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United States Department of Information Resources on Agriculture Agricultural Research Old World Camels: Service National Agricultural Arabian and Bactrian Library Animal Welfare Information Center 2004-2009 Photo by Mr. Angeloux http://www.flickr.com/photos/mr_angeloux/2466667912/ AWIC Resource Series No. 13, Revised 2010 AWIC Resource Series No. 13, Revised 2010 United States Information Resources on Department of Agriculture Old World Camels: Agricultural Research Service Arabian and Bactrian National Agricultural 2004-2009 Library AWIC Resource Series No. 13, Revised 2010 Animal Welfare Information Center Compiled by: Jean A. Larson, M.S. Animal Welfare Information Center National Agricultural Library U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, Maryland 20705 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://awic.nal.usda.gov Available online: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/Camels09/camels.shtml Disclaimers The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). 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Table of Contents About this Document iii Introduction v Bibliography Bactrian 1 Arabian Anatomy 43 Cestodes Diseases 61 Drugs 83 Parasites 103 Bacterial Pathogens 123 Physiology 169 Production 285 Products 397 Protozoal Diseases 423 Reproduction 457 Veterinary Care 491 Viral Diseases 535 Information Resources on Old World Camels (2009) •i ii• About this Document This publication updates and revises “Information Resources on Old World Camels: Arabian and Bactrian 1941-2004” AWIC Resource Series No. 13 - December 2004 (http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/Camels/camels2.htm). There have been a number of decisions made regarding the topics that are included in this publication. In most cases, the topics are related to the whole animal: biology, behavior, nutrition, feeds, reproductive physiology and the birth process, breeding and genetics, diseases, disease organisms, zoonotic aspects of infectious diseases, external parasites, veterinary care, etc. Some camel- based products are addressed: milk, milk composition, microbiology and uses; some aspects of meat; and the value and use of hides and fiber. Economics of camels and camel-based products as well as their role in the lives of the nomadic people are also included. Organoleptic qualities of meat and dairy products are not included. The information in this resource has been extracted from many sources. It is not a comprehensive listing of the world’s literature available on these animals. The published sources are mostly journal articles, books, book chapters, conference papers, and reports. Abstracts are included when available and when permitted by the copyright holders. Some credible World Wide Web resources are also listed. Many references include the URL of the resource, the DOI numbers and the National Agricultural Library call number for journals in our holdings. For ease of requesting photocopies or interlibrary loans, see http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml. The bibliographic citation section is arranged in several topical areas, by publication year and alphabetically by author within each year. Since this is an electronic version, it does not include an index. It is expected that by searching using key words, the user will find what is of interest. Most of the information is in English. References include materials published from 1941 through 2008. The compiler welcomes additional information from other sources for inclusion or any comments or suggestions. It is desirable to have a comprehensive resource of information about these animals, and collaborators are welcome. If you have or know of science based information that would enhance this publication, please contact me. Note that any information submitted must have the important elements of identification and access i.e author, year, publication information, title, accessibility, etc. The compiler welcomes additional information from other sources for inclusion as well as any comments or suggestions. It is desirable to have a comprehensive resource of information about these animals, and collaborators are also welcome. If you have or know of science-based information that would enhance this publication, please contact us. Note that any information submitted must include important elements of identification and access i.e. author, year, publication information, title, accessibility, etc. Information Resources on Old World Camels (revised 2010)•iii Please send your comments, information, or suggestions to: The Animal Welfare Information Center 10301 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA Contact us: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php Tel: 301-504-6212 Fax: 301-504-7125 Readers are cautioned as to the dynamic nature of the internet and the fact that web addresses and content are subject to change. All sites are current as of April 2010. Acknowledgements Sandra Ball, Webmaster for the AWIC program, spent many hours editing converting the document into HTML. Her careful attention to detail helped greatly to provide a consistent, accurate and more readable document. iv• Introduction The Camelidae family is a comparatively small family of mammalian animals. There are two members of Old World camels living in Africa and Asia--the Arabian and the Bactrian. There are four members of the New World camels of South America--llamas, vicunas, alpacas and guanacos. They are all very well adapted to their respective environments. The camels thrive in the harsh deserts of Africa and Asia and their South American cousins in the high altiplano and bush area. Most of these species have been integrated into and play very important roles in lives of the indigenous people. They have been traditionally used for transport of people and things, to supply hides and fibers for clothing, other textile articles, and meat and milk products. The animals have been used and bred for several thousand years, but the efforts to understand their biology and diseases in greater depth has been only been done fairly recently. Because camels are still such important animals in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, there has been more interest and need to understand their nutrition and health care requirements, reproduction, behavior, physiology, diseases, veterinary care and responses to new climates. This bibliography has been compiled to address these issues. Taxonomy Camels are in the taxonomic order Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates), sub order Tylopoda (pad-footed), and Family Camlidae. They are ruminants along with the giraffes, deer, cattle, sheep, goats and antelopes. They have several unique features: they walk on pads not hoofs, they do not have horns or antlers, and their red blood cells are oval in shape. They also have very high red blood cell counts. All the family members have great water efficiency, long necks, two toes, and well-padded feet. Finally, a camel’s toes have a web connecting them. The New World camels include two wild species in the high Andes of South America. They are the vicuna (Lama vicugna) and the guanaco (Lama guanacoe). The native people of the Andes domesticated the llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Lama pacos). There seems to be some controversy over the parent species of the alpaca and llama. The evidence suggests that both domestic species were derived from the guanaco. They all have long necks, but Information Resources on Old World Camels (revised 2010) •v no humps. They do have the ability to survive in harsh dry climates due to their ability to conserve their body water. Taxonomy - Camelidae Family (see Mason, I.L 1979 for more taxonomic information and characteristics of these animals.) The Camelidae evolved in North America. Their ancestors migrated from North America across the Alaskan land bridge to Asia and down across Panama into South America. They eventually became extinct in North America, but adapted