a e rA t n em e g ana Mro f sno i t aco l lA l aco ti sno f Mro ana g e em nt rA e 1a MA 1-5 Comm laicre m gnini rep mi st oc iatn n t n em e gana M gana e em nt De s rc ip t i no rcA e son ecafrus ycnapucco o r oc tn lor del no i t p i rc s e rP e s rc ip t i no ecafrus ecafrus esu ts pi talu oi .sn lacigolo oZ/lacinatoB oZ/lacinatoB lacigolo D4 D4 4,1 51 MA 1-6 No en w OHVt iar l s era la ol w de . saerA saerA yt i l i tU detangiseD detangiseD tU il i yt MA 1-7 iW niht 05 teef fo is set k onwn to C5 C5 4 21 srodi rro C rro srodi ppus roW t s’retsbe alas ma dn re , detar tnecnoC tnecnoC detar m niatnia onac yp oc rev dna org dnu D7 D7 3 2 senoZnoi taerceR taerceR senoZnoi li t ret . Low isnetni yt fi ser era la ol w de wi niht eseht .saera 9F oCeraR inumm t sei * 6 MA 1-8 No m roto dezi b staoo r farc t ra e f o noi tarotseR tarotseR noi o f la ol w deon T yekru ro S snevet yrokciH -ka Odnal pU Odnal -ka yrokciH 2G9 2G9 35,31 7 C .skeer -eniP dexiMdna dexiMdna -eniP MA 1-9 No daor oc tsn tcur oi ni s la ol w de in stsero FyrokciH -ka O -ka FyrokciH stsero eht T yekru /S snevet C keer B lacinato tsero FQ yt i lau hgiH hgiH lau i yt FQ tsero B01 B01 04,62 3 A aer (4D). or P or stcud 11 Rrapi Cnai rro **srodi ---- - T lato 08,14 4 detci derp s i sei t inummoc erar ni esaercni nA* nA* esaercni ni erar inummoc t sei is derp detci s -et is eromfo t luser asa asa luser t eromfo is -et s icep f ci rotnevni .sei deddebmeera serca 885 ,4 yletamixorppA** yletamixorppA** ,4 885 serca deddebmeera .snoi tpi rcserp gniniojda ni gniniojda rcserp tpi .snoi

4-4 Management Area 2—Chattooga moderately entrenched, with low to high width to depth ratios. River Management Area 2— A variety of wildlife can be found in the watershed including black bear (Ursus Existing Conditions americanus), white tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus), red squirrel, black-throated green This 180,000-acre watershed includes the warbler, star-nosed mole, Eastern small-footed 122,192-acre management area comprised of bat (Myotis leibii), and ruffed grouse (Bonasa public lands in National Forest management umbellus). Fish species include rainbow, brown located within the Blue Ridge Mountains and and brook trout, as well as a diverse cool water upper piedmont of Georgia, South Carolina, and fish community, including darters, shiners, North Carolina.The Chattahoochee-Oconee madtoms and chubs. The sensitive Oconee National Forests in Georgia, Nantahala National stream crayfish (Cambarus chaugaensis) and the Forest in North Carolina and the Sumter sensitive brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa) National Forest in South Carolina share are present. management of the watershed, with the Sumter Water quality is a special concern for National Forest in charge of administering the suspended sediment and/or fecal coliform on river uses associated with the Chattooga Wild some Chattooga River tributaries resulting in and Scenic River Corridor. streams being water quality impaired or on the The dominant forest types in upland areas are watch list. Impaired streams are because of Virginia and shortleaf pine (Pinus virginiana and excessive sedimentation, aquatic biological P. echinata) and chestnut and scarlet oak community or habitat impairment or poor (Quercus prinus and Q. coccinea) species, while biological community rating. Watch list streams eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), yellow show signs of impact and may need added poplar (Liriodendron tulipfera) and white pine protection from sedimentation and increased (P. strobus) often dominate moist areas as coves monitoring of point and non-point source and streamsides with dense understories of pollutants. This management area includes the rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) and mountain following impaired (I) and watch list (W) laurel (Kalmia latifolia ) (Van Lear et al., 1995). streams: sections of Stekoa Creek (I) including Rainfall is well distributed throughout the tributaries Scott Creek (I), Pool Creek (I), year. The 50-year annual precipitation averages Chechero Creek (I), Saddle Gap Creek (I) and from 167 cm at the Long Creek, South Carolina, Cutting Bone Creek (W); Warwoman Creek (I) site in the lower portion of the watershed to 216 including Morsingills (I), Goldmine Creeks (I), cm at the Highlands, North Carolina, rain gauge Martin/Finney (W), and Tuckaluge (W); West near the headwaters (NOAA, 1999). About ½ of Fork Chattooga River including tributaries Law the rainfall is returned to streamflow as water Ground (I), Laurel (I), Clear (I), Reed Mill (I), yield. Elevation ranges from about 300 m to and Big Creeks (W); and various tributaries of 1,500 m. North Fork Chattooga River including Ammons The primary rock types include graywacke, Branch (I), Norton Mill (I), and Fowler Creeks mica schist, amphibolite, aluminous schist, (I), Scottsman Branch (W), East Fork Chattooga granite, mica gneiss, gneiss, and granite gneiss. River (W), Ridley Creek (W), Hedden Creek The rock types are highly weathered, increasing (W) and King Creek (W) and middle to lower their erodibility. The primary soil types are Evard Chattooga River tributaries including Whetstone and Brevard series with Toccoa soil series in the Creek (I); Adline Creek (I), Fall Creek (I), Pole floodplains. Most of the perennial and Creek (I), Licklog Creek (I), Reedy Creek (I), intermittent streams are entrenched to Buckeye Branch (W), Long Creek (I), and Camp Creek (W). Fecal coliform levels within Stekoa

4-5 Creek often exceed swimming standards by Currently the means is through the efforts of several orders of magnitude during storm events various groups concerned about the Chattooga and remain an intermittent problem even during River water quality, state water and non-storm periods. Many of the tributary areas environmental agencies, EPA, Forest Service have temporary elevation of fecal coliforms Large Scale Chattooga Watershed Project and during storm events, but typically these levels NRCS personnel and programs. Efforts to decline to safe levels during non-storm periods. develop partnerships and seek internal and The states and EPA are currently working on external sources of funding to improve water Best Management Practices (BMP) to help quality will be undertaken. reduce impacts. The Chattooga River Ecosystem Fecal coliform levels do not exceed water Demonstration Project (1993-1995) and the quality standards, even during storm events. Chattooga River Large Scale Watershed Project Until standards can be met, official notice to increased the information known about the river companies and private boaters will be watershed and help to focus resources toward made that health concerns during river uses and improving conditions. water contact sports are much higher than Congress designated 57 miles of the normal below Stekoa Creek and for most areas Chattooga River corridor as a component of the during heavy storm events. See Appendix E for National Wild and Scenic River System on May water quality monitoring. 10, 1974. The headwaters of the river begin in Outstandingly remarkable values and free- North Carolina and continue downriver along the flowing conditions are not impaired by forest South Carolina and Georgia border. The river management actions.See Appendix E for corridor and its immediate surroundings offer monitoring of these values and conditions. many recreational uses including boating, There are a variety of high-quality well fishing, swimming, floating, hiking, horseback maintained developed and dispersed recreational riding, and sightseeing in remote and opportunities including camping, backpacking, occasionally in roaded settings. The river day hiking, horseback riding, fishing (warm, provides premier trout fishing opportunities for cool and cold waters), hunting, dispersed anglers across the Southeast. Recreational camping, photography and nature study. Visitors boating (including kayaking, canoeing, and frequently see other people in some parts of the rafting) has been a very popular use of the river management area in other parts the area people and includes both guided and self-guided users. are rarely seen. The recreational opportunities Water quality declines on some sections, include the full range from the most primitive in especially below the confluence with Stekoa Ellicott Rock Wilderness to more developed in Creek or in relation to storm events in other ar roaded natural and rural settings and therefore outdoor skills are of moderate importance in Desired Conditions some parts and very important in others. The Chattooga River is a popular place for There are no longer any water quality impaired recreational activities that center around the or watch list streams. Water quality concerns Chattooga River including whitewater boating have diminished and excessive sediments, fecal for both guided and self-guided boaters, coliform concentrations, and/or impacts to swimming, tubing, fishing, hiking and aquatic habitats have been removed. sightseeing. Proactive measures are taken to help evaluate The loblolly pine is reduced to a minor and prioritize pollutant sources and work with component within this area. Early successional communities, agencies, neighbors, industry, native forest and openings are present where developers, farmers, ranchers, and foresters on loblolly pine forest previously stood. Some of water quality issues within the watershed. 4-6 these stands and openings are larger than 80 baT le -4 2 M. a egan em nt rP e s rc i tp i no acres. lA l taco i Msno egana em nt rA e a 2 rdnA, we Medium to large patches of old growth, iP kc e Rsn egna r D is tr i c t , S tmu e Nr a ti ano l especially mixed mesophytic forests, dry-mesic roF e s t oak forests, and dry-mesic oak-pine and pine-oak M egana em nt De s rc ip t i no rcA e s forests occur along the Chattooga river, and at rP e s rc ip t i sno higher elevations in the Ellicott Wilderness and detangiseD A1 58,2 5 associated Extension area. Small or medium- ssenredliW sized patches of old growth are scattered dednemmoceR B1 79,1 0 throughout the uplands, and along riparian ssenredliW corridors. detangiseD dliW 1A2 1A2 92,3 0 Habitat for sensitive species such a brook reviR floater (Alasmidonta varicosa), a freshwater detangiseD cinecS 2A 2 2A 22 4 mussel and Oconee stream crayfish (Cambarus reviR chaugaensis), is protected, maintained, and detangiseD 3A 2 3A 20,1 6 monitored to help prevent listing. Brook trout are lanoitaerceR reviR restored to suitable streams within their range. cinatoB ooZ/la lacigol D4 D4 7 8 Aquatic and riparian protection measures saerA found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this 4F S cinec aerA s15 management area. 7A S cinec awyB y7 19 Management prescription allocations for the C detartnecno D7 D7 3 6 Sumter National Forest are shown in Table 4-2. noitaerceR enoZ Table 4-3 shows the management prescription desrepsiD 2E7 2E7 21 61, 9 allocations for the Chattahoochee-Oconee noitaerceR aerA National Forests in Georgia. Table 4-3 is xiM fo S lanoisseccu 1A8 1A8 82 4 provided for information only. For information F tsero statibaH about management preciptions on the Nantahala -alssarG/sdnaldooW 2B8 2B8 53 7 National Forest in North Carolina, please refer to sannavaS/sdn the Land and Resource Management Plan for the 9F Rera C seitinummo * 0 Nantahala National Forest. nairapiR nairapiR 11 ------**srodirro C **srodirro etomeR etomeR A 21 A yrtnuockcaB 123,1 noitaerceR noitaerceR Tlato 43,42 3 * nA esaercni ni erar seitinummoc si detciderp .seirotnevni cifice ps -etis erom fo tluser a sa a tluser fo erom -etis ps cifice .seirotnevni deddebme era serca 243, 3 yletamixorppA ** ** yletamixorppA 3 243, serca era deddebme .snoitpircserp gniniojda ni gniniojda .snoitpircserp

4-7 noitpirc s erP tn em e g ana M .3-4 elbaT elbaT .3-4 M ana g e em tn erP s noitpirc Management Area 3—Blue Ridge ,2 a erA tn em egana M , snoitacollA snoitacollA , M egana em tn erA a ,2 Mountains and Foothills, Andrew st s eroF lanoita N e enocO dna e ehcoohattahC ehcoohattahC e dna enocO e N lanoita eroF s st *.)aigro eG( eG( *.)aigro Pickens District—outside the tn em egana M egana em tn De s oitpirc n ercA s Chattooga Watershed sn oitpirc s erP erP s oitpirc sn lai dotsu C dotsu lai 0 54 9 tnemeganaM tnemeganaM Existing Conditions 1A Ddetangise senredliW s 20,2 3 dednemmoceR dednemmoceR B1 65 2 ssenredliW ssenredliW The 59,975-acre management area is located in 21A Ddetangise dliW eviR r 99,5 8the mountains and upper piedmont of South cinec S detangiseD detangiseD S cinec Carolina within Oconee County. 2A2 2A2 64 8 reviR reviR The dominant forest types in upland areas are detangiseD detangiseD 3A2 3A2 5,1 15 Virginia and shortleaf pine (Pinus virginiana and reviR lan oitaerceR oitaerceR lan reviR P. echinata) and chestnut and scarlet oak species, 21B Eelbigil dliW eviR r31 7 (Quercus prinus and Q. coccinea ) while eastern 22B Eelbigil S cinec eviR r 81 0 hemlock (Tsuga canadensis ), yellow poplar 4I N laruta erA a 82,6 0(Liriodendron tulipfera) and white pine (P. 4I N laruta erA a 91,6 3strobus) often dominate moist areas as coves and 5A Aevitartsinimd S eti s 3 streamsides with dense understories of 6B Odl tworG h1 0rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) and mountain 81A xiM o f S anoisseccu l 116,31 laurel (Kalmia latifolia) (Van Lear et al., 1995). statibaH tsero F tsero statibaH Rainfall is well distributed throughout the 83E hgiH noitavelE lraE y6 year averaging somewhat less than found within tatibaH lanoisseccu S lanoisseccu tatibaH the Chattooga Watershed. About ½ of the 93A Wdehsreta oitarotseR n 92,61 9 rainfall is returned to streamflow as water yield. tnal P fo noitarotseR noitarotseR fo P tnal H9 H9 64,42 6 snoitaicossA snoitaicossA The primary rock types include graywacke, mica schist, amphibolite, aluminous schist, 11 Rnairapi C *srodirro *------granite, mica gneiss, gneiss, and granite gneiss. 1A2 etomeR rtnuockcaB y 87,1 8 The rocks are highly weathered. The primary noitaerceR noitaerceR soil types are Evard and Brevard Series with Tlato 7 6 09, 1 Toccoa Series in the floodplains. Most of the eht ot refer noitamrofni erom ro F* F* ro erom noitamrofni refer ot eht veR desi L dna perennial and intermittent streams are nal P tne megan aM ecruoseR dna dna ecruoseR aM megan tne P nal rof eht entrenched to moderately entrenched, with low .stseroF lanoita N een oc O -eehc oohattah C oohattah -eehc O oc een N lanoita .stseroF to high width to depth ratios. snoitpircserp gniniojda ni ded debmE ** ** debmE ded ni gniniojda snoitpircserp A variety of wildlife can be found in the watershed including black bear (Ursus americanus), white tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus), red squirrel, black-throated green warbler, star-nosed mole, Eastern small-footed bat (Myotis leibii), and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). Fish species include rainbow, brown and brook trout, as well as a diverse cool water community, which includes dartes, shiners, madtoms and chubs.

4-8 Watersheds lbaT e 4-4 M. emegana tn erP s rc tpi i no 3a erA tn emegana M, sno i tac o l lA lo tac i sno M, emegana tn erA 3a This management area includes portions of six M emegana tn ercA s sno i tpi rc s e D e s rc tpi i sno watersheds including Chauga River, Coneross erP s rc tpi i sno Creek, Upper Lake Keowee Composite, Little dednemmoceR B1 21 River Composite, Tugaloo River Composite, and ssenredliW the Whitewater River Composite. The Chauga detangiseD 4 3A2 3A2 River has about 50 percent of its land base in lanoitaerceR reviR National Forest System land with each of the lacigolooZ/lacinatoB D4 D4 797,1 other watersheds composed of 14 percent or less. saerA The Chauga is the most noted of the watersheds within this management area. Just 4F S cinec aerA s 27,8 0 below the forest boundary, the community of detangiseD ytilitU C5 C5 441 Westminster, SC, uses the river as its municipal C odirro sr water supply, with the Ramsey Creek tributary as 6C Odl tworG h 20,1 3 its backup water source. Most of the watershed is presently in good condition and many of the 7A S cinec awyB y 23,2 5 streams listed as Outstanding Resource Waters C detartnecno D7 D7 96 by South Carolina. There are some concerns noitaerceR senoZ about the existing and potential impacts to noitaerceR desrepsiD desrepsiD noitaerceR aquatic life from nonpoint pollutant sources such 2E7 143 saerA saerA as roads, timber harvest, rural development, lan oisseccu S fo xiM xiM fo S oisseccu lan poultry producers and agriculture uses including 8 1A 162,14 statibaH tsero F tsero statibaH pastureland. A rare crayfish, Cambarus dnalssarG/sdnaldooW dnalssarG/sdnaldooW chaugaensis, is found within the Chauga 2B8 4 watershed. A variety of rare plants are found, S annava statibaH especially within the calcareous soil area 9F Rera C seitinummo * 45 5 associated with the Brevard fault zone. 11 Rnairapi C *srodirro *------In the sediment analysis conducted, Coneross etomeR yrtnuockcaB A 21 A 806,3 Creek was identified as having below average noitaerceR conditions. The state has listed Coneross as Tlato 58,95 4 impaired for elevated fecal coliform, which can i seitinummoc erar ni esaercni nA* nA* esaercni ni erar seitinummoc is detciderp sa a impact recreational uses, and increasing nitrogen .seirotnevni cificeps -etis erom fo tluser tluser fo erom -etis cificeps .seirotnevni and declining dissolved oxygen are added trends. Other streams mentioned by the state include ** yletamixorppA 36,9 0 serca era deddebme ni Battle and Brasstown Creeks that have ojda gnini .snoitpircserp suspended solids and sediment concerns. Some of the watersheds north of Coneross Desired Conditions Creek contribute to Lake Keowee, which is the municipal water source for Greenville and Elevated levels of suspended sediment, fecal Seneca, SC and the Oconee Nuclear station. Due coliform and other water quality factors beyond to the distance from the forest, amount of private existing water quality standards are infrequent. lands involved and size of Lake Keowee, there No streams are listed as being water quality are few concerns relative to National Forest impaired or on the watch list due to excessive management for these public sources of water. pollutants, decline in aquatic biological Table 4-4 shows the management prescription community or habitat impairment. Biological allocations. community ratings are excellent to good, with 4-9 strong viable populations of native aquatic native trout are maintained and/or restored species. Instream flow needs are met to maintain where suitable. aquatic species, channel conditions, Aquatic and riparian protection measures administrative needs, recreation, scenic, research found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this and other needs on the forest. Sand and smaller management area. particles seldom dominate channel substrates, and ample amount of large woody debris is within streams and being retained for future stream and habitat needs. Waters within the Management Area 4—Piedmont, forest boundaries are of suitable quality and Enoree and Long Cane Districts, quantity to meet beneficial water uses including outside of the Turkey Creek and municipal, indigenous aquatic habitat, channel, recreational, administrative, research, fire, Upper Stevens Creek Watersheds scenic, wildlife and other resource needs. There are a variety of high-quality well maintained developed and dispersed recreation Existing Conditions opportunities including camping, backpacking, day hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, The 236,113-acre management area is located in shooting ranges, fishing (warm, cool and cold the piedmont of South Carolina within waters), hunting, dispersed camping, Abbeville, Edgefield, Greenwood, McCormick photography and nature study. Visitors frequently and Saluda counties for the Long Cane Ranger see other people in some parts of the District and within Chester, Fairfield, Laurens, management area in other parts the area people Newberry, and Union counties for the Enoree are rarely seen. The recreational opportunities Ranger District. range from the more remote in Bee Cove The piedmont is underlain by several Roadless Area to more developed in roaded complex sequences of crystalline, mixed acid, natural and rural settings and therefore outdoor micaceous rocks and Carolina slates. Soils skills are of moderate importance in some parts surfaces are generally thin with sandy clay loam and very important in others. surfaces. Carolina slate surfaces consist of silt The loblolly pine is reduced to a minor loams and subsurfaces consist of silty clay component within this area. Early successional loams. Annual precipitation averages about 45 native forest and openings are present where inches of which 17 inches are water yield. Past loblolly pine forest previously stood. Some of agricultural uses have left portions of the area these stands and openings are larger than 80 with little or no topsoil and active and inactive acres. gullies. Medium to large patches of old growth, Vegetation is primarily loblolly pine with especially mixed mesophytic forests, dry-mesic some shortleaf and Virginia pine. Secondary oak forests, and dry-mesic oak-pine and pine-oak vegetation includes red oak, white oak, hickory, forests occur throughout the management area, sweetgum, yellow polar, water oak, willow oak, especially along the Chauga River, the White river birch, sycamore, cottonwood, elm, ash, and Rock Scenic Area, various botanical/zoological red maple. Some areas contain invasive non­ areas, and along riparian corridors. Small or native species such as kudzu, privet, autumn medium-sized patches of old growth are olive, mimosa, sericea lespedeza, and tree of scattered throughout the uplands. heaven that may be addressed for containment or Habitat for sensitive species such as Oconee eradication activities. stream crayfish (Cambarus chaugaensis), is protected, maintained, and monitored. Historic

4-10 Watersheds problems are primarily linked to past and present activities outside of National Forest control and Watersheds on the Long Cane Ranger District residual air pollutants. with substantial portions of national forest Much of the Enoree district has been severely include Little River, Long Cane Creek and eroded and lost more than a foot of topsoil from Lower Savannah River composite areas. Some past agricultural activities. Many areas have streams segments are listed as impaired from eroded into the B horizon, which has higher clay excessive levels of fecal coliform, turbidity or content and somewhat restricts erosion. The suspended solids. Abnormal levels or declining most severe erosion occur as gullies, where the conditions for nutrients and ammonium toxicity B horizon has been breached and the extremely are local problems. Most of the problems are erosive C horizon is exposed, causing rapid associated with non-forest land uses. Small gully development and expansion. This area is portions of the Long Cane district have been generally more eroded from past activities than severely eroded and lost over a foot of topsoil the Long Cane Ranger District. Extensive from past agricultural activities. Many other efforts to recover soil and water conditions have areas of past agricultural uses were only been ongoing since the lands were acquired. moderately eroded due to more gentle slopes. Table 4-5 shows the management prescription Therefore, most of these areas still contain a thin allocations for this management area. soil A horizon with well developed B horizon Municipal uses of water associated with the that is somewhat resistant to erosion. Extensive streams within or adjacent to the Enoree Ranger efforts to recover soil and water conditions on District include the with Duncan severely eroded or barren lands have been Creek as a backup source of water for Whitmire, ongoing since the lands were acquired. SC; and the Broad River supplies municipal Municipal water uses in the vicinity include needs for Union, SC, Lockhart Mills and McCormick, SC from Lake Thurmond and North Carlisle Cone Mills, with the source for Augusta, SC and Edgefield County from the Columbia, SC a substantial distance Savannah River. Due to the size of the Savannah downstream. Due to the size of the Broad River River, the amount of private land involved and sub-basin and flow, forest management activities distance from both the Long Cane and Andrew have little or no influence on these public water Pickens Ranger Districts, forest management sources. activities have little or no influence on these public water sources. Desired Conditions Watersheds on the Enoree Ranger District with substantial portions of national forest Elevated levels of suspended sediment, fecal include Duncan Creek, Indian Creek, Lower coliform and other water quality factors beyond Enoree River Composite, and the Upper Broad existing water quality standards are infrequent. River Composite. Duncan Creek is a backup No streams are listed as being water quality water source for the community of Whitmire, impaired or on the watch list due to excessive South Carolina. Most of the watersheds within pollutants, decline in aquatic biological this area contain streams which are listed as community or habitat impairment. Biological impaired from excessive levels of fecal coliform, community ratings are excellent to good, with high turbidity and/or suspended solids. Specific strong viable populations of native aquatic river or stream segments have abnormal levels or species. In-stream flow needs are met to declining conditions for zinc, pesticides, pH, maintain aquatic species, channel conditions, dissolved oxygen and/or phosphorus. In some administrative needs, recreation, scenic, research instances, mercury accumulation in certain fish and other needs on the forest. Sand and smaller species is also a concern. The water quality particles seldom dominate channel substrates, 4-11 and ample amount of large woody debris is baT le 5-4 M. emegana tn erP s rc tpi i no within streams and being retained for future lA l taco i sno M, a emegan tn erA 4a stream and habitat needs. Waters within the M emegana tn De s rc tpi i sno ercA s forest boundaries are of suitable quality and erP s rc tpi i sno quantity to meet beneficial water uses including lacigolooZ/lacinatoB D4 D4 ,1 01 9 municipal, indigenous aquatic habitat, channel, saerA recreational, administrative, research, fire, 4F Scinec aerA s 82,1 6 scenic, wildlife and other resource needs. C nuohla latnemirepxE 1G4 1G4 68,4 2 There are a variety of high-quality well tseroF maintained developed and dispersed recreation detangiseD ytilitU C5 C5 93,2 2 opportunities including camping, shooting C srodirro ranges, day hiking, OHV riding, mountain 6C Odl tworG h6 17 biking, canoeing and kayaking, fishing, hunting, detartnecno C detartnecno dispersed camping and nature study. Visitors D7 64 8 enoZ noitaerceR noitaerceR enoZ frequently see other people in parts of the noitaerceR desrepsiD desrepsiD noitaerceR management area. Outdoor skills are of 1E7 75,21 5 aerA aerA moderate importance. The recreational noitaerceR desrepsiD desrepsiD noitaerceR opportunities are in roaded natural and rural 2E7 24,94 8 aerA aerA settings. -nalssarG/sdnaldo oW -nalssarG/sdnaldo Old growth communities, especially mixed 2B8 59,7 8 sannava S /sd /sd S sannava mesophytic forests, dry-mesic oak forests, and dehsretaW dehsretaW dry-mesic oak-pine and pine-oak forests, 3A9 63,11 0 dominate the riparian corridors within this noitarotseR management area, and occur more extensively 9F Rera C seitinummo * 63 4 along the Broad, Tyger, and Enoree Rivers. noitarotseR fo pU dnal Small to medium-sized patches of dry-xeric pine O -ka okciH yr dna 2G9 2G9 45,92 3 and oak old growth woodlands and savannas, dexiM -eniP O -ka and dry-mesic oak old growth forests, are yrokciH F stsero scattered throughout the uplands. In the short- hgiH Q ytilau tseroF B01 B01 05,29 9 term, the results of loblolly pine removal may be stcudorP observed as old growth communities more native 11 Rnairapi C *srodirro * ------to the area are restored. Tlato ,311 21 5 Aquatic and riparian protection measures sa detciderp si seitinummoc erar ni esaercni nA* nA* esaercni ni erar seitinummoc si detciderp sa found in Riparian Prescription 11 apply to this .seirotnevni cificeps -etis erom fo tluser a tluser fo erom -etis cificeps .seirotnevni management area. ni de d de bme era serca 4 69,44 yletamixorppA ** ** yletamixorppA 69,44 4 serca era bme de d de ni .snoitpircserp gniniojda gniniojda .snoitpircserp

4-12 Chapter 5 Implementation

Interpretation of Desired With this process, forest-wide or management area objectives for each successional stage can Condition Percentages of be determined by summing allocations of Successional Habitat prescriptions. Judgments can be made as to whether allocations adequately provide amounts and distributions of these habitats across the The desired conditions by management forest. Related discussions will be productive, prescription are described in part, in terms of the because they can be made within the context of percentage of forested land desired in early and Interdisciplinary Team decisions specific to late-successional forest. To be meaningful, conditions and considerations of particular percentage recommendations must also come pieces of the landscape. with a geographic scale at which the percentage Percentages of various forest successional should be calculated. Some previous discussion stages shown in the desired conditions of each has focused on setting successional stage management prescription include intermingled objectives at the forest-level. In South Carolina, riparian areas. Acres of non-forest, such as this scale is not particularly meaningful from a roads, water, and permanent openings, acres to wildlife perspective, because most species will be maintained or restored to woodlands, select habitat at a smaller scale—that of the savannas, and grasslands, which will be immediate stand and/or the surrounding managed for an open condition permanently, landscape. The scale of the relevant surrounding should be deducted before performing landscape will vary with species, but will rarely calculations. Patches smaller than 2 acres of if ever reach the scale of the entire Sumter either type would not be counted, but would be National Forest, particularly because of the included with the surrounding type. Conditions geographically separated units of the Sumter. of surrounding private lands would not be Given the incomplete ownership patterns included in calculations, but should be within each ranger district on the Sumter, the considered when developing alternatives during appropriate scale for successional stage project-level planning. For example, high objectives is landscape-level blocks of the same amounts of quality early-successional forest on prescription in relative proximity to each other. surrounding private land might result in Prescription allocations are the management unit decisions to provide such habitats on national closest to this scale. Forest Plan compliance forest land at the low end of the objective range. during project planning should be done on the Early successional forest for all forest types basis of geographically contiguous prescription is defined as regenerating forest predominantly allocation blocks. Relatively small prescription 0-10 years old. Early-successional forest patches allocation blocks may be lumped with nearby created by natural disturbances would be prescriptions having the same successional stage included in calculations, but we would not objectives. Grouping of blocks for analysis attempt to predict amounts of early-successional purposes should be responsive to project level forest likely to be created by natural events in issues and at an appropriate scale for project the future. Even-aged and two-aged regeneration level analysis. cutting, prescribed burning, or other types of vegetation management treatments, may create 5-1 early-successional forest. The desired habitat address if the desired conditions, goals and result we want to achieve is relatively dense objectives of the Forest Plan are being met and if regeneration of woody species across patches Forest Plan standards are effective. Monitoring larger than 2 acres, and the larger the patch the questions are part of the Forest Plan and are better for many dependent species. stated in terms that will direct what will be For a complete discussion of the ages within monitored, but are not so specific as to address early, mid- and late-successional forests by forest how monitoring will be accomplished. community, refer to the process record entitled Monitoring questions will be further refined “Forest Community Types and Forest during Forest Plan implementation into Successional Classes for National Forests in the monitoring elements and task sheets, which are Southern Appalachian Plan Revisions.” detailed, specific and measurable. Monitoring Ages of mid- and late-successional forests are elements and task sheets may be modified and defined in the Glossary, Appendix B. To meet prioritized to guide monitoring activities over objectives for mid- and late-successional forest the course of Forest Plan implementation. The habitats, managers would ensure that planned monitoring summary table and sample task sheet forest regeneration would not result in (Appendix E) demonstrate the relationships percentages falling below objectives. between Forest Plan goals, objectives, standards Management treatments to thin or create small and monitoring questions, and indicate the canopy gaps are compatible with maintaining nature of monitoring elements and monitoring mid- and late-successional forest conditions. details that are to be further developed during Areas managed under uneven-aged Forest Plan implementation. The monitoring regeneration methods would not be counted as summary table and sample task sheet are either early- or late-successional, but as a presented here only for information and may be separate successional stage category. Acreage of modified as needed to address changes in needs, these areas would be included as part of the priorities, availability of personnel, and funding. forested acreage base for the purpose of The concept of adaptive management is successional stage calculations. Based on foundational for planning and Forest Plan discussions with forest interdisciplinary teams, implementation in a dynamic environment. we do not expect this acreage to be extensive Regulations require that Forest Plans be revised enough to conflict with meeting successional periodically (36 CFR 219.10(g)). However, stage objectives. forest plans may need to be more dynamic to account for changed resource conditions (such as large storms or insect outbreaks), new Monitoring and Evaluation information or findings of science, or new regulations or policies. An effective monitoring Monitoring and evaluation provide information and evaluation program is essential for to determine if programs and projects are determining when these needs may exist and meeting Forest Plan direction, and if the cost leading to quick resolution of a need for change. anticipated to implement the Forest Plan The monitoring questions were developed to coincides with actual costs. Monitoring and address three types of monitoring: evaluation is required by NFMA implementing regulations (36 CFR 219.12(k)) to determine if ¾ Implementation monitoring–Is the Forest requirements of the regulations and Forest Plan Plan being carried out? are being met. ¾ Effectiveness monitoring–Are desired This chapter establishes monitoring questions conditions resulting? that are to be answered over the course of Forest Plan implementation. Monitoring questions 5-2 ¾ Validation monitoring–Has the Monitoring Questions information used in developing the Forest Plan changed? 1. Are rare ecological communities being protected, maintained, and restored? Monitoring and evaluation provide information that can be used to keep Forest A Forest Plan goal, related objectives and Plans current. Key results and findings will be standards are designed to maintain and restore used to determine if changes are needed in goals, rare communities. To monitor accomplishment objectives, standards, monitoring questions, or of these provisions and the effects that overall research needs. Forest Plan implementation will have on rare Monitoring and evaluation are distinct communities, trends in number of occurrences, activities. The monitoring phase usually includes locations, and conditions, and effects of collecting data and information, either by maintenance and restoration activities will be observation, direct measurement, or compiling tracked. data from appropriate sources. Evaluation is the analysis of this data and information, and is used to assess if the Forest Plan is being implemented correctly and if it needs to be changed. Forest Plan monitoring and evaluations will be reported annually in the “Sumter National Forest Monitoring and Evaluation Report.” Monitoring and evaluation may lead to adjustments of programs, projects or activities, changes or amendment to the Forest Plan, or to recommend changes in laws, regulations, and policies that affect both the Forest Plan and project implementation (FSM 1922.7). Forest Plan amendments and revisions should be responsive to changes that affect the Forest Plan, and may be needed at any time if a Forest Plan becomes outdated in some way. Within an adaptive management framework, the need to amend or revise the Forest Plan may result from:

¾ Recommendations of an interdisciplinary team, based on evaluation and monitoring results ¾ Changes in agency policy and regulations ¾ Planning errors found during Forest Plan implementation ¾ Changes in physical, biological, social, or economic conditions

The evaluation of findings under the following monitoring questions will lead forest managers to these determinations.

5-3 2. Are landscape and stand-level composition, management activities conducted to maintain structure, and function of major forest and restore desired conditions. Trends in communities within desirable ranges of population indices or surveys, and trends in variability? abundance of habitat for species selected as Management Indicator Species will be Success in maintaining and restoring monitored to help indicate effects of national composition, structure, and function of forest forest management within selected communities. ecosystems within desired ranges of variability is In addition, presence or absence of a reflected by both changes in forest condition and combination of representative species of fire by levels of management and other effects that associated plant communities will be used to are shaping these communities. Monitoring will evaluate effectiveness of management in include tracking the abundance of major forest maintaining desired conditions in woodland/ cover/community types and levels of grassland/savanna habitats.

tn em egana M egana em tn R e sa sno rof S e el /noitc sA s etaico d eroF s t R e etal d s eic ep S rotacidnI rotacidnI S ep eic s ytinummoC ejbO evitc s W relbradedooH W relbradedooH P dna,ecneser sdnert qni ycneuerf ecnerruccofo fo 0.8 3 )anir tic ainosliW( ainosliW( tic )anir srelbrawdedooh ni suoudicedcisem iwstserof ll eb 0.8 5 fo sseneeffe vitceht etani cidh pleot desu desu pleot cidh etani vitceht sseneeffe fo dnadyrotsrenuesnedorp nidiv grof tnemeganam tnemeganam nidiv grof dnadyrotsrenuesnedorp .seit inummoctserof eseht niht iwurts erutcdim yrots erutcdim iwurts niht eseht inummoctserof .seit reganaT telracS telracS reganaT P dna,ecneser sdnert qni ycneuerf ecnerruccofo fo 0.8 3 agnari P( agnari iwseicepssiht ll eb desu pleot cidh etani eht 0.8 4 )aeca vilo vilo )aeca vitc sseneeffe fo tnemeganam gmrof kaoniniatnia ).7 noitseuQnirot in goMosla eeS(stser of eeS(stser in goMosla noitseuQnirot ).7 W relbraeni P W relbraeni P dna,ecneser sdnert qni ycneuerf ecnerruccofo fo 0.8 4 ( ordneD aci p )suni seicepseseht ni kao-enip/enip iwstserof ll eb desu 10.71 ni tnemeganam fo sseneeffe vitcetani cidh pleot pleot cidh vitcetani sseneeffe fo tnemeganam ni .sepyt dnim etaodenip niniatniam gdnanirotser g niniatniam gdnanirotser etaodenip dnim .sepyt rehctacyl F naidacA naidacA F rehctacyl P ,ecneser dna sdnert qni ycneuerf ecnerruccofo fo 10.4 xanodip E( xanodip seicepseseht airani npir of iwstser ll eb desu h pleot )snecseri v )snecseri cid vitcetani sseneeffe fo tnemeganam niniatniam gni .snoit idnoceseht idnoceseht .snoit dedaeh-nworB dedaeh-nworB P dna,ecneser sdnert qni ycneuerf ecnerruccofo fo 0.8 4 hhtu ctan ctan hhtu seicepseseht ni dnadim lanoisseccusetal dnaenip 10.71 ( tiS t a up )allis p kao/eni iwtserof ll eb desu pleot cidh etani eseht niniatniam gni tnemeganam fo sseneeffe vitc sseneeffe fo tnemeganam niniatniam gni eseht .seit inummoc inummoc .seit

5-4 3. Are key successional stage habitats being emeganaM tn R e sa sno rof R e detal provided? rotacidnI S e el tc sA/noi s detaico ejbO tc evi s s eic ep S ep eic s eroF s inummoCt yt Forest goals, objectives, and standards have been relbraw eiriar P eiriar relbraw P ,ecneser dna sdnert ni 10.8 established for maintaining a balance between aci ordneD( ordneD( aci ycneuqerf fo ecnerrucco 0.8 6 the early, mid-, and late-successional habitat )rolocsid )rolocsid fo siht seiceps ni -ylrae conditions. Some wildlife species depend on lliw stserof lanoisseccus lanoisseccus stserof lliw early- successional forests, while others depend etacidni pleh ot desu eb eb desu ot pleh etacidni on late-successional forests. Trends in fo ssenevitceffe eht eht ssenevitceffe fo successional conditions and abundance of key gniveihca ni tnemeganam tnemeganam ni gniveihca successional habitats, such as old growth and nihtiw snoitidnoc derised derised snoitidnoc nihtiw permanent wildlife openings, will be monitored. .statibah eseht eseht .statibah Population trends of Management Indicator Species selected to help indicate effects of S osniaw 'n s P ecneser dna sdnert ni 10.4 management on successional habitats will be braw rel ycneuqerf fo ecnerrucco monitored. L( mi ton pylh si fo siht seiceps ni )iinosnia ws )iinosnia sekarbenac dna rehto lanoisseccus -ylrae -ylrae lanoisseccus eb lliw statibah nairapir nairapir statibah lliw eb eht etacidni pleh ot desu desu ot pleh etacidni eht fo ssenevitceffe ssenevitceffe fo gniveihca ni tnemeganam tnemeganam ni gniveihca .snoitidnoc derised derised .snoitidnoc worraps dlei F dlei worraps P ecneser dna sdnert ni 0.8 2 allezipS( allezipS( ycneuqerf fo ecnerrucco 0.8 3 )allisup )allisup fo siht seiceps ni /dnalssarg/dnal doow doow /dnalssarg/dnal eb lliw statibah annavas annavas statibah lliw eb eht etacidni pleh ot desu desu ot pleh etacidni eht fo ssenevitceffe ssenevitceffe fo gniveihca ni tnemeganam tnemeganam ni gniveihca .snoitidnoc derised derised .snoitidnoc naciremA naciremA P ecneser dna sdnert ni 10.4 kcocd o ow o kcocd ycneuqerf fo ecnerrucco ( olocS xap fo siht seiceps ni ylrae roni m roni ) lanoisseccus nairapir ot desu e b lliw statibah statibah lliw b e desu ot eht etcidni pleh pleh etcidni eht fo ssenevitceffe ssenevitceffe fo gniveihca ni tnemeganam tnemeganam ni gniveihca snoitidnoc derised derised snoitidnoc

5-5 4. How well are key terrestrial habitat macroinvertebrates in cool water, cold water, and attributes being provided? warm water aquatic communities.

Special habitat attributes such as hard and soft mast, den trees, snags, and downed wood are 6. What are status and trends of forest health necessary elements for certain species. A variety threats on the Sumter? of Forest Plan goals, objectives, and standards protect, restore, and maintain these elements. Measures designed to control or mitigate Trends in the abundance and condition of key negative effects of insects, disease, non-native terrestrial habitat attributes and associated invasive species, air pollution, and high fuel Management Indicator Species will be levels are important aspects of this Forest Plan. monitored. Trends in occurrence and effects of air pollutants, wildland fire, insects and diseases, and non-native invasive species will be monitored. tn em egan a M a egan em tn R e sa sno rof R e etal d rotacidnI rotacidnI S e el oitc n /sA s etaico d bO je evitc s s eic ep S ep eic s tatibaH etubirttA 7. What are the status and trends of federally listed species and populations or detaeli P detaeli ,ecneserP dna sdnert S ee habitats for species with viability concerns rekcepdo ow rekcepdo ni ycneuqerf fo dradnats on the Sumter? ( supocoyrD ecnerrucco fo siht -WF 81 s u taelip taelip u s ) seiceps ssorca eht Contribution to conservation and recovery of ot desu eb lliw tserof tserof lliw eb desu ot federally listed threatened and endangered eht etacidni pleh pleh etacidni eht species, and federal candidates for listing, is fo ssenevitceffe ssenevitceffe fo an important goal of this Forest Plan. Trends ni tnemeganam tnemeganam ni in occurrence or abundance of these species derised gniniatniam gniniatniam derised will be monitored along with levels of ot evitaler noiti dnoc dnoc noiti evitaler ot management activities implemented for the .sgans fo ecnadnu ba ecnadnu fo .sgans purpose of achieving recovery. Maintaining habitat capable of supporting 5. What is the status and trend in aquatic viable populations of native and desired non habitat conditions in relationship to aquatic native species is also an important goal of the communities? Forest Plan. Many objectives and standards are designed to meet this goal. Monitoring will The Forest Plan protects and restores riparian focus on trends for populations and/or habitats ecosystems, wetlands, and aquatic systems and of species of viability concern. Where feasible, assures that aquatic habitat conditions are species monitoring will often be accomplished suitable to maintain native aquatic communities. by monitoring communities of species (i.e., fish, Water and habitat quantity and quality, in-stream bats, birds). large woody debris, and aquatic species passage will be monitored. Population trends for aquatic management indicators in relation to the habitat conditions they are selected to represent will be monitored. These indicators are the presence and abundance of fish and aquatic

5-6 8. What are the trends for demand species 9. Are high quality, nature-based and their use? recreational experiences being provided and what are the trends? The Sumter National Forest provides large public ownership with opportunities for hunting, The Sumter National Forest offers a unique fishing, wildlife viewing, and collection of combination of nature based dispersed special forest products. Monitoring of some recreation, including undeveloped settings, built game species populations and/or harvest levels environments reinforcing natural character, and will be done in coordination with the South wildland settings that complement enjoyment of Carolina Department of Natural Resources special places. This Forest Plan aims to provide (DNR). Some of these species are selected as for safe, natural, well-designed, accessible, and Management Indicator Species where effects of well-maintained recreational opportunities for all national forest management are important to visitors. Monitoring visitor experiences and the meeting public demand, and monitoring condition of facilities will help gage the assistance from the SCDNR is available. Some effectiveness in meeting this commitment. species that are collected as special forest products will be monitored through management 10. What are the status and trends of of the permitting process. In addition, trends in recreational use impacts on the environment? harvest levels, other population indices, license sales, and Wildlife Management Area (WMA) This Forest Plan is committed to providing permit sales will be used to indicate recreational opportunities that are compatible effectiveness of management of habitat, as well with stewardship of forest resources. Impacts of as meeting public demand for deer, turkey, and motorized uses, site occupancy, and large bear hunting. volumes of users on riparian, stream and aquatic resources, vegetation, and soils will be monitored. tn em egana M egana em tn R e etal d rotacidnI rotacidnI R e sa no rof S e el noitc ejbO evitc s s eic ep S ep eic s liau q etihwboB etihwboB q liau sdnerT ni noitalupop secidni .8 0 8 s u nilo C( nilo u s lliw eb desu ot pleh etacidni .8 0 9 )sunainigri v )sunainigri ssenevitceffe fo tnemeganam rof dnamed cilbup gniteem ni gniteem cilbup dnamed rof .seiceps siht siht .seiceps dliw nretsaE nretsaE dliw sdnerT ni noitalupop secidni ,20.8 30.8 , yekrut yekrut dna tsevrah slevel lliw eb ,40.8 60.8 , sirgaeleM( sirgaeleM( desu ot pleh etaulave tluser o f ,70.8 ,80.8 )o vapollag vapollag )o tnemeganam seitivitca no siht 0.8 9 .seiceps dnamed hgih hgih dnamed .seiceps rae b kcalB kcalB b rae sdnerT ni noitalupop secidni 0.8 2 s usr U( usr s dna tsevrah slevel lliw eb 0.8 5 )sunacire ma ma )sunacire desu ot pleh etaulave tluser o f 0.8 6 siht no seitivitca tnemeganam tnemeganam seitivitca no siht .seice ps eliforp hgih hgih eliforp ps .seice

5-7 11. What are the status and trend of class management direction. Management of wilderness character? scenery and settings is essential in managing recreational experiences and the quality of the Wilderness character is comprised of both environment. Changes in scenic quality of the human and biophysical elements. Monitoring the forest and the recreational settings will be human elements requires monitoring trends in monitored. the human experiences, i.e., solitude, crowding, etc., as well as trends in the use patterns and 14. Are heritage sites being protected? visitor impacts. User monitoring and surveys will allow for tracking trends among visitors to Heritage resources listed or eligible for listing on wilderness, while trailhead use and identification the National Register of Historic Places along of sites with impacts will allow us to track with other designated properties (including movement and activities within wilderness and World Heritage Sites, National Historic relationships to biophysical effects. Monitoring Landmarks, and National Historic Trails) are biophysical elements is important for tracking preserved and protected from both natural forces changes to the natural systems because of natural and vandalism. Heritage resources at risk are and human influences within and outside the monitored on a regular schedule in accordance wilderness. Although there are many with general preservation plans, site-specific components to the biophysical element, air plans, and other treatments specified by quality is viewed as a basic indicator of agreements. Heritage Preservation Plans (HPP) wilderness health. Additionally, changes that are are developed and implemented, either on an occurring in wilderness due to the fire regime, individual basis or by heritage resource site type, especially in fire dependent communities, will be for at risk properties. HPP are designed to monitored. protect those qualities and values that contribute to the property’s significance. 12. What are the status and trend of Wild Prehistoric and historic artifacts, investigation and Scenic River conditions? field records, and historic archival data, including photographs, maps, and information A free-flowing condition and the presence of sources, are maintained to national curatorial Outstandingly Remarkable Values are the two and/or archival standards (36 CFR 79 Curation main elements in determining the eligibility and of Federally Owned Collections). suitability of a river to be included in the Archaeological Resource Protection Act National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. (ARPA) investigations are completed in a timely Rivers determined to be eligible, or eligible and manner at properties that have been damaged by suitable that have not yet been designated by illegal activities. Damage assessments are Congress must have those elements protected developed in accordance with ARPA and agency until a further designation is assigned. guidelines. Monitoring changes to these elements will help us evaluate our management of these rivers on 15. Are watersheds maintained (and where the Sumter. necessary restored) to provide resilient and stable conditions to support the quality and 13. Are the scenery and recreational settings quantity of water necessary to protect changing and why? ecological functions and support intended beneficial uses? Scenery and recreational settings are managed by establishing Scenic Integrity Objectives (SIO) This Forest Plan provides for management of and Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) watersheds to provide resilient and stable 5-8 conditions to protect soil productivity and tracked and compared to projections made at the support the quality and quantity of water time the Forest Plan was developed. necessary to protect ecological functions and support intended beneficial water uses. 18. Are silvicultural requirements of the Numerous best management practices are Forest Plan being met? established as standards or where appropriate part of the implementation guidelines for The 1982 NFMA implementing regulations also practices to carry out during implementation of require monitoring of specific silvicultural the Forest Plan. Watershed condition, requirements. Silvicultural practices, harvest improvement needs, water quality, soil methods, harvest unit size, regeneration productivity and implementation of best establishment, and land suitability for timber management practices and forest standards will productions will be monitored and evaluated to be monitored. Procedures for estimating effects determine if and when changes may be needed. will be periodically checked or validated to be sure they are meeting their intent. 19. Are Forest Plan objectives and standards being applied and accomplishing their intended purpose? 16. What are the conditions and trends of riparian area, wetland and floodplain Periodic review of objectives and standards functions and values? established in the Forest Plan is required to assure desired condition are being achieved Riparian ecosystems restoration and and that these requirements will stay current management is important to maintain aquatic given Forest Plan modifications, changed resources and values. Desired conditions, conditions and new information that including the composition and structure of accumulate over time. Implementation and vegetation, equipment limitations, maintaining effectiveness of best management practices ground cover and stable stream-banks are and other standards will be tracked and established in the Forest Plan. Floodplains and periodically evaluated. wetlands are to be protected when possible and activities minimized or mitigated when they impact these areas. Consistency with direction Research Needs including Executive Orders 11988 concerning floodplains and 11990 concerning wetlands need A key element of adaptive management is to be evaluated. Riparian management practices monitoring. Another is research. Ongoing and standards, ground cover, stream bank monitoring will identify needs for further stability, wetland and floodplain status will be research as the plan is implemented. At its monitored. inception; however, the plan can identify areas of concern that can be the subject of “research 17. How do actual outputs and services needs.” compare with projected? [36 CFR 219.12(k)1] Riparian The 1982 NFMA implementing regulations require that outputs and services be monitored There is a need for more information on the and compared to those projected in the Forest appropriate corridor for a physiographic area or Plan. Trends in forest product, mineral leasing zone given the goals and objectives of managing and surface rights, access and road conditions, riparian areas. We need to know more about how and Forest Plan implementation costs will be we can best determine the effectiveness of 5-9 riparian corridors to meet riparian area functions Determine feasible and efficient methods for and values. Research is extant relative to monitoring trends of winter resident land bird hydrology, vegetation, sediment, nutrient populations on the Sumter National Forest. loading, and water temperature, but some Determine feasible and efficient methods for functions and values in the riparian area are not monitoring trends and relationships between as well studied. Recreation impacts on water distribution and abundance of crayfish quality and riparian areas, specifically OHVs populations. and equestrian use, are topics for which more Determine feasible and efficient methods for information is needed. monitoring tends and relationships between Conduct inventory and compile an distribution and abundance of mollusk assessment of proper functioning condition of populations. streams in the piedmont. Conduct an inventory and compile an Prescribed Fire assessment of riparian conditions for water quality protection, restoration of hydrologic Determine the effects of growing season and function, vegetative composition, and wildlife frequent burning on soil productivity, water habitat. quality, mast-producing species, invertebrate diversity and abundance, and other effects on Vegetation wildlife.

Determine appropriate methods for restoring and Cultural Resources maintaining understories in fire-associated communities (i.e., shortleaf pine-oak and table Complete a cultural resources overview and mountain pine woodlands and savannas) on the determine the numbers and types of sites needed Sumter National Forest. to model prehistoric and historic land use on the Determine appropriate methods for managing forest. sustainable populations of the small whorled pogonia on the Sumter National Forest. Determine appropriate methods for restoring oak, longleaf pine, shortleaf pine and associated species on sites dominated by loblolly pine on the Sumter National Forest. Identify and classify physical (soil, water, air, geology, etc.) characteristics on the Sumter National Forest where habitats are suitable for recruitment and/or management of rare, threatened or endangered flora.

Wildlife

Determine feasible and efficient methods for Archaeological site on the Enoree monitoring trends of amphibian populations on Ranger District. the Sumter National Forest. Determine feasible and efficient methods for monitoring trends of bat populations on the Sumter National Forest.

5-10 Appendixes

Appendix A—Relevant Statues, Regulations, Policies and Agreements

Appendix B—Glossary

Appendix C—Riparian Corridors

Appendix D—Suitability for Timber Production and Timber Sale Program

Appendix E —Monitoring Summary Table

Appendix F—Possible Outputs and Activities for the First 10 Years (Average Annual)

Appendix G—Mining Proposal Evaluation Process

Appendix H—Vegetation Management Practices

Appendix I—Resource Maps Appendix A Relevant Statutes, Regulations, Policies, and Agreements

This Appendix contains a listing of relevant Forest Service Manuals statutes, regulations, policies and agreements applicable to the Forest Service. This section has 1010 Laws, Regulations, and Orders been updated from the Proposed Revised Forest http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ Plan to include brief summaries of the statutes, dughtml/fsm_1000.html regulations and Executive Orders. Web site 1020 Forest Service Mission locations where the text of the documents can be http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ obtained are also provided where available. dughtml/fsm_1000.html Forest Service Directives 1500 External Relations http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ dughtml/fsm_1000.html The following is a partial listing of national and regional Forest Service policies relevant to this 1600 Information Resources Land and Resource Management Plan. A complete http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ listing can be found in Forest Service Manuals dughtml/fsm_1000.html and Forest Service Handbooks. Together, these are 1900 Planning known as the Forest Service Directives System. The Directives System is the primary basis http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ for the management and control of all internal dughtml/fsm_1000.html programs and serves as the primary source 2060 Eco-system Classification, of administrative direction for Forest Service Interpretation, and Application employees. The system sets forth legal authorities, http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ management objectives, policies, responsibilities, dughtml/fsm_2000.html delegations, standards, procedures, and other 2070 Biological Diversity (Reserved) instructions. http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ The Forest Service Manual (FSM) contains dughtml/fsm_2000.html legal authorities, goals, objectives, policies, 2200 Range Management responsibilities, instructions, and the necessary http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ guidance to plan and execute assigned programs dughtml/fsm_2000.html and activities. Forest Service Handbooks (FSH) are directives 2300 Recreation, Wilderness, and Related that provide instructions and guidance on how to Resource Management proceed with a specialized phase of a program or http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ activity. Handbooks either are based on a part of dughtml/fsm_2000.html the Manual or they incorporate external directives. 2400 Timber Management Here is a listing of the Forest Service Manual http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ system and referenced Handbooks: dughtml/fsm_2000.html A-1 2500 Watershed and Air Management Federal Statutes http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ dughtml/fsm_2000.html American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 2600 Wildlife, Fish, and Sensitive Plant August 11, 1978 Habitat Management http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ dughtml/fsm_2000.html scripts/ts_search.pl?title=42&sec =1996 2700 Special Uses Management http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ Protects and preserves for American Indians dughtml/fsm_2000.html their inherent right of freedom to believe, express, and exercise the traditional religions of

2800 Minerals and Geology the American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, and Native http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ Hawaiians, including but not limited to access to dughtml/fsm_2000.html sites, use and possession of sacred objects and 3400 Forest Pest Management the freedom to worship through ceremonial and http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ traditional rites. dughtml/fsm_3000.html Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 5100 Fire Management http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/ http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ statute.html dughtml/fsm_5000.html Provides a clear and comprehensive national 5400 Land Ownership mandate for the elimination of discrimination http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ dughtml/fsm_5000.html against individuals with disabilities; for clear, strong, consistent, enforceable standards 7400 Public Health and Pollution Control addressing discrimination against individuals Facilities with disabilities; to ensure that the federal http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ government plays a central role in enforcing the dughtml/fsm_7000.html standards established in this Act on behalf of 7500 Water Storage and Transportation individuals with disabilities; and to invoke the http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ sweep of congressional authority, including the dughtml/fsm_7000.html power to enforce the fourteenth amendment and 7700 Transportation System to regulate commerce, in order to address the http://www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/ major areas of discrimination faced by people dughtml/fsm_7000.html with disabilities. Forest Service Handbooks Anderson-Mansfield Reforestation and Revegetation Act of October 11, 1949 2509.22 Soil and Water Conservation http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ Handbook scripts/ts_search.pl?title=16&sec http://www.fs.fed.us/cgi-bin/ =581j directives/get_dirs/fsh?2509.22!r10_ Provides for the reforestation and all revegetation of National Forest lands and other lands under the administration or control of the Forest Service.

A-2 A-3 Antiquities Act of June 8, 1906 Directed the Secretary of Agriculture to http://www.cr.nps.gov/local-law/ develop a program of land conservation and anti1906.htm utilization in order to correct maladjustments in Prevents the appropriation, excavation, land use and thus assist in such things as control injury, or destruction of any historic or of soil erosion, reforestation, preservation of prehistoric ruin or monument, or any object of natural resources, and protection of fish and antiquity, situated on lands owned or controlled wildlife. by the United States without the permission of Clarke-McNary Act of June 7, 1924 the Secretary of the Interior having jurisdiction http://www.senate.gov/~agriculture/ over the lands on which said antiquities are Legislation/Agricultural%20Law/ situated; and authorizes the President to declare Forests/cma.pdf by public proclamation historic landmarks, Authorizes and directs the Secretary of historic and prehistoric structures, and other Agriculture, in cooperation with land grant objects of historic or scientific interest that are colleges and universities or with other suitable situated upon lands owned or controlled by the state agencies, to aid farmers through advice, United States to be national monuments, and to education, demonstrations, or other similar reserve as a part thereof parcels of land needed means in establishing, renewing, protecting, and for the proper care and management of the managing wood lots, shelter belts, windbreakers, objects to be protected. and other valuable forest growth, and in Archaeological Resources Protection Act of harvesting, utilizing, and marketing the products October 31, 1979, as amended 1988 thereof. The Act also authorizes the Secretary http://www2.cr.nps.gov/laws/ to accept, on behalf of the United States, title archprotect.htm to any land donated by private land owners to assure future timber supplies or for other Enacted to secure the protection of national forest purposes. archaeological resources and sites on public and Indian lands and to foster increased cooperation Clean Air Act of August 7, 1977, as amended and exchange of information between (1977 and 1990) governmental authorities, the professional http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ archaeological community and private unframed/42/ch85.html individuals having access to and information Enacted to protect and enhance the quality related to these resources. of the Nation’s air resources; to initiate and Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 accelerate a national research and development http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ program to achieve the prevention and control of 42/4151.html air pollution; to provide technical and financial assistance to state and local governments in Ensures that standards for the design, connection with the development and execution construction, and alteration of buildings owned, of their air pollution prevention and control leased, or funded by the United States are programs; and, to encourage and assist the prescribed to ensure, wherever possible, that development and operation of regional air physically handicapped people have ready pollution prevention and control programs. access to and use of such buildings. Color of Title Act of December 22, 1928 Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act of July 22, http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ 1937 43/ch25A.html http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/ bankjon.html Granted the Secretary of the Interior the authority to issue patents up to 160 acres to A-2 A-3 http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ claimants that had held a tract of public land in ts_search.pl?title=16&sec=1132 good faith and in peaceful, adverse possession and had made valuable improvements on Established Wilderness areas in the eastern the land or reduced it to cultivation. The Act United States, proposed several more for reserved the rights to coal and all other minerals Wilderness Study, and authorized the Secretary contained therein to the United States. of Agriculture to acquire, through purchase, by gift, exchange, condemnation, or otherwise such Common Varieties of Mineral Materials Act lands, waters, or interests therein as determined of July 31, 1947 necessary or desirable for the purposes of the http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Act. 30/601.html Economy Act of June 30, 1932 Authorizes the Secretaries of the Interior and http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Agriculture, under such rules and regulations 31/1535.html as they may prescribe, to dispose of mineral materials (including but not limited to common Authorizes the head of a federal agency or varieties sand, stone, gravel, pumice, pumicite, major organizational unit within an agency cinders, and clay) and vegetative materials to obtain goods or services from a major (including but not limited to yucca, manzanita, organizational unit within the same agency or mesquite, cactus, and timber or other forest another agency if amounts are available; if it products) on public lands of the United States, is determined to be in the best interest of the if the disposal of such materials is not otherwise United States government; the agency or unit expressly authorized by law, is not expressly is able to provide or get by contract the ordered prohibited by laws of the United States, and goods or services; and the head of the agency would not be detrimental to the public interest. decides ordered goods or services cannot be provided as conveniently or cheaply by a Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of July commercial enterprise. 1, 1978 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Emergency Flood Prevention (Agricultural 16/2101.html Credit Act) Act of August 4, 1978 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to 16/2201.html assist in the establishment of a coordinated and cooperative federal, state, and local forest Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture stewardship program for the management of to undertake emergency measures for runoff non-federal forest lands and forest lands in retardation and soil-erosion prevention, in foreign countries. cooperation with land owners and users, as the Secretary deems necessary to safeguard lives Disaster Relief Act of May 22, 1974 and property from floods, drought, and the http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ products of erosion on any watershed whenever 42/ch68.html fire, flood, or other natural occurrence is causing Provides an orderly and continuing means of or has caused a sudden impairment of that assistance by the federal government to state and watershed. local governments in developing, coordinating, Endangered Species Act of December 28, and carrying out their disaster relief programs, 1973 and provides federal assistance programs for http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/ both public and private losses sustained in esact.html disasters. http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Eastern Wilderness Act of January 3, 1975 16/ch35.html A-4 A-5 Authorizes the determination and listing agencies to withhold the location of caves of species as endangered and threatened; from the public, and requiring permits for any prohibits unauthorized taking, possession, sale, removal or collecting activities in caves on and transport of endangered species; provides federal lands. authority to acquire land for the conservation Federal Coal Leasing Amendments Act of of listed species, using Land and Water August 4, 1976 Conservation Funds; authorizes establishment http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ of cooperative agreements and grants-in-aid to bdquery/z?d094:SN00391: states that establish and maintain programs for @@@L|TOM:/bss/d094query.html| endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior authorizes the assessment of civil and criminal to divide lands, subject to the Mineral Lands penalties for violating the Act or regulations; Leasing Act, which have been classified for and, authorizes the payment of rewards to coal leasing into tracts of such size as he finds anyone furnishing information leading to arrest appropriate and in the public interest and which and conviction for any violation of the Act or can be economically extracted, and, in his any regulation issued there under. Section 7 of discretion, upon the request of any qualified the Act requires federal agencies to insure that applicant or on his own motion, from time to any action authorized, funded or carried out by time offer such lands for leasing by competitive them is not likely to jeopardize the continued bid. existence of listed species or modify their critical habitat. Federal Insecticide, Rodenticide, and Energy Security Act of June 30, 1980 Fungicide Act of October 21, 1972 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ unframed/7/ch6.html bdquery/z?d096:SN00932: @@@L|TOM:/bss/d096query.html| Requires the Administrator of the Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to Environmental Protection Agency to prescribe make available timber resources of the National standards for the certification of individuals Forest System, in accordance with appropriate authorized to use or supervise the use of any timber appraisal and sale procedures, for use by pesticide that is classified for restricted use; energy projects. regulates the sale of restricted use pesticides; and provides penalties for the unauthorized use Federal Advisory Committee Act of October or sale of restricted use pesticides. 6, 1972 http://www.nara.gov/fedreg/legal/ Federal Land Policy and Management Act of index.html#faca October 21, 1976 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/ Sets standards and uniform procedures uscode/unframed/43/ch35.html to govern the establishment, operation, administration, and duration of advisory Requires that public lands be managed in a committees. manner that will protect the quality of scientific, scenic, historical, ecological, environmental, Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of air and atmospheric, water resource, and November 18, 1988 archeological values; that, where appropriate, http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/ will preserve and protect certain public lands in caveres.html their natural condition; that will provide food Established requirements for the management and habitat for fish and wildlife and domestic and protection of caves and their resources on animals; and that will provide for outdoor federal lands, including allowing land managing recreation and human occupancy and use. Also A-4 A-5 states that the United States shall receive fair preservation, and enhancement) of land and market value of the use of the public lands and water resources; and provides for federal support their resources unless otherwise provided for by and aid of research relating to the prevention, law. reduction, and elimination of pollution, and federal technical services and financial aid to Federal Noxious Weed Act of January 3, 1975 http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/ state and interstate agencies and municipalities fednox.html for the prevention, reduction, and elimination of pollution. Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to Established goals for the elimination of water designate plants as noxious weeds by regulation; pollution; required all municipal and industrial to prohibit the movement of all such weeds in wastewater to be treated before being discharged interstate or foreign commerce except under into waterways; increased federal assistance permit; to inspect, seize and destroy products, for municipal treatment plant construction; and to quarantine areas, if necessary to prevent strengthened and streamlined enforcement the spread of such weeds; and to cooperate with policies; and expanded the federal role while other federal, state and local agencies, farmers retaining the responsibility of states for day-to- associations, and private individuals in measures day implementation of the law. to control, eradicate, prevent, or retard the spread of such weeds. Federal Water Project Recreation Act of July 9, 1965 Federal Power Act of June 10, 1920 http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/ http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/ fwatrre.html fedpowr.html http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Provides for cooperation between the Federal unframed/16/460l-12.html Energy Regulatory Commission and other Requires that recreation and fish and wildlife federal agencies, including resource agencies, in enhancement opportunities be considered in licensing and relicensing power projects. the planning and development of federal water Federal-State Cooperation for Soil development. Conservation Act of December 22, 1944 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 33/701-1.html September 15, 1960 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Authorized the adoption of eleven watershed unframed/16/670a.html improvement programs in various states for Requires the Secretaries of the Interior and the improvement of water runoff, water flow Agriculture, in cooperation with state agencies, retardation, and soil erosion prevention. to plan, develop, maintain, and coordinate Federal Water Pollution Control Act and programs for the conservation and rehabilitation Amendments of 1972 (Clean Water Act) of wildlife, fish, and game on public lands under http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ their jurisdiction. ts_search.pl?title=33&sec=1251 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of March Enacted to restore and maintain the 10, 1934 chemical, physical, and ecological integrity of http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/ the Nation’s waters. Provides for measures to fwcoord.html prevent, reduce, and eliminate water pollution; recognizes, preserves, and protects the Authorizes the Secretaries of Agriculture responsibilities and rights of states to prevent, and Commerce to provide assistance to and reduce, and eliminate pollution, and to plan the cooperate with other federal and state agencies development and use (including restoration, A-6 A-7 to protect, rear, stock, and increase the supply Governs which government records are of game and fur-bearing animals, as well as released to the public either automatically or to study the effects of domestic sewage, trade upon request. wastes, and other polluting substances on Geothermal Steam Act of December 24, 1970 wildlife. The Act also authorizes the preparation http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ of plans to protect wildlife resources, the 30/1001.html completion of wildlife surveys on public lands, and the acceptance by federal agencies of funds Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to or lands for related purposes provided that land issue leases for the development and utilization donations receive the consent of the state in of geothermal steam and associated geothermal which they are located. resources in any lands administered by him or by the Department of Agriculture, and to Forest Highways Act of August 27, 1958 prescribe such rules and regulations as he deems http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ appropriate to carry out the provisions of the unframed/23/205.html Act. Requires that funds available for forest Granger-Thye Act of April 24, 1950 development roads and trails be used by the http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Secretary of Agriculture to pay for the costs of 16/581i-1.html construction and maintenance thereof, including roads and trails on experimental and other areas Authorizes the Forest Service to spend under Forest Service administration, or for appropriated funds on buildings, lookout towers, adjacent vehicular parking areas and sanitary, and other structures on lands owned by states, water, and fire control facilities. Authorizes the counties, municipalities, or other political Secretary of Agriculture to enter into contracts subdivisions, corporations, or individuals; with a state or civil subdivision thereof, and to procure and operate aerial facilities and issue such regulations as he deems desirable. services for the protection of National Forests; to cooperate with and assist public and Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources private agencies, organizations, institutions, Planning Act of August 17, 1974 and individuals in performing work on non- http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ forest land for the administration, protection, 16/ch36.html improvement, reforestation, and other kinds of Directs the Secretary of Agriculture to work as the Forest Service is authorized to do prepare a Renewable Resource Assessment on Forest land; to deposit sums from timber every ten years; to transmit a recommended purchases to cover the costs of disposing of Renewable Resources Program to the President brush and debris; to permit the use of structures every five years; to develop, maintain, and, under its control; to sell nursery stock; and other as appropriate, revise land and resource purposes. management plans for units of the National Historic Sites Act of 1935 Forest System; and to ensure that the http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ development and administration of the resources 16/461.html of the National Forest System are in full accord with the concepts of multiple use and sustained Establishes a policy to preserve for public use yield. historic sites, buildings, and objects of national significance for the benefit of the people. Freedom of Information Act of November 21, 1974 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ unframed/5/ch5.html

A-6 A-7 Historic Preservation Act of October 15, 1966 Land Acquisition-Declaration of Taking Act http://www.cr.nps.gov/local-law/ of February 26, 1931 nhpa1966.htm http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ Establishes a program for the preservation ts_search.pl?title-40&sec=258a of additional historic properties throughout the Provides for the immediate transfer of land to nation, and for other purposes. the United States and for just compensation for Joint Surveys of Watershed Areas Act of such lands. September 5, 1962 Land Acquisition – Title Adjustment Act of http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ July 8, 1943 16/1009.html http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ Authorizes and directs the Secretaries ts_search.pl?title=7&sec=2253 of the Army and Agriculture to make joint Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to investigations and surveys of watershed areas execute and deliver title adjustments if, after in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the the acquisition of the land, the title thereto is Virgin Islands, and to prepare joint reports legally insufficient for the purposes for which setting forth their recommendations for the land was acquired or if the land was acquired improvements needed for flood prevention, for through mistake, misunderstanding, error, or the conservation, development, utilization, and inadvertence. disposal of water, and for flood control. Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of Knutson-Vandenberg Act of June 9, 1930 September 3, 1964 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ 16/576.html 16/460l-4.html Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to http://classweb.gmu.edu/jkozlows/ establish forest tree nurseries; to deposit monies lwcfregs.htm from timber sale purchasers to cover the costs Authorizes the appropriation of funds of planting young trees, sowing seed, removing for federal assistance to states in planning, undesirable trees or other growth, and protecting acquisition, and development of needed land and improving the future productivity of the and water areas and facilities and for the federal land; and to furnish seedlings and/or young trees acquisition and development of certain lands for the replanting of burned-over areas in any and other areas for the purposes of preserving, National Park. developing, and assuring accessibility to outdoor Land Acquisition Act of March 3, 1925 recreation resources. http://www.wildrockies.org/appeals/ Law Enforcement Authority Act of March 3, 68-575.htm 1905 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ 16/ch3.html ts_search.pl?title=16&sce=559 Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to Authorizes all Forest Service employees to purchase land for National Forest headquarters, make arrests for the violation of the laws and Ranger Stations, dwellings, or other sites regulations relating to the national forests. required for the effective performance of the Leases Around Reservoirs Act of March 3, authorized activities of the Forest Service. 1962 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ 16/460d-2.html

A-8 A-9 Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to Mining Claims Rights Restoration Act of amend any lease with respect to lands under the August 11, 1955 jurisdiction of the Forest Service providing for http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ the construction, maintenance, and operation 30/621.html of commercial recreational facilities at a States that all public lands belonging to the federal reservoir project so as to provide for United States which have been withdrawn or the adjustment of the amount of rental or other reserved for power development or power sites consideration payable to the United States under shall be open to entry for location and patent of such lease. mining claims and mineral development, subject Mineral Leasing Act of February 25, 1920 to certain conditions. http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/ Mining and Minerals Policy Act of December minerall.html 31, 1970 Provides that the deposits of certain minerals http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ on land owned by the United States shall be 30/21a.html subject to lease to citizens of the United States, States that it is the policy of the federal provided royalties on such deposits are paid to government to foster and encourage the the United States. development of economically sound and Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands Act stable domestic mining, minerals, metal, and of August 7, 1947 mineral reclamation industries; the orderly and http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ economic development of domestic mineral ts_search.pl?title=30&sec=351 resources, reserves, and reclamation of metals and minerals to help assure satisfaction of Extended the provisions of the “mineral industrial, security, and environmental needs; leasing laws” to those lands previously acquired mining, mineral, and metallurgical research to by the United States for which they had not been promote the wise and efficient use of our natural extended, and lands thereafter acquired by the and reclaimable mineral resources; and the study United States. and development of methods for the disposal, Mineral Resources on Weeks Law Lands Act control, and reclamation of mineral waste of March 4, 1917 products and the reclamation of mined land. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ ts_search.pl?title=16&sec=520 Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of June 12, 1960 Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/ to permit the prospecting, development, and multiu.html utilization of the mineral resources of the lands States that it is the policy of Congress acquired under the Weeks Law. that the national forests are established and Mineral Springs Leasing Act of February 28, shall be administered for outdoor recreation, 1899 range, timber, watershed, and wildlife and http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ fish purposes, and authorizes and directs ts_search.pl?title=16&sec=495 the Secretary of Agriculture to develop and Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to administer the renewable surface resources of rent or lease to responsible persons suitable the national forests for the multiple use and spaces and portions of ground near, or adjacent sustained yield of the products and services to, mineral, medicinal, or other springs within obtained therefrom. any National Forest where the public is accustomed to or desires to frequent for health or pleasure. A-8 A-9 National Environmental Education Act of National Forest Roads and Trails Act of November 16, 1970 October 13, 1964 http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/ http://www.house.gov/resources/ natened.html 105cong/reports/105_a/roads_.pdf Enacted to establish and support a program Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to of environmental education for students and provide for the acquisition, construction, and personnel working with students in schools, maintenance of forest development roads within institutions of higher education, and related and near the National Forests through the use educational facilities, and to encourage of appropriated funds, deposits from timber postsecondary students to pursue careers related sale purchasers, cooperative financing with to the environment. other public agencies, or a combination of these National Environmental Policy Act of methods. The Act also authorizes the Secretary January 1, 1970 to grant rights-of-way and easements over http://es.epa.gov/oeca/ofa/nepa.html national forest lands. Directs all federal agencies to consider and National Historic Preservation Act of report the potential environmental impacts of December 12, 1980 as amended (1980 and proposed federal actions, and established the 1992) Council on Environmental Quality. http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ 16/470.html National 1990 Farm Bill (title XII – Forest Authorized the federal government to Stewardship Act) Act of November 28, 1990 accelerate its historic preservation programs http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ ts_search.pl?title=16&sec=582a and activities; to give maximum encouragement to agencies and individuals undertaking Directs the Secretary of Agriculture to preservation by private means; and to assist state establish a competitive forestry, natural and local governments and the National Trust resources, and environmental grants program, for Historic Preservation in the United States to and provides for other research programs. expand and accelerate their historic preservation National Forest Management Act of October programs and activities. 22, 1976 Act of October 2, 1968 http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/ http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/ nfma.html nattrail.html The National Forest Management Act Established a national system of recreation, reorganized, expanded and otherwise amended scenic, and historic trails by designating the the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources initial components of the system and prescribing Planning Act of 1974, which called for the the methods and standards through which management of renewable resources on additional components may be added. National Forest lands. The National Forest Management Act requires the Secretary of Native American Graves Protection and Agriculture to assess forest lands, develop a Repatriation Act of November 16, 1990 management program based on multiple-use, http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ 25/3001.html sustained-yield principles, and implement a resource management plan for each unit of Directs that the ownership and control of the National Forest System. It is the primary Native American human remains and objects statute governing the administration of National shall be given to the ancestors of the Native Forests. American or to the appropriate Native American

A-10 A-11 tribe. its boundaries, for the purpose of securing favorable conditions of water flows, and to Occupancy Permits Act of March 4, 1915 http://www.wy.blm.gov/Information/ furnish a continuous supply of timber for the use fai/wynf.0001(99).pdf and necessities of citizens of the United States. Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to http://www.wildrockies.org/appeals/ promulgate rules and regulations to regulate the 63-293.htm use and occupancy of the National Forests. Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture Petrified Wood Act of September 28, 1962 to permit, under such regulations as he may Document Attached – Post on prescribe, the use and occupancy of suitable Chugach Web and link areas of land within the National Forests for the purpose of constructing or maintaining hotels, Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to resorts, or other structures necessary or desirable promulgate regulations under which limited for recreation, public convenience, or safety; to quantities of petrified wood may be removed permit the use and occupancy of suitable land from the National Forests. for the purpose of constructing or maintaining Pipelines Act of February 25, 1920 summer homes; to permit the use and occupancy http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ of suitable land for the purpose of constructing 30/185.html or maintaining buildings, structures, and Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior or facilities for industrial or commercial purposes appropriate agency head to grant rights-of-way when such use is consistent with other uses of through any federal lands for pipeline purposes the National Forest; and to permit any state or for the transportation of oil, natural gas, political subdivision thereof to use or occupy synthetic liquid or gaseous fuels, or any refined suitable land for the purpose of constructing or product produced there from to any applicant maintaining buildings, structures, or facilities possessing the qualifications provided in the Act. necessary or desirable for education or for any . other public use or in connection with any other public activity. Preservation of Historical and Archaeological Data Act of May 24, 1974 Oil and Gas Leasing Reform Act of 1987 http://www2.cr.nps.gov/laws/ http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ archpreserv.htm bdquery/z?d100:HR03545: @@@D|TOM:/bss/d100query.html Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to undertake the recovery, protection, Amended the Mineral Lands Leasing Act and preservation of significant scientific, of 1920 regarding competitive leasing of oil prehistorical, historical, or archeological and gas for onshore federal lands. Sets forth data whenever any federal agency finds or guidelines for the promulgation of regulations is notified that activities in connection with regarding lease sales, and prohibits the issuance any federal construction project or federally of oil or gas leases upon certain lands allocated licensed project, activity, or program may cause or designated as Wilderness areas. irreparable loss or destruction of such data. Organic Administration Act of June 4, 1897 Public Buildings Cooperative Use Act of 1976 http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ ts_search.pl?title=16&sec=473 casecode/uscodes/40/chapters/12/ Authorizes the President to modify or revoke sections/section_601a.html any instrument creating a National Forest; states Authorizes the federal government to acquire that no National Forest may be established and utilize space in suitable buildings of historic, except to improve and protect the forest within architectural, or cultural significance, unless A-10 A-11 use of such space would not prove feasible and current public rangeland conditions and trends; prudent compared with available alternatives; to manage, maintain and improve the condition encourage the location of commercial, cultural, of public rangelands so that they become as educational, and recreational facilities and productive as feasible for all rangeland values activities within public buildings; to provide in accordance with management objectives and and maintain space, facilities, and activities, to the land use planning process; charge a fee for the extent practicable, which encourages public public grazing use which is equitable; continue access to and stimulates public pedestrian traffic the policy of protecting wild free-roaming around, into, and through public buildings, horses and burros from capture, branding, permitting cooperative improvements to and harassment, or death, while at the same time uses of the area between the building and the facilitating the removal and disposal of excess street, so that such activities complement and wild free-roaming horses and burros which pose supplement commercial, cultural, educational, a threat to themselves and their habitat and to and recreational resources in the neighborhood other rangeland values. of public buildings; and to encourage the public Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended use of public buildings for cultural, educational, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ and recreational activities. casecode/uscodes/29/chapters/16/ Public Land Surveys Act of March 3, 1899 miscs/0/sections/section_701.html http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ States that it is national policy that the federal 16/488.text.html government plays a leadership role in promoting http://www.lib.duke.edu/forest/ the employment of individuals with disabilities, usfscoll/092-097.htm and in assisting states and providers of services Provides that all standard, meander, in fulfilling the aspirations of such individuals township, and section lines of the public land with disabilities for meaningful and gainful surveys shall be established under the direction employment and independent living. and supervision of the Commissioner of the Renewable Resources Extension Act of June General Land Office, whether the lands to be 30, 1978 surveyed are within or without reservations, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ except that where the exterior boundaries of casecode/uscodes/16/chapters/36/ public forest reservations are required to be subchapters/iii/sections/section_ coincident with standard, township, or section 1671.html lines, such boundaries may, if not previously Authorizes and directs the Secretary of established in the ordinary course of the public Agriculture, in cooperation with the state land surveys, be established and marked under Directors of the Cooperative Extension Service the supervision of the Director of the United programs, to provide educational programs States Geological survey. This act made the relating to forest and rangeland renewable surveying of forest-reserve lands identical, in all resources. but the establishment of boundaries, with that of the public domain. Reorganization Plan Numbered 3 of 1946 http://www.access.gpo.gov/uscode/ Public Rangelands Improvement Act of title5a/5a_4_8_1_.html October 25, 1978 Creates the Environmental Protection Agency http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ (EPA), abolishes the Federal Water Quality casecode/uscodes/43/chapters/37/ sections/section_1901.html Administration under the Department of the Interior, and transfers those functions to the Establishes and reaffirms the national policy EPA. and commitment to inventory and identify A-12 A-13 Research Grants Act of September 6, 1958 by the Environmental Protection Agency http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/ relating to safe drinking water; federal grants researc.html to states for public water system supervision Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to programs and underground water source enter into contracts with educational institutions, protection programs; and grants to assist special public or private agencies or organizations, or studies relating to the provision of a safe supply persons to conduct scientific or technological of drinking water. research. Secure Rural Schools and Community Self- Right of Eminent Domain Act of August 1, Determination Act of 2000 1888 http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/ http://caselaw.lp.finlaw.com/scripts/ payments/ ts_search.pl?title=40&sec=257 Through this law the Forest Service gives Grants the Secretary of the Treasury or rural communities the means to build and any other officer of the government who has improve schools, provide road maintenance, been authorized to procure real estate for the emergency services, and conservation programs erection of a building or for other public uses for their citizens. Thus, communities are no the authority to acquire such real estate by longer dependent on federal timber sales from condemnation, provided such acquisition is national forests to improve local schools and otherwise authorized by statute. roads. Rural Development Act of August 30, 1972 Sikes Act of October 18, 1974 http://www.reeusda.gov/1700/legis/ http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/ ruraldev.htm sikes.html Enacted to provide multi-state regional http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ agencies, states, counties, cities, multi-county 16/670a.html planning and development districts, businesses, Provides for cooperation between the industries, Indian tribes on federal and state Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of reservations or other federally recognized Indian the Interior to provide for conservation and tribal groups and others involved with public rehabilitation of natural resources on military services and investments in rural areas or that installations. provide or may provide employment in these areas the best available scientific, technical, Small Tracts Act of January 22, 1983 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ economic, organizational, environmental, and 16/521e.html management information and knowledge useful to them, and to assist and encourage them in the Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to interpretation and application of this information sell, exchange, or interchange by quitclaim to practical problems and needs in rural deed all right, title and interest, including the development. mineral estate, of the United States in and to certain lands within the National Forest when he Safe Drinking Water Amendments of determines it to be in the public interest. November 18, 1977 http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ Smokey Bear Act of May 23, 1952 bdquery/z?d095:SN01528:|TOM: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ /bss/d095query.html| casecode/uscodes/18/parts/i/ chapters/33/sections/section_ Amended the Safe Drinking Water Act to 711.html authorize appropriations for research conducted

A-12 A-13 Prohibits the unauthorized use of the conservation treatment, including measures for “Smokey Bear” character or name. the conservation and development of soil, water, woodland, wildlife, and recreation resources, Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act and agricultural productivity of such lands. of November 18, 1977 http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/ Sustained Yield Forest Management Act of soilwate.html March 29, 1944 Provides for a continuing appraisal of the http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ United State’s soil, water and related resources, ts_search.pl?title=16&sec=583 including fish and wildlife habitats, and a Authorizes the Secretaries of Agriculture and soil and water conservation program to assist the Interior to establish by formal declaration landowners and land users in furthering soil and cooperative sustained-yield units which shall water conservation. consist of federally owned or administered forest Solid Waste Disposal (Resource Conservation land under their jurisdiction and, in addition & Recovery Act) Act of October 21, 1976 thereto, land which reasonably may be expected http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ to be made the subject of one or more of the 42/6901.html cooperative agreements with private landowners authorized by section 2 of the Act in order to Promotes the protection of health and the promote the stability of forest industries, of environment and the conservation of valuable employment, of communities, and of taxable material and energy resources by providing forest wealth through continuous supplies of technical and financial assistance to state and timber and forest products; and in order to local governments and interstate agencies for secure the benefits of forests in the maintenance the improvement of solid waste management of water supply, regulation of stream flow, techniques. prevention of soil erosion, amelioration of Supplemental National Forest Reforestation climate, and preservation of wildlife. Fund Act of September 18, 1972 Timber Export Act of March 4, 1917 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/chugach/ 16/576c.html revision/pdfs/timber_export_act.pdf Directs the Secretary of Agriculture to Permits the Secretary of Agriculture to allow establish a supplemental national reforestation timber or other forest products to be cut or fund, and states that money transferred to this removed from a national forest and exported fund shall be available to the Secretary for the from the state or territory in which that national purpose of supplementing programs of tree forest is situated. planting and seeding on National Forest lands determined by the Secretary to be in need of Timber Exportation Act of April 12, 1926 reforestation. http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ 16/617.html Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act Authorizes the exportation of lawfully cut of August 3, 1977 http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ timber from the state or territory where grown casecode/uscodes/30/chapters/25/ if the supply of timber for local use will not subchapters/i/sections/section_ be endangered, and authorizes the Secretary 1201.html to issue rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of the Act. Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to enter into agreements with landowners, Title Adjustment Act of April 28, 1930 providing for land stabilization, erosion, and http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ sediment control, and reclamation through ts_search.pl?title=43&sec=872 A-14 A-15 Authorizes the Secretaries of the Interior and U.S. Mining Laws (Public Domain Lands) Act Agriculture to execute a quitclaim deed where of May 10, 1872 an application for a conveyance of land has been http://www4.law.cornell.edu/ withdrawn or rejected. uscode/30/22.html Toxic Substances Control Act of October 11, Provides that all valuable mineral deposits 1976 in lands belonging to the United States, both http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ surveyed and unsurveyed, are free and open to casecode/uscodes/15/chapters/53/ exploration and purchase, and the lands in which subchapters/i/sections/section_ they are found to occupation and purchase by 2601.html citizens of the United States and those who have Grants the Administrator of the declared their intention to become such, under Environmental Protection Agency the authority regulations prescribed by law, and according to regulate chemical substances and mixtures, to the local customs or rules of miners, so far which present an unreasonable risk of injury to as the same are applicable and not inconsistent the public health or the environment, and to take with the laws of the United States. There are a action with respect to chemical substances and number of Acts which modify the mining laws mixtures, which are imminent hazards. as applied to local areas by prohibiting entry altogether or by limiting or restricting the use Transfer Act of February 1, 1905 which may be made of the surface and the right, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ ts_search.pl?title=16&sec=472 title, or interest which may pass through patent. Transferred the management and control Volunteers in the National Forests Act of May of the Forest Reserves from the General Land 18, 1972 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Office (GLO) in the Department of the Interior 16/558a.html to the Bureau of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to recruit, train, and accept without regard Twenty-Five Percent Fund Act of May 23, to the civil service classification laws, rules, 1908 or regulations the services of individuals http://www.wildrockies.org/appeals/ 60-136.htm without compensation as volunteers for or in aid of interpretive functions, visitor services, Provides that twenty-five percent of all conservation measures and development, monies received from the sale of timber or other or other activities in and related to areas forest products shall be paid to the state in which administered by the Secretary through the Forest such forest is located to be expended as the state Service. may prescribe for the benefit of public schools and roads. Water Quality Improvement Act of April 3, 1970 Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards U.S. http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/ Criminal Code (Title 18 USC Chapter 91 fwatrpo.html – Public Lands) Act of June 25, 1948 Amends the prohibitions of oil discharges, http://www.wildrockies.org/appeals/ 80-772.htm authorizes the President to determine quantities of oil which would be harmful to the public http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ heath or welfare of the United States; to publish casecode/uscodes/18/parts/i/ a National Contingency Plan to provide for chapters/91/toc.html coordinated action to minimize damage from Defines the crimes and criminal procedure oil discharges. Requires performance standards for crimes committed against public lands. for marine sanitation device and authorizes A-14 A-15 demonstration projects to control acid or other accordance with national forest regulations, mine pollution, and to control water pollution policies, and procedures, excepting (a) lands within the watersheds of the Great Lakes. reserved from the public domain or acquired Requires that applicants for federal permits for pursuant to laws authorizing the exchange of activities involving discharges into navigable land or timber reserved from or part of the waters provide state certification that they will public domain, and (b) lands within the official not violate applicable water quality standards limits of towns or cities, notwithstanding the provisions of any other Act, to the provisions Water Resources Planning Act of July 22, of the Weeks Act of March 1, 1911 (36 Stat. 1965 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ 961), as amended, and to all laws, rules, and 42/1962.html regulations applicable to national forest lands acquired thereunder. Encourages the conservation, development, and utilization of water and related Weeks Act of March 1, 1911 land resources of the United States on a http://www.house.gove/resources/ comprehensive and coordinated basis by the 105cong/reports/105_a/weeks_.pdf federal government, states, localities, and private Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to enterprises. purchase lands within the watersheds of navigable streams in order to promote regulation Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention of the flow of navigable streams or for the Act of August 4, 1954 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ production of timber, provided the legislature of 16/1001.html the state in which the lands are located consents to the acquisition. This law is the primary land Establishes policy that the federal acquisition authority for the Forest Service. government should cooperate with states and their political subdivisions, soil or water Wild Horse Protection Act of September 8, conservation districts, flood prevention 1959 or control districts, and other local public http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ agencies for the purposes of preventing 18/47.html erosion, floodwater, and sediment damages Established the use of a motor vehicle to in the watersheds of the rivers and streams of hunt, for the purpose of capturing or killing, the United States; furthering the conservation, any wild horse, mare, colt, or burro running development, utilization, and disposal of water, at large on the public lands. Also prohibits the and the conservation and utilization of land; and pollution of watering holes on public lands for thereby preserving, protecting, and improving the purposes of trapping, killing, wounding, or the Nation’s land and water resources and the maiming any of these animals. quality of the environment. Wild Horses and Burros Act of December 15, Weeks Act Status for Certain Lands Act of 1971 September 2, 1958 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ 16/1331.html 16/521a.html Protects wild free-roaming horses and burros Subjects all lands of the United States from capture, branding, harassment, or death; within the exterior boundaries of national and states they are to be considered in the area forests which were or hereafter are acquired where presently found an integral part of the for or in connection with the national forests natural system of the public lands. or transferred to the Forest Service for Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of October 2, administration and protection substantially in 1968 A-16 A-17 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Authorizes the President of the United States 16/1271.html to set aside lands for the protection of game Instituted a National Wild and Scenic Rivers animals, birds, or fish; and prohibits the hunting, System by designating the initial components catching, trapping, willful disturbance, or killing of that system, and by prescribing the methods of any kind of game animal, game or non-game by which and standards according to which bird, or fish, or the taking of eggs of any such additional components may be added to the bird on any lands so set aside or in or on the system from time to time. waters thereof. Wilderness Act of September 3, 1964 Wood Residue Utilization Act December 19, http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ 1980 16/1131.html http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ casecode/uscodes/16/chapters/36/ Established a National Wilderness subchapters/iv/toc.html Preservation System to be composed of federally owned areas designated by Congress as Enacted to develop, demonstrate, and make ‘’wilderness areas’’ and administered for the use available information on feasible methods that and enjoyment of the American people in such have the potential for commercial application to manner as will leave them unimpaired for future increase and improve utilization in residential, use and enjoyment as Wilderness. Provides for commercial, and industrial or power plant the protection of these areas, the preservation of applications of wood residues resulting from their wilderness character, and for the gathering timber harvesting and and and dissemination of information regarding their management activities occurring on public and use and enjoyment as wilderness. States that no private forest lands, and from the manufacture federal lands shall be designated as ‘’wilderness of forest products, including wood pulp. areas’’ except as provided for in the Act or by a Woodsy Owl/Smokey Bear Act of June 22, subsequent Act. 1974 http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ casecode/uscodes/18/parts/i/ Wilderness Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-622; chapters/33/sections/section_ 93rd Congress, S 3433), January 3, 1975 711a.html Designated several Wilderness areas nation- Prohibits the unauthorized manufacture, wide, including Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock reproduction, or use of the character “Woodsy Wilderness (15,000 acres) in Nantahala Owl,” the name “Woodsy Owl,” or the and Cherokee National Forests and Gee associated slogan ‘’Give a Hoot, Don’t Pollute.’’ Creek Wilderness (2,570 acres) in Cherokee Also prohibits the unauthorized manufacture, National Forest; designated several wilderness reproduction, or use of the character “Smokey study areas nation-wide, including Big Frog Bear” or the name “Smokey Bear,” or a Wilderness Study Area (4,500 acres) and Citico facsimile or simulation of such character or Creek Area (14,000 acres) of the Joyce Kilmer- name. Slickrock Wilderness; provided direction for management of wilderness study areas. Youth Conservation Corps Act of August 13, 1970 http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode Wildlife Game Refuges Act of August 11, 1916 16/1701.html http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ Establishes a Youth Conservation Corps ts_search.pl?title=16&sec=683 whom the Secretaries of the Interior or Agriculture may employ without regard to

A-16 A-17 the civil service or classification laws, rules, 36 CFR 68 The Secretary of the Interior’s or regulations for the purpose of developing, Standards for Historic Preservation Projects preserving, or maintaining the lands and waters http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ of the United States. 36p68.htm#start Sets forth standards for the treatment of historic properties containing standards Regulations for preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, and reconstruction. These standards apply to all proposed grant-in-aid development 33 CFR 323 Permits for Discharges of projects assisted through the National Historic Dredged or Fill Material into Waters of the Preservation Fund. United States http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ 36 CFR 212 Forest Development 33p323.htm#33p323s Transportation System http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ This regulation prescribes those special 36p212.htm#start policies, practices and procedures to be followed by the Corps of Engineers in connection with the Sets forth the requirements for the review of applications for permits to authorize development and administration of the forest the discharge of dredged or fill material into development transportation system. waters of the United States. 36 CFR 213 Administration Under Bank- 36 CFR 60 National Register of Historic Jones Act http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ Places 36p213.htm#start http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ 36p60.htm#start Sets forth the requirements relating to the Sets forth the procedural requirements for designation, administration, and development of listing properties on the National Register. National Grasslands. 36 CFR 63 Determinations of Eligibility for 36 CFR 219 Planning http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ Inclusion in the National Register of Historic 36p219.htm#start Places http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ Sets forth a process for developing, adopting, 36p63.htm#start and revising land and resource management Developed to assist agencies in identifying plans for the National Forest System. and evaluating the eligibility of properties for 36 CFR 221 Timber Management Planning inclusion in the National Register, and to explain http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ how to request determinations of eligibility. 36p221.htm#start 36 CFR 65 National Historic Landmarks Sets forth the requirements for management Program plans for National Forest timber resources. http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ 36 CFR 222 Range Management 36p65.htm#start http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ Sets forth the criteria for establishing national 36p222.htm#start significance and the procedures used by the Sets forth the requirements for range Department of the Interior for conducting the management on the National Forests, and for the National Historic Landmarks Program. administration of wild and free-roaming horses and burros and their environment.

A-18 A-19 36 CFR 223 Sale and Disposal of National 36 CFR 291 Occupancy and Use of Developed Forest System Timber Sites and Areas of Concentrated Public Use http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ 36p223.htm#start 36p291.htm#start Sets forth the requirements relating to the Provides for fees charged for the occupancy sale and disposal of National Forest System and use of developed sites and areas of timber. concentrated public use. 36 CFR 292 National Recreation Areas 36 CFR 228 Minerals http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ 36p292.htm#start 36p228.htm#start Sets forth the requirements for the Sets forth the rules and procedures through administration of National Recreation Areas. which use of the surface of National Forest 36 CFR 293 Wilderness-Primitive Areas System lands, in connection with mining and http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ mineral operations, shall be conducted so as to 36p293.htm#start minimize adverse environmental impacts on Sets forth the requirements for the National Forest System surface resources. administration of Wilderness and primitive 36 CFR 241 Fish and Wildlife areas. http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ 36p241.htm#start 36 CFR 294 Special Areas http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ Sets forth the rules and procedures relating to 36p294.htm#start the management, conservation, and protection Sets forth the requirements for designation of of fish and wildlife resources on National Forest special recreation areas. System lands. 36 CFR 295 Use of Motor Vehicles Off Forest 36 CFR 251 Land Uses Development Road http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ 36p251.htm#start 36p295.htm#start Sets forth the rules and procedures relating Sets forth the rules and procedures relating to the use and occupancy of National Forest to the administrative designation and location System lands. of specific areas and trails of National Forest 36 CFR 254 Landownership Adjustments System lands on which the use of motor vehicles http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ traveling off of National Forest development 36p254.htm#start roads is allowed. Sets forth the rules and procedures relating to 36 CFR 296 Protection of Archaeological exchange and conveyance of National Forest Resources System lands. http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ 36 CFR 261 Prohibitions 36p296.htm#start http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ Implements the provisions of the 36p261.htm#start Archaeological Resources Protection Act. Sets forth the general prohibitions relating 36 CFR 297 Wild and Scenic Rivers to the use and occupancy of National Forest http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ System lands. 36p297.htm#start

A-18 A-19 Sets forth the rules and procedures relating Implements the provisions of the Native to federal assistance in the construction of water American Graves Protection and Repatriation resources projects affecting Wild and Scenic Act of 1990. Rivers or study rivers on lands administered by the Secretary of Agriculture. Executive Orders 36 CFR 800 Protection of Historic Properties http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ EO 12898 Federal Actions To Address 36p800.htm#start Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations Sets forth the provisions for the http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ administration of the National Historic envjust.html Preservation Act. Addresses Environmental Justice in minority 40 CFR 121-135 Water Programs and low-income populations and is designed to http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ focus Federal attention on the environmental 40p121.htm#40p121s and human health conditions in minority Sets forth the provisions for the communities and low-income communities with administration of water programs including: the goal of achieving environmental justice. State certification of activities requiring a The order is also intended to promote non- federal license or permit; EPA administered discrimination in Federal programs substantially permit programs; State program requirements; affecting human health and the environment, procedures for decision making; criteria and to provide minority communities and and standards for the National Pollutant low-income communities access to public Discharge Elimination System; toxic pollutant information on, and an opportunity for public effluent standards; water quality planning and participation in, matters relating to human health management; water quality standards; water or the environment. quality guidance for the Great Lakes System; EO 11593 Protection and Enhancement of secondary treatment regulation; and, prior Cultural Environment notice of citizen suits. Title 40 (Protection http://archnet.asu.edu/archnet/ of Environment), Chapter 1 (Environmental topical/crm/usdocs/execord.htm Protection Agency), subchapter D (Water Programs). States that the federal government shall provide leadership in preserving, restoring 40 CFR 1500 Council on Environmental and maintaining the historic and cultural Quality environment of the Nation, and that federal http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ agencies shall administer the cultural properties 40p1500.htm#start under their control in a spirit of stewardship Council on Environmental Quality and trusteeship for future generations; initiate regulations implementing the National measures necessary to direct their policies, Environmental Policy Act. plans and programs in such a way that federally 43 CFR 10 Native American Graves owned sites, structures, and objects of historical, Protection and Repatriation Act Regulations architectural or archaeological significance http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cfr/ are preserved, restored and maintained for 43p10.htm#43p10s the inspiration and benefit of the people; and, in consultation with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, institute procedures to assure that federal plans and programs contribute to the preservation and enhancement A-20 A-21 of non-federally owned sites, structures affecting land use, including but not limited and objects of historical, architectural or to water and related land resources planning, archaeological significance. regulating, and licensing activities. EO 11990 Protection of Wetlands EO 12088 Federal Compliance with Pollution http://hydra.gsa.gov/pbs/pt/call-in/ Control Standards (Amended by E.O. 12580, eo11990.htm January 23, 1987) Requires each federal agency to provide http://hydra.gasa.gov/pbs/pt/call-in/ leadership and to take action to minimize the eo12088.htm destruction, loss or degradation of wetlands, Delegates responsibility to the head of and to preserve and enhance the natural and each executive agency for ensuring that all beneficial values of wetlands in carrying out necessary actions are taken for the prevention, the agency’s responsibilities for acquiring, control, and abatement of environmental managing, and disposing of federal lands and pollution. This order gives the Environmental facilities; providing federally undertaken, Protection Agency authority to conduct reviews financed, or assisted construction and and inspections to monitor Federal facility improvements; and conducting federal activities compliance with pollution control standards. and programs affecting land use, including but EO 12372 Intergovernmental Review of not limited to water and related land resources Federal Programs planning, regulating, and licensing activities. http://www.nara.gov/fedreg/codific/ EO 11644 (amended by EO 11989) Use of eos/e12372.html Off-Road Vehicles Issued to foster an intergovernmental http://www.nara.gov/fedreg/codific/ partnership and a strengthened federalism eos/e11644.html by relying on State and local government Establishes policies and provides for coordination and review of proposed Federal procedures that ensure that the use of off-road financial assistance and direct federal vehicles on public lands will be controlled and development. It requires federal agencies to directed so as to protect the resources of those provide opportunities for consultation by elected lands, to promote the safety of all users of those officials of those State and local governments lands, and to minimize conflicts among the that would provide the non-federal funds various uses of those lands. for, or that would be directly affected by, EO 11988 Floodplain Management proposed federal financial assistance or direct http://hydra.gsa.gov/pbs/pt/call-in/ federal development. It also allows states to eo11988.htm develop their own process or refine existing processes for state and local elected officials Requires each federal agency to provide to use in reviewing and coordinating proposed leadership and to take action to reduce the risk federal financial assistance and direct federal of flood loss, to minimize the impact of floods development. on human safety, health and welfare, and to restore and preserve the natural and beneficial EO 12862 Setting Customer Service values served by floodplains in carrying out Standards its responsibilities for acquiring, managing, http://www.usbr.gov/laws/

and disposing of federal lands and facilities; eo12862.html providing federally undertaken, financed, or http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/ assisted construction and improvements; and library/direct/orders/2222.html conducting federal activities and programs

A-20 A-21 Requires all executive departments and leasable and salable. Statutes, regulations and agencies that provide significant services Executive Orders guide Forest Service policy directly to the public to provide those services in governing the exploration and development of a manner that seeks to meet the customer service mineral activities on National Forest System standard established in the Order, and requires lands. Management direction for mineral agencies to identify customers, survey customers resources on the Sumter National Forest can be and front-line employees to determine the kind found in the following areas: and quality of services needed and barriers to those services, benchmark customer service 36 CFR 228, Subpart A (Locatable Minerals), performance against the best in the business, Subpart C (Salable Minerals), and Subpart E make information, services, and complaint (Leasable Minerals). systems easily accessible, and provide a means to address customer complaints. U.S. Mining Laws Act of May 10, 1872— EO 13007 Indian Sacred Sites applies to all mineral deposits in national forest http://hydra.gsa.gov/pbs/pt/call-in/ lands reserved from the public domain, or which eo13007.htm were acquired by exchange under the Act of March 20, 1922, and National Grasslands, or Requires each executive branch agency with other Title III lands transferred from the public statutory or administrative responsibility for domain, except for oil, gas, oil shale, coal the management of federal lands, to the extent and other “leasing act” minerals, and mineral practicable, permitted by law, and not clearly materials, including, but not limited to, sand inconsistent with essential agency functions, and gravel. Mining laws do not apply to lands to accommodate access to and ceremonial situated in Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, use of Indian sacred sites by Indian religious Alabama, Missouri, and Kansas; and certain practitioners and to avoid adversely affecting lands in Oklahoma. Generally declared that all the physical integrity of such sacred sites. valuable locatable mineral deposits and public Where appropriate, agencies shall maintain the domain lands where they are found are free and confidentiality of sacred sites. open to exploration, occupation, and purchase under regulations prescribed by law.

Agreements and Memorandums Mineral Resources on Weeks Law Lands of Understanding Act of March 4, 1917—Authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to permit the prospecting, development, and utilization of Memorandum of Understanding; United mineral resources on lands acquired under the States Department of Transportation, Federal Weeks Act of 1911 (subject to section 402 of Highway Administration and USDA, Forest Reorganization Plan No. 3, of July 16, 1946 Service. dated 8/20/98 that transferred the function to the Secretary of Interior. The Functions Transfer Act of June Minerals 11, 1960 transferred the function back to the Secretary of Agriculture with respect to mineral Legal and Administrative Framework materials only (sand and gravel).

Statutory and regulatory direction separates Mineral Leasing Act of February 25,1920 mineral resources in the publicly owned lands of —Provides for leasing of energy minerals (coal, the United States into three categories: locatable, oil, gas, oil shale), sodium, phosphate, and

A-22 A-23 potassium on all lands owned by the United on which the National Forest Management States, except for those acquired under the Act of 1976 is based. The Multiple-Use Weeks Act of March 1, 1911. The Bureau Sustained-Yield Act specifically addresses of Land Management (BLM) is the federal the role of minerals in the management of the government’s leasing agency. National Forests. The Act states, “Nothing herein shall be construed so as to affect the use Minerals Materials Act of July 31, 1947 or administration of the mineral resources of —Authorizes the disposal of mineral and national forest system lands …” vegetative materials through a sales system on public lands of the United States. The law Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of October 2, also provides for free use of these materials 1968 —Under the Act, the minerals in federal by federal or state agencies, municipalities, or lands which are part of the system and constitute nonprofit associations, if not for commercial, the bed or bank, or are situated within one- industrial, or resale purposes. quarter mile of the bank of any river segment which is designated a wild river under this Act, Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands of are withdrawn from all forms of appropriation August 7, 1947—Extends the provisions of the under the mining laws and from operation of mineral leasing system to all acquired federal the mineral leasing laws. This restriction does minerals, including those within the National not apply to those segments of a Wild and Forests, unless excepted by the Act. It requires Scenic River that are designated as “scenic” or the consent of the Secretary of Agriculture prior “recreational.” to the BLM issuing a lease covering acquired lands administered by the Forest Service. Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970— Establishes a national minerals policy, and states Multiple Use Mining Act of 1955, Act of July in part: “The Congress declares that it is the 23, 1955 (Public Law 84-167)—Amended continuing policy of the Federal Government sections 1 and 2 of the Materials Act of 1947. in the national interest to foster and encourage This legislation defined “common varieties” of private enterprise in (1) the development mineral materials, and distinguished them from of economically sound and stable domestic rare varieties, that may be locatable in certain mining, minerals, metal and mineral reclamation states under the Mining Laws of 1872. industries; and 2) the orderly and economic development of domestic mineral resources, Mineral Leasing Act Revision of 1960— reserves, and reclamation of metals and minerals Established a system of leasing public lands to help assure satisfaction of industrial, security through either a competitive bidding process, and environmental needs.” utilized when BLM determined the lands to be within a known geological structure (KGS); Federal Land Policy and Management Act of or by one of two non-competitive leasing 1976 —Public lands and their resources will be processes, an “over-the-counter” application periodically and systematically inventoried, and process for non-KGS lands that had never been their present and future use projected through leased before; and a simultaneous lottery type a land use planning process. Also requires system (SIMO) for non-KGS lands that had that the “public lands be managed in a manner been previously leased. which recognizes the Nation’s need for domestic sources of minerals, food, timber and fiber from Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960— public lands, including implementation of the The Act established the multiple use principles Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970.”

A-22 A-23 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation conservation of energy. For energy-related Act of 1977—Prohibits surface (strip) mining of projects, agencies shall expedite their review coal on federally administered lands located east of permits or take other actions as necessary of the 100th Meridian. to accelerate the completion of such projects, while maintaining safety, public health, and Energy Security Act of June 30, 1980— environment protections. Directs the Secretary of Agriculture to process applications for leases and permits to explore, Onshore Oil and Gas Order #1—States the drill and develop resources on National Forest necessary requirements for the approval of all System lands, notwithstanding the current status proposed exploratory, development, and service of the Land and Resource Management Plan wells. The Order requires the lessee/operator (Forest Plan). to submit a Surface Use Plan of Operation and a Drilling Plan as part of the Application Federal Onshore Oil and Gas Leasing for Permit to Drill (APD). Both the Forest Reform Act of 1987—Provides additional Service and the BLM must approve the APD authority for the Forest Service in regard to prior to drilling operations commencing on NF leasing and administration of surface operations lands. The Forest Service adopted the section during oil and gas development. The BLM may of BLM’s Onshore Oil and Gas Order #1 that not issue any lease on National Forest public dealt with Surface Use Plans of Operation, and domain lands over the objection of the Secretary incorporated it as Appendix A of 36 CFR 228E. of Agriculture. Forest Service must approve and administer all surface disturbing activities on Forest Service Regulations at 36 CFR leases issued on National Forest lands. The Act 219.22— Requires that outstanding and reserved repealed the Known Geologic Structures (KGS) mineral rights (private mineral rights under process and the Simultaneous leasing system NFS surface) shall be recognized to the extent (SIMO). The Act established a 2-level leasing practicable in forest planning. process: 1) all tracts are offered competitively to the highest bidder, with a minimum bonus bid of Forest Service Regulations at 36 CFR 219.22 not less than $2/acre, in addition to the annual (f)—Specifically addresses minerals in Forest rental; and 2) tracts offered for competitive sale plans: which receive no bids, and for which no pre-sale The following shall be recognized to the applications were received, are then available extent practicable in forest planning: (f) non-competitively (“over-the-counter”) for the probable effect of renewable resource 2 years after the sale. The competitive lease prescriptions and management direction on sale notices must be posted in the appropriate mineral resources and activities, including FS office for 45 days prior to the competitive exploration and development. lease sale. Prior to approval of applications for permits to drill (APD’s) or lease modifications, a notice must be posted for 30 days prior Lands Statutorily Withdrawn from Mineral approval. Entry or Mineral Leasing

Executive Order 13212 (Actions to Expedite 1. Subject to valid existing rights then Energy-related Projects) of May 18, 2001 existing effective January 1, 1984, the minerals —Executive departments and agencies shall in lands designated under the Wilderness Act take appropriate actions, to the extent consistent of September 3, 1964, are withdrawn from all with applicable law, to expedite projects that forms of appropriation under the mining laws will increase the production, transmission, or A-24 A-25 and from disposition under all laws pertaining to mineral leasing. The SumterNational Forest has one congressionally designated wilderness, Ellicott Rock, 2,855 acres, which is statutorily withdrawn from mineral entry or leasing. 2. Subject to valid existing rights, the minerals in federal lands, which constitute the bed or bank, or are situated within 1⁄4 mile of the bank of any river designated a “Wild River” under this Act, are withdrawn from all forms of appropriation under the mining laws and from operation of the mineral leasing laws. On the Sumter National Forest, there is one W&SR river. the Chattooga. See prescription 2.a.1. in chapter 3 for detailed information. Note: This restriction does not apply to those segments of a Wild and Scenic River that are designated as “scenic” or “recreational.” Elsewhere, the W&SR sections of the FEIS and Forest Plan should list the Wild & Scenic Rivers, their classification, the miles of river in each category, how many acres fall within 1⁄4 mile of any wild segments, and the acreage within the various river category management area corridors. If the width of the management corridor for the wild segment of the river exceeds the 1⁄4 mile area statutorily withdrawn, then a standard should be established for those acres outside the 1⁄4 mile, but within the corridor (possibly leasing with no surface occupancy). For the corridor areas, which are managed as scenic or recreational, a controlled surface use stipulation could be adopted which precludes any long term surface disturbance which would alter the esthetics of the area which qualified it for inclusion in the W&SR system. By using this stipulation, short-term use, such as running a seismic line during the summer, could be authorized.

A-24 A-25 Appendix B Glossary

Acronyms LOAS land ownership adjustment AMS Analysis of the Management strategy Situation LWCF land and water conservation ARPA Archaeological Resource fund Protection Act LWD large woody debris ASQ allowable sale quantity MMCF million cubic feet AQRV air quality related values NEPA National Environmental Policy BA basal area Act BF board foot NFMA National Forest Management Act BLM Bureau of Land Management NIPF non-industrial private forest BMP best management practices NSO no surface occupancy CAA Clean Air Act NFS National Forest System CCF hundred cubic feet OHV off-highway vehicle CEQ Council on Environmental Quality PETS proposed, endangered, threatened species CF cubic foot PRLA Preference Right Lease CFL commercial forest land Application CFR Code of Federal Regulations RAP road analysis process DBH diameter at breast height ROS recreation opportunity DEIS Draft Environmental Impact spectrum Statement ROW right(s)-of-way DHEC Department of Health and SAA Southern Appalachian Environmental Control Assessment EIS Environmental Impact SC South Carolina Statement SIO scenic integrity objectives EPA Environmental Protection SMP smoke management programs Agency SMS scenery management system FEIS Final Environmental Impact SPB southern pine beetle Statement TMDL total mean daily load FSH Forest Service Handbook USDA United States Department of FSM Forest Service Manuel Agriculture FW Forest-wide WUI wildland urban interface FMP fire management plan GIS geographic information system HPP heritage preservation plans KBDI Kutch-Byrum Drought Index

B-1 Definitions 92, Chapter 70—Analysis of Economic Ef- ficiency of Wildlife and Fisheries Projects, Definitions were taken from the following 70.5—Definitions. (Referred to as FSH sources: 2609.70.5) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 36, Parks, Forests, and Public Property, FSH 2709.12, Road Rights-of-Way Chapter II, Forest Service, Department of Grants Handbook, 9/85 WO, Zero Code, Agriculture; Part 219, Planning, Section A 05—Definitions. (Referred to as FSH National Forest System Land and Resource 2709.12-05) Management Planning; Section 219.3, Defi- Forest Service Manual (FSM) 1900— nitions and Terminology, Revised July 1, Planning, Amendment No. 1900-91-3, Ef- 1998. (Referred to as 36 CFR 219.3) fective March 15, 1991, 1905—Definitions. Forest IDT is the Interdisciplinary Team (FSM 1905) on the Chattahoochee-Oconee NFs. (Re- FSM 2163, Hazardous Waste Manage- ferred to as Forest IDT) ment, Chapter 2163.05, Definitions. (Re- Society of American Foresters. 1998. The ferred to as FSM 2163) Dictionary of Forestry. Edited by John A. FSM 2200, Range Management, WO Helms. 210 p. (Referred to as SAF) Amendment 2200-91-1 Effective 3/1/91, Timber Staff is the Timber Staff on the Chapter 2230, Grazing and Livestock Use Chattahoochee-Oconee NFs. (Referred to as Permit System, 2230.5—Definitions. (Re- Timber Staff) ferred to as FSM 2230) USDA Forest Service, Final Environ- FSM 2300, Recreation, Wilderness, and mental Impact Statement for the Sumter Related Resource Management, Amend- National Forests Land and Resource Man- ment No. 2300-91-3 Effective March 12, agement Plan, Southern Region, Supervi- 1991. Chapter 2355, Off-Road Vehicle Use sor’s Office, Cikumbia, SC 2004. (Referred Management, Executive Order 116-44, as to as FEIS. amended by Executive Order 11989, Use of Forest Service Handbook (FSH) Off-Road Vehicles on the Public Lands 37 2090.11, Ecological Classification and FR 2877 (Feb. 9, 1972), 42 FR 26959 (May Inventory Handbook, WO Amendment 25, 1977). (Referred to as FSM 2355) 2090.11-91-1, Effective 4/26/91, 05—Defi- FSM 2300, Recreation, Wilderness, and nitions. (Referred to as FSH 2090.11-05) Related Resource Management, WO AFSM FSH 2409.13, Timber Resource Planning 2300—Recreation, Wilderness, and Re- Handbook, WO Amendment 2409.13-92-1, lated Resource Management, WO Amend- Effective 8/3/92, 05—Definitions. (Referred ment 2300-90-1, Effective 6/1/90, Chapter to as FSH 2409.13-05) 2310—Planning and Data Management— FSH 2409.15, Timber Sale Administra- 2312—Recreation Information Manage- tion Handbook, Amendment No. 2409.15- ment (RIM). (Referred to as (FSM 2312) 96-2, Effective Sept. 19, 1996, 05—Defini- FSM 2400, Timber Management, WO tions. (Referred to as FSH 2409.15-05) Amendment 2400-96-6 Effective 9/24/96. FSH 2409.17, Silvicultural Practices Chapter 2435—Salvage Sales. 2435.05, Handbook, 1/85 WO, Chapter 9—Timber Definitions. (FSM 2435) Stocking Guides and Growth Predictions, FSM 2500, Watershed and Air Manage- 9.05—Definitions. (Referred to as FSH ment, Amendment No. 2500-94-4, Effective 2409.17-9.05) Dec. 20, 1994. Chapter 2520, Watershed FSH 2609.13, Wildlife and Fisheries Protection and Management. 2521—Water- Program Management Handbook, WO shed Condition Assessment. 2521.05—Def- Amendment 2609.13-92-1, Effective 8/3/ initions. (Referred to as FSM 2521) B-2 B-3 FSM 2500, Watershed and Air Manage- ment, Amendment No. 2500-94-4, Effective Dec. 20, 1994. Chapter 2520, Watershed A Protection and Management. FSM 2526— accessibility—The relative ease or difficulty Riparian Area Management. 2526.05—Def- of getting from or to someplace, especially the initions. (Referred to as FSM 2526) ability of a site, facility or opportunity to be FSM 2600, Wildlife, Fish, and Sensitive used by persons of varying physical and mental Plant Habitat Management, Amendment abilities. No. 2600-91-8 Effective Oct. 22, 1991, Chapter 2605, Definitions. (Referred to as acid deposition—Rain, snow, or particulate FSM 2605) matter containing high concentrations of acid FSM 2600,Wildlife, Fish, and Sensitive anions (e.g., nitrate and sulfacte), usually Plant Habitat Management, WO Amend- produced by atmospheric transformation of ment 2600-95-7, Effective 6/23/95, Chapter the byproducts of fossil fuel combustion. 2670, Threatened, Endangered, and Sensi- Precipitation with a pH lower than 5.0 is tive Plants and Animals, 2670.5—Defini- generally considered to be acidic. tions. (Referred to as FSM 2670) A User’s Guide to Forest Information acid neutralizing capacity—The total capacity Retrieval (FIR), Southeastern Forest Exper- of a water supply to neutralize acids, as iment Station, and Analy- determined by titration with a strong acid. Acid sis Unit, Asheville, NC, 1988. (Referred to neutralizing capacity includes alkalinity (e.g., as FIR) Interim Resource Inventory Glossa- carbonate) plus base cations. ry, File 1900, Washington, DC, 96 p., June 14, 1989. (Referred to IRIG) acidification —To convert into an acid or become acid.

Agriculture Conservation Program— USDA cost-share program for steambank improvement.

acquisition of land—Obtaining full landownership rights by donation, purchase, exchange, or condemnation.

acre-equivalents—The number of acres of forest habitat improved or affected by the installation of various wildlife habitat improvements in an area. Determined by multiplying by various coefficients.

acre-foot—A measurement of water volume, equal to the amount of water that would cover an area of 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot (specifically 43,560 cubic feet or 325,851 gallons).

B-2 B-3 activity—A measure, course of action, or air pollution—Any substance or energy form treatment that is undertaken to directly or (heat, light, noise, etc.) that alters the state of indirectly produce, enhance, or maintain forest the air from what would naturally occur.] and rangeland outputs or achieve administrative or environmental quality objectives. air quality class—Three broad classifications used to prevent significant deterioration of air adaptive management —A dynamic approach quality for all areas of the country. to forest management in which the effects Class I—All areas where essentially of treatments and decisions are continually any degradation of air quality would be monitored and used, along with research considered significant deterioration. results, to modify management on a continuing Class II—All areas where moderate basis to ensure objectives are being met. degradation over baseline concentrations are allowed. administrative unit —All the National Forest Class III—All others. System lands where one forest supervisor has responsibility. The basic geographic all aged stand—A stand with trees of all, management area within a Forest Service or almost all age classes, including those of Region, station, or area. exploitable age. advance regeneration (reproduction)— allocated fund—Funds transferred from one Seedlings or saplings that develop, or are agency or bureau to another for carrying out the present, in the understory. purpose of the parent appropriation and agency. aerial logging—A yarding system employing allocation—The assignment of management aerial means, (e.g., helicopters, balloons), to lift prescriptions or combination of management logs. practices to a particular land area to achieve the goals and objectives of the alternative. —Establishment of a forest or stand in an area not recently forested. allopatric —Condition where one species lives in a section of stream without other closely age class —A grouping of living things based related species. The species have disjunct on their age. distributions. Opposite of sympatric. age class (cohort) —A distinct aggregation allotment management plan—The basic of trees originating from a single natural land unit used to facilitate management of the disturbance or regeneration cutting. range resource on National Forest System and associated lands administered by the Forest Age dependent relationships—Complex yield Service. composite relationships between independent and dependent variables that vary by the age of allowable sale quantity—The quantity of the understory and/or the overstory. timber that may be sold from the area of suitable land covered by the Forest Plan for a agricultural land —Areas used primarily for time period specified by the Forest Plan. This production of food and/or fiber (excludes wood quantity is usually expressed on an annual basis fiber). Examples include cropland, pasture, as the “average annual allowable sale quantity.” orchards, vineyards, nurseries, confined feeding areas, farmsteads, and ranch headquarters.

B-4 B-5 all-terrain vehicle —Any motorized, off- summary of the AMS. Information from it is highway vehicle 50 inches or less in width, contained throughout the EIS/Plan. having a dry weight of 600 pounds or less that travels straddled by the operator. Low-pressure animal unit month—The quantity of forage tires are six inches or more in width and required by one mature cow and her calf (or the designed for use on wheel rim diameters of 12 equivalent, in sheep or horses), for one month; inches or less, utilizing an operating pressure 682 pounds of air-dry forage. of 10 pounds per square inch (psi) or less as recommended by the vehicle manufacturer. annual forest program—The summary or aggregation of all projects that make up an alternative—In forest planning, a mix of integrated (multifunctional) course of action resource outputs designed to achieve a desired for a given level of funding of a forest planning management emphasis as expressed in goals area that is consistent with the Forest Plan. and objectives, and in response to public issues or management concerns. annual work planning process—Preparation of technical plans that serve to implement amendment —A formal alteration of the land and resource management, and program Forest Plan by modification, addition, or decisions contained in the integrated land, deletion. Forest Plan amendment requires an resource plans, and budget allocations. environmental analysis. Significant findings require an environmental impact statement and appropriated fund—Funds available for the amendment will follow the same procedure obligation or outlay by Congress to a given used for plan preparation. Insignificant findings agency. allow the changes to be implemented following public notification. Amendments can take place appropriate management response—The at any time following plan approval. response to a wildland fire based on an evaluation of risks to firefighter and public amenity values—Features or qualities which safety. Circumstances under which the fire are pleasurable or aesthetic, as contrasted occurs, including weather and fuel conditions, with the utilitarian features of a plan, project, natural and cultural resource management location, or resource. objectives, protection priorities, and values to be protected. The evaluation must also include analysis area—A collection of lands, not an analysis of the context of the specific fire necessary contiguous, sufficiently similar in within the overall logic, geographic area, or character, that they may be treated as if they national wildland fire situation. were identical. aquatic ecosystem—Components that include: analysis area identifier—A resource the stream channel, lake and estuary beds, characteristic used to stratify the land into water, biotic community, and associated habitat capability areas and analysis areas. features. Also included are streams and lakes with intermittently, semipermanently, and Analysis of the Management Situation—A seasonally flooded channels or streambeds. determination of the ability of the planning In the absence of flowing water, intermittent area to supply goods and services in response streams may have pools or surface water. to society’s demand. The AMS is contained in a 35-page report available from the Forest aquatic habitat types—The classification Supervisor. The Forest Plan includes a of instream habitat based on location within

B-4 B-5 channel, patterns of water flow, and nature of flow controlling structures. Habitat is classified into a number of types according to location B within the channel, patterns of water flow, and background—The area after the middleground nature of flow controlling structure. Riffles are in a picture or landscape; generally over 4 miles divided into three habitat types: low gradient distance from the viewer. riffles, rapids, and cascades. Pools are divided into seven types: secondary channel pools, bald—An early successional opening generally backward pools, trench pools, plunge pools, above 4,000 feet, characterized by grassy or lateral scour pools, dammed pools, and beaver heath vegetation. ponds. Glides, the third habitat type, are intermediate in many characteristics between basal area—The area of the cross-section of riffles and pools. It is recognized that as aquatic a tree inclusive of bark at breast height (4.5 habitat types occur in various parts of the feet or 1.37 meters above the ground) most country, additional habitat types may have to commonly expressed as square feet per acre be described. If necessary, the regional fishery or square meters per hectare. Used to measure biologist will describe and define the additional the density of a stand of trees. For shrubs habitat types. and herbs it is used to determine phytomass. Grasses, forbs, and shrubs usually measured at arterial roads—Roads that provide service or less then 1 inch above soil level. Trees—the to large land areas and usually connect with cross-section area of a tree stem in square feet public highways or other forest arterial roads commonly measured at breast height (4.5’ to form an integrated network of primary travel above ground) and inclusive of bark, usually routes. The location and standard are often computed by using diameter at breast height determined by a demand for maximum mobility (DBH), or tallied through the use of basal area and travel efficiency rather than specific factor . resource-management service. They are usually developed and operated for long-term land and basal spray—The application of a pesticide, resource management purposes and constant usually a herbicide for controlling brush or service. These roads generally serve areas more weed trees, directed at the base of the stem. than 40,000 acres. base sale schedule—A timber sale schedule artificial regeneration (reproduction)— formulated on the basis that the quantity of Creation of a new age class by renewal of a tree timber planned for sale and harvest for any crop by direct seeding, or by planting seedlings future decade is equal to, or greater than, the or cuttings. planned sale and harvest for the preceding decade. The planned sale and harvest for any authorized use—Specific activity or decade must not be greater than the long-term occupancy, including a ski area, historical sustained yield capacity. marker, or oil and gas lease, for which a special authorization is issued. best management practices (BMP)—A practice, or a combination of practices determined to be the most effective and practical means of preventing or reducing the amount of pollution generated by non-point sources to a level compatible with water quality goals.

B-6 B-7 browse—Young twigs, leaves and tender biodiversity—The variety of life in an area, shoots of plants, shrubs or trees that animals including the variety of gene pools, species, eat. plant and animal communities, ecosystems, and the processes through which individual burning (prescribed)—The application of organisms interact with one another, and their fire, usually under existing stands and under environments. specified conditions of weather and fuel moisture, in order to attain silvicultural or other biological assessment—A “biological management objectives. evaluation” conducted for major federal construction projects requiring an environmental impact statement, in accordance with legal requirements under Section 7 of the C Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1536(c)). The purpose of the assessment and resulting document is to determine whether the proposed action is likely to affect an endangered, cable logging—A term for any system threatened, or proposed species. involving transport of logs along, or by means of steel cables with the load being lifted partly biological evaluation —A documented Forest or wholly off the ground. Service review of its programs or activities in sufficient detail to determine how an action or proposed action may affect any proposed, canopy cover—The percent of a fixed area endangered, threatened, or sensitive species. covered by the crown of an individual plant biological growth potential—The average net species or delimited by the vertical projection growth attainable on a fully-stocked natural of its outermost perimeter. Small openings forest land. in the crown are included. Used to express the relative importance of individual species biological oxygen demand —Dissolved within a vegetation community, or to express oxygen required by organisms for the aerobic the canopy cover of woody species. Canopy biochemical decomposition of organic matter cover may be used as a measure of land cover present in water. change or trend. Often used for wildlife habitat evaluations. bladed skid road—A travel way through the woods formed by loggers to facilitate dragging capability—The potential of a land area to (skidding) logs from the stump to a log landing. produce resources, supply goods and services, Skid roads are generally used in steep terrain and allow resource uses under an assumed set and are cut into mountainsides with a bulldozer. of management practices and a given level of management intensity. Note: capability depends board foot—A unit of timber measurement upon the current condition and site conditions equaling the amount of wood contained in an including climate, slope, land form, soil and unfinished board 1 inch thick, 12 inches long, geology, and the application of management and 12 inches wide. Commonly, 1,000 board practices and protection from fire, insects, and feet is written as 1 MBF, and 1,000,000 board disease. feet is written as 1MMBF.

B-6 B-7 carrying capacity—The number of organisms Environmental Protection Agency to develop of a given species and quality that can specific regulations controlling air pollution. survive in, without causing deterioration of, a given ecosystem through the least favorable cleaning—A release treatment made in an age environmental conditions that occur within a class, not past the sapling stage, in order to free stated interval of time. the favored trees from less desirable individuals of the same age class which can overtop them. channel ephemeral streams—Ephemeral streams that have a defined channel of flow clearcutting—The harvesting in one cut of where surface water converges with enough all trees on an area for the purpose of creating energy to remove soil, organic matter, and a new, even-aged stand. The area harvested leaf litter. Ones that exhibit an ordinary high may be a patch, stand, or strip large enough watermark and show signs of annual scour or to be mapped or recorded as a separate age sediment transport are considered navigable class in planning for sustained yield under waters of the United States (USACE, Part 330- area regulation. A method of regenerating an Nationwide Permit program, 2000). even-aged stand. Regeneration is from natural seeding, direct seeding, planted seedlings, channelization—Artificial change of a stream and/or advance reproduction. Harvesting may channel profile. be done in groups or patches (group or patch clearcutting), or in strips (strip clearcutting). In Class A, B, C, and D Chemicals—The the clearcutting system, the management unit or Vegetation Management EISs (VMEIS) for stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield both the Coastal Plain/Piedmont and for the are regulated consists of the individual clearcut Appalachian Mountains classified combinations stand. of herbicides/application methods as Class A, B, C or D. Each VMEIS classifies these clearcutting with reserves—A two-aged combinations of herbicides and appliecation regeneration method in which varying numbers methods as follows: of reserve trees are not harvested to attain goals Class A—Do not pose risk which would other than regeneration. require mitigation in addition to those stated in chapter II (section E.2.c.) in the VMEIS. climax—The culminating stage in plant Class B—Pose human or wildlife health succession for a given environment with the risk which requires additional mitigation, vegetation having reached a highly stable OR have soil-active half-lives (appendix condition. A, table 4-9 in the VMEIS) exceeding 6 months. co-dominant trees—Trees or shrubs with Class C—Pose human or wildlife health crowns receiving full light from above, but risk which requires additional mitigation, comparatively little from the sides. Crowns AND have soil-active half-lives (appendix usually form the general level of the canopy. A, table 4-9 in the VMEIS) exceeding 6 months. Class D—Pose a risk to human or wildlife cohort— a group of trees developing after a health or to the environment which cannot single disturbance, commonly consisting of be mitigated to an acceptable level of risk. trees of similar age, although it can include a considerable range of tree ages of seeding Clean Air Act of 1970—A congressional or sprout origin and threes that predate the act, along with the amendments passed in disturbance. 1977 and 1990, that provides authority for the B-8 B-9 cold water fishery—Aquatic habitats that of a variety of forest stand types, defined for predominately support fish species that have purposes of locational reference. temperature tolerances up to about 70OF, and exhibit their greatest reproductive success at composition (stand)—The proportion of each temperatures below 65OF (18.3OC). tree species in a stand expressed as a percentage of the total number, basal area, or volume of all collector road—Roads that serve smaller land tree species in the stand. areas and are usually connected to a forest arterial or public highway. They collect traffic constraint—A restriction or limit that must be from forest local roads or terminal facilities. met. The location and standard are influenced by long-term multi-resource service needs, Continuous Inventory of Stand Condition and travel efficiency. Forest collector roads (CISC)—A system that continuously reflects an may be operated for constant or intermittent up-to-date description of timber stands. It tells service, depending on land-use and resource what and when actions are planned for stands management objectives for the area served by and gives some information about actions that the facility. These roads generally have two have taken place. It is also the name of the data or more local roads feeding into them and base management computer system used for the generally serve an area exceeding 10,000 acres. storage and retrieval of data.

commercial forest land—Forest land that can conventional logging—A term used to identify produce crops of industrial wood, and has not methods commonly used in an area to move been withdrawn by Congress, the Secretary of logs from stump to mill. Agriculture, or the Chief of the Forest Service. Existing technology and knowledge must be conversion (forest management)—A change available to ensure timber production without from one forest type to another in a stand on irreversible damage to soils productivity, or land that has the capability of both forest types. watershed conditions. Adequate restocking can be attained within five years after final coppice —A method of regenerating a stand harvesting. in which all trees in the previous stand are harvested and the majority of regeneration is commercial thinning—Any type of thinning from stump sprouts or root suckers. producing merchantable material at least equal to the value of the direct cost of harvesting. coppice with reserve—A two-aged regeneration method in which reserve trees are commercial tree species—(1) Tree species retained to goals other than regeneration. This suitable for industrial wood produces. (2) method normally creates a two-aged stand. Conifer and hardwood species used to calculate the commercial forest land allowable sale cord —A unit of gross volume measurement quality. for stacked, round wood based on external dimensions, generally implies a stack of 4 x commodity outputs—A resource output with 4 feet vertical cross section and 8 feet long. commercial value. All resource products that Contains 128 stacked cubic feet. are articles of commerce. corridor —A linear strip of land identified for compartment—A portion of a forest under one the present or future location of transportation ownership, usually contiguous and composed or utility rights-of-way within its boundaries.

B-8 B-9 It can also be identified for wildlife habitat culmination of mean annual increment connecting, or protecting forest resources. —Age at which average rate of annual tree growth stops increasing and begins to decline. Council on Environmental Quality—An Mean annual increment is expressed in cubic advisory council to the president established by feet measure and is based on expected growth, the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. according to the management intensities and It reviews federal programs for their effect utilization standards assumed in accordance on the environment, conducts environmental with 36 CFR 219.16(a)(2)(i) and (ii). studies, and advises the president on Culmination of mean annual increment includes environmental matters. regeneration harvest yields, and any additional yields from planned intermediate harvests. creel survey—A survey of anglers. cultural resources—Physical remains of critical habitat—Habitat, determined by districts, sites, structures, buildings, networks the Secretary of Interior, essential to the or objects that were used by humans. They conservation of the endangered or threatened may be historic, prehistoric, archaeological species. or architectural or spiritual in nature. Cultural resources are non-renewable. crown class—A class of tree based on crown position relative to the crowns of adjacent trees. cunit—Equivalent to 100 cubic feet of solid wood. Commonly, 100 cubic feet is expressed dominant —Trees with crowns extending as 1 CCF. above the general level of the main canopy of even-aged groups of trees. They receive cut-offs—Analysis constraints that prevent the full light from above, and partly from the valuation of non-timber outputs produced in sides. excess of demand plus x percent. It ensures that the assumptions of a horizontal demand curve co-dominant—Trees with crowns forming are not violated. the general level of the main canopy in even-aged groups of trees. They receive full cutting cycle—The planned interval between light from above, and comparatively little partial harvest in a stand being managed with from the sides. an uneven-aged regeneration method.

intermediate—Trees with crowns extending into the lower portion of the main D canopy of even-aged groups of trees, but shorter in height than the co-dominants. daylighting —The practices of cutting back They receive little direct light from above, edges of roads or trails by removing shrub and and none from the sides. tree growth. overtopped (suppressed)—Trees of varying levels of vigor that have their crowns decision criteria—Rules or standards used to completely covered by the crowns of one or evaluate and rank alternatives. more neighboring trees. den trees—Trees having rainproof, weather- cubic foot—A unit of measure reflecting a tight cavities used by wildlife. piece of wood 12 inches long, 12 inches wide, and 12 inches thick.

B-10 B-11 desired future condition—An expression of disjunct (species)—Separated; plant or animal resource goals that have been set for a unit of populations occupying sites away from their land. It is written as a narrative description normal range, or away from other sites of of the landscape as it will appear when the occurrence. goals have been achieved. The condition also includes a description of physical and dispersed recreation—Recreation biological processes, the environmental setting, opportunities or use occurring in the general and the human experience. forest area. Does not take place in developed sites.. developed recreation—Recreation use or opportunities occurring at developed sites. disturbance (ecology)—Any relative discrete event in time that disrupts the ecosystem, developed recreation site—A discrete community, or population structure and changes place containing a concentration of facilities resources, substrate availability, or the physical and services used to provide recreation environment. opportunities to the public and evidencing a significant investment in facilities and disturbance-recovery regime—A natural management under the direction of an pattern of periodic disturbance followed by a administrative unit in the National Forest period of recovery. Examples include fire or System. flooding.

development level—An indication of site diversity—The distribution and abundance of modification based on classes in the Recreation different plant and animal communities and Opportunity Spectrum. Development Level 1 species within the area covered by a land and equates to Primitive, with minimum site modifi- resource management plan. cation; 2 equates to Semi-Primitive Motorized/ Nonmotorized, with little site modification; 3 drainage area/basin—The total area above equates to Roaded, with moderate modification; a given point on a stream that contributes 4 equates to Rural, with heavy site modifica- to the flow at that point. Term is often used tion; and 5 relates to Urban, with a high degree interchangeably with watershed. of site modification. drum chopping—Method used to prepare diameter at breast height—A tree’s diameter areas for reforestation. Large drums with measured at about 4.5 feet (1.37m) above the cutting blades attached are pulled over areas by forest floor on the uphill side of the tree. For vehicles that include crawler-type tractors and the purposes of determining breast height, the rubber-tired skidders. forest floor includes the duff layer that may be present, but does not include unincorporated woody debris that may rise above the ground E line. early succession forest—The biotic diameter class—Any of the intervals into community that develops immediately which a range of diameters of tree stems may following the removal or mortality of be divided for classification and use, (e.g., 10- most or all of forest canopy, resulting in a inch class includes diameters from 9.5 inches to predominance of woody species regeneration. 10.49 inches. As used in the Final Environmental Impact Statement and Forest Plan, a stand age of 0 to

B-10 B-11 10 years is used to define this condition. See receives radio signals. successional stage. endangered species —Any species that is early successional habitat—A vegatative in danger of extinction throughout all or a condition typically characterized by low density significant portion of its range, other than to no tree canopy cover and an abundane of members of the class Insecta that have been herbaceous and/or woody ground cover. This determined by the Department of Interior to condition may include early-successional constitute a pest whose protection under the forest, maintained openings, pastures, balds, provisions of this (Endangered Species Act and open woodlands. of 1973) act would present an overwhelming and overriding risk to humans. It must be early successional species—Plant or designated in the Federal Register by the animal species characteristic of early forest appropriate secretary. successional stages. Endangered Species Act of 1973—An act ecological classification system—A that enables endangered and threatened species hierarchical system used to help organize and to be conserved. It provides a program for coordinate the classification of ecological types, the conservation of such species, and takes units, and to make comparisons. Classification appropriate steps to achieve the purposes of the is ecologically based and integrates existing (relevant) treaties and conventions. resource data including climate, topography, geology, soil, hydrology, and vegetation. The endemic—Species restricted to a particular system includes many levels (from the top- geographic area. Usually limited to one or a down approach): domain, division, province, few small streams or a single drainage. section, subsection, land type, land type association, land type phase, and site. ending inventory—The standing volume at the end of the planning horizon. It must be ecological management unit—A grouping adequate for the maintenance of long-term of one or more soil series that have similar sustained yield. characteristics including texture, structure, or water retention capacity. EMUs are used in soil environment—All the conditions, mapping. circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development of an organism, or ecosystem—A complete interacting system of group of organisms. organisms and their environment. environmental consequence—The result or ecosystem/cover type —The native vegetation effect of an action upon the environment. ecological community considered together with non-living factors of the environment as a unit. Environmental Impact Statement The general cover type occupying the greatest —A disclosure document revealing the percent of the stand location. Based on tree or environmental effects of a proposed plant species forming a plurality of the stocking action, which is required for major federal within the stand. May be observed in the field, actions under Section 102 of the National or computed from plot measurements. Environmental Policy Act, and released to the public and other agencies for comment and electronic sites—Areas designated for the review. Final Environmental Impact Statement operation of equipment which transmits and (FEIS) is the final version of the statement disclosing environmental effects required for B-12 B-13 major federal actions under Section 102 of the even-aged silvicultural system—A planned National Environmental Policy Act. sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with one age class. environmental impact—Used interchangeably with environmental consequence or effect. even-aged stand—A stand of trees containing a single age class in which the range of tree ephemeral streams—Streams having flows ages is usually less than 20 percent of rotation. that occur for short periods of time in direct re- sponse to storm precipitation or snowmelt run- existing old growth—Individual stands off. Their bottoms are always above the water currently recognized by the FS as meeting the table and do not contain fish or aquatic insects parameters for existing old growth as described that have larvae with multiple-year life cycles. in the “Guidance for Conserving and Restoring Ephemeral streams may have a defined chan- Old-Growth Forest Communities on National nel, but may be manifested as a natural swale or Forests in the Southern Region” depression with vegetation and organic material covering the bottom. They also may serve as a extirpation —Extinction of a species from all conduit for much of the sediment that enters the or part of its range. stream system. Large woody debris associated with ephemeral streams may also contribute significantly to the stability of a stream system. F Ephemeral streams that exhibit an ordinary high watermark, show signs of annual scour or farmer-owned land—Owned by farm opera- sediment transport, are considered navigable tors, excluding incorporated farm ownerships. waters of the United States. fauna—The animals of a given region or pe- erosion—The wearing away of the land surface riod. by the action of wind, water, or gravity. featured species—The selected wildlife species essential habitat—Habitat in which threatened whose habitat requirements guide wildlife and endangered species occur, but which has management including coordination, multiple not been declared as critical habitat. Occupied use planning, direct habitat improvements, habitat or suitable unoccupied habitat necessary and cooperative programs for a unit of land. In for the protection and recovery of a federally context of land management planning, featured designated threatened or endangered species. species are similar to management indicator eutrophication—Condition of a lake where species. deleterious effects are caused by increased nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous), and a Federal Register—The designated document decrease in oxygen. that notifies the public of federal actions and includes Notice of Intent, calls for evapo-transpiration—The transfer of water public involvement, etc. It also publishes the vapor to the atmosphere from soil and water regulations needed to implement those federal surfaces (evaporation), and from living plant actions. cells (transpiration). —The cutting down of trees. even-aged methods—Regeneration methods designed to maintain and regenerate a stand final crop—That portion of the growing stock with a single age class. (to be) kept until final commercial harvest, (i.e.,

B-12 B-13 final product objective) protection of firefighter and public safety, public health and environmental issues, and fire condition class—Based on coarse scale must be consistent with resource management national data, classes measure general wildfire objectives and activities of the area. risk: Class One—Fire regimes are usually fire regime—A generalized description of within historical ranges. Vegetation the role a fire plays in the ecosystem. It is composition and structure are intact. characterized by fire frequency, predictability, The risk of losing key ecosystem seasonality, intensity, duration, scale (patch components from the occurrence of fire size), and regularity or variability. Five is relatively low. combinations of fire frequency exist. Class Two—Fire regimes on these lands have been moderately altered Groups One and Two include fire from their historical range by increased return intervals in the 0-35 range. or decreased fire frequency. A One includes Ponderosa Pine, other moderate risk of losing key ecosystem long needle pine species, and dry site components has been identified. Douglas Fir. Group Two includes the Class Three—Fire regimes on these drier grassland types—tall grass prairie, lands have been significantly altered and some Pacific chaparral ecosystems. from their historical return interval. Groups Three and Four include fire The risk of losing key ecosystem return intervals in the 35-100+ year components from fire is high. Fire range. Three includes interior dry site frequencies have departed from shrub communities including sagebrush historical ranges by multiple return and chaparral ecosystems. Group Four intervals. Vegetation composition, includes Lodgepole and Jack Pine. structure and diversity have been Group Five is the long interval significantly altered. (infrequent), stand replacement fire regime and includes temperate rain fire line—A linear barrier used to stop forest, boreal forest, and high elevation prescribed burns and wildfires by removing conifer species. or treating fuels. Fire lines may include using fire use—The combination of wildland fire use mechanically plowed lines, water, retardants, and prescribed fire application to meet resource etc. objectives. fire management effectiveness index—A fisheries classification—Water bodies and measure of the effectiveness of annual fire streams classed as having a cold- or warm- management operational programs. Measured water fishery. This designation is dependent in dollars per thousand acres protected, the upon the dominant species of fish occupying objective is to minimize the index value. the water. fire management plan—Strategic plans that fisheries habitat—Streams, lakes, and define a program to manage wildland fires reservoirs that support fish. based on an area’s approved land management plan.They must address a full range of fire floodplains—Lowland or relatively flat areas management activities that support ecosystem joining inland and coastal water including, at a sustainability, values to be protected, minimum, that area subject to a 1-percent (100-

B-14 B-15 year return period) or greater chance of flooding its age, structure, composition, function, vigor, in any given year. Although floodplains and presence of unusual levels of insects or disease, wetlands fall within the riparian area, they and resilience to disturbance. are defined here separately as described in the Forest Service Manual. forest land—Land at least 10 percent occupied floor on first period production—The by forest trees of any size, or formerly minimum harvest volume in the first period having had such tree cover, and not currently that should be produced to prevent a significant developed for non-forest use. Lands developed impact on the local economy. for non-forest use including areas for crops, improved pasture, residential, or administrative flora—The plants of a given region or period. areas, improved roads of any width, adjoining road clearing, and power line clearing of any forage—All browse and non-woody plants that width. are available to livestock or game animals used for grazing or harvested for feeding. Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974—An act of Congress forage production—The weight of forage that requiring the preparation of a program for is produced within a designated period of time the management of the national forests’ on a given area. The weight may be expressed renewable resources, and of land and resource as green, air dry, or oven dry. The term may management plans for units of the National also be modified as to time of production Forest System. It also requires a continuing including annual, current years, or seasonal inventory of all National Forest System lands forage production. and renewable resources.

foreground—The area between the viewer and Forest Service Handbook (FSH)—A the middle ground in a landscape; generally handbook that provides detailed instructions for from 0 to 1⁄2 mile distance. proceeding with specialized phases of programs or activities for Forest Service use. forest—An area managed for the production of Forest Service Manual (FSM)—Agency timber and other forest products, or maintained manuals that provide direction for Forest under woody vegetation for indirect benefits Service activities. as protection of a watershed, recreation, or wildlife habitat. forest trail system—Trails that are part of the forest transportation system. A designated forest type—A category of forest defined path commonly used and maintained for by its vegetation (particularly its dominant hikers, horse riders, bicycles, or two-wheeled composition) as based on a percentage cover of motorized vehicles. trees. forest type—A descriptive term used to group stands of similar composition and development forest development road—A road wholly because of given ecological factors, by which or partly within, or adjacent to, and serving a they may be differentiated from other groups of part of the National Forest System. It also has stands. been included in the Forest Development Road System Plan. forest supervisor—The official responsible for administering the National Forest System lands forest health—The perceived condition of a in a Forest Service administrative unit. It may forest derived from concerns about factors as consist of two or more national forests or all the B-14 B-15 forests within a state. The supervisor reports to spectrum of settings and opportunities, facilities the regional forester. and sites located inside the boundary of a GFA are sometimes considered concentrated use forest-wide standard—A performance areas (CUA), that may include dispersed front- criterion indicating acceptable norms, and/or backcountry campsites, parking areas, specification, or quality that actions must meet pullouts and landings, river and road corridors, to maintain the minimum considerations for lake surfaces, and day use areas including OHV a particular resource. This type of standard areas, climbing areas, target shooting areas, etc. applies to all areas of the forest regardless of Amenities or constructed features inside GFAs the other management prescriptions applied. are primarily for resource protection. free-to-grow—A seedling or small tree free geologic features—Landforms or other from direct competition from other trees, features of significant geologic interest that shrubs, grasses, or herbaceous plants. may require special management to protect the special qualities, or provide interpretation to the fuel break —Any natural or constructed barrier public. used to segregate, stop, and control the spread of fire, or to provide a control line from which geologic formation—A mappable body of to work. rock identified by distinctive characteristics, some degree of internal homogeneity, and fuel treatment —The rearrangement or stratigraphic position. The name normally disposal of fuels to reduce fire hazard. Fuels are consists of two parts. The first is the name of defined as living and dead vegetative materials the geographic locality where the formation consumable by fire. was first identified and described. This is followed by a descriptive geologic term, fuels management—The planned treatment usually the dominant rock type. of fuels to achieve or maintain desired fuels conditions. Geographic Information System—An information processing technology to input, fuelwood—Wood used for conversion to some store, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial form of energy. resource data to support the decision-making processes of an organization. Generally, an electronic medium for processing map information, typically used with manual G processes to affect specific decisions about land base and its resources. game species—Any species of wildlife or fish geological area—A unit of land that has been for which seasons and bag limits have been designated by the Forest Service as containing prescribed, and which are normally harvested outstanding formations or unique geological by hunters, trappers, and fishermen under state features of the earth’s development, including or federal laws, codes, and regulations. caves and fossils. Areas of this type and all other special interest areas are identified and General Forest Area—National forest lands formally classified primarily because of their not categorized as developed recreation sites, recreational and educational values. Areas with trails or wilderness. It can be a logical working similar types of values of scientific importance area, (i.e., a drainage, geographic area, forest are formally classified as research natural areas. district, etc.) Typically containing a wide

B-16 B-17 global ranks—Ranks assigned by the Nature growing stock trees—Live trees, meeting Conservancy and state heritage programs based specified standards of quality or vigor, included on number of occurrences. in growth and yield projections to arrive at the allowable sale quantity. grassland—Areas on which vegetation is dominated by grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, growing stock volume—Volume (cubic feet) and/or cryptogams (mosses, lichens, and ferns), of solid wood in growing stock trees 5 inches provided these areas do not qualify as built-up DBH and larger, from a 1-foot stump to a land or cultivated cropland. Examples include minimum 4-inch top diameter, outside bark, tall grass and short grass prairies, meadows, on the central stem. Volume of solid wood in cordgrass marshes, sphagnum moss areas, primary forks from the point of occurrence to pasturelands, and areas cut for hay. a minimum 4-inch top diameter outside bark is included. grazing—Consumption of range or pasture forage by animals.

grazing capacity—The maximum stocking rate H possible without inducing damage to vegetation habitat—The native environment of an animal or related resources. or plant.

grazing permit—Official, written permission harvest cutting—An intermediate for final to graze a specified number, kind, and class cutting that extracts salable trees. of livestock for a specific period on a defined range allotment. harvesting method—A procedure by which a stand is logged. Emphasis is on meeting gross receipts—A total of all funds received by logging requirements rather than silvicultural the U.S. Treasury as a result of Forest Service objectives. activities. herbicide—A pesticide used for killing or groundwater—Water in a saturated zone in a controlling the growth of undesirable plants. geologic stratum. Water stored below the water table where the soil (or other geologic material) high-grading—The removal from the most is saturated. commercially valuable trees, often leaving a residual stand composed of trees of poor group selection—An uneven-aged regeneration condition or species composition. method in which trees are removed periodically in small groups. Uneven age classes for trees historic landscapes—Industrial, agricultural, are established in small groups. The width pastoral or domestic landscapes that have of groups is about twice the height of the evolved over many years from human mature trees, with small opening providing alteration. Commonly functional and often microenvironments suitable for tolerant vernacular, the landscapes may not always regeneration, and the larger openings providing be visually pleasing, often responding to conditions suitable for more intolerant specific functions or topography, not formally regeneration. planned or designed. They may be informal to the degree that they appear to be natural occurrences, or the spatial organization of built and natural elements may be quite traditional or formal. They are identifiable and can be B-16 B-17 mapped, either as point-specific features or on O&M costs, recreation funding shortfalls, enclaves within a larger landscape, as entire recreation use data, information on accessibil- landscapes themselves, or as a combination of ity, and inventories of facilities. INFRA brings both. together Oracle, Arc Info and Arc View GIS technology, and supplements recreation man- human resource programs—Any of the agement systems including SMS, ROS and federal labor programs providing work Benefits Based Management. experience for local people. initial attack—The aggressive response to a hydric soils—Soils developed in conditions wildland fire based on values to be protected, where soil oxygen is limited by the presence benefits of response, and reasonable cost of of saturated soil for long periods during the response. growing season. in-stream flow—The presence of adequate stream flow in channels necessary to maintain I the integrity of the stream channel, and protection of downstream beneficial uses immediate foreground- The area in the land- including fish and wildlife needs, outdoor scape from the viewer out to 300 feet distance. recreation uses of water, and livestock watering needs. improved pasture —Fenced, fertilized pastures intensively managed for livestock integrated pest management (IPM)—The grazing. maintenance of destructive agents, including insects at tolerable levels, by the planned improvement cutting—The removal of less use of a variety of preventive, suppressive, desirable trees in a stand of poles or larger or regulatory tactics and strategies that are trees, primarily to improve composition and ecologically and economically efficient and quality. socially acceptable. Interdisciplinary Team—A group of resource industrial fuelwood—Wood to be used specialists (e.g., forester, wildlife biologist, specifically by industry for production of hydrologist, etc.) responsible for developing energy. the Forest Plan/Environmental Statement, and for making recommendations to the forest industrial wood—All commercial round wood supervisor. products, except fuelwood. intermediate treatments—A collective term infestation—The attack by macroscopic for any treatment designed to enhance growth, organisms in considerable concentration. quality, vigor, and composition of the stand Examples are infestations of tree crowns by after establishment of regeneration and prior to budworm, timber by termites, soil or other final harvest. substrates by nematodes or weeds. intermittent streams—Streams that flow INFRA infrastructure—An integrated data- in response to a seasonally-fluctuating base for collection/storage/use of information water table in a well-defined channel. The about features, land units, facilities and utili- channel will exhibit signs of annual scour, ties, accessibility and real property. For recre- sediment transport, and other stream channel ation management, INFRA holds information characteristics, absent perennial flows. B-18 B-19 Intermittent streams typically flow during landscape—An area composed of interacting times of elevated water table levels, and may ecosystems that are repeated because of be dry during significant periods of the year, geology, land form, soils, climate, biota, depending on precipitation cycles. and human influences throughout the area. Landscapes are generally of a size, shape, interpretive association—A nonprofit, tax- and pattern that are determined by interacting exempt corporation or organization whose ecosystems purpose is extending and enhancing the ability . of the Forest Service to provide customer landscape character—Particular attributes, service to National Forest visitors. They qualities, and traits of landscape that give it an work cooperatively with the Forest Service in image and make it identifiable or unique. educating the public about natural and cultural issues on public lands. land type—An intermediate level in the ecological classification system based on interpretive services—Visitor information landform, natural vegetative communities, and services designed to present inspirational, soils. educational, and recreational values to forest visitors in an effort to promote understanding, land type association—A group of landtypes. appreciation, and enjoyment of their forest The landtypes in the association are sufficiently experience. homogeneous to be considered as a whole for modeling the future outputs and effects intolerant—A plant requiring sunlight and of planned management activities. Landtype exposure for establishment and growth. associations may not follow watershed boundaries, and are defined on the basis of general similarities in climate, geology, L landform, and vegetation. land exchange—The conveyance of non- large woody debris (LWD) (coarse woody federal land or interests in the land in exchange debris) (CWD)—Any piece(s) of dead woody for National Forest System land or interests in material, e.g., dead boles, limbs, and large root land. masses, on the ground in forest stands, or in streams. landing—A cleared area in the forest to which logs are yarded or skidded for loading onto late-seral (successional) stage—The stage of trucks for transport. forest development at which overstory trees have attained most of expected height growth landline location—Legal identification and and have reached ecological maturity. As used accurate location of national forest property in the Final Environmental Impact Statement boundaries. and Forest Plan, a stand age of greater than 80 years is generally used to defin this condition. land management planning—A formal Old-growth forests occur during the late process of management planning involving periods of this seral stage at ages that vary four interactive steps: monitoring, assessment, by forest type and in response to a variety of decision making, and implementations as environmental conditions. See successional described in the Federal Code of Regulations. stage.

B-18 B-19 lease—A contract between the landowner and another granting the latter the right to search for and produce oil, gas, or other mineral M substances (as specified in the document) on machine planting—A method by which tree payment of an agreed rental, bonus, or royalty. seedlings are planted by mechanical means This right is subject to the terms, conditions, rather than by hand. and limitations specified in the document. management action—A set of management leave tree—A tree (marked to be) left standing activities applied to a land area to produced a for wildlife, seed production, etc, in an area desired output. where it might otherwise be felled. management action controls—Specifies the limits of acceptable change (LAC)—A plan- acreage or the proportion of an analysis unit ning process used to establish acceptable assigned to a set of management actions. The wilderness resource and social conditions and controls can be specified in terms of greater prescribe appropriate management actions. than or equal to, equal to, or less than equal to some amount, or proportion of the analysis unit local road—Roads that connect terminal acreage. facilities with forest collector or forest arterial roads, or public highways. Forest local roads management area —A selected grouping of may be developed and operated for either capability or analysis areas selected through long- or short-term service. These roads are evaluation procedures used to locate decisions, generally single lane. and resolve issues and concerns. An area with similar management objectives, and a common low PSI —A term used to identify management prescription. any one of several types of vehicles used to move logs from stump to log loading area. Management Attainment Report (MAR)—A Low PSI (pounds per square inch) identifies process used in determining whether work is those vehicles that, because of design of tracks, progressing as planned. It provides the manager wheels, or suspension system, exert much lower with information for measuring progress pressure on ground surface than other types of against objectives, information for measuring ground-based skidding vehicles. self and subordinates’ performance, and an indication of a reporting unit’s performance. logging—The felling, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto management concern—An issue, problem, trucks. or condition which constrains the range of management practices identified by the Forest long-term sustained-yield capacity—The Service in the planning process. highest uniform wood yield from lands being managed for timber production that may management direction—A statement of be sustained under a specified management multiple-use and other goals and objectives. intensity, consistent with multiple-use The associated management prescriptions, and objectives. standards and guidelines for attaining them.

management emphasis—The multiple-use values to be featured or enhanced.

B-20 B-21 management indicator species—An animal management type—The tree species or species or plant selected for use as a planning tool in group that should be grown on a specific site, accordance with 1982 NFMA regulations (36 whether or not it presently occupies the site CFR 219.19). These species are used to help that best suits the particular site soil, aspect, set objectives, analyze effects of alternatives, elevation, and moisture provided by the area and monitor plan implementation. They are and the forest plan’s objectives. chosen because their population changes are believed to indicate the effects of management mast tree—Generally hardwood trees of the on selected biological components. heavy seeded variety including oaks, hickories, walnut, beech—25 years and older capable of management intensity—A management producing frequent seed crops to feed a variety practice or combination of management of wildlife species. practices and associated costs designed to obtain different levels of goods and services. mature timber—The stage at which a crop or management opportunity—A statement of stand of trees best fulfills the main purpose for general actions, measures, or treatments that which it was grown. address a public issue or management concern in a favorable way. maximum modification—A visual quality objective in which man’s activity may dominate Management Plan (Forest Plan)—A plan the characteristic landscape, but should appear developed to meet the requirements of the as a natural occurrence when viewed as Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources background. Planning Act of 1974, as amended, that guides all natural resource management activities mean annual increment of growth—The total and establishes management standards and increase in girth, diameter, basal area, height, guidelines for the National Forest System lands or volume of individual trees or a stand up to a of a given national forest. given age divided by that age.

management practice—A specific action, mechanical site preparation—Soil measure, course of action, or treatment disturbance by mechanical chopping, undertaken on a forest. furrowing, dozing, or disking to prepare areas for reforestation. Objective is to reduce plant management prescription—Management competition for trees to be planted. practices and intensity selected and scheduled for application on a specific area to attain mesic—Sites or habitats characterized by multiple-use and other goals and objectives. intermediate moisture conditions, i.e., neither decidedly wet or dry. management situation—A comprehensive statement of the planning area resources, its mesophytic— Plants which grow or are history as it may influence planning, past and adapted to conditions where there is a balanced present uses, and a review of the public issus supply of water; in conditions which are neither directly concerned with the area. wet nor dry.

management team—A decision-making group middle ground—The space between the consisting of the forest supervisor, staff officers, foreground and the background in a picture or and district rangers. landscape, generally 1⁄2 mile to 4 miles distance from the viewer.

B-20 B-21 mid-serel (successional) stage—The stage of species’ habitat, dispersing openings, and forest development during which distinct over- limiting cut size. It also includes any other story, midstory, and understory canopies are standards and guidelines, including best developed. As used in the Final Environmental management practices that serve to define Impact Statement and Forest Plan, a stand of management prescriptions and resource 11 to 40 years is generally used to define this response. condition. See successional stage. . mitigation—Actions to avoid, minimize, mineral exploration—The search for valuable reduce, eliminate, or rectify the impact of a minerals on lands open to mineral entry. management practice. mineral soil—Weathered rock materials monitoring —The periodic evaluation on without any vegetative cover. a sample basis of Forest Plan management practices to determine how fully objectives mineral resource—A known or undiscovered have been met, and how closely management concentration of naturally occurring solid, standards have been applied. liquid, or gaseous material in or on the earth’s crust in such form and amount that montane—Relating to the zone of relatively economic extraction of a commodity from moist, cool upland ;slopes characterized by the the concentration is currently or potentially presence of large evergreen trees as a dominant feasible. life form. minerals (leasable)—Coal, oil, gas, phosphate, mortality—Dead or dying trees resulting from sodium, potassium, oil shale, sulphur, and forest fire, insect, diseases, or climatic factors. geothermal steam. All hard-rock minerals that occur on acquired lands, as opposed to public motorized equipment—Machines that use domain lands, are leasable. a motor, engine, or other non-living power source. This includes, but is not limited to such minerals (salable)—Common variety deposits machines as , aircraft, snowmobiles, that—although they may have value or use generators, motor boats, and motor vehicles. It in trade, manufacture, the sciences, or in the does not include small battery or gas powered mechanical or ornamental arts—do not possess hand carried devices that include+ shavers, a distinct, special economic value for such use wristwatches, flashlights, cameras, stoves, or over and above the normal uses of the general other similar small equipment. sum of such deposits. These may include sand, stone, gravel, pumicite, cinders, pumice (except multiple use—The management of all the that occurring in pieces more than two inches various renewable surface resources of the on a side), clay, and petrified wood. National Forest System so that they are used in a manner that will best meet the needs of the minimum management requirement—Any American people. Making the most judicious constraint imposed to comply with 36 CFR use of the land for these resources or related 219.27 and other legal restrictions that must services over areas large enough to provide be met by benchmark solutions as noted in 36 sufficient latitude for periodic adjustments CFR 219.11(e)(1). These include requirements in the use to conform to changing needs and including conserving soil productivity, conditions. maintaining minimum viable populations of wildlife, preserving the habitat of endangered

B-22 B-23 multipliers—The ratio of a total impact to administration through the Forest Service as a a component of the impact in input/output part of the system. analysis. An example would be the ratio of the sum of direct, indirect, and induced impacts to direct impacts. National Forest System Land—Federal land that has been legally designated as national forests or purchase units, and other land under N the administration of the Forest Service, including experimental areas and Bankhead- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Jones Title III land. of 1969—An act to declare a national policy National Recreation Trails—Trails designated that will encourage productive and enjoyable by the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary harmony between humankind and the of Agriculture as part of the national system of environment. It was created to promote efforts trails authorized by the National Trails System that will prevent or eliminate damage to the Act. National recreation trails provide a variety environment, biosphere, and stimulate the of outdoor recreation uses, in or reasonably health and welfare of humanity. In addition, the accessible, to urban areas. act was crafted to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources National Visitor Use Monitoring (NUVM)— important to the nation, and establish a Council A systematic process to estimate annual of Environmental Quality. recreation and other uses of National Forest lands through user surveys. National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (Forest Plan)—A plan National Register of Historic Places—The Na- developed to meet the requirements of the tional Register of Historic Places is the Nation’s Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources official list of cultural resources worthy of Planning Act of 1974, as amended, that guides preservation. Authorized under the National all natural resource management activities Historic Preservation Act of 1966,the National and establishes management standards and Register is part of a national program to coor- guidelines for the Natioan Forest System lands dinate and support public and private efforts of a given national forest. to identify, evaluate, and protect our historic and archeological resources. Properties listed National Forest Management Act (NFMA) in the Register include districts, sites, build- of 1976—Act passed as an amendment to the ings, structures, and objects that are significant Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources in American history, architecture, archeology, Planning Act, requiring the preparation of engineering, and culture. The National Register regional guides and forest plans, and the is administered by the National Park Service, preparation of regulations to guide them. which is part of the U.S. Department of the Interior. National Forest System (NFS)—All national forest lands reserved or withdrawn from public National Wild and Scenic Rivers System— domain of the United States and acquired Rivers with scenic, recreational, geologic, fish through purchase, exchange, donation, or and wildlife, historic, cultural, or other similar other means. National Grasslands and land values designated by Congress under the Wild utilization projects administered under Title and Scenic Rivers Act of Oct. 2, 1968, for III of the Bankhead–Jones Farm Tenant Act preservation of their free-flowing condition. (50 Stat. 525, 7 U.S.C. 1010–1012), and other lands, waters, or interests that are administered B-22 by the Forest Service, or are designated for B-23 National Wilderness Preservation System— non-forest land—Land that has never All lands covered by the Wilderness Act supported forests and lands formerly forested and subsequent wilderness designations, where use for timber utilization is precluded irrespective of the department or agency having by development for other use. Lands that never jurisdiction. have had, or that are incapable of having 10 percent or more of the area occupied by forest natural regeneration—An age class created trees; or lands previously having such cover from natural seeding, sprouting, suckering, or and currently developed for non-forest use. layering. non-game species—Any species of wildlife net annual growth—The net change in mer- or fish which is ordinarily not managed or chantable volume expressed as an annual aver- otherwise controlled by hunting, fishing, or age between surveys in the absence of cutting trapping regulations. The designation may vary (gross growth minus mortality). by state. net public benefits—An expression used to non-point source pollution—A diffuse signify the overall long-term value to the nation source of pollution not regulated as a point of all outputs and positive effects (benefits) less source. May include atmospheric, deposition, all associated inputs and negative effects (costs) agricultural runoff, and sediment from land- whether they can be quantitatively valued. Net distributing activities. public benefits are measured by quantitative and qualitative criteria rather than a single non-stocked stands—Stands less than 16.7 measure or index. The maximization of net percent stocked with growing stock trees. public benefits to be derived from management of units of the National Forest System is non-timber forest products— All forest consistent with the principles of multiple use products except timber, including resins, oils, and sustained yield. leaves, bark, plants other than trees, fungi, and animals or animal products. no-action alternative—The most likely condition expected to exist in the future if current management direction would continue O unchanged. objective—A concise, time-specific statement non-chargable volume—All volume not of measurable planned results that respond to included in the growth and yield projections for pre-established goals. It forms the basis for the selected management prescriptions used to further planning to define the precise steps to be arrive at the allowable sale quantity. taken and the resources to be used in achieving identified goals. non-commodity output—A resource output that cannot be bought and sold. off-highway vehicle (OHV)—Any vehicle capable of being operated off established roads; non-declining yield—A level of timber e.g., ATVs, motorbikes, four-wheel drives, and production planned so that the planned sale and snowmobiles. (Also referred to as OHV or off- harvest for any future decade is equal to, or highway vehicle). greater than the planned sale and harvest for the preceding decade. off-road vehicle (ORV)—Any motorized vehicle designed for or capable of cross county

B-24 B-25 travel on or immediately over land, water, prospecting, exploration, or extraction activities sand, snow, ice, marsh, swampland, or other that are slated to take place on National Forest natural terrain; except that term excludes (A) System land. any registered motorboat; (B) any fire, military, emergency or law enforcement vehicle when ordinary high water mark—The line on the used for emergency purposes, and any combat shore established by the fluctuation of water, or combat support vehicle\when used for and is indicated by physical characteristics national defense purposes; and (C) any vehicle including a clear, natural line impressed on whose use is expressly authorized by the the bank; shelving, changes in the character of respective agency head under a permit, lease, soil, destruction of terrestrial vegetation, the license, or contract. presence of litter, debris, or other appropriate means that consider the characteristics of the offstream use—Water withdrawn or diverted surrounding area. from a ground or surface-water source for public water supply, industry, irrigation, output—The goods, end products, or services livestock, thermoelectric power generation, and that are purchased, consumed, or used directly other uses. by people. Goods, services, products, and concerns produced by activities that are old growth forests—An ecosystem measurable and capable of being used to distinguished by old trees and related structural determine the effectiveness of programs and attributes. Old growth encompasses the later activities in meeting objectives. A broad term stages of stand development that typically differ for describing any result, product, or service from earlier stages in a variety of characteristics that a process or activity actually produces. including tree size, accumulation of large dead woody material, number of canopy output, minimum level—The amount layers, species composition, and ecosystem of an output that will occur regardless of function. Old growth is not necessarily virgin management activity. or primeval. It can develop over time following human disturbances, just as it does following outstanding mineral rights—Instances in natural disturbances. Old growth encompasses which the minerals in federally- owned lands older forests dominated by early seral species, were severed prior to the transaction in which and forests in later successional stages government acquired the land. Such rights are dominated by shade tolerant species. not subject to the Secretary of Agriculture’s rules and regulations. Removal or extraction of on-site—A term referring to species normally these minerals must be allowed in accordance found on a site under natural conditions. The with the instrument severing the minerals from same or contiguous property that may be the surface and under applicable state and local divided by a public or private right-of-way, laws and regulations. provided that the entrance and exit between the properties is at a crossroads intersection, and overstory—That portion of trees in a two- or that access is by crossing, as opposed to going multi-layered forest stand that provides the along the right-of-way. upper crown cover.

operating plan—A written plan, prepared overstory removal—The cutting of trees by those engaged in mining activity on the comprising an upper canopy layer in order forests, and approved by a forest officer for

B-24 B-25 to release trees or other vegetation in an may be filled by one person working during the understory. course of one year or several people working a total of 2,000 hours . petrographic—The description and systematic P classification of rocks. PAOT—Persons-at-one-time; a measure of recreation carrying capacity, especially for de- physiographic region—A region of similar veloped sites. National conventions include 5 geologic structure and climate that has had a persons per family picnic/camp unit, 3.5 per- unified geomorphic history. sons per parking lot stall at a trailhead or visitor center, 1.5 persons per motorcycle parking stall piedmont—The “foothills”; a physiographic and 40 persons per tour bus parking stall. province, or large area of similar geologic structure, geomorphic history, and climate, partial retention— A visual quality objective characterized by rolling hills, clay soils, which in human activities may be evident, but metaphorpic rocks, and moderate elevations. must remain subordinate to the characteristic In South Carolina, the piedmont ranges from landscape. the sandhills region, which crosses the state at Augusta, Columbia, and Lancaster, to an area partnership—Voluntary, mutually beneficial running roughly from Westminster to Landrum and desired arrangement between the Forest Service and another or others to accomplish planning area—The area of the National mutually agreed-on objectives consistent with Forest System covered by a regional guide or the agency’s mission and serving the public’s forest plan. interest. planning criteria—Standards, tests, rules, payments in lieu of taxes—Payments to local and guidelines by which the planning process or state governments based on ownership of is conducted, and upon which judgments and federal land, and not directly dependent on decisions are based. production of outputs or receipt sharing. planning horizon—The overall time period per capita use—The average amount of water considered in the planning process that spans used person during a standard time period, all activities covered in the analysis or plan. generally per day. All future conditions and effects of proposed actions which would influence the planning perennial stream—Any watercourse that decisions. generally flows most of the year in a well- defined channel and is below the water table. planning period—One decade. The time Droughts and other precipitation patterns interval within the planning horizon that is used may influence the actual duration of flow. It to show incremental changes in yields, costs, contains fish or aquatic insects that have larvae effects, and benefits. with multi-year life cycles. Water-dependent vegetation is typically associated with perennial plastic soil— soils with excessive clay and streams. high moisture retention near the surface, which moves aside or displaces under heavy loads, person-year—About 2,000 working hours that forming deep ruts.

B-26 B-27 pre-commercial thinning—The selective process records—A system that records felling, deadening, or removal of tree in a decisions and activities that result from the young stand not for immediate financial return, process of developing a forest plan, revision, or but primarily to accelerate diameter increment significant amendment. on the remaining stems. To maintain a specific stocking or stand density range, or to improve proclamation boundary—The boundary the vigor and quality of the remaining trees. contained within the presidential proclamation that established the national forest. prescribed fire—Any fire ignited by management actions to meet specific objectives productive deferred—Productive (capable) including disposal of fuels, and controlling forest land which has been legislatively unwanted vegetation. The fires are conducted designated or administratively designated by in accordance with prescribed fire plans, and the Secretary of Agriculture or Chief of the are also designed to stimulate grasses, forbs, Forest Service for wilderness study or possible shrubs, or trees for range, wildlife, recreation, additions to the Wilderness System. This or timber management purposes. classification includes RARE II area designated as wilderness, but does not include RARE II present net value—The difference between areas designated as “further planning.” the discounted value (benefits) of all outputs to which monetary values or established market productivity class—A classification of the prices are assigned and the total discounted capacity of a given piece of land for timber costs of managing the planning area. growth is expressed in cubic feet per acre a year. preservation—A visual quality objective that Class I—Lands capable of producing 120 provides for ecological change only. cubic feet or more per acre a year. Class II—Lands capable of producing 85 to presuppression—Activities required in 119 cubic feet per acre a year. advance of fire occurrence to ensure effective Class III—Lands capable of producing 50 suppression action, including: (1) recruiting and to 84 cubic feet per acre a year. training fire forces, (2) planning and organizing Class IV—Lands capable of producing 20 attack methods, (3) procuring and maintaining to 49 cubic feet per acre a year. fire equipment, and (4) maintaining structural improvements necessary for the fire program. program—Sets of activities or projects with specific objectives, defined in terms of specific primary trout stream—Streams that contain results and responsibilities for accomplishments naturally-reproducing populations of brook, . rainbow, and/or brown trout. program budget—The schedule of projects and activities to be carried out on the forest for primitive road—Roads constructed with no a year for which funds have been appropriated. regard for grade control or designed drainage, sometimes by merely repeated driving over an program development and budgeting—The area. These roads are single lane, usually with process by which activities for the forest are native surfacing and sometimes passable with proposed and funded. four-wheel drive vehicles only, especially in wet weather.

B-26 B-27 project—A work schedule prescribed for written comments, survey questionnaires, and a project area to accomplish management similar activities designed or held to obtain prescriptions. An organized effort to comments from the general public and specific achieve an objective identified by location, publics. activities, outputs, effects, time period, and responsibilities for execution. public roads—Roads across national forest land which were in place as public ways when proposed action—In terms of the National these lands were acquired. These roads may be Environmental Policy Act, the project, activity, a part of the forest, state, or county system, and or decision that a federal agency intends may be maintained by any of these agencies. to implement or undertake. The proposed action described in the Environmental Impact public supply—Water withdrawn by public Statement is the Forest Plan. and private water suppliers and delivered to users. proposed wilderness—Areas recommended for wilderness by the Forest Service as a result puddled soils—intense soil disturbance under of the RARE II study, but which have yet to be very wet conditions that causes the normal soil structure to break down into soupy mixture. acted on by Congress. pulpwood—Wood cut and prepared primarily prospecting permit—A written instrument for manufacture into wood pulp. or contract between the landowner and another conveying to the latter the right to pure stand—A stand composed of essentially enter the former’s property and search for a single tree species, conventionally at least mineral materials. Two types of permits are 85 percent based on numbers, basal areas, or used: (1) a BLM Prospecting Permit is issued volumes. by the Bureau of Land Management upon recommendation of the Forest Service. In most cases, these are preference right permits in which the prospector has the first opportunity, to the exclusion of all others, to lease any Q minerals discovered, and (2) a Forest Service qualifiers—Measurable characteristics of Prospecting Permit issued by the Forest outputs and activities. They characterize Service. No preference rights are conveyed properties or attributes of activities or outputs. under Forest Service permits, except in some cases of common varieties on acquired lands. public domain land—Original holdings of the United States that were never granted or R conveyed to other jurisdictions or reacquired raking—A term used in land clearing whereby by exchange for other public domain lands. crawler tractors, or other types of similar , with a large rake device attached to public issue—A subject or question of the front end, are used to push clearing debris widespread public interest relating to into piles or windrows. management of the National Forest System. ranger district—Administrative subdivisions public participation activities—Meetings, of the forest supervised by a District Ranger conferences, seminars, workshops, tours, who reports to the Forest Supervisor. B-28 B-29 certain areas. Classes are: Primitive, Semi- rare species—Any native or once-native Primitive Non-Motorized, Semi-Primitive species of wild animal which exists in small Motorized, Roaded Natural, Rural, and Urban. numbers, and has been determined to need monitoring. May include peripheral species. real dollar value—A monetary value, which • Primitive ROS—An area characterized compensates for the effects of inflation. by having essentially unmodified natural environment of fairly large size. receipt shares—The portion of receipts derived Interaction between users is very low from Forest Service resource management that and evidence of other users is minimal. is distributed to state and county governments, The area is managed to be essentially including the Forest Service, 25 percent fund free from evidence of human-induced payments. restrictions and controls. Motorized use within the area is not permitted. reconstruction—Work that includes, but is The recreation experience opportunity not limited to, widening of roads, improving level provided would be characterized alignment, providing additional turnouts, by the extremely high probability of and improving sight distance that improve experiencing isolation from the sights the standard to which the road was originally and sounds of humans, independence, constructed. Also undertaken to increase the closeness to nature, tranquility, and capacity of the road or to provide greater traffic self-reliance through the application safety. of woodsmen and outdoor skills in an environment that offers a high degree of Record of Decision—A document separate challenge and risk. from, but associated with an environmental • Semi-Primitive Non-Motorized impact statement that publicly and officially (ROS)—An area characterized by discloses the responsible official’s decision on a predominantly natural or natural- the alternative assessed in the environmental appearing environment of moderate- impact statement chosen to implement. to-large size. Interaction between users (or concentration of users) is low, but recreation—Leisure time activity including there is often evidence of other users. swimming, picnicking, camping, boating, The area is managed in such a way hiking, hunting, and fishing. that minimum on-site controls and restrictions may be present but are recreation capacity—A measure of the number subtle. of people a site can reasonably accommodate at The recreation experience one time; sometimes measured as PAOTs. opportunity level provided would be characterized by the high, but recreation alignment—To align or allocate the not extremely high (or moderate) recreation resources (activities and opportuni- probability of experiencing isolation ties) of an area with the niche and markets of from the sights and sounds of humans, the that area. independence, closeness to nature, tranquility, and self-reliance through the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum—A application of woodsman and outdoor method for classifying types of recreation skills in an environment that offers experiences available, or for specifying challenge and risk. (The opportunity to recreation experience objectives desired in have a high degree of interaction with

B-28 B-29 the natural environment.) Motorized use and sounds of humans. Opportunities is not permitted. for both motorized and non-motorized • Semi-Primitive Motorized forms of recreation may be provided. (ROS)—An area characterized by a predominantly natural or natural- • Rural (ROS)—A classification appearing environment of moderate- for areas characterized by a to-large size. Interaction between users substantially modified natural (or concentration of users) is low, but environment. Resource modification there is often evidence of other users. and utilization practices are to The area is managed in such a way enhance specific recreation activities that minimum on-site controls and and to maintain vegetative cover and restrictions may be present but are soil, but harmonize with the natural subtle. environment. A considerable number The recreation experience opportunity of facilities are designed for use by level provided would be characterized a large number of people. Moderate by the high, but not extremely densities are provided away from high (or moderate) probability of developed sites. Facilities for experiencing isolation from the sights intensified motorized use and and sounds of humans, independence, parking are provided. closeness to nature, tranquility, and The recreation opportunity self-reliance through the application experience level provided would of woodsman and outdoor skills in be characterized by the probability an environment that offers challenge for experiencing affiliation with and risk. (The opportunity to have a individuals and groups is prevalent, high degree of interaction with the as is the convenience of sites and natural environment.) Motorized use is opportunities. These factors are permitted. generally more important than the setting. Opportunities for wildland • Roaded Natural (ROS)—An area challenge, risk taking, and testing characterized by predominantly natural- of outdoor skills are generally appearing environments with moderate unimportant. evidences of the sights and sounds of • Urban (ROS)—An area man. Such evidences usually harmonize characterized by a substantially with the natural environment. urbanized environment, although Interaction between users may be low the background may have natural- to moderate, but with evidence of other appearing elements. Renewable users prevalent. Resource modification resources modification and and utilization practices are evident, but utilization practices are to enhance harmonize with the natural environment. specific recreation activities. Conventional motorized use is provided Vegetative cover is often exotic and for in construction standards and design manicured. Sights and sound of of facilities. humans, on-site, are predominant. The recreation opportunity experience Large numbers of users can be level provided would be characterized expected, both on-site and in by the probability for equal experienc- nearby areas. Facilities for highly ing of affiliation with individuals and intensified motor use and parking groups and for isolation from sights are available with forms of mass transit often available to carry B-30 B-31 people throughout the site. The recreation opportunity Regional Forester—The official responsible experience level provided would for management of National Forest land within be characterized by the probability a USDA Forest Service region. for experiencing affiliation with individuals and groups is prevalent, regulated harvest—Includes any volume as is the convenience of sites and scheduled in calculations of the allowable sale opportunities. Experiencing natural quantity which is harvested from suitable forest environments, having challenges land. and risk afforded by the natural environment, and the use of outdoor release and weeding—A silvercultural skills are relatively unimportant. treatment designed to free desirable trees from Opportunities for competitive and competition with overstory trees, less desirable spectator sports and for passive uses trees, or grasses and other forms of vegetative of highly human-influenced parks growth. It includes release of natural and and open spaces are common. artificial regeneration.

recreation visit—The entry of one person upon relic (species)— An isolated species from a National Forest to participate in recreation ac- an ancient family as established through a tivities for an unspecified period of time. A NF long fossil record and exhibiting a restricted visit can be composed of multiple site visits. distribution.

reforestation —The re-establishment of forest removal cut—The cut which removes the cover by seeding, planting, and natural means. last seed bearers of a seed tree or shelterwood regeneration method after the new seedling regeneration— The act of renewing of a tree stand is considered to be established. crop by establishing young trees by naturally or artificially. The young crop itself. research natural area—An area set aside by the Forest Service specifically to preserve regeneration cutting—Any removal of trees a representative sample of an ecological intended to assist regeneration already present community, primarily for scientific and or to make regeneration possible. educational purposes. Commercial exploitation is not allowed and general public use is regeneration (reproduction) method—A discouraged. cutting procedure by which a new age class is created. The major methods are clearcutting, reserve trees—Trees, pole-sized or larger, seed-tree, shelterwood, selection, and coppice. retained after the regeneration period under the clearcutting, seed-tree, shelterwood, or coppice regeneration (reproduction) period—The methods. time between the initial regeneration cutting and the successful re-establishment of a new reserved mineral rights—Refers to those age class by natural means, planting, or direct cases wherein the minerals were severed from seeding. the surface during the transaction whereby the government acquired the land. These rights are Region 8—The states that make up the subject to the Secretary of Agriculture’s rules Southern Region of the USDA Forest Service. and regulations that were applicable at the time

B-30 B-31 of the transaction. but may occur more frequently if conditions or public demands change significantly. resource—An aspect of human environment which renders possible, or facilitates the right-of-way—A right of use across the satisfaction of, human wants, and the lands of others. It generally does not apply attainment of social objectives. to absolute purchase of ownership. Land authorized to be used or occupied for the resource allocation model—A mathematical construction, operation, maintenance, and model using linear programming that will termination of a project or facility passing over, allocate land to prescriptions and schedule upon, under, or through such land. implementation of those prescriptions simultaneously. The end purpose of the model riparian—Land areas directly influenced by is to find a schedule and allocation that meets water. They usually have visible vegetative the goals of the forest and optimizes some or physical characteristics showing this water objective function including minimizing costs. influence. Streamside, lake borders, and The model used for this planning is called marshes are typical riparian areas. spectrum. riparian areas—Areas with three-dimensional resource use and development ecotones of interaction that include terrestrial opportunities—A possible action, measure, or and aquatic ecosystems that extend down into treatment and corresponding goods and services the groundwater, up above the canopy, outward identified and introduced during the scoping across the floodplain, up the near-slopes that process. It may subsequently be incorporated drain to the water, laterally into the terrestrial into and addressed by the land and resource ecosystem, and along the watercourse at a management plan in terms of a management variable width. prescription. riparian corridor—An administrative zone responsible line officer—The Forest Service applied to both sides of a stream or along side a employee who has the authority to select and/or pond, lake, wetland, seep or spring. It is a fixed carry out a specific planning action. width by stream type that may fall within or beyond the true riparian area. retention—A visual quality objective in which man’s activities are not evident to the casual riparian functions—Activities that occur forest visitor. in a riparian area without the influence of management activities. Functions include revegetation—The re-establishment and erosion and deposition by the streams, nutrient development of a plant cover. This may take cycling, movement and storage of water, place naturally through the reproductive vegetative succession, etc. processes of the existing flora or artificially through the direct action of humans (e.g., ripping—A process where the soil is afforestation and range reseeding). mechanically sliced or broken to improve tilth, aeration, and permeability. revision—To make the plan new or up-to- date. Plan revision must be considered and river classifications (wild and scenic rivers) approved in accordance with the requirements for the development and approval of a forest (1) wild — Rivers or sections of plan. Revisions take place every 10-15 years, rivers that are free of impoundments and generally inaccessible except by B-32 B-33 trail, with watersheds or shorelines user safety, protection of the public investment, essentially primitive and waters and accomplishment of forest resource unpolluted. These represent vestiges of objectives. It may be intermittent or long term. primitive America. (2) scenic — Rivers or sections of road density—A measure of the total length rivers that are free of impoundments, of road in any given unit of area (e.g., 4 miles/ with shorelines or watersheds still square mile.) largely primitive and shorelines largely undeveloped, but accessible in places by road maintenance levels—A formally roads. established set of objectives that describes the (3) recreational — Rivers or sections conditions necessary to achieve the planned of rivers that are readily accessible by operation of a road. The levels vary from Level road or railroad, that may have some I, basic custodial care, to Level V, which is development along their shorelines, assigned high use roads in which user safety and that may have undergone some and comfort are important considerations. impoundment or diversion in the past. roadless area—Undeveloped federal land road—A motor vehicle path more than 50 within which there are no improved roads inches wide, unless classified and managed as or roads maintained for travel by means of a trail. It may be classed as a system or non- motorized vehicles intended for highway use. system road. roadless area review and evaluation (RARE) road-constant service—A facility on the II—The assessment of “primitive” areas within transportation system developed and operated the national forests as potential wilderness areas for long-term land management and resource as required by the Wilderness Act documented utilization needs. It is also operated for in the final environmental impact statement continuous or annual recurrent service. System- of the Roadless Area Review and Evaluation, open roads generally remain open for public January 1979. use except for seasonal closures to prevent road damage due to bad weather conditions. rollover—A maximum PNV solution with an individual good or service production road—intermittent service—A facility on constrained at its maximum potential level. It the transportation system that is developed and provides an economically efficient basis for operated for long-term land management and comparing all benchmark levels. resource utilization needs. It is operated for periodic service and closed for more than one rotation—The number of years required to year between periods of use. System-closed establish, including the regeneration period roads are generally built to access logging and grow timber crops, to a specified condition sites and are closed once logging activities or maturity for harvest. Even- and two-aged are completed. They can be re-opened several management prescriptions in the Forest Plan years later, however, when access is once again use a rotation. needed to the site. roundwood—Timber and fuelwood prepared road closure—A technique used by in the round state - from felled trees to material management to regulate and control the use of trimmed, barked, and crosscut (e.g.: logs and facilities to achieve transportation economy, transmission poles).

B-32 B-33 RPA Program—The recommended direction savanna—A plant community with a structure for long-range management of renewable characterized by trees comprising 10-25 percent resources of National Forest System lands. This of the canopy cover. direction serves as the basis for the regional targets assigned to the forest. The development sawtimber—Trees suitable in size and quality of this direction is required by the Forest and for producing logs that can be processed into Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act. dimension . runoff—The total stream discharge of water scalloping—The undulating vegetative from a watershed including surface and treatment given to a roadside for aesthetic subsurface flow, but not groundwater. Usually purposes. expressed in acre-feet. Scenery Management System—A system rural—A recreation opportunity spectrum for the inventory and analysis of the aesthetic classification for areas characterized by a values of the National Forest Lands. It replaces substantially modified natural environment. the Visual Management System (VMS) as Sights and sounds of man are evident. defined in Agricultural Handbook #462 The Renewable resource modification and primary components of the SMS include: utilization practices enhance specific recreation Landscape Character, Scenic Attractiveness, activities or provide soil and vegetative cover Existing Scenic Integrity, Concern Levels, Seen protection. Areas, Scenic Classes, which are developed in the inventory. The Forest Plan components rural water use—Term used in previous water- are Landscape Character Goals, Scenic use circulars to describe water used in suburban Integrity Levels, Scenic Integrity Objectives, or farm areas for domestic and livestock needs. and Standards and Guidelines. These give The water is generally self-supplied. management direction for the management areas. National Forest land area is mapped as ecological sections or subsections but may S be other land units. Landscape Character descriptions are developed for mapping sale schedule—The quantity of timber planned Scenic Attractiveness, Class A-Distinctive, for sale by time period from an area of suitable B-Typical, and C-Indistinctive areas. These land covered by a forest plan. The first period help determine the high priority scenic areas. (usually a decade) of the selected sale schedule Existing Scenic Integrity Levels indicate the provides the allowable sale quantity. Future degree of intactness and wholeness of the periods are shown to establish that long- existing landscape character. Very High Scenic term sustained yield will be achieved and Integrity Level is an unaltered landscape, maintained. High Scenic Integrity Level is a landscape that appears unaltered, Moderate Scenic Integrity sanitation cutting—The removal of trees to Level is a landscape that is slightly altered, improve stand health and to reduce actual or Low Scenic Integrity Level is a landscape anticipated spread of insects and disease. that is moderately altered, Very Low Scenic Integrity Level is a landscape that is heavily sapling—A usually young tree that is larger altered, and Unacceptably Low Scenic than a seedling, but smaller than a pole. Size Integrity Level is a landscape that is extremely varies by region. altered.

B-34 B-35 Concern Levels are a measure of the degree scenic attractiveness—The scenic importance of public importance placed on the landscape of a landscape based on human perceptions viewed from travel ways and use areas. Con- of the intrinsic beauty of landform, rockform, cern Levels reflect both the number of visitors waterform, and vegetation pattern. Classified as and the interest of visitors in scenery. Concern A (Distinctive), B (Typical or Common), or C Level 1 areas include primary recreation areas, (Undistinguished). very high use roadways, major roadways and trails through the forest, and places with moder- scenic class—A system of classification de- ate use where nearly all visitors are very con- scribing the importance or value of a particular cerned about scenery. Concern Level 2 areas landscape or portions of that landscape. Val- include mostly secondary recreation areas, sec- ues range from 1 (highest value) to 7 (lowest ondary roadways, trails, and places with moder- value). ate use and visitors with moderate interest in scenery. Concern level 3 travel ways and areas scenic integrity objective—A desired level of are those which receive very little use and/or excellence based on physical and sociological use is primarily by visitors not concerned with characteristics of an area. Refers to the degree scenery. of acceptable alterations of the characteristic After Concern Levels are determined, the landscape. Objectives include very high, high, visibility of each area is mapped. Foreground moderate, and low. is defined as up to 1⁄2 mile from the viewer, Middleground is 1⁄2 mile to 4 miles, and Back- • very high (VH)—Generally provides ground is over 4 miles from the viewer. The for only ecological changes in natural Seldom Seen areas are also mapped. landscapes and complete intactness of Scenic Classes are determined by overlaying landscape character in cultural land- Scenic Attractiveness, Landscape Visibility, and scapes. Concern Level. The matrix in Table 4-2 page • high (H)—Human activities are not 4-16 from the SMS handbook is used. Scenic visually evident to the casual observer. Class 1 scenery has extremely high public val- Activities may only repeat attributes of ue, Scenic Class 2 scenery has very high public form, line, color, and texture found in value, Scenic Class 3 scenery has high public the existing landscape character. value, Scenic Class 4 scenery has moderately • moderate (M)—Landscapes appear high public value, Scenic Class 5 scenery has slightly altered. Noticeable human cre- moderate public value, Scenic Class 6 scenery ated deviations must remain visually has moderately low public value, and Scenic subordinate to the landscape character Class 7 scenery has low public value. The being viewed. Scenic Classes are used during the Forest plan- • low (L)—Landscapes appear moder- ning process to compare the value of scenery to ately altered. Human created deviations other resources. begin to dominate the valued landscape Scenic Integrity Objectives (SIOs) and character being viewed but borrow from Landscape Character Goals are developed for valued attributes such as size, shape, Forest Plan Management Areas. Scenic Integ- edge effect, and pattern of natural open- rity Objectives are Very High-unaltered, High- ings, vegetative type changes, or ar- appears unaltered, Moderate-slightly altered, chitectural styles outside the landscape and Low-moderately altered. The SIO that is being viewed. assigned to a management area in the Forest Plan may be different than that of its existing Scenic Integrity Level indicating that any new

B-34 B-35 scoured channel—A definable channel of flow selection cutting—The removal of selected where surface water converges with enough trees, particularly mature trees at planned energy to remove soil, organic matter, and leaf intervals (cutting cycle), individually or in litter. small groups, from an uneven-aged forest to realize the yield, and establish a new crop of secondary processor—A mill that processes desired tree species. Additionally, the tending of partially manufactured wood (a wood product immature stand components are accomplished such as chips or lumber), into a finished prod- at each cutting cycle. uct. Examples include paper and furniture. sensitive species—Those species that (1) have secondary trout streams—Streams that do not appeared in the Federal Register as proposals contain naturally-reproducing trout populations, for classification, and are under consideration but will sustain trout throughout the year. for official listing as endangered or threatened Populations must be maintained by stocking. species; (2) are on an official state list, or (3) are recognized by the Regional Forester to need sediment—Solid mineral and organic material special management to prevent the need for that is in suspension, is being transported, or their placement on federal or state lists. has been moved from its site of origin by air, water, gravity, or ice. sensitivity analysis—A determination of the consequences of varying the level of one or seedling/sapling stands—Stands at least 16.7 several factors while holding other factors percent stocked with growing stock trees, of constant. which more than one-half of total stocking is seedlings and saplings. sensitivity level—A particular degree or measure of viewer interest in the scenic seed tree —An even-aged regeneration method qualities of the landscape. where in a single cut, the removal of all merchantable trees in a stand, except for a small sequential lower bounds—The maximum number of widely dispersed trees retained for percent decrease in harvest volume in any seed production, and to produce a new age class decade as compared to the preceding decade. in a fully-exposed microenvironment. This prevents the forest from significantly decreasing its share of the market, which seed-tree with reserves method—A two-aged would violate the assumptions of the horizontal regeneration method in which some or all of the demand curve. seed trees are retained after regeneration has become established to attain goals other than sequential upper bounds—The maximum regeneration. percent increase in harvest volume in any decade as compared to the preceding decade. seep—A wet area where a seasonal high water This prevents the forest from significantly table intersects with the ground surface. Seeps increasing its share of the market, which would that meet the definition of a wetland are includ- violate the assumptions of the horizontal ed in the Riparian Corridor. demand curve. selected species—Species selected as shearing—A method used in land clearing indicators of the effects of management. Term whereby tree stems are severed at ground is the same as management indicator species. line by large bladed mechanisms mounted on

B-36 B-37 crawler tractors (e.g.: serrated tooth V-blade or silvics—The study of the life history KG blade). and general characteristics of forest trees and stands, with particular reference to shelterwood—A regeneration method of environmental factors, as a basis for the regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new practice of . age class develops beneath the partially shaped microenvironment provided by the residual single-tree selection—A regeneration method trees. The sequence of treatments can include of creating new age classes in uneven-aged three distinct types of cuttings: (1) an optional stands in which individual trees of all size preparatory harvest to enhance conditions for classes are removed uniformly throughout seed production; (2) an establishment harvest the stand to achieve desired stand structural to prepare the seed bed, and to create a new characteristics. age class; and 3) a removal harvest to release established regeneration from competition with site—An area in which a plant or stand the overwood. grows, considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and shelterwood with reserves—A two-aged quality of the vegetation the area can carry regeneration method in which some or all of the shelter trees are retained, well beyond the site class—A classification of site quality, normal period of retention, to attain goals other usually expressed in terms of ranges of than regeneration. dominant tree height at a given age or potential mean annual increment at culmination. short-term facilities—Facilities developed and operated for limited resource activity or site preparation—The preparation of other project needs. It will cease to exist as the ground surface prior to reforestation. a transportation facility after the purpose for Various treatments are applied as needed to which it was constructed is completed, and the control vegetation that will interfere with the occupied land is reclaimed and managed for establishment of the new crop of trees or to natural resource purposes. expose the mineral soil sufficiently for the establishment of the species to be reproduced. silvicultural system—A management process whereby forests are tended, harvested, and site index—A series-specific measure of actual replaced, resulting in a forest of distinctive or potential forest productivity (site quality, form. Systems are classified according to the usually for even-aged stands), expressed in method of carrying out the fellings that remove terms of the average height of trees included the mature crop, and provide for regeneration in a specified stand component (defined as a and according to the type of forest thereby certain number of dominants, codominants, or produced. the largest and tallest trees per unit area) at a specified index or base age. silviculture—The art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, site productivity class—A species-specific health, and quality of forests and woodlands. classification of forest land in terms of Silviculture entails the manipulation of forest inherent capacity to grow crops of industrial, and woodland vegetation in stands and on commercial wood. Usually derived from the landscapes to meet the diverse needs and values site index. of landowners and society on a sustainable basis.

B-36 B-37 site quality (productivity)—The productive plants, plant communities, or a sequence of capacity of a site, usually expressed as volume plant communities. Soil productivity may production of a given species. be expressed in terms of volume or weight/ unit area/year, percent plant cover, or other skid trails—A travel way through the woods measures of biomass accumulation. formed by loggers dragging (skidding) logs from the stump to a log landing without soil survey—A term for the systematic dropping a blade and without purposefully examination of soils in the field and in changing the geometric configuration of the laboratories; their description and classification; ground over which they travel. the mapping of kinds of soil; the interpretation of soils according to their adaptability for skidding—A term for moving logs by dragging various crops, grasses, and trees; their behavior from stump to roadside, deck, or other landing. under use of treatment for plant production or for other purposes; and their productivity under slash—The residue left on the ground after different management systems. felling, silvicultural operations, or as a result of storm, fire, girdling, or poisoning. All soil and water resource improvement—The vegetative debris resulting from the purchaser’s application of preplanned treatment measures operations. Slash associated with construction designed to favorably change conditions of of roads is subject to treatment according to water flow, water quality, rates of soil erosion, construction specifications, all other is subject and enhancement of soil productivity. to the terms of contract provision B/BT6.7. southern pine beetle—One of the many snag—A dead or partially dead (more than 50 species of pine bark beetles that are present percent) hardwood or pine tree which is used in the forest at all times. When environmental by many bird species for perching, feeding, or and forest conditions become favorable, the nesting. beetle populations can increase and cause substantial timber losses over extensive areas in social analysis—An analysis of the social (as a relatively short period of time. distinct from the economic and environmental) effects of a given plan or proposal for action. spatial feasibility testing— A process for It includes identification and evaluation verifying on a sample basis that land allocation of all pertinent desirable and undesirable and scheduling is actually implementable on consequences to all segments of society, the ground. stated in some comparable quantitative terms, including persons or percent of population in special concern species—Species that is each affected social segment. In addition, social federally listed as Category 2 or ranked as analysis also includes a subjective analysis of globally rare by state heritage programs and social factors not expressible in quantitative The Nature Conservancy. Also used by some terms. states for any species of wild animal native or once-native to the state which is determined by soil enhancement—Application of methods or the state to require monitoring. materials to the soil to increase its productivity and stimulate growth of vegetation. special-use authorization—A permit, term permit, or easement that allows occupancy, use, soil productivity—The inherent capacity rights, or privileges of National Forest System of a soil to support the growth of specified land.

B-38 B-39 special use permit—A permit issued under growing stock trees, measured by basal area or established laws and regulations to an number of trees per unit area and spacing com- individual, organization, or company for pared with a minimum standard—which varies occupancy or use of National Forest land for by tree size and species or species group—to some special purpose. the occupancy that is required to fully utilize the growth potential of the land. splash dams—Dams, usually temporary, built of wood across mountain streams to pond up stratified mixture—A stand in which different large amounts of water. tree species occupy different strata of the total crown canopy. spring—A water source located where wa- ter begins to flow from the ground due to the stratigraphic—Pertaining to strata or layers, as intersection of the water table with the ground in a description of layers of rock types. surface. Generally flows throughout the year. Springs that are the source of perennial or in- stratum (canopy layer)—A distinct layer of termittent streams are included in the Riparian vegetation within a forest community. Corridor. Streamside Management Zones—Land areas stand—A contiguous group of trees adjacent to natural streams, lakes, ponds, and sufficiently uniform in age-class distribution, seeps. These zones are typically designed to composition, and structure, and growing on reduce, minimize or prevent non-point source a site of sufficiently uniform quality, to be a pollution from entering a stream system (e.g., distinguishable unit. sediment from a road or timber harvesting activity). Specific SMZ buffer widths are often stand density—A quantitative measure of defined in State Best Management Practice stocking expressed either absolutely per unit handbooks. of land in terms of number of trees, basal area, volume per unit area, or relative to some stressors—Pressure or change brought upon an standard condition. ecosystem by pollution sources including sedi- ment, contaminants, and toxins. stand improvement—A term comprising all intermediate cuttings made to improve the successional stage—A period marked by composition, structure, condition, health, and distinctiveness of structure, in the development growth of even-aged, two-aged, or uneven-aged of a forest community from establishment of stands. tree regeneration to advanced age. In general, successional stages used in the Forest Plan standard—Requirement that precludes or and Final Environmental Impact Statement are imposes limitations on resource management defined in terms of forest age as a surrogate practices and uses. Usually for resource measure of the distince structure at each stage protection, public safety, or addressing an issue. as follows. • early—0 to 10 years old state, county, and municipal land—Land • seedling/sapling—11 to approximately owned by states, counties, and local public 40 years old agencies or municipalities, or land leased to • mid—approximately 41 to 80 years old these governmental units for 50 years or more. • late—over approximately 80 years old; includes old growth. stocking—The degree of occupancy of land by

B-38 B-39 suitability—The appropriateness of applying Forest System land that meets specific criteria certain resource management practices to a in the implementing regulations of the Na- particular area of land, as determined by an tional Forest Management Act (36 CFR 219.14 analysis of the economic and environmental for further consideration during the planning consequences and the alternative uses foregone. process for timber production on a regulated A unit of land may be suitable for a variety of basis. Note that “tentatively suitable land” is individual or combined management practices. not the same as the allocation of the existing Forest Plan, as amended since 1985, but is suitable forest land—National Forest System identified by a reanalysis. (Also called “Phase 1 land allocated by a Forest Plan decision to be suitability” or “Stage 1 suitability” because its managed for timber production on a regulated designation as Part “A” of a three-part process basis. Regulated basis means a systematic described by the text of the National Forest relationship between tree growth and timber Management Act.) (Timber Supply/Demand). harvest such that a specific timber volume objective level can be sustained indefinitely. term permit—A special-use authorization to occupy and use National Forest System land, supply—The amount of a good or service that other than rights-of-way, for a specified period. producers are willing to provide at a specified It is revocable and compensable according to its price, time period, and conditions of sale. terms. surficial water—Water on or at the ground theming—A land and/or management surface. Does not include ditches, canals, spill- scheme created with the list of land and/or ways, or other human-created flow channels. management. sustained yield of the products and thermoelectric power water use—Water services—The achievement and maintenance used in the process of the generation of in perpetuity of a high-level annual or regular thermoelectric power. periodic output of the various renewable resources of the National Forest System without thinning— A cutting made to reduce stand impairment of the productivity of the land. density of trees primarily to improve growth, enhance forest health, or to recover potential sympatric—Condition where two or more mortality. closely related species live together in the same section of stream. The species have overlapping thinning interval—The period of time between distributions. Opposite of allopatric. successive thinning entries, usually used in connection with even-aged stands. T threatened species—Any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the targets—Objectives assigned to the forest by foreseeable future throughout all or a significant the Regional Plan. portion of its range. Designated as a threatened species in the Federal Register by the Secretary taxomic—Classification of organisms of Interior. into categories according to their natural relationships. tiering —A National Environmental Policy Act term used to reference the coverage of tentatively suitable forest land—National general matters in broader environmental impact statements (including national program B-40 B-41 or policy statements), with subsequent timber sale program quantity—The volume narrower statements or environmental of timber planned for sale during the first analyses (including regional or basinwide decade of the planning horizon. It includes the program statements or ultimately site-specific allowable sale quantity (chargeable volume), statements), incorporating by reference the and any additional material (non-chargeable general discussions and concentrating solely on volume), planned for sale. The timber sale the issues specific to the statement subsequently program quantity is usually expressed as an prepared. annual average for the first decade.

timber—Wood retaining many of the recog- timber stand improvement—A term nizable characteristics of a tree: round, bark comprising all intermediate cuttings made covered, and tapering, but without the limbs to improve the composition, constitution, and leaves. In wood-industry usage, it may be condition, and increment of a timber stand. “standing timber”- that portion of living trees with characteristics of value to the wood-using timber supply—The amount of wood raw ma- industry, or cut trees not yet processed beyond terial available to be harvested within specified removing limbs and tops. parameters of time and geographic area.

timber demand—A relationship between timberland—Forest land that is producing or stumpage or delivered log price and the quan- capable of producing in excess of 20 cubic feet tity of timber produced. per acre per year of industrial wood crops under natural conditions. Not withdrawn from timber timber product market area—The geographic utilization, and not associated with urban or area enclosed within a polygon drawn by con- rural development. Currently, inaccessible and necting those mills buying forest timber that are inoperable areas are included. the farthest away from the forest. tolerance—The ability of a tree to grow timber production—The purposeful growing, satisfactorily in the shade of, and in competition tending, harvesting, and regeneration of with, other trees. regulated crops of trees to be cut into logs, bolts, or other round sections for industrial topography—The configuration of a land or consumer use. For purposes of forest surface including its relief, elevation, and planning, timber production does not include the position of its natural and human-made the production of fuelwood or harvests from features. unsuitable lands. toxicity index profile—Estimate of cumulative timber removals (drain)—The merchantable potential for toxic impacts in water. volume of trees removed from the inventory by harvesting, cultural operations including stand trailheads—The parking, signing, and other improvement, land clearing, or changes in land facilities available at the terminus of a trail. use expressed as an annual average between surveys. Within national forests, removals are traffic service levels—Describe a road’s almost all timber harvest except that the inven- significant traffic characteristics and operating tory on lands withdrawn by legislative action is conditions. also normally accounted for as “removals.” transfer age—The age a stand will transfer from one Model 2 management class to another.

B-40 B-41 transfer class—A Model 2 management class universal soil loss equation—An equation that receives transferred acres. A regeneration used to estimate soil erosion rates and for the transfer class has a transfer age of zero. All design of water erosion control systems. A = other transfer classes have an age greater than RKLSPC wherein A = average annual soil loss zero. in tons per acre per year; R = rainfall factor; K = soil erodibility factor, L = length of slope; S transfer columns—A column constructed the = percent of slope; P = conservation practice matrix generator to create special LP structures. factor; and C = cropping and management They accumulate information from several factor. decision variables into one column. . unregulated forest—Commercial forest land two-aged silvicultural system—A planned that will not be organized for timber production sequence of treatments designed to maintain under sustained-yield principles. and regenerate a stand with two age classes. unsuitable forest land (not suited)—Forest two-aged stand—A stand composed of two land not managed for timber production distinct age classes that are separated in age by because: (a) Congress, the Secretary [of more than 20 percent of rotation. Agriculture], or the Chief [of the Forest Service] has withdrawn it; (b) it is not type conversion—A change from tree species producing or capable of producing crops or species group to another. An example is a of industrial wood; (c) technology is not change from hardwoods to pine. available to prevent irreversible damage to soils productivity, or watershed conditions; (d) there is no reasonable assurance based on U existing technology and knowledge, that it is possible to restock lands within five years after undercutting (root pruning)—The root final harvest, as reflected in current research pruning of seedlings in a nursery bed. and experience; (e) there is, at present, a lack of adequate information about responses to understory—The trees and other vegetation timber management activities; or (f) timber growing under a more or less continuous cover management is inconsistent with, or not of branches and foliage formed collectively by cost efficient in meeting the management the upper portion (overstory) of adjacent trees requirements and multiple-use objectives and other woody growth. specified in the Forest Plan. uneven-aged regeneration methods— urban—An area characterized by a Methods of regenerating a forest stand, and substantially urbanized environment. The maintaining an uneven-aged structure by background may have natural-appearing removing some trees in all size classes either elements. singly, in small groups, or strips. The methods are single-tree or group selection. utilization standards—Measurements for uneven-aged silvicultural system—A planned standing trees that describe the minimum sequence of treatments designed to maintain size tree that will be designated for sale for and regenerate a stand with three or more age various products including sawtimber or small classes. roundwood.

B-42 B-43 V W values, market—Prices of market goods and warm water fishery—Aquatic habitats that services measured in real dollars in terms of what support fish species which have their best people are willing to pay as evidenced by market reproductive success and summer water transactions. temperature tolerance between 75 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit (23-29 C), or about 80 degrees values, non-market—Prices of non-market Fahrenheit. Examples include sunfish species, goods and services imputed from other economic and largemouth bass. values. water supply area—Areas that serve present and vector – A matrix composed of only one row or future municipal water supply and trout hatching column. or rearing operations.

viable population—Population of plants or water yield—The measured output of the forest’s animals that has the estimated numbers and streams expressed in acre-feet. The amount or distribution of reproductive individuals to ensure volume of water that flows in a given period of its continued existence is well distributed in the time from a watershed. planning area. waterbars—A change in the grade of a roadbed, viewshed—The total landscape seen, or trail surface, or fire line used to divert water off potentially seen from all or a logical part of a the surface to prevent it from eroding ruts and travel route, use area, or water body. possibly carrying sediment to a stream.

visual quality objective—A desired level of watershed—The total area above a given point excellence based on physical and sociological on a stream that contributes water to the flow at characteristics of an area under the Visual Man- that point. agement System. Refers to the degree of accept- able alterations of the characteristic landscape. Weeks Act —Implemented in 1911, it authorized Objectives include Preservation, Retention, the acquisition of lands on the watershed of Partial Retention, Modification, and Maximum navigable streams for the purposes of conserving Modification. The Visual Management System their navigability, or for the purpose of timber. (VMS) as defined in Agricultural Handbook #462 and was replaced by the Scenery Management wetlands—(pursuant to the Federal Clean Water System. Act)—Areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and visual resource—The composite of basic terrain, duration sufficient to support, and that under geological features, water features, vegetative normal circumstances, support a prevalence of patterns, and land-use effects that typify a land vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated unit and influence the visual appeal the unit may soil conditions. Wetlands generally include have for visitors. swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas, and are found primarily within palustrine systems; but may also be within riverine, lacustrine, estruarine, and marine systems.

wild and scenic river—A river selected for nomination and/or designation through the Wild B-42 B-43 and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 for possessing study can determine whether they should be outstandingly remarkable scenic, recreational, recommended for addition to the National geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural or Wilderness Preservation System. other similar values. wildland fire—Any non-structural fire on wilderness—wilderness—A Congressionally- wildlands other than one intentionally set designated area that is part of the National for management purposes. Confined to a Wilderness Preservation System established predetermined area. Not to be confused with through Wilderness Act of 1964; Also defined “fire use,”which includes prescribed fire. in the Act as a wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate wildland urban interface—The line, area, the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area or zone where structures and other human where the earth and its community of life are development meet or intermingle with untrammeled by man, where man himself undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels. is a visitor who does not remain. An area of wilderness is further defined to mean in this wildlife—All non-domesticated mammals, chapter an area of underdeveloped Federal land birds, reptiles, and amphibians living in a retaining its primeval character and influence, natural environment, including game species without permanent improvements or human and non-game species. Animals, or their habitation, which is protected and managed so progeny (i.e., feral animals—including horses, as to preserve its natural conditions and which burros, and hogs), that once were domesticated, (1) generally appears to have been affected but escaped captivity, are not considered primarily by the forces of nature, with the imprint wildlife. of man’s work substantially unnoticeable; (2) has outstanding opportunities for solitude or wildlife and fish user-day—A 12-hour a primitive and unconfined type of recreation; participation in the use of wildlife and fish (3) has at least five thousand acres of land or primarily for consumptive or non-consumptive is of sufficient size as to make practicable its use including hunting, fishing, or wildlife preservation and use in an unimpaired condition; viewing. Such use is the result of habitat and (4) may also contain ecological, geological, management, and the populations supported or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, by that habitat. A WFUD is counted as one day or historical value. or any part of a day that the user participated in these activities. Does not include sport or Wilderness Act of 1964—Act which gave commercial uses of anadromous fish. Congress authority to designate certain areas of public land as wilderness. It established the wildlife habitat diversity—The distribution National Wilderness Preservation System to and abundance of different plant and animal secure an enduring resource of wilderness. communities and species within a specific area. wilderness study area—One of the areas wildlife habitat improvement—The selected by the Chief of the Forest Service from manipulation or maintenance of vegetation to an inventory of undeveloped National Forest yield desired results in terms of habitat suitable System lands as having apparent high qualities for designated wildlife species or groups of for wilderness. Lands possessing the basic species. characteristics of wilderness and designated by Congress for further wilderness study. A wildlife tree—A den tree, snag, or mast or food tree.

B-44 B-45 yield stream—A subset of a yield table with-without comparison—An evaluation containing specific information for an activity that compares outputs, benefits, costs, and other or output. A timber output may have a yield effects with a base alternative. stream for amount, diameter, basal area, or trees. withdrawal—Water removed from the ground or diverted from a surface water source for use. yield table—A tabular statement of outputs expected to be produced under a specific set of withdrawal of land—An order removing conditions. specific land areas from availability for certain uses. Z withdrawn national forest lands—National Forest System lands segregated or otherwise zone—Large, contiguous areas of land that withheld from settlement, sale, location, or include watersheds or management areas. It entry under some or all of the general land can be comprised of several complete analysis laws. units. The land within a zone is generally a heterogenous mixture of environmental types. woodland—A plant community with a structure characterized by trees comprising 25- zone management actions—Management 60% of the canopy cover. actions available to zones. They contain the ability to coordinate the management activities that occur within a zone. X xeric—Pertaining to sites or habitats characterized by decidedly dry conditions. Y yarding—A term used to describe operations used to move logs from stump to point where logs are loaded for transport to mill. Most commonly used in cable logging operations.

yield composite—Activity and output relationships which estimate yields. They allow the development of a yield stream from a related yield stream without entering each yield coefficient independently. Yield composite relationships can be time, age, or sequence based.

B-44 B-45 Appendix C Riparian Corridors

A. Overview of Riparian Corridors

The figure below is a simplified representation of the Riparian Corridor that demonstrates its extension on both sides of a watercourse, down into the water table, and laterally around wetlands and other surface water sources. The Riparian Corridor may fall within or beyond the riparian area.

Figure 1. Simplified Representation of the Riparian Corridor

Plan View of Riparian Corridor

Ephemeral Stream Spring

Intermittent Stream Three Dimensions of the Riparian Corridor

Above Canopy Pond

Intermittent Wetland Stream

Perennial Stream Aquatic + Riparian + Upland Riparian Corridor Downstream

Operational Definition for a Riparian Area

Riparian areas are areas associated with the aquatic ecosystem and that portion of the terrestrial ecosystem that is substantially affected by the presence of surface and groundwater. Riparian areas are relatively flat lands with elevated water tables or seasonal flooding that border streams, lakes, ponds, etc. Distinct types of plant species that occur in riparian areas and are common to wetlands. The plant composition is often associated with the magnitude and duration of flooding or soil saturation from rainfall and groundwater interactions, and the types of soils that develop under these circumstances. Riparian areas have variable widths that are determined by

C-1 ecologically significant boundaries rather than arbitrary distances. The extent of the riparian area can often be estimated by changes in dominant plant species and topography when interpreting aerial photos. However, their boundaries are best determined on the ground by using features of soil, landform and vegetation, and hydrologic indicators when they are present. No feature is used alone to delineate these ecosystems. Characteristics indicative of these areas include but are not necessarily limited to:

Soils- The physical characteristics of soils that are reflected in their taxonomic names often describe soil properties that are suggestive of riparian status. Soils with rainfall exceeding evapotranspiration, flooding, high moisture holding capacity, moisture restriction and/or elevated water tables within the normal rooting zone reveal these characteristics upon field classification. Taxonomic soil names with descriptors such as Fluva (floodprone), Aqua (water) or Ombroaqua (rain and water) are a just few examples.

Landforms- The 100-year floodplain, stream terraces (especially the first terrace), and depressional features are typically indicative of riparian conditions.

Vegetation- The presence, types and abundance of wetland plants are used to help determine wetland and riparian status. References include Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual (Technical Report Y-87-1, 1987), which includes a National and Southeast Plant list or other available plant lists on this subject such as the US Fish and Wildlife Service National Plant List of Plants that Occur in Wetlands (Reed, 1988).

Hydrology – Hydrology indicators are not always present, but can be helpful in determining frequency or likelihood of flooding from adjacent streams, or include observations associated with streamflow, rainfall or groundwater levels for specific determinations.

Although some of the indicators are technically demanding for classification purposes. Many of the soil, landform, plant and hydrology indicators can applied by trained field crews to assist in the determination if specialists in each field are not on the delineation team.

C. Relationship of Riparian Corridors with Streamside Management Zones

TIn the implementation of the Sumter National Forest Plans, we will meet or exceed State BMPs to protect water quality. Current State BMP handbooks or manuals are incorporated as direction in the Forest Plan and are implemented for those resource management activities that are covered by the handbooks/manuals. Management direction for activities not included in BMP handbooks/manuals are included in the Forest Plan or this appendix. Where specific direction is lacking for a specific activity, other guidance documents such as the Region 8 Soil and Water Conservation Practices Guide (2002) will be consulted as needed.

The streamside management zones (SMZ) recommended in South Carolina’s Best Management Practices for Forestry are designated areas directly adjacent to streams and water bodies where land management activities are controlled or regulated to primarily protect water quality and aquatic organisms from upslope land uses. Provisions within the SMZ typically contain

C-2 sediment filter strips, a base shade level, restriction on ground disturbance and protection of stream banks and streambeds. As described, Riparian Corridors are management prescription areas that maintain ecological processes and functions. SMZs may be the same width or smaller than the riparian corridor, however, in some cases they may extend beyond the corridor. (See Figure 2.)

The Sumter Forest Plan may also apply additional standards that are applicable to acres within the SMZ. This is due to the difference in BMP guidelines (which pertain to forestry practices)local geological or physical conditions which require specific SMZ direction (e.g. steep slopes).

Figure 2. The Relationship of the Riparian Corridor to the SMZ

Relationship of Riparian Corridor to SMZ

Spring

Pond Steep Slope

Wetland Intermittent Stream

Perennial Stream

Riparian Corridor

Streamside Management Zone ------

C-3 Appendix D Suitability for Timber Production and Timber Sale Program

Timber Suitability Analysis of this analysis can be found in Appendix B of the FEIS. During forest land and resource management Table D-2 displays the results of the Stage 3 planning, the Forest Service is required to Analysis: identify lands unsuited for timber production (36 CFR 219.14). This identification process involves three stages of analysis. Stage 1 sisylanA3egatSfostluseR.2-DelbaT analysis identifies lands tentatively suitable for SsevitanretlAdetcele ercA timber production. Stage 2 analysis is designed T9elbatiuSylevitatne 72,943 to explore the financial aspect of varying 1sB R1senredliWdednemmoce 791- intensities of timber management on lands 2r3A R7eviRlanoitaerce 79- identified as tentatively suitable for timber production from Stage 1. Stage 3 analysis 4sD B9aerAlacinato 73,4- identifies lands as unsuited for timber 4sF S9aerAcinec 79,9- production under the alternative selected in the latnemirepxEnuohlaC 1G4 809- revised Forest Land and Resource Management eroF )aerAlarutaN(ts Plan. 6hC O0tworGdl 261- 7yA S4awyBcinec 57,2- noitaerceRdetartnecnoC D7 532- ytilibatiuS1egatS.1-DelbaT aerA 7n1E D5oitaerceRdesrepsi 45,6- SsytilibatiuS1egat ercA 9sF R2tinummoCera ei 26- T0FNretmuSlato 58,263 1s1 R3rodirroCnairapi 65,55- W5ssenredli 58,2- 1yA2 R3rtnuockcaBetome 144- W4reviRcinecS/dli 15,3- elbatiuSlatoT 313,952 W1reta 67,1- N1tserof-no 44,5- All of the acres above are approximate. T9elbatiuSylevitatne 72,943 Management prescription 11 is estimated based on stream order, slope, and soil type. Actual area will be based on ground conditions. The “Stage 2 Suitability Analysis” is an Management prescriptions 5A, 5B, and 5C are economic analysis of each Analysis Unit (AU) in included in the non-forest acres used to calculate SPECTRUM. It is meant to answer two tentatively suitable lands. questions 1) Which lands are “above cost”, and 2) Which management intensity is the most economical for each Analysis Unit. The results D-1 Timber Sale Program.

NFMA regulations (36 CFR 219.16) require that “In a forest plan, the selected forest management alternative includes a sale schedule which provides the allowable sale quantity.” The following table shows the allowable sale quantity (ASQ) calculated by the Spectrum linear programming model. For Forest Plan purposes, the following table fulfills the requirement of 36 CFR 219.16. ASQ is an estimated output. It describes the maximum volume of timber that may be harvested from lands suitable for timber production during a specified period, usually ten years. This volume may not be exceeded during a given decade, and is not presented as a guaranteed harvest volume. The actual volume sold depends on budgets, workforce, and site-specific analysis that are beyond the scope of this plan.

ybytitnauQelaSelbawollA.3-DelbaT edaceD ytitnauqelaSelbawollA edaceD )FCMM( 1931 2931 3931 4931 5931 6931 7931 8931 9931 190 13

D-2 Appendix E - MONITORING SUMMARY TABLE ______National Forest MQ # Monitoring Question Element Method of Collection Duration/ Reporting Interval Needed Precision Needed Reliability Responsibility Goal # Objective # Standard # Frequency

Are rare communities being protected, Baseline acreage, condition, and distribution of GIS Query for acreage; Condition determined based on field visits to rare commmunity sites. Not less than 1 maintained, and restored? rare communities on the Forest Assessments will primarily be qualitative, through quantitative elements may be included where once/ every 5 Report Annually as Needed High High Forest Botanist 12 12.01. 12.02 FW-30; FW-31, FW-32 warranted. years Rare communities restored, acres. Specifically Query MAR Targets related to habitat restoration. table mountain pine-dominated communities and Not less than 1 canebrakes once/ every 5 Report Annually as Needed High High Forest Botanist 12 12.01,12.02 FW-30; FW-31, FW-32 years

Are landscape-level and stand-level Restore native communities on sites occupied by Monitor acres of loblolly pine on the Andrew Pickens Ranger District. composition and structure of major forest loblolly pine on the Andrew Pickens District communities within desirable ranges of Not less than variability? Forest Silviculurist and Forest 2 once every 5 Report annually as needed Med Med 8 8.01 Biologist years.

Provide for dry-xeric sites in the piedmont and Monitor acres of woodland, savanna, and grassland on the forest. Representative species, diversit mountains with rare communities preferred. and abundance in fire adapted plant communities. Not less than Forest Silviculurist and Forest 2 once every 5 Report annually as needed Med Med 8 8.02 Biologist years.

Create conditions to restore dry-mesic oak, oak-pine, and Monitor acres restored to oak, oak-pine, or pine-oak in the piedmont. Representative species, diversity, and pine-oak communities on the peidmont abundance in fire adapted plant communities. Not less than Forest Silviculurist and Forest 2 once every 5 Report annually as needed Med Med 8 8.03 Biologist years.

Increase shortleaf pine and shortleaf pine/oak Monitor acres of shortleaf pine, shortleaf pine-oak on the piedmont. communities on the piedmont Not less than Forest Silviculurist and Forest 2 once every 5 Report annually as needed Med Med 8 8.04 Biologist years.

Increase structural diversity by creating gaps in 1 to 5 Monitor acres treated within mesic deciduous forest. percento of closed canopy mid- and late-successional Not less than mesic deciduous forest Forest Silviculurist and Forest 2 once every 5 Report annually as needed Med Med 8 8.05 Biologist years.

Restore sites currently occupied by white pine stands to Monitor acres in white pine. diverse native communities

Not less than Forest Silviculurist and Forest 2 once every 5 Report annually as needed Med Med 8 8.06 Biologist years.

Trends in MIS population indicies in relationship Collect bird point data. to major forest community/conditions. Frequency of occurrence trends in hooded warbler, scarlet tanager, pine warbler, acadian flycatcher and brown-headed nuthatch . Not less than 2 once every 5 Report annually as needed High High Forest Biologist 8 years.

Are key successional stage habitats being Trends in Early, Mid and Late Successional Monitor acres regenerated in 10B, 7E2, 8A1, 8B2, 9A3, 9G2 Management Prescriptions. provided? Habitat by prescriptiion group Calculate percentage of each management prescription and intermingled riparian corridors that is age 0-10. Query on GIS database in 10B, 7E2, 8A1, 8B2, 9A3, 9G2 Management Prescriptions. based on age classes defined for mid and late successional 8, DFC's Not less than habitat. Calculate percentage of each management prescription and intermingled riparian corridor Forest Biologist and Forest for Management 3 once every 5 Report annually as needed High High that is in mid to late successional conditioin Silviculturist prescriptions 10B, 7E2, years. 8A1, 8B2, 9A3, 9G2

Acres, conditions, and distribution of existing old Conduct field visits to existing old growth sites to assess community condition, and identify growth impending threats and management needs. Not less than 3 once every 5 Every 5 Years High HIgh Forest Botantist 13 FW-33 years.

Trends in MIS population indicies in relationship Collect bird point data. to major forest community/conditions. Frequency of occurrence trends in prairie warbler, swainson's warbler, and field sparrow . Not less than 3 once every 5 Report annually as needed High High Forest Biologist 8 years.

How well are key terrestrial habitat Acres, conditions, and distribution of wetland Monitor acres surveyed for wetlands habitats. Monitor acres and # of sites inventoried as wetland attributes being provided? habitats and ephemeral wetlands. (See other or ephemeral pools. Sample frequency of occurrence of frog species using stratified random points elements related to MIS species, woody debris, in all habitat types. Not less than and riparian condition under questions 2, 4, and 4 once every 5 Report annually as needed Med Med Forest Biologist 3,4,8,9 9.01 16) years. Trends in MIS population indicies in relationship Collect bird point data. to major forest community/conditions. Frequency of occurrence trends in pileated woodpecker. Not less than 4 once every 5 Report annually as needed High High Forest Biologist 8 years.

Trends in hard mast production capability Map and update changes in forest composition and condition through routine inventories. Infer mast production capability from the status of older age classes of oak forest community types.

4 5 years 5 years Moderate Moderate Forest Siliviculurist 8

What is the status and trend in aquatic Trends in the composition and abundance of Kick nets, surber samplers, electroshocking, nets, snorkeling and other appropriate methods using habitat conditions in relationship to macroinvertebrate communities defined protocols Each selected aquatic communities? stream will be 5 monitored 3 Annually High High S.O. Fisheries Biologist 3, 4 times every 10 years

Trends in the composition and abundance of Electrofishing, seining, snorkeling and other defined protocol stream fish communities Each selected stream will be 5 monitored 3 Annually High High S.O. Fisheries Biologist 3, 4 times every 10 years

Trend in aquatic habitat conditions. Perennial and Basinwide habitat surveys and other appropriate methods using defined protocol. intermittent streams are managed in a manner that emphasizes and recruits large woody debris. Improve, rehabilitte or restore aquatic habitat. 5 Annually Annually High High S.O. Fisheries Biologist 3, 4 4.01 11-OBJ-2

Trend in the composition and abundance of Electrofishing and nets; water quality kits impoundment fish communities

5 Annually Annually HIgh High S.O. Fisheries Biologist 3, 4

What are status and trends of forest health Conditions and trends of forest fuels and acres of Fuel monitoring following Regional protocol. Acres of hazardous fuels treated through wildland threats on the forest? hazardous fuels treated through wildland fire use, fire use, prescribed fire, and mechanical treatment mapped into the GIS data base reports generate prescribed fire, and mechanical treatment through GIS/NRIS FSVeg queries. 6 Continuous Annual Moderate Moderate District FMO & Forest FMO 2017

Improve forest health in pine stands by reducing Query from STARS database, or review of forms in timber sale folder. stand density.

6 Annual Annual Medium Medium Forest Silviculurist 16 17.01

Compliance with NAAQS air particulate Compare results against NAAQS for fine particulates. Data collected by the Georgia and SC air emissions from NF lands [36 CFR 219.27(a)(12)] regulatory agency, analyzed by Forest Service personnel. Standard practices to eximate emission (Ask Charlie) (use correct emisssion factors from EPA's "AP-42" or more specifiec factors. Gather data for fine particulates near prescribed fires. 6 Annual Annual Medium Medium Forest FMO and Zone Air Specialist 7

Treatments to eliminate or control invasive non- Query MAR Targets related Noxious Weed Control. Query NRIS Database of Invasive Species native species. Emphasize treatments of PETS or Locations; Collect Forestwide data when available and supplement with project-level data. specific areas. Baseline acres infested with non- native plants by species. Annually as 6 5-years High High Forest Ecologist 15 15.01 9.F.-8; FW-27 Available

Maintain condition class 1 by restoring historic fire Monitor acres in condition class 1 return intervals and reducing the risk of losing ecosystem components to wildfire. Not less than Forest Silviculurist and Forest 6 once every 5 Report annually as needed Med Med 20 20.01 Biologist years.

What are the status and trends of federally Trends in recovery of T&E species, and status and Various methods will be used as appropriate to the species or species group. Refer to the PETS listed species and populations or habitats distribution of some viability concern species that Species Inventory and Monitoring Handbook. for species with viability concerns on the are not specifically identified under other forest? elements. Species targeted under this element wil be determined through periodic review of each species'status and conservation priority. Priorities Monitor populations FW-25 through FW-28; 7 will likely vary through the life of the plan as new Annual High High Forest Ecologist 4, 10, 12 10.01, 10.02 information is obtained. and/or habitat 9.F.1.through 9.F.9 annually What are the trends for demand species and their Trends in harvest data for bobwhite quail, deer, turkey, Monitor annual harvest records and other recreation use indicies in cooperation with SCDNR and USFWS. use? bear; WMA permit sales, turkey tags and bear permits issued.

8 Annually Annually as needed Med Med Forest Biologist 8, 22, 23

Maintain or improve ponds/lake habitat for recreational Monitor acres of pond treatment and number of fish structures fisheries

Forest Biologist and Forest Fisheries 8 Annually Annually Med Med 23.01 Biologist

Trends in MIS population indicies in relationship to major Trends in population indicies. forest community/conditions. Frequency of occurrence trends in bobwhite quail, eastern wild turkey and black bear. Not less than 8 once every 5 Report annually as needed High High Forest Biologist 8 years.

Are high quality, nature-based recreation Results and trends in user satisfaction ratings [36 CFR Analysis of NVUM cutomer satisfaction data and any local customer satisfaction information available. experiences being provided and what are the 219.21(a)] trends

9 Every 5 years Every 5 years Low/ moderate Low/ moderate SO-Recreation Staff 22, 23

What are the status and trends of recreation use Recreation activities contribution to the degradation of Evaluation of recreation's possible contribution to particular problems identified by other monitoring impacts on the environment? riparian areas or adversely affecting water quality elements in this plan. Amount of recreation use and type of activity will be considered. M&E Report. See monitoring questions#1, 5,6,7, 8, 9,15. Recreation StaffSO and natural FW-2, FW-10, FW-11, FW-14, 10 Annually Annual Moderate High 1, 3, 4, 5, 22 Riparian RX - 11 DFC resource scientists FW-70, FW-76, FW-77

Impacts associated with OHV activities. Compilation of field monitoring and field observation of OHV trail condition and documentation of improvement needs.

FW-2, FW-10, FW-11, FW-14, Recreation Staff and Forest Soil 10 Annually Annually Moderate Moderate to High 1, 3, 4, 5, 22, 23 Riparian RX - 11 DFC FW-70, FW-76, FW-77 EO 11644, Scientist and Forest Hydrologist 36 CFR 295

Are motorized and nonmorized trails being mantained? Analysis of deferred maintenance and report percent change in trail backlog.

10 Annually Annually Moderate Moderate to High Recreation Staff 25

What is the status and trend of wilderness Is visitor use within limits that do not impair the Compilation of field monitoring and field observation of trails and any use areas condition and character? wilderness characteristics? [36 CFR 219.18(a)] documentation of improvement needs.

11 Annually Annually Moderate Moderate District 26, 27

What are the status and trend of Wild and Scenic Are free-flowing conditions and outstandingly Review a variety of projects within the river corridors (these may include prescribed fire, maintenance of trails River conditions? remarkable values being protected for eligible and and recreation facilities, restoration of native communities, control of non-native invasive vegetation and designated rivers? insects and disease outbreaks). Each stream/river will be monitored SO - Recreation Staff and Resource Wild and Scenic River Act and 12 every 3 years or Annually Moderate Moderate 1, 28, 29 Specialists Congressional Designation CFR more often if needed.

Are water quality standards being met for eligible and Review USGS and other water quality records for fecal coliform and other components at measurement sites. designated rivers? Collect information at critical sites if questions remain about water quality impairments and the conditions that produce them. Meet Clean Water Act including SC 12 Annually Annually Moderate Moderate Forest hydrologist 1, 28 29 Water Quality Standards for protection of beneficial uses

Are the scenery and recreation settings changing Acres of National Forest land that meet or exceed Review a sample of projects (use the treatment and location data in activity tracking system). Projects and why? established scenic quality objectives [36 CFR should include a variety of SIO's, if available. 219.27(c)(6), 36 CFR 219.27(d)(1)] SO-Recreation Staff (Forest 13 Every 5 years Every 5 Years Moderate Moderate 13, 30 Landscape Architect)

Acres of National Forest land that meet or exceed Review a sample of projects (use the treatment and location data in activity tracking system). Projects established ROS objectives. should include a variety of ROS class, if available.

SO-Recreation Staff (Forest 13 Every 5 years Every 5 Years Moderate Moderate 28 23.02 Landscape Architect)

Are heritage sites being protected? Effectiveness of heritage protection measures [36 Sample field condition assessmetn of sites elibible or listed Natinal Register. CFR 219.24(a)(4)]

14 Annuallly Annually High High Forest and District Archeologist 31 Are watersheds maintained (and where Are State BMPs and Forest Standards being Field inspection of project sites following established monitoring protocol. Results reported necessary restored) to provide resilient implemented to protect and maintain soil and annually in M&E Report. Regular coordination with State Forestry Commission occurs for BMP and stable conditions to support the water resources? [36 CFR 219.27(a)(4), 36 CFR compliance checks to randomly selected sites with perennial, intermittent and channeled ephemeral quality and quantity of water necessary to 219.12(k)(2)] streams. Annual FAT to Ranger Districts to review some projects within critical areas and conduct protect ecological functions and support any updates on monitoring or reporting proceedures, and updates of improvement plans. Forest hydrologist or Forest soil 15 intended beneficial uses? Annual Annual Moderate Moderate to High 1, 3 1.01, 4.01 FW-1, FW-2, and numerous others scientist

Improve soil and water conditions through Field checks that work was planned, implemented and monitored within normal range of stabilization or rehabilitation of actively eroding acceptance, and the treatments were effective, mitigation measures installed and where appropriate areas such as gullies, barren areas, abandoned targets reported in MAR or other reports. Review and comparison of stream conditions and roads or trails, and unstable stream banks. morphology help identify poor and declining conditions where more detailed analysis may be Forest hydrologist or Forest soil 15 needed. Annual Annual Moderate Moderate to High 1 1.01 FW-1, FW-2 scientist

Improve soil productivity on disturbed, low Field checks that work was planned, implemented and monitored within normal range of productivity, eroded soils with loblolly and acceptance, and the treatments were effective and where appropriate reported as part of the Forest shortleaf pine on the piedmont. MAR targets. Forest hydrologist or Forest soil 15 Annual Annual Moderate Moderate to High 1, 5 5.01 FW-1, FW-2 scientist

The instream flows needed to protect stream Field inspection of project sites following established monitoring protocol. processes, aquatic and riparian habitats and communities, and recreation and aesthetic values will be determined.

Annual Annual Moderate Moderate to High Forest hydrologis 2 2.01

What are the conditions and trends of Are management strategies in riparian areas Field checks to insure that work was planned, implemented and monitored within normal range of riparian area, wetland and floodplain adhering to Forest Plan riparian guidelines? Are acceptance, treatments were effective and where appropriate reported as part of the Forest MAR functions and values? conditions in riparian areas or corridors providing targets. BMP's are applied. for soil conservation, associated habitats and Forest hydrologist, Forest fisheries 16 Annual Annual Moderate Moderate to High 3, 4 RX-11 DFC 11-1 to 11-25 necessary shade and cover for aquatic habitats? biologist and/or Forest soil scientist

Create and maintain a dense understory within Monitor acres of gap development, regeneration, or canebreak restoration or development withn riparian corridors that lack such conditions. riparian corridor. Improve structural diversity and composition Not less than within the riparian corridor on the piedmont. 16 once every 5 Annual Med Med Forest Biologist 4, 8, 9 4.01. 11-OBJ-1 years.

Acres of Riparian area inventoried for condition Terrestrial habitat, hydrologic function, stream PFC, aquatic habitat parameters are recorded. (i.e. terrestrial habitat, vegetative composition, woody debris recruitment, invasives) Not less than Forest Silviculturist or Forest 16 once every 5 Annual High High 3, 4, 8, 9 Biologist years.

How do actual outputs and services Are roads being maintained, constructed or Review and track the miles of national forest system roads existing, compared to the miles compare with projected? reconstructed to reduce sediment delivery to water maintained to the objective maintenance level: the miles of road improvements, and the miles of bodies and to provide a transportation system that classified and unclassified roads decommissioned. supplies safe and efficient access for forest users while protecting forest resources. [36 CFR 219.27 Engineering Staff, Forest 17 Annually Annual High High 34 and 35 FW-96 (a)(10)] Hydrologist, Forest Soil Scientist

Emphasize high quality forest products on the PTSAR report from STARS database. Timber volume offerred through the end of the 4th quarter Piedmont. within the 10B management prescription.

17 Annual Annual High High Forest Silviculturist 18 18.01

Are silvicultural requirements of the Are lands being adequately restocked within 5 Evaluation of PEP reports for , stocking checks for planned natural regeneration Forest Plan being met? years of regeneration treatments? [36 CFR 219.27(c)(3)] 18 Annual Not less than once every 5 years Med Med Forest Silviculturist 14, 18

Are Forest Plan objectives and standards Are projects being managed according to Interdsiciplinary review. Sample vegetation management projects to compare vegetation being applied and accomplishing their requirements and making progress toward conditions with the Plan DFC, goals and objectives. Review project documents and related intended purpose? achievement of DFC for vegetation? [36 CFR EAs/EISs for consistency with the Forest Plan's standards. Results reported annually in M&E 219.15, 36 CFR 219.27] Report. 19 Annually Annual Moderate High Forest Planning Staff DFC.s, goals and objectives Standards Appendix F Possible Outputs and Activities for the First 10 Years (Average Annual)

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F-2 Appendix G Mining Proposal Evaluation Process

Under authority of the Mineral Resources on Preference Right Lease Application (PRLA). In Weeks Law Lands Act of March 4, 1917, (the this process the applicant submits the PRLA, function of which was transferred from the data and mining plan to BLM’s Eastern State’s Secretary of the Agriculture to the Department Office (ESO) in Springfield, Virginia. The of the Interior by the President’s Reorganization PRLA is forwarded to the appropriate Forest Plan 3 of 1946), prospecting permits and leases Service office. BLM then conducts an analysis may be issued for hard-rock minerals acquired on the data from the applicant’s exploration and by the United States (FSM 2822.13). the PRLA. The appropriate Forest Service office The first step in this process is for the reviews the Forest Plan for direction regarding applicant to submit a Prospecting Permit mineral-related uses. Considering this direction, Application to the Bureau of Land Management the appropriate Forest Service office conducts (BLM). The application must contain the an environmental analysis, using procedures applicant’s or the applicant’s agent’s original in FSM 1950, to evaluate what impact the signature. The application must also include: proposed action would have on the surface (a) applicant’s name and address, (b) a statement resources and other users. The study includes of the applicant’s qualifications and holdings, and considers the following factors where (c) a complete and accurate land description, (d) applicable: three copies of any maps needed to accompany 1. Statutory authorities the description; and (e) the name of all of 2. Existing and planned uses the commodities for which the applicant is 3. Dedications applying. Once the application is reviewed 4. Impact on surface resources by BLM, it is sent to the Forest Service, the 5. Damage to watershed surface management agency, for review and 6. Degree of surface disturbance consideration. The Forest Service will analyze and difficulty in restoration. the applicant’s proposal to determine compliance 7. Special values, such as with the Forest Land Use Plan, environmental wilderness character, requirements, and unsuitability criteria. The archeological sites, cultural Forest Service will send out a scooping letter resources (FSM 2361), and to the public requesting comments on the. The endangered species habitat Forest Service will incorporate any comments 8. Access needs, including system with the response to BLM giving Forest Service roads to be used, reconstructed or approval to prospecting permit with appropriate constructed mitigation measures to adequately protect 9. Term of the lease and probable surface resources. The Forest Service will nature of operations publish a Decision Memo that Categorically 10. Economic considerations, such Excludes the proposal from further analysis. as relative values of minerals and BLM will then approve the prospecting permit surface resources and scarcity of for a period of two years and can be extended up and demand for minerals to an additional four years. 11. Range of alternatives for Once the prospecting comes to a successful operations and land used and for conclusion the permittee can apply for a environmental protection. G-1 During this process BLM cooperates with the Forest Service on the environmental analysis and makes a valuable deposit determination based on the information provided by the potential lessee. The next step is for the Forest Service to make their consent decision and send the lease stipulations and plan of operations mitigation measures to BLM. BLM then finishes the preparation of their environmental analysis with lease stipulations and calculates the bond. Both BLM and Forest Service conduct a final review and BLM requests the bond and requires the Lessee to agree to the lease stipulations and plan of operation mitigation measures. BLM then issues the lease. The lessee cannot commence operations until they have complied with all State and local requirements.

G-2 Appendix H Vegetation Management Practices This appendix describes the most common on the regeneration method chosen to vegetation management practices that are likely accomplish the management prescription to be chosen as individual projects are designed objectives. Regeneration, designed to and implemented on the Sumter, as well as the replace desired tree species, takes place forest types where one could expect them to within 5 years after the final harvest. be used. This information complies with CFR 219.15. Standards and guidelines that apply to Even-aged regeneration harvest these practices are found in chapters 2 and 3 of methods: the Forest Plan. Site-specific treatment choices are made at a. Seed tree method—All trees the project level, and are not constrained by are harvested except for a this Forest Plan appendix.The combinations small number of trees retained of forest types, stand structures, component for seed production. This species, site characteristics, and other conditions method is designed to produce that could exist throughout the forest are a new stand in fully exposed extremely variable. microenvironment. Seed trees are usually removed after regeneration is established. Silvicultural Systems and In most cases, snags and any existing den trees are left for Associated Harvest Methods wildlife habitat.

There are three silvicultural systems used to b. Shelterwood method—Enough provide regulated and sustainable yield of wood trees are left to produce products for local facilities on sufficient shade to produce a the Sumter National Forest. new age class in a moderated microenvironment. The sequence 1. The even-aged silvicultural system is a of treatments can include three planned sequence of treatments for tending, types of cuttings: harvesting and re-establishing a stand designed to maintain trees composed of a (1) an optional preparatory cut single age class in which the range of tree to enhance conditions for seed ages is usually 20 percent of rotation. This production, system creates a mosaic of single age class stands across the lands suitable for timber (2) an establishment cut to production. Collectively, all age classes are prepare the seed bed and to create present and maintained on lands that are a new age class, and suitable for timber production. When a stand reaches the appropriate age, often expressed (3) a removal cut to release as the rotation, a final harvest is scheduled established regeneration from to remove most or all of the merchantable competition with the overwood. trees in a stand. Whether all or some of the Cutting may be done uniformly merchantable trees are harvested depends throughout the stand (uniform H-1 shelterwood), in groups or Two-aged regeneration harvest methods: patches (group shelterwood), or in strips (strip shelterwood). a. Clearcutting with reserves—A In most cases, snags and any clearcutting in which varying existing den trees are left for numbers of reserve trees are not wildlife habitat. harvested to attain goals other than regeneration. c. Clearcutting method—Essentially all merchantable trees are b. Seed tree with reserves—Some or harvested, leaving a fully all of the seed trees are retained exposed microclimate for the after regeneration has become development of a new stand. established to attain goals other In most cases, snags and any than regeneration. existing den trees are left for wildlife habitat. c. Shelterwood with reserves— Some or all of the shelter trees Intermediate harvests are made in even-aged are retained after regeneration and two-aged stands between regeneration has become established to attain and maturity. These may include: goals other than regeneration.

a. Thinning—A harvest made to reduce 3. The uneven-aged silvicultural system is a stand density of trees primarily to planned sequence of treatments for tending, improve growth, enhance forest harvesting and re-establishing a stand and health, or recover potential mortality. maintaining trees in three or more age classes. b. Improvement cuttings—The removal of less desirable trees of any species Uneven-aged regeneration harvest in a stand of poles or larger trees, methods: primarily to improve composition and quality. a. Single tree selection—Individual trees of several size classes are c. Sanitation cuttings—The removal removed more or less uniformly of trees to improve stand health by throughout the stand to promote stopping or reducing the actual or growth of remaining trees and to anticipated spread of insects and provide space for regeneration. disease. (See stand improvement.) b. Group selection—Trees are d. Salvage cuttings—The removal removed and new age classes of dead trees or trees damaged or are established in small dying because of injurious agents groups. The width of groups is other than competition, to recover commonly no more than twice economic value that would otherwise the height of the mature trees be lost. with smaller openings providing microenvironments suitable 2. The two-aged silvicultural system for shade tolerant regeneration regenerates and maintains stands with two and larger openings providing age classes. conditions suitable for shade H-2 H-3 intolerant regeneration. Thinning regeneration harvests. may also be done between groups Uneven-aged systems are most likely to be as part of the harvest. used in areas of high visual sensitivity. Their use presents some challenges to consider. Coppice methods, which achieve the majority of regeneration from stump sprouts or root 1. Harvest equipment. Most harvesters suckers, are not addressed here since strict are designed for either large or small coppice methods have not historically been material, but not both. Saw head in substantial use on the Sumter. However, harvesters can also present problems stump sprouts are an important component of with the saw head mowing down sapling regeneration for most hardwood types and can size trees that comprise the youngest age be important for shortleaf pine and pitch pine classes. under certain conditions. Advance regeneration of seedlings is also very important in many 2. Economics. hardwood types, and can play a role in the regeneration of conifer types as well. a. Relatively low volumes per acre increase purchasers’ costs. Application of Silvicultural This decreases revenue from such sales and makes them less Systems and Harvest Methods attractive to purchasers. Because of this one cost factor, stands in Because most of the desired forest types are which uneven-aged regeneration composed of tree species that range from shade harvest is planned should intolerant to intermediate in shade tolerance, generally have the following even-aged and two-aged silvicultural systems characteristics: will probably be applied in most places. As stated above, group selection can be adapted for (1) Slopes operable by ground shade intolerant species also. While single tree skidding equipment (reason— selection has been used with success in loblolly permit more cost effective ground pine—shortleaf pine forests, it does present based tree felling and skidding some challenges discussed later in this appendix. operation). Seed tree and shelterwood harvests are the regeneration harvest methods that will probably (2) Close proximity to existing be most commonly applied across the forest. system roads (reason—minimize These systems can meet most visual quality purchaser’s need to build roads needs. for log removal). Clearcutting or clearcutting with reserves will most likely be applied where a forest type (3) Substantial stand size. Larger conversion is desired, and the seed source for than 60 acres is best (reason—so an existing species, such as loblolly pine or the sale of the wood products will Virginia pine, needs to be removed. have sufficient total volume to Two aged systems will probably be applied permit the purchaser to make a in areas of high visual sensitivity such as near profit). trails. How many reserve trees must be left before a stand is considered two-aged can be b. Mixed product sizes. Harvest a fine distinction. Oak, hickory and den trees through all diameter classes (in will typically be kept as reserve trees in most single tree selection) results in H-2 H-3 separate products for purchasers Therefore, one hopes that stand tending to market. Markets for smaller treatments will not be necessary, and trees are weak in parts of the accepts the species composition and Sumter. Individual purchasers yields of untended groups. usually supply either large tree Thinning is likely to be applied in most markets or small tree markets. forest types. It is usually visually benign, and can often improve visual quality. One specific c. Time and cost of intensive application of thinning will be applied that has inventories. Detailed stand not been in previous use on the Sumter. This inventories are needed to is in the development of woodland conditions. apply the single tree selection The purpose of such a thinning is to create very method. Additional time and open forests with low tree densities. These will cost are substantial. With limited be associated with the use of prescribed fire to personnel and budget, these are create and maintain herbaceous understories. important factors. Woodland conditions will be sought most often in management prescription 8B2, but also in d. Hardwood control in pine stands. management prescriptions 7E2, 8A1, and 9G2 With an uneven-aged structure, and perhaps others. shortleaf pine and loblolly pine Salvage harvest will probably be most stands can only carry a limited associated with southern pine beetle outbreaks. hardwood component and still This may occur in any place where there is have enough sunlight to produce host type, and the management prescription successful regeneration. This can does not prohibit salvage harvest. Salvage is require hardwood control most also common after wind events. It may also be cutting cycles, perhaps every applied after severe ice storms or other events cutting cycle. that cause enough mortality or damage to warrant salvage harvest. e. More frequent entries increase the cost for marking and sale Silviculture by Forest Type administration.

3. Shade tolerance of desired forest types. Silviculture is discussed by forest type instead of As already stated, most of the desired community types because species composition forest types on the Sumter National varies more widely by community type than by Forest are composed of tree species forest type. This species composition defines the that are shade intolerant to intermediate regeneration requirements that are needed. in shade tolerance. These species are better adapted to even-aged or two-aged Silviculture in loblolly pine forest types— silvicultural systems. Loblolly pine is the most extensive forest type 4. Stand tending in group selection. on the Sumter National Forest. In the piedmont, Tracking groups runs counter to the the most likely regeneration method is the philosophy behind group selection, and seed tree method, especially in management turns it into even-aged management prescription 10B. Anticipated site preparation on a micro scale. It also presents for these sites is mechanical drum chopping. difficulties with service contracts for site In areas of very high visual concern, either preparation, release, or other activities. shelterwood or shelterwood with reserves may be used. Herbicide foliar sprays may commonly H-4 H-5 be used to release loblolly pine, oak, and hickory and/or herbicide application to seedling through seedlings. Precommercial thinning will be pole size tree species other than shortleaf pine, needed in some stands that become very densely pitch pine, oak or hickory. Since seed crops are stocked with seedlings. irregular, and not dependable for any given year, Oak and hickory canopy trees will commonly planting may be needed, or site preparation may be retained, as will wildlife den trees. need to be repeated. Otherwise, regeneration In most piedmont management prescriptions, harvest could convert such sites to hardwood thinning will be used to maintain moderate stand types. These species may often be managed densities (less than 100 square feet per acre together with oak and hickory species as basal area) to reduce susceptibility to southern mixed forest types. After establishment, release pine beetle attack and to encourage development with herbicide may be a common practice. of larger diameter trees. Thinning may be used to maintain moderate In the piedmont 8B2 management stand densities of less than 100 square feet per prescription, heavy thinning will be applied to acre basal area. This will reduce susceptibility many stands to achieve very open woodland to southern pine beetle attack and encourage conditions. Such thinning and associated development of larger diameter trees. practices were discussed above. In the mountains, shortleaf pine/pitch pine In the 9G2 management prescription, types are appropriate forest types to establish hardwood and mixed pine and hardwood woodland conditions, as described previously. stands are desired. If advance oak and In the piedmont, shortleaf pine is desired hickory regeneration is present, clearcutting on sites where it is not likely to be affected by or clearcutting with reserves may be used to littleleaf disease. On some sites, loblolly pine release this advanced regeneration and limit stands may be converted to shortleaf pine, or the seed source for future/additional loblolly possibly a mixture of shortleaf pine with oak pine seedlings. Most stands, however, are and/or hickory. Such sites must be carefully not expected to have adequate advance oak selected. Soils on these sites must be well and hickory regeneration. If it is not present, drained. Otherwise littleleaf disease is likely thinning may be used to achieve stand densities to take a severe toll on the species. Clay soils, that provide enough sunlight to encourage these including typical red clay eroded soils, are species in the understory. not appropriate sites for establishing shortleaf In the mountains, loblolly pine is outside pine in the piedmont. On piedmont sites being its native range. These stands will be replaced converted from loblolly pine forest types, with shortleaf pine, pitch pine, oak, hickory, clearcutting or clearcutting with reserves will permanent openings, or some combination of probably be used to remove all of the loblolly these. Clearcutting or clearcutting with reserves pine in a stand and limit that seed source. may be the most common method used to remove all of the loblolly pine. If desired species Silviculture in Virginia pine forest types— are already present as a component of the Virginia pine is a common species in the current stands, they will remain. southern Appalachians. It usually occupies sites that are well suited to shortleaf pine and pitch Silviculture in shortleaf pine and pitch pine pine, two species that are much less abundant in forest types—In the mountains, even-aged and southern Appalachian forests than in years past. two-aged silvicultural systems are most suitable Therefore, Virginia pine stands of merchantable to regenerate shortleaf pine and pitch pine forest size may commonly be targeted for conversion types. This is because both of these species are to shortleaf pine and/or pitch pine, retaining oak intolerant of shade. Anticipated site preparation or hickory that may be present. In these stands a methods are felling of unwanted residual trees sequence of treatments will be needed to ensure H-4 H-5 Virginia pine seedlings have been eliminated, Silviculture in eastern white pine forest because it tends to regenerate prolifically. This types—Silviculture in these forest types sequence would typically be to: (1) harvest the depends on whether eastern white pine is desired Virginia pine, (2) fell unwanted residual trees, in regenerated stands or not. Where it is not, best and then (3) spray all Virginia pine seedlings results will be obtained by harvest of all eastern with herbicide, as well as seedlings/sprouts white pine in a given stand to limit the available of any other undesired tree species. Uneven- source of seed. aged methods would discriminate well against Where white pine is desired in a regenerated Virginia pine, but they are not the best suited stand, almost any regeneration method can be methods for the species that are desired to made to work. This is because white pine is replace Virginia pine: typically shortleaf pine, shade tolerant and thus suited to uneven-aged pitch pine, oak or hickory. methods, but also fast growing enough that Where Virginia pine is desired in the even-aged systems tend to work well. regenerated stand, clearcutting or clearcutting with reserves are the best methods because Silviculture in yellow-poplar forest types—On Virginia pine is a shallow rooted species subject the Sumter National Forest, yellow-poplar to wind throw. It is produces seed almost every is most often found growing together with year and is intolerant of shade. Other even- other species. Its seed can remain viable in aged or two-aged methods would work, but the the forest floor for 4-7 years. This stored seed remaining Virginia pine canopy trees would and yellow-poplar’s very fast growth habit have a substantial probability of being blown make even-aged and two-aged regeneration over. methods most appropriate for use where this For the same reasons, any thinning done in species is desired. Because of the seed stored Virginia pine should not open such stands too in the forest floor, no overstory trees are needed much, or wind throw could likely result. for regeneration. They may be retained for aesthetic reasons, however, for habitat needs, or Silviculture in oak-hickory forest types— to continue growing if they are still relatively Advance regeneration is the key to regenerating young. Where other species are desired in the oak and hickory forest types. This makes regenerated stand, yellow-poplar must be treated categorizing regeneration methods for these (most effectively with herbicide) if other species types difficult. Even-aged and two-aged are to have much chance of competing. Yellow- methods are the most appropriate however, poplar is so aggressive and fast growing that because oaks and hickories are generally even though it is classified as shade intolerant, it intermediate in shade tolerance and do not can sometimes become established in relatively reproduce well in their own shade. Herbicide small canopy gaps. release may be needed to favor oak and hickory seedlings over less desired competing tree Silviculture in bottomland hardwood forest species. types—Most of these areas fall into the Thinning can be important in these stands management prescription 11, riparian corridors. for two reasons. First, oak and hickory trees Anticipated harvest in this forest type is mainly need large, well-developed crowns to produce to produce canopy gaps or to restore canebrakes. substantial quantities of hard mast. Individual Harvests to provide canopy gaps will most trees must have adequate space to develop such likely be either group selection or thinning. crowns. Second, dense stands do not allow These are expected to be adjacent to and enough sunlight to the forest floor to encourage concurrent with other harvests in upland stands the establishment of advance regeneration. so that they can be commercially feasible.

H-6 H-7 These harvests should favor retention of mast Release and precommercial thinning have producing species. been addressed in the previous section, and With canebrakes, the preferred harvest may be applied in circumstances not already is generally a sequence of thinnings until mentioned. Selective application of herbicides approximately 20 square feet per acre or less will probably be the method used to accomplish basal area remains. Prescribed fire is needed most release work.This activity is most useful approximately once every 10 years. in shaping the species composition of individual stands. Fertilization for stand improvement is Silviculture in eastern hemlock forest types— principally done in loblolly pine stands after a Harvest operations are not anticipated because first thinning. Soil fertility is a key ecosystem of the threat to this species from hemlock woolly component that was much reduced on many adelgid, and because much of this forest type is eroded piedmont farm lands before they became in riparian areas. National Forest lands.

Site Preparation, Reforestation, and Stand Other Vegetation Management Improvement Methods Practices All site preparation methods are available for use on the Forest. These include, but may not be limited to mechanical methods, prescribed fire, manual methods and herbicide use. Many Prescribed fire is used to reduce hazardous fuel of these have been discussed under the previous accumulations and to manipulate vegetative section of this appendix. Limitations on these communities. Many plant species on the forest methods are found in standards in chapters 2 and are fire adapted to some degree. Some are 3 in this Forest Plan. perhaps fire dependent. Planting is anticipated mainly in: Herbicides will be the primary means of 1. Areas being converted from loblolly pine controlling non-native invasive plants. There to shortleaf pine and/or pitch pine are a wide variety of these plants in a wide 2. Regeneration of shortleaf pine, pitch variety of places across the forest. In some pine, or table mountain pine stands in the circumstances pulling can be effective, but in mountains. most cases it is important to kill all of the root 3. Areas being converted from Virginia tissue of these species. pine to shortleaf pine or pitch pine. The vegetation in wildlife openings will be 4. Salvage areas of sufficient size maintained by a number of methods. These (larger than 5 or 10 acres) that natural may include prescribed fire, mowing, disking, regeneration may not be sufficient. herbicide application, chain saw use or tree 5. Gullied areas that are being restored to grinding. reduce erosion and sedimentation. In regeneration areas, snags (dead trees) are sometimes lacking.These are sometimes created The primary methods of stand improvement by either cut surface application of herbicide, or are expected to be release, precommercial by girdling. thinning, and fertilization. Release is a treatment Fertilization will be used in conjunction with designed to free young trees from undesirable, seeding done for erosion control and wildlife usually overtopping, competing vegetation. habitat enhancement. It may also be used for Precommercial thinning is the removal of trees soil/water improvement to increase the growth not for immediate financial return, but to reduce of understory plants, reducing runoff and stocking to concentrate growth on the more erosion. desirable trees. H-6 H-7 Utility companies must maintain their rights-of-way across National Forest lands so that trees do not interfere with their management.This is generally accomplished either by herbicide application, or by mowing. Dams and dikes need to be kept relatively free of trees and other woody vegetation.That is because their roots weaken the structures, and create pore spaces through which water can begin to move through the dam or dike. This vegetation control is accomplished most effectively with herbicide application. Ponds and lakes sometimes develop populations of aquatic weeds that need control. Such control is accomplished by herbicide application.

Mesic deciduous forest on the piedmont.

H-8 Appendix I Resource Maps

The portions of the Chattooga River open to boating are divided into four sections. (Please refer to the following map.) Section I is the West Fork of the Chattooga River in Georgia ending at the main river channel. Section II begins at the Highway 28 Bridge and ends at Earl’s Ford. Section III begins at Earl’s Ford and ends at the Highway 76 Bridge. Section IV begins at the Highway 76 Bridge and ends at Lake Tugaloo. The uses of the river are regulated by section, season, water level and type of use (commercial and private). These are further discussed as standards within management prescription 2A in Chapter 3. Chattooga Wild and Scenic River Corridor

Grimshawes Bridge

Legend

Open to Boating

Section 1 Section 2

Section 3 Section 4 Bull Pen Road Bridge Closed to Boating

No Floating Above Hwy 28 .C. Ownership S Sumter National Forest N.C. Ellicot Rock Wilderness Private Lands Ga. Wilderness Burrells Ford Bridge Roads 8 Interstate Highway 2 US Highway or Route y w State Highway H e Forest Highway 28 v !" o Chatooga River S b e A c t g io n n ti a I lo F No

II Highway 28 Bridge ion ct Se

!"28 II I n 276 o !" ti c e S

V I

n o i t c e "76 S !

N

W E

S 101234Miles

Disclaimer: The Forest Service uses the most current and complete data available. GIS data and product accuracy may vary. They may be: developed from sources of differing accuracy, accurate only at certain scales, based on modeling or interpretation, incomplete while being created or revised, etc. Using GIS products for purposes other than those for which they were created, may yield inaccurate or misleading results. The Forest Service reserves the right to correct, update, modify, or replace, GIS products without notification. For more information, contact:

GIS Coordinator USDA Forest Service Francis Marion and Sumter National Forests 4931 Broad River Road Columbia, SC 29212 c:\gis\projects\planning\feis_chattooga.apr (803) 561-4031 October 24, 2003 If this map contains contours, these contours were generated and filtered using the Digital Elevation Model(DEM) files. Any contours generated from DEM's using a scale of less than 1:100,000 will lead to less reliable results and should be used for display purposes only.

I - 2 Eligible Wild and Scenic Rivers on the Andrew Pickens Ranger District Sumter National Forest

# East Fork of Chattooga River

#

Crane Creek

# Salem Tamassee Creek

!"28

Chauga River #

# Cedar Creek Walhalla

#

Brasstown Creek /(76 Seneca

Westminster

Legend

Eligible Wild and Scenic River Roads and Highways

Ownership Interstate Highway National Forest US Highway or Route

Private Lands State Highway Forest Highway Water

Cities and Towns

1012Miles

October 22, 2003 I - 3 Eligible Wild and Scenic Rivers on the Long Cane Ranger District Sumter National Forest

/(72 Greenwood Abbeville Chappe Ninety Six

/(221 ls

/(178

Mount Carmel

Troy

McCormick

/(25 /(378 Plum Branch Turkey Creek

Stevens Creek #

#

Parksville Edgefield

T

Legend /(28 Eligible Wild and Scenic River Roads and Highways Ownership Interstate Highway National Forest US Highway or Route Private Lands State Highway Forest Highway Water Cities and Towns ,.-20 Nor th A ugus ta 1012Miles

October 22, 2003 I - 4