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Mahfouz Ag Adnane.Pdf PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP MAHFOUZ AG ADNANE Mestrado em História São Paulo 2014 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PROGRAMA DE ESTUDOS PÓS-GRADUADOS EM HISTÓRIA MESTRADO Ichúmar: da errância à música como resistência cultural Kel Tamacheque (1980-2010). Raízes históricas e produção contemporânea Mahfouz Ag Adnane Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de MESTRE EM HISTÓRIA, sob orientação da Profª. Drª. Maria Antonieta Martines Antonacci. São Paulo 2014 Mahfouz Ag Adnane Ichúmar: da errância à música como resistência cultural Kel Tamacheque (1980-2010). Raízes históricas e produção contemporânea Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de MESTRE EM HISTÓRIA, sob orientação da Profª. Drª. Maria Antonieta Martines Antonacci. BANCA EXAMINADORA Prof.Dr. Manuel Jauará – Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei Prof.Dr. Amailton Magno Azevedo - Pontifícia Universidade Católica – São Paulo Profa.Dra. Maria Antonieta Martinez Antonacci - Pontifícia Universidade Católica – São Paulo (orientadora) Aprovada em ____/ _____/ 2014 FINANCIAMENTO Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) AGRADECIMENTOS Minha gratidão tem tantos endereços e pessoas que me obriga, antes de tudo, a agradecer a todos e todas que, de diferentes maneiras, permitiram que o sonho ultrapassasse o impossível e que as barreiras fossem vencidas. Meu grande reconhecimento a meu avô Attouta Ag Nafek, pois foi seu empenho pessoal após o exílio que permitiu a criação da escola de Inelfis/Djebock onde eu e outras 51 crianças fomos iniciadas ao mundo do texto e das letras (árabe) nas escolas de areia tamacheque. No Brasil, registro meu carinho pelos/as professores/as e colegas do Programa de Pós- Gradução em História da PUC-SP, especialmente à minha orientadora Maria Antonieta Antonacci sem a qual meu sonho nômade ficaria sem horizonte e sem realização. Minha gratidão a meus irmãos e amigos, Abdoul-Rahman Ag Mohamed Saleh Alinsari, Mohamed Ag Ismail e Ehameye Ag Mohamadoun, pelo auxílio nas trascrições e traduções das músicas e pelo suporte afetivo de sempre. Agradeço ao Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em História da PUC-SP, especialmente aos professores que me guiaram com grande sensibilidade nesse meu percurso desde a inscrição até a defesa. Meu reconhecimento à Profa. Dra. Marina Berthet pelo apoio constante, à Casa das Áfricas, pelo suporte imprescindível, aos amigos/as que encontrei no Brasil e, principalmente, à Profa. Dra. Denise Dias Barros por me acompanhar passo a passo nesta trajetória pessoal e intelectual e sempre agir para abrir portas e criar novas possibilidades. DEDICATÓRIA A todas pessoas que lutam e lutaram pela liberdade e por garantir o direito a autodeteminação dos povos Tamacheque do Aïr A todos/as que caminharam sobre brasas sem perder a dignidade Às mulheres e aos homnes Almoustapha Tambo, tamacheque que vivem a temuchar’a onde quer que o exílio as/os levem Ao grupo Tinariwen e com eles, a todos os artistas, que não deixam silenciar a voz tamacheque Que a paz seja plena em todo Saara Que a paz seja feita na liberdade nômade RESUMO Este trabalho visa oferecer uma reflexão sobre a história Tamacheque a partir da análise sobre o contexto e a produção de grupos musicais de jovens Ichúmar do Mali e do Níger. Considera-se a experiência de migração e de ‘insílio’ e de marginalização social e econômica, bem como de exílio político. Techúmara é nome do movimento de resistência cultural que se concretizou em meados de 1980. Tal movimento precisa ser compreendido em sua ancoragem da história política e econômica em que emergiu. A juventude tamacheque exprime um forte e acelerado processo de mudança e de perda econômica e de liberdade. O objetivo central é, portanto, analisar a produção musical tamacheque articulada ao contexto da ação política e dos desdobramentos sociais e culturais que surgiram do conflito entre a sociedade e o Estado. Para tanto, procurou-se: 1) identificar os laços entre luta social, identidades comunitárias e coletivas com suas narrativas musicais; 2) compreender o papel do movimento dos Ichúmar para a construção da memória social de/sobre os Kel Tamacheque, tanto no Mali e no Níger como no exílio. De forma específica buscou-se estabelecer um corpus a partir dos textos das canções da discografia produzida pelo movimento dos Ichúmar (1980-2010) como escrita poética de resistência; discutir a relação entre o corpus de texto musical - produção literária –, da geração Ichúmar, considerando os eventos históricos e analisando as temáticas presentes nessa forma de expressão cultural. A música é expressão híbrida e forma cultural fortemente aberta a influências, sobretudo nesses contextos de nomadismo e exílio. Com estilo único, produzido na confluência de músicas ocidentais, do norte do continente africano e tamacheque, a música Ichúmar é expressão intensamente inscrita no presente e na mobilidade contemporânea (incluindo sua diáspora). O texto - poesias musicadas das letras das canções -, produzido no bojo desta forma literária é resultado de processo complexo, em que o imaginário e o real estão profundamente entrelaçados no esforço de narrar os eventos, suas estéticas, sentimentos e afetos identitários desse mundo tamacheque, que comporta diversas dimensões da experiência humana. Fez da guitarra a passarela, o instrumento fundamental dos roqueiros do tenerê (deserto), para uma comunicação, por um lado, interna, dirigida para que os jovens tomassem consciência e aderissem à causa. Por outro lado, externa, destinada a dar visibilidade à luta política desta antiga sociedade do Saara. Palavras-chave: Tamacheque, Tuaregue, Saara, música africana, Resistência cultural. ABSTRACT This work aims to offer a reflection on the history of the Kel Tamasheq through an analysis of the context and production of Malian and Nigerien Ichúmar youth musical groups and their experiences of migration andinsile, social and economic marginalization, and political exile. Techúmara is the movement of cultural resistance that arose around the mid-1980s. Nevertheless, such a movement needs to be understood in its roots in the political and economic histories that emerged. Tamasheq youth are undergoing a strong and accelerated process of change and of economic loss and loss of freedom. The main objective, therefore, is to analyze the production of Tamasheq music, articulated within the context of political action and the social and cultural developments that emerged from the conflict between society and the State to 1) establish a corpus from the discography of songs produced by the Ichúmar Movement (1980-2010) such as written poetry of resistance; 2 ) discuss the relationship between the corpus of musical text-literary production-of the Ichúmar generation, taking into consideration the historical events, and analyze the themes present in this form of cultural expression. The music is a hybrid expression and cultural form that is strongly open to influences, especially given the context of nomadism and exile. As a unique style, produced in confluence with Western, Arab, and Tamasheq music, Ichúmar music is an expression that is intensely inscribed in the present and in contemporary mobility. The text (musical poetry set to the lyrics of songs) that is produced within this literary form is the result of a complex process in which the imaginary and the real are profoundly interwoven in the effort to narrate the events (social, political, aesthetic, emotional, identity-related) that involve various dimensions of the human experience. The experience turns the guitar, the fundamental instrument of the rockers of Tenere (the desert), into a footbridge for communication that is at once internal and rooted (to raise awareness among young people and get them to join the struggle) and innovative and external, to raise awareness and make their causes known beyond the borders of this ancient Saharan society. Key words: Tamasheq, Tuareg, Sahara, African music, cultural resistance. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Imagem do túmulo do faraó Seti I (XIX dinastia, 1323 a.C. — 1278 a.C.). p.31 Figura 2. Localização geográfica Kel Tamacheque. p.34 Figura 3. Localização de unidades políticas Kel Tamacheque p.34 Figura 4. Tifinar em pintura mural tamacheque p. 38 Figura 5. Letra Z em artesanato tamacheque p.39 Figura 6. Letra Z segundo recriação do artista tamacheque Mahmoudan Hawad p.39 Figura 7. Instrumento monocórdio (rabeca) anzad p.41 Figura 8. Instrumento de percussão tendê p.41 Figura 9. Instrumento de três cordas, téhardant ou n'goni p.41 Figura 10. Performance de tazammart (flauta) e anzad (rabeca) p. 42 Figuras 11. Dança takoba (espada) durante o Tuareg Festival in the Libyan Desert p.42 Figuras 12/13/14. Perfomance do Grupo de Lala Badi p. 42/43 Figura 15. Localização geográfica de influência Kel Tamacheque p .49 Figura 16. Lalla Fatma N'Soumer p.51 Figura 17. A morte de Flatters p.53 Figura 18. Moussa Ag Amanstane, chefe dos Kel Ahaggar p.55 Figura 19. Derrota de Tit e submissão de Moussa Ag Amastane p.56 Figura 20. Unidades políticas Kel Tamacheque segundo Bétrix p. 57 Figura 21. Bacia do Rio Níger p. 59 Figura 22. Kabara, porto fluvial nas proximidades de Timbuctu p. 60 Figura 23. Localização de Taqimbawt (Tacoubao), Timbuctu e Gao p.61 Figura 24. Chebboun Ag Fondagammo, chefe Tinguéréguif p. 62 Figura 25. Chebboun e grupo de guerreiros p. 63 Figura 26. Capa do Jornal francês Le petit Journal, ilustração da batalha com os Kel Tamacheque de Timbuctu p.64 Figura 27. Mapa do “país” Tamacheque segundo Salifou p. 68 Figura 28. Kawsan Ag Gedda p. 72 Figura 29. Carta do conselheiro territorial de Gao para o Cadi (chefe religioso) de Timbuctu p. 77 Figura 30. Organização Comum das Regiões Saarianas p.78 Figura 31. Massacre de animais como forma de repressão pelo exército do Mali p. 86 Figura 32. Zeyd Ad Attahir, chefe da revolta Afaghis (1962-1964) p.
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