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Rumen Ciliate Faunae of Water Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) and Goat (Capra Hircus) in Nepal

Rumen Ciliate Faunae of Water Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) and Goat (Capra Hircus) in Nepal

NOTE Parasitology

Rumen Ciliate Faunae of Water ( bubalis) and ( hircus) in

Yam Bahadur GURUNG1), Nirmal PARAJULI1), Yutaka MIYAZAKI2), Soichi IMAI2) and Kosaku KOBAYASHI1,3)

1)Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Institute of and Sciences, Rampur Campus of Tribhuvan University , Chitowan, Nepal, 2)Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan and 3)Department of internal medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara-shi 229–8501, Japan

(Received 4 September 2001/Accepted 14 November 2001)

ABSTRACT. ciliate composition of river- and goat in Nepal was surveyed. As the result of survey, 13 genera representing 52 and 20 formae of the ciliates were identified. Of them 13 genera with 44 species and 9 formae were found from the water buffalo and 8 genera with 21 species and 12 formae from the goat. The present paper shows the first report of Hsiungella triciliata, Entodinium brevispinum, E. convexum, E. javanicum, E. rectangulatum f. rectangulatum, E. rectangulatum f. lobosospinosum, Diplodinium nanum, D. psittaceum, D. sinhalicum and Ostracodinium quadrivesiculatum from water buffalo and Epidinium ecaudatum f. parvicaudatum from goat. KEY WORDS: goat, rumen , water buffalo. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 64(3): 265–267, 2002

It is well known that many ciliates inhabit the rumen of ates. various , and the ciliate faunae are different Table 1 shows genera, species and their frequency of among the species and/or keeping area of the host appearance of the ciliates found from the water buffaloes [25, 32]. Since these differences have been considered to be and in Nepal. Those were 13 genera representing 52 closely related to the phylogeny of these ciliates and their species and 20 formae, of which 13 genera representing 44 hosts [6, 13], the investigations on the rumen ciliate faunae species with 11 formae from the water buffalo and 8 genera of unexamined ruminants and comparison of the results with representing 21 species with 14 formae from the goat. Of already known those seem to offer useful information for those ciliates, Charonina ventriculi, Isotricha intestinalis, more detailed discussion on the phylogenetic relation Parentodinium africanum, Entodinium exiguum, E. simplex, among the rumen ciliates. The present report deals with the E. convexum, E. rectangulatum forma rectangulatum and ciliate faunae of water buffalo and goat in Nepal, in which Metadinium medium were the most predominant and rumen ciliate faunae have never been reported. detected from all the water buffaloes examined. Rumen contents examined were collected from 3 adult Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is divided into two, water buffaloes and 10 adult goats slaughtered in Chitwan, swamp- and river-types, based on color, shape of Nepal. Additional contents of one young water buffalo were and body, and number of [8]. Swamp-type obtained through a rumen catheter. The water buffaloes had buffaloes inhabit the west of , while river-type buffa- been fed on mainly rice straw, wild grass and a little amount loes are in the east of India, although the boundary of the of concentrate, while the goats had eaten scraps of vegeta- habitat between these two type-buffaloes is not distinct. In ble, wild grass, rice straw and twigs of . The contents this area these animals have been crossbred [26]. All the collected were immediately fixed with twice volume of water buffaloes examined were of river-type. Ciliate com- methylgreen formalin saline (MFS) solution [25], sealed up, position of river-type buffalo has been reported from Turke- and brought to the laboratory. Then, the samples were stan [7], India [1], [27] and [3], while those of added further 3 times volume of MFS solution and exam- swamp-type buffalo from Taiwan [18, 30], Japan [14], Phil- ined under a light-microscope. Identification of species was ippine [28], [15] and [11]. Of the ciliate mainly in accordance with the descriptions published by species detected in this examination, 9 species, Hsiungella Ogimoto and Imai [25] and Dogiel [6]. The names of genera triciliata, Entodinium brevispinum, E. convexum, E. javani- under Diplodiniinae were according to those proposed by cum, E. rectangulatum f. rectangulatum, E. rectangulatum Imai [13], in which Eremoplastron and Diploplastron are f. lobosospinosum, Diplodinium nanum, D. psittaceum, D. admitted to Eudiplodinium and Metadinium, respectively. sinhalicum and Ostracodinium quadrivesiculatum, are the A plankton counter glassslide (Rigosha, Tokyo) was used to first record from water buffalo, and 6 species which have count the ciliates [25]. The generic composition was shown been reported from swamp-type buffalo, Entodinium bicon- as the percentage of each genus occupying in the 600 cili- cavum [11, 14, 15, 18, 30], E. fujitai [11, 18], E. tsunodai [18], D. anisacanthum f. anacanthum [11, 14, 15, 18, 30], Ostracodinium tiete [11, 28] and O. trivesiculatum [11, 30], *CORRESPONDENCE TO: MIYAZAKI, Y., Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, are the new record from river-type buffalo. Of these ciliate Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180–8602, Japan. species mentioned above, E. brevispinum, E. rectangulatum 266 Y. B. GURUNG ET AL.

Table 1. Frequency of appearance of the rumen protozoa in the (Table 1. continued) water buffalo and the goat in Nepal O. gracile (Dogiel, 1925) 3/4 Water buffalo Goat O. tiete Dehority, 1986 1/4 Hsiungella triciliata Hsiung, 1932 2/4 Epidinium ecaudatum (Fiorentini, 1889) Charonina ventriculi Jameson, 1925 4/4 f. eacudatum (Fiorentini, 1889) 1/10 Isotricha prostoma Stein, 1859 3/4 1/10 f. caudatum (Fiorentini, 1889) 1/10 I. intestinalis Stein, 1859 4/4 f. cattanei (Fiorentini, 1889) 3/10 Dasytricha ruminantium Schuberg, 1888 3/4 4/10 f. aprvicaudatum (Awerinzew & Mutafowa, 1914) 1/10 Oligoisotricha bubali (Dogiel, 1932) 3/4 f. eberleini (Da Cunha, 1914) 3/4 Parentodinium africanum Das-Gupta, 1935 4/4 Entodinium rostratum Fiorentini, 1889 2/4 f. rectangulatum, D. psittaceum and O. quadrivesiculatum E. tsunodai Imai, 1979 2/4 have been reported from ( taurus indicus) in E. indicum Kofoid et MacLennan, 1930 1/4 E. exiguum Dogiel, 1925 4/4 8/10 India and [23, 24]. Since in E. simplex Dogiel, 1927 4/4 3/10 and , zebu cattle and both types of water buf- E. nanellum Dogiel, 1922 1/4 7/10 falo have been raised in the same region [26], so that these E. parvum Buisson, 1923 ciliate species of the water buffalo examined may be f. parvum Buisson, 1923 10/10 affected from those of zebu cattle in neighboring area. f. monospinosum Imai, 1983 1/4 E. parvum, E. rectangulatum f. lobosospinosum and E. E. convexum MacLennan, 1935 4/4 E. costatum MacLennan, 1935 1/10 longinucleatum f. longinucleatum were the most predomi- E. minimum Schuberg, 1888 3/4 8/10 nant and detected from all the Nepalese goats examined. E. brevispinum Kofoid et MacLennan, 1930 3/4 The ciliate fauna detected in this study was similar to that E. dilobum (Dogiel, 1927) 1/4 8/10 reported in various areas [2, 6, 9, 16, 19, 31], only except for E. bimastus Dogiel, 1927 2/4 Epidinium ecaudatum f. parvicaudatum which has been E. javanicum Imai, 1985 2/4 reported from (Bos javanicus domesticus) [11] E. triangulum Dehority, 1979 1/4 E. fujitai Imai, 1981 1/4 and Indian (Bos gaurus) [22]. Although most constitu- E. caudatum Stein, 1858 ent species of the ciliates from Nepalese goats were cosmo- f. caudatum Stein, 1858 9/10 politan species, some species, such as E. costatum and D. f. lobosospinosum Dogiel, 1925 9/10 cristagalli were not from the goats in the other regions. This f. dubardi Lubinsky, 1957 6/10 phenomenon on the ciiate faunae has been observed in the E. rectangulatum Kofoid et MacLennan, 1930 goats kept in various regions [2, 19, 31], so that these spe- f. rectangulatum Kofoid et MacLennan, 1930 4/4 2/10 f. lobosospinosum Lubinsky, 1957 2/4 10/10 cies might be introduced from the ruminants other than f. dubardi Lubinsky, 1957 6/10 goats in respective regions. E. longinucleatum Dogiel, 1925 In this study, 31 species including 6 formae were not f. longinucleatum Dogiel, 1925 4/4 10/10 detected from the goat but from the water buffalo, and 8 spe- f. acutonucleatum Kofoid et MacLennan,1930 2/4 cies including 9 formae had the reverse relation. The differ- E. biconcavum Kofoid et MacLennan, 1930 3/4 ences of such ciliate species composition between in the E. dubardi Buisson, 1923 10/10 water buffalo and the goat are considered to be due to E. ovinum Dogiel, 1927 1/10 E. bursa Stein, 1858 1/4 dietary habit of the hosts, that is, water buffalo is one of the Diplodinium polygonale (Dogiel, 1925) 2/4 grazers which eat mainly withered or fresh grass and rough- D. nanum (Imai, 1988) 3/4 age, while goat is an intermediate feeder between grazer and D. dentatum (Stein, 1858) 3/4 browser which eats concentrate selection such as sprout of D. psittaceum Dogiel, 1927 1/4 tree and leaves [20, 21]. D. cristagalli Dogiel, 1927 2/10 Total ciliate densities per 1 ml of rumen fluid and the D. flabellum Kofoid et MacLennan, 1932 1/4 D. anisacanthum Doigel, 1927 generic composition of the ciliates detected in this study are f. anacanthum Dogiel, 1927 1/4 5/10 shown in Table 2. The average ciliate densities of the water f. monacanthum Dogiel, 1927 1/4 1/10 buffalo and the goat were 1.26 × 105/ml and 1.73 × 105/ml, f. diacanthum Dogiel, 1927 1/4 respectively. These values were within the range reported f. triacanthum Dogiel, 1927 1/4 by Hungate in various ruminants [10]. The highest generic f. tetracanthum Dogiel, 1927 1/4 composition was of the genus Entodinium in both water buf- D. sinhalicum Imai, 1986 1/4 Eudiplodinium maggii (Fiorentini, 1889) 3/4 1/10 falo and goat. Especially, over 97% of the ciliates in the Eu. bovis (Dogiel, 1927) 2/4 goat were the members of this genus. Eu. rostratum (Fiorentini, 1889) 3/4 The average number of species appeared per head of the Metadinium affine (Dogiel et Fedorowa, 1925) 3/4 1/10 water buffalo was 27.5 ± 2.7 (range: 24–31) and it of the M. medium Awerinzew & Mutafowa, 1914 4/4 1/10 goat was 11.6 ± 1.8 (range: 9–15), respectively. The value Elytroplastron bubali Dogiel, 1928 1/4 3/10 in the Nepalese water buffalo was larger than those of water Ostracodinium trivesiculatum 4/4 buffaloes reported from neighbouring areas [15, 18, 28]. Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932 O. quadrivesiculatum Kofoid & MacLennan,1932 1/4 Since ruminants which eat much roughage tend to possess CILIATES FROM BUFFALO AND GOAT IN NEPAL 267

Table 2. Ciliate densities and generic composition (%) of the 5. Dehority, B. A., Grings, E. E. and Short, R. E. 1999. J. rumen ciliates in the water baffalo and the goat in Nepal Eukaryot. Microbiol. 46: 632–636. 6. Dogiel, V. A. 1927. Arch. Protistenkd. 59: 1–288. Water baffalo (n=4) Goat (n=10) 7. Dogiel, V. A. 1928. Ann. Parasitol. 6: 323–338. Mean Range Mean Range 8. F. A. O. 1977. pp. 1–22. In: The Water Buffalo, Food and Agriculture Organization of the , Rome. Ciliate density 9. Hirose, Y. and Otani, I. 1949. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 20: 65–72 (× 105/ml) 1.26 0.6– 2.0 1.73 0.3–6.8 (in Japanese with English summary). Generic composition 10. Hungate, R. E. 1966. pp. 91–147. In: Rumen and Its Microbes, Hsiungella 0.9 0– 2.5 Academic Press, New York. Charonina 2.8 1.7– 3.7 11. Imai, S. 1985. Zool. Sci. 2: 591–600. Isotricha 1.0 0– 2.8 <0.1 0–0.2 12. Imai, S. 1988. J. Protozool. 35: 130–136 Dasytricha 4.1 0–13.0 0.3 0–1.2 13. Imai, S. 1998. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 13: 17–36. Oligoisotricha 9.9 0–28.0 14. Imai, S., Ogimoto, K. and Fujita, J. 1981. . Nippon Vet. Parentodinium 8.1 0–17.8 Zootech. Coll. 30: 82–85. Entodinium 53.2 30.3–70.7 97.3 90.4–100.0 15. Imai, S. and Ogimoto, K. 1984. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 55: 576– Diplodinium 10.7 4.0–18.5 1.3 0–6.4 583. Eudiplodinium 4.8 0.5–11.0 <0.1 0–0.4 16. Imai, S., Katsuno, M. and Ogimoto, K. 1978. Jpn. J. Zootech. Metadinium 0.8 0.5– 1.0 0.1 0–1.2 Sci. 49: 494–505. Elytroplastron 0.2 0– 0.8 0.5 0–3.2 Ostracodinium 2.0 0.7– 3.5 17. Imai, S., Han, S. S., Cheng, K. J. and Kudo, H. 1989. Can. J. Epidinium 1.6 0– 4.8 0.5 0–2.4 Microbiol. 35: 686–690. 18. Imai, S., Chang, C., Wang, J., Ogimoto, K. and Fujita, J. 1981. Bull. Nippon Vet. Zootech. Coll. 29: 77–81. many ciliate species [12, 16, 17], Nepalese water buffaloes 19. Ito, A., Imai, S., Manda, M. and Ogimoto, K. 1995. J. Vet. may eat more rouhage than the water buffaloes reported Med. Sci. 57: 355–357. from other regions. The value in the goats examined was 20. Jarrige, W. 1980. pp. 763–823. In: Digestive Physiology and similar to those in the other reports [2, 16, 19]. Metabolism in Ruminants (Ruckebush, Y. and Thivend, P. eds.), MTP Press Limited, Lancater. There was no difference on the ciliate faunae, generic 21. Kay, R. N. B., Engelhardt, W. V. and White, R. G. 1979. pp. composition, ciliate densities and average number of species 743–761. In: Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Rumi- appeared per head between the young and the adult water nants (Ruckebush, Y. and Thivend, P. eds.), MTP Press Lim- buffaloes in this study. ited, Lancater. Body mesurements of Parentodinium africanum of 22. Kofoid, C. A. and Christenson, J. F. 1934. Univ. Calif. Publ. which the apical cone was retracted for 40 ciliates were 32.6 Zool. 30: 341–391. ± 4.1 (25.0 - 42.5) × 15.8 ± 2.3 (12.5–20.0) µm, with a 23. Kofoid, C. A. and MacLennan, R. F. 1930. Univ. Calif. Publ. length/width ratio 2.09 ± 0.29 (1.67–2.80). Thurston and Zool. 33: 471–544. Noirot-Timothée [29] reported that the body mesurement of 24. Kofoid, C. A. and MacLennan, R. F. 1932. Univ. Carif. Publ. this species was 54 (27–97) × 28 (15–50) µm, with a length/ Zool. 37: 53–152. 25. Ogimoto, K. and Imai, S. 1981. p. 231. Atlas of Rumen Micro- width ratio 1.93. The upper limit of the body length of P. biology, Japan Scientific Society Press, Tokyo. africanum found from the water buffalo in Nepal was much 26. Rouse, J. E. 1970. pp. 899–915. World Cattle, vol. 2. Univ. lower than that in the original description from the hippo- Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma. potamus in Uganda, in spite of the lower limit was similar. 27. Selim, H., Imai, S., Yamato, O., Kabbany, A. E., Kiboloss, F. Measurements of P. africanum reported from the cattle in and Maede, Y. 1996. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 58: 799–801. Brazil [4] and U. S. A. [5] were similar to those in the 28. Shimizu, M., Kinoshita, M., Fujita, J. and Imai, S. 1983. Bull. present study. Further detailed investigation is needed to Nippon Vet. Zootech. Coll. 32: 83–88. clarify whether the Parentodinium ciliates found in this 29. Thurston, J. P. and Noirot-Thimothée, C. 1973. J. Protozool. study and in the other ruminants are identical species to P. 20: 562–565. africanum from . 30. Tung, K., Wang, J. and Shyu, C. 1989. Nonglin Xuebao 38: 147–162 (in Chinese with English summary). 31. Wang, J., Tung, K., Shyu, C. and Wu, J. 1990. Taiwan Xumu REFERENCES Souyi Xuehui Huibao 55: 37–52 (in Chinese with English sum- mary). 1. Banerjee, A. K. 1955. Proc. Zool. Soc. Bengal. 8: 87–101. 32. Williams, S. G. and Coleman, G. S. 1992. pp. 4–83. In: The 2. Das-Gupta, M. 1935. Arch. Protistenkd. 85: 153–172. Rumen Protozoa. Springer-Verlag, New York. 3. Dehority, B. A. 1979. J. Protozool. 26: 536–544. 4. Dehority, B. A. 1986. J. Protozool. 33: 416–421.

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