Description of Bukhara As the Patriotic Poem of Tajik-Persian Poetry and the Issues of Remaining Poetry

Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 11, 2020

DESCRIPTION OF BUKHARA AS THE PATRIOTIC POEM OF TAJIK-PERSIAN POETRY AND THE ISSUES OF REMAINING POETRY

Hazratkuliyon Dilshoda Farxodzod1, Majitova Sabohat Jamilovna2

1Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associated Professor, Samarkand State University. [email protected] 2Doctor of Philosophy in Philology (PhD), Samarkand State University.

Received: 05.04.2020 Revised: 12.05.2020 Accepted: 03.06.2020

Abstract This article dedicated to the studies about the description of praise of Bukhara and their using in Tajik-Persian poems. The themes of praise in Tajik-Persian poems were renowned from the ancient time. But the praise of motherland did not have an official political and social meaning in the famous Farsi (Persian) poets’ poems. At the beginning of XX century the people of all around the world achieved the significance of development of modern sciences and in this way the social consciousness increased and the ability of social thoughts of poets enhanced. In this context the social poetry activated and the patriotic tones become known with its political and social character of literature. Therefore the Tajik patriotic poems overfilled with the ideas of national aspiration at the end of Soviet Union and also after the National Independence. In this period the description and praise of Bukhara obtained the national solidarity, status of cultures and glory of nations. Keywords: Description, Motherland, Bukhara, Rudaki, Fitrat, Tajik Poetry of Uzbekistan, Remaining Poem.

INTRODUCTION but during the learning the researcher can determines the literal Daily topic. This theme analyzes the overview of poems’ significance of poetries. structures as the bridge of the relationship between the poet and reader. From that time when the poet gave his thoughts in a Aim of research. Learning the place of poetry about the separate model of poetry, he had stepped the knowledge of description of Bukhara are known as the way of loving poetries humanity and world. As further the person walks in literature the in Persian poets and modern Tajik poets’ creations, that it is the more his/her ideas spread in the poetry. Thus, from the past time special aim of our research. the Tajik-Persian poets has spoken about the human ideas and Research methods. It was necessary that for praising of the experiences and tried to develop the Persian-Tajik literature. The classical Persian poetry might be use by the comparative themes of love, morality, nature, and social issues have their historical methods and point to the classical Persian poets, in special places in literature. Patriotism also is one of the order to show the uniqueness of the poem in honor of Bukhara as important themes in Persian-Tajik poetry. In classical literature a symbol of patriotic poetry. the best patriotic epic book is “Shahnameh” of Ferdousi. In this way, the praise of the ancient city Bukhara can be seen in the Results of research and discussion. It is known that the praise poetries of poets of different periods, which considers as the of motherland was not unknown as an equal socio-political, the aspect of patriotic poetry. birthplace concept and also the source pride of mass poetry. But in any case some of those poets sincerely remembered of their Praising Bukhara as the motherland and the historical place of birthplaces, or praised them to the big cities for life and growing, sciences and culture of Persian poetry started from the famous especially Bukhara the centre of knowledge and culture. The poet Abuabdullo Rudaki-i Samarkandi and continued till the most beautiful poem conducted of this theme is called “Buyi juyi beginning of XX century in the classical medieval poets. Praising Muliyon” (Seeking of Mulliyon smell’), “Har bod, ki az sui of motherland, great cities, especially Bukhara was mentioned in Bukhara ba man oyad” (Each wind coming from Bukhoro to me”), the legacy of genius poets as Hafiz, Mavlavi, Jami and any other which means the symbol of miss, depend to the masterpiece of poets. Only on the following of the poem “Buyi juyi Muliyon” of Rudaki -a great person of the literary environment of ancient Rudaki during the centuries were composed many poems, as well Bukhara. In these poems describes mostly the popularity, as the last poets Payrav Sulaymoni and Paymon – the modern historically and beauty of Bukhara city. In spite of its simple poet of Uzbekistan had wrote the answer-poem. literal image and poet’s expression the poems are full of spiritual In modern time the history of Tajik literature, by the poets’ feeling and delighted imagination. confirmation are more about the praise of motherland, that has Grief in the poems about Bukhara seems in many poems until started from the pioneer poet Abdurauf Fitrat. The social essence now, that originally was used in Rudaki’s legacy and it is more is more usable in his legacy. In the literature of the National feels in “Qasidai shikoyat az piri” (“The poem of complaint of Independence period the description of Bukhara in poets’ poems oldness”). It was written during the poet’s old age the period of in spite of the patriotic meaning has got the dream significants. the beginning recession of Bukhara Emirate in Khorasan and Nowadays this theme has used in Tajik poets of living in Maverannahr: Uzbekistan in the creations of many of their poets and each of them has got their own ability and delight. Ту, Рӯдакиро, эй моҳрӯ, кунун ҳаме бинӣ, To analyze this theme is notability opens the development of Бад он замона надидӣ, ки инчунин он буд... Tajik literature in Uzbekistan, literal meaning of poets’ legacy, Шуд он замона, ки шеъраш ҳама ҷаҳон бишунуфт, methods of literal creation, especially has the great place in Шуд он замона, ки ӯ шоири Хуросон буд. (4,21) patriotic poems of Tajik poets. This theme externally is simple, Translation:

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You see Rudaki, Oh, beauty now, You’r angel! But all the badness in your face Past time you haven’t see as right now… Now I see you how you are annoyed on the land That time His poems occupied the world, Finally you weren’t in the real way? You know that time he was the poet of Khorasan Finally you didn’t have a brave? Oh, you are the silent of this land Feeling of missing Bukhara “Each wind coming from Bukhoro to For what you are impatient? Oh! me” (“Har bod, ki az suyi Bukhoro ba man oyad”) or dynast of You were the hope of world, how? Bukhara to the city (“Hey Bukhara be happy live long, The dynast Why are you living everyone? For what wishes?! (3,169) of Bukhara today is coming as a guest”) reflecting in poet’s legacy as the kind if patriotic meanings. From the point of view of Kholiq According to the literary critic Muhammadjon Shakuri-i Mirzozoda “the name of Bukhara are mentioned many time in Bukharai, who in the last years of his life was more interested in Rudaki poems and those poems has the social patriotic the study of modern literature and representative of the social meanings”[8]. and literary process had mentioned that "this poem is probably the first poem about praising Bukhara... In literature, the word "motherland” has given more social meaning and appeared the In one remaining sample poem of Samanid’s poet named concept of “mother and motherland …” [9]. Abulhasan Ali binni Muhammad Lukari mentioned Bukhara like: Бухоро беҳтар аз Лӯкар, худовандо, ҳамедонӣ, In Fitrat’s poems the land of Bukhara named “mother”. The poet Валекин курд нашкебид аз дӯғи биёбонӣ... (5,134) like a patriotic person proud of his motherland and noticed his roots from Bukhara, which was not happy at that bad situation of Translation: his homeland. The feeling of proud of the poet is understandable Bukhara is better than Lukar, O’ Lord! You know, in the first beyt. But the kurd didn’t left the furthest desert. In second and third beyts Bukhara’s significant has shown in order and the poet used the exaggeration properties. The Except of the reader the poet says that how Bukhara is better popularity and power of this great city has been greatly than Lukar, the kurd didn’t tolerate it for the hottest desert as it enhanced. In the following verses, Fitrat had shown the birthplace. For the person who was born there is more sincere similitude of Bukhara to the spirit and the throne. From the point than in any other places, which we see in the patriotic poems. of the view of the poet, this spirit has left in a dead coffin, and the In this order, further the poets as Hafiz and Kamal, Mavlavi and throne is buried in the ground. These are the exaggerated Jami and etc., composed the description and history of their metaphors, which have made the poet's speech more eloquent motherland as the large cities – Balkh, Bukhara, Samarkand, and effective. The poet's grief has deep-roots, because he was Khujand, Hirot and any other cities in the beyts and poems. saddened by the situation of Bukhara “the hope of Tajik people But in any case the poems about love of motherland with its and it became a key part of aspirations and ideals of the Tajik social significant in XX century of Modern literature have its main Enlightenment”(3,171). status. According to the literary scholars the patriotic poems of the XX century is improved in poetry. The interested literal The emergence of such a meaningful poem, mixed with the modernity poets in any way (using of various kinds of poetry and burning heat of the heart durin the period of the poet describes prose) were spoken the unpleasant situation of Bukhara and in when Bukhara Emirate was in decline process and its people this context one of the poet of that period newly treading in were in a difficult situation, which had been written in literature was Abdurauf Fitrat. His poem named “Hey, my dearest enlightened poet Fitrat. However, it was not easy to publish these mother, hey, Bukhara terrain» (“Hey modari azizi man, hey kinds of poems among the readers by the contemporary poets. khittai Bukhoro”): The well-known uzbek literary critic Hamidullo Boltaboev in his

book named “Fitrat and Jadiddism” mentioned the quotes of Эй модари азизи ман, эй хиттаи Бухор! Turkish scholar Mehmed Sarai to improve this idea. Reading Эй бо ту ифтихораму в-эй бо ту эътибор! Fitrat’s patriotic poem was banned in this time, because it was Эй кӯҳи илм, баҳри шаҳомат, фазои файз, the first poem, which had been written about the ideas of Саҳрои маҷд, боғи ҳунар, соҳаи виқор! independence clearly expressed [6]. Also Fitrat’s patriotic poetry

had enough themes such as the historical memory, sense of Арши шараф, сипеҳри саодат, биҳишти адл, pride, protecting the patriotism, motivate the enlightened. Лавҳи сафо, ситораи изз, бурҷи иқтидор! Taking the high literary and ideological value of this poem, the Рӯҳӣ, чаро чу колбади мурда мондаӣ, scholar Muhammadjon Shakuri wrote: "We must notice that Зери суми сутури ду-се дуни нобакор! science and culture of Bukhara are existing as a historical title Аршӣ, валек хоки ҷаҳонӣ ба чашми ман, and most prominent in Fitrat’s poems" [9]. Имрӯз дар заминат бинам фитода зор! Охир на дар бинои адолат будӣ асос? In general the theme of motherland’s description in Tajik poetry Охир на дар асоси мурувват будӣ мадор? became more important in the Soviet period. But the pre- Эй он ки аз ту буд қароре замонаро, revolutionary and revolutionary patriotic poetries are Баҳри чиат замона чунин кард беқарор? fundamentally different in their socio-political essence. Уммедгоҳи халқи ҷаҳон будӣ, ҳол чист? Аз ҳар касе барои чи гаштӣ умедвор?!(3,169) In the poetry of modern time the concept of motherland mainly serves to express the glory of the Soviet government as a great Translation: country and had a communist political essence. Later, in the Hey, my dearest mother, hey, Bukhara terrain, poets’ legacy, who were born in the country-side are full of pride I proud of you and believe you! and praise about their “small motherland”, i.e., the mountainous Hey the world of knowledge, bright sphere, and splendid places. The tendency of patriotism, as was noted The field of glory, garden of skills, area of dignity! before reflected in the poetry of the 60-s years of last century, as Throne of honor, universe of happiness, fair paradise, well as in Loiq Sherali, Bozor Sobir, Gulrukhsor and other poets’ Piece of brightness, symbol of respect, corner of the force! poetries, that all of them originated from the ides of national self- Grow, why you are dyeing in a vase, awareness. In their legacy the description of mountains and the Under the hoof of the insidious riding animals! ancestral motherland in general the vast Soviet multinational

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DESCRIPTION OF BUKHARA AS THE PATRIOTIC POEM OF TAJIK-PERSIAN POETRY AND THE ISSUES OF REMAINING POETRY homeland, were praised by the poets as a place of birth, There might be exist other artists, who are their works are not inspiration and source of honor in Loiq’s poem called "Khoki known among the readership. Praise poems about the Vatan" are full of self-knowledge idea from history like many motherland, especially the praise of Bukhara as a place of birth patriotic poems of his period: and homeland and the ancient place of science and culture are popular in the poetry of poets of this city. Тоҷикистон –мазҳари ман, For example, all collections of the famous poetess Hadya should Сарзамини камзамин. include the poems about the motherland-Bukhara. This action Ту саросар кӯҳсорӣ, begins from the beginning of the collection of poetess’ poems: Ту саросар сангзорӣ. Чунки фарзандони ту дар тӯли таърихи дароз Ба сад ҳарфу ба сад рангу ба сад ҳол Ҳар куҷо рафтанд, Туро тавсиф карданд..., гаҳ ба як хол муште хок бо худ бурдаанд...[7] Фидои ишқи ҷононе намуданд, Магар чун ман ба ту ошиқ набуданд... Translation: Бар он лафзи дарӣ гӯям: “БУХОРО”, Tajikistan – my soul, Ба ҷисмам ҷону бар ҷонам мадоро. The country of law land. Зи пистони заминат тӯъма гирам, Everywhere you are mountainous, Туро шукрона гӯям, ҳам пазирам.[11] Everywhere you are stony, Because the people in a very long history Translation: Everywhere they have gone In hundred letter in hundred color in hundred way Praised you… but in only way Brought this soil with themselves... Sacrificing the love of their souls, It should be noted that in the legecy of some poets of 60-s years Indeed as me in love with you like I was... of last century we have found the descriptions of praises of I will say in Dari: "BUKHARA". Bukhara or the great figures, who were born and grew in this My body’s soul, my soul’s force. place. I will feed from the breast of the earth, Remembrances of Bukhara are as the book of History of people I thank you and accept me. [11] and nations, which have noticed in Bozor Sobir’s poem: This theme will be continued in other books, such as “Flight” Пуштгардон монда бар саҳроиён то ҳол, ("Parvoz"), “The Land of heart” ("Kishvari Dil"), “Pulse of Life” Ҳамчунон Исмоили Сомониён то ҳол, ("Nabzi Zindagi"), “Love of born” ("Ishki Hastizo"), “Star of hope” Монда аз мушти кулӯхаш муштҳо то ҳол, ("Sitorai Umed") and “The mount” ("Me’roj"). It should be noted Гӯиё метарсад аз бепуштҳо то ҳол. that the praise and pride of Bukhara in modern Tajik poetry is accompanied by sadness and anxiety. In the poetry of the poets, Бо ситоиш мебарам каф who were born in this city the poems about the praises of Лаҳзае бар дӯши девори Бухоро motherland have mentioned by various style. Also, the poem Чун бар дӯши халқ. about the praise of motherland are similar to the poems of Мениҳам лаб бар лаби тарқиши девори Бухоро praising love, which created in a different ways. As Khoja Hafez Чун бар лаби хомӯши халқ. [2] said: Як қисса беш нест ғами ишқу ин аҷаб, Translation: Аз ҳар забон, ки мешунавам, номукаррар аст.[12] The backstairs are all in the fields till now, Like Ismail Samanids till now. Translation: Left and made the fist of clay till now, Not more story of grief and love, with wonder, It seems that they are afraid till now From every language I hear, is unique. [12]

With the praise I bring one fist of clay But among the past and present poets, there is no doubt that The moment I use into Bukhara walls Asad Gulzoda has written more poems in praise of his city than By the people names, others, which are collected in the first volume of the poet's book. Put my lips on the wound of Bukhara walls The descriptive poems of the poet are available in various poetic As to the silent people. forms, such as the poem "My Throne" is written in the style of a free poem, "Bukharaname" is composed in 23 quatrains of a The Iranian researcher Aliasghari Sherdust during his researches quarter, that each of them addresses Bukhara: of classifying of contemporary Tajik poetry also considered that the praised poems of the homeland belong to the group of Эй Бухоро, аз ту ҷӯям асли худ, historical and national poetry [2]. Эй Бухоро, аз ту ҷӯям насли худ. Чун ту ҳастӣ васлгоҳи қарнҳо, In Tajikistan on the basis of wide cultural opportunities, a strong Эй Бухоро, аз ту ҷӯям васли худ. [3] collaboration with the scientific and cultural community of Iran and Afghanistan, the poetry is more advanced and rich than the Translation: tajik poetry of Uzbekistan. Trying for achieving the pearl poetry O Bukhara, I seek my origin from you, of the great poets as Mumin Qanoat, Loiq, Qutbi Kirom, Bozor O Bukhara, I seek my descendants from you. Sobir, Gulnazar, Rahmat Nazri, Doro Najot, and among the young As you are the bridge of epochs, poets Farzona and Siyavush is the strong "bunch between the O Bukhara, I seek my connection with you. [3] Persian poetry of all period" [4]. Praise of the motherland has a prominent place in the poetry of In a series of Asad Gulzoda’s poems this theme has been Tajik poets of modern Uzbekistan. Talking about the composed with the historical places and dwellings and showed development of Tajik poetry in Bukhara, the person remember as ghazal for the readers. They are in many style of poetry, such two poets - Asad Gulzoda and Hadya Rajabova. as:

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Қадиму навҷавон астӣ, Бухоро, Зиёратгоҳи олам шуд Бухоро, Бароям як ҷаҳон астӣ, Бухоро. Бузургонро маконӣ, Ӯзбекистон... [6] Ту шаҳри қиссаву афсонаҳоӣ, Ба дунё достон астӣ, Бухоро... Translation: Чу маҳди илму ирфон, дину фарҳанг In this world you are whole, Uzbekistan, Ба дунё ҷовидон астӣ, Бухоро. [3] Honorable of time, Uzbekistan. Your flag in the starry sky, Translation: Unforgettable undead, Uzbekistan. You are old and young, Bukhara, Samarkand is the place of worship of the world You are a world of me, Bukhara. Paradise of Life, Uzbekistan. You are a city of legends and folks, The shrine of the world became Bukhara, You are a story of world, Bukhara... Place of geniuses, Uzbekistan... [6] Like science and gnosis, religion and culture You are immensity to the world, Bukhara. [3] Obviously, the praise of birthplace for such qualities is expressed in the poetry of many local poets. The fact that Samarkand is a Moreover, in the numerous of dubeyti, the poet used the place of worship and Bukhara is a place of pilgrimage is not a descriptive and praiseworthy words in honor of Bukhara. new description in modern literature. The most interesting in According to the observations of the first volume of Asad these four bytes is in the second byte, which attributing the Gulzoda's book about the praise of motherland, we can conclude image of “humo” (a fairy bird, that brings success) is drown on that he is the only poet among number of past and contemporary the flag of the country and attributes to Uzbekistan as the symbol poets, who has created the poems about praising the motherland, of stars in the sky. i.e. Bukhara. Gulzoda's poem seems as the echo of crying of the Among all repetitions of different poems we have found more heartless and enlightened person, who repeated the word high-meaning, mainly in Gulrukhsor’s creations. The poetess has "Bukhara" much time. never want to repeat what she composed before and therefore she always seek the new words and descriptions. Conducting It is believed that the attitude of poets appears from the poet's these attributes she is the prosperous and lovely poetess. Talking national awareness and social responsibility. His journalistic about the love of Bukhara the poetess described the greatest experience is also closely depend on his creative style, as the people, who were born in Bukhara, academician Muhammadjon descriptive language of his poetry, the simplicity of his Shakuri composed very sincerely: expression, and the artistic style of his poetry, that are similar to the newspapers’ terms. Often the meanings repeating and Ниёи ман, Зиёи ман, ту худ як меҳанӣ, устод. remaining a lot, even the poet expresses his unique love for his Самарқанди манӣ, алҳақ, Бухорои манӣ, устод. motherland. In fact, our previous talents also considered their poetry as a Translation: kind of art, saw the beauty of poetry in a high sense and artistic My mentor, my genius, you're the whole land, Ustad, performance. Abdurahmoni Jami said: My Samarkand, even certainly my Bukhara, Ustad.

Дар сухан кӯш, на дар зинати девон, Ҷомӣ, Although in some of the poems as any other of his contemporary Шеърро чун набувад об, чӣ суд аз ҷадвал? poets have noticed Bukhara with sadness: Зи чашми шоҳрӯди чашмамираш Бар тани ҳаҷланишинони маъонӣ танг аст Биҷӯшад ашки сӯзони Бухоро. [2] Ҳар шиоре, ки ту аз шеър иборат бофӣ. Translation: Чу дам зи шеър занам, айби ман макун, Ҷомӣ, With the eyes of covering sadness, Ки шеъри хуш ҳунару ман ба он ҳунармандам.[1] Falling the tears of unhappy Bukhara. The patriotic poems (especially the descriptions of Bukhara) has Translation: a great place in contemporary Tajik poets’ legacy and in this way Try to speak, not in the adornment of the devil, Jami, the poets noticed their points of view with huge imagination and Poetry as there is not as water, what court of the table? high qualification and gave their place in Tajik poetry.

It is too narrow for the ridiculers CONCLUSION Every slogan you compose is a poem. 1. Praising Bukhara as the centre of sciences and culture has mentioned before the IX-X centuries in Abuabdullo Rudaki Don't blame me when I write poetry, Jomi, legacy and after described in any other next poets’ poetries, That’s a beautifully crafted poem and I’m an artist to it. [1] as well as Hafiz and Mawlavi have continued; 2. In the middle age this city had been noticed in many poems Praise of the motherland is one of the most important themes in because of its popularity and the centre of politics, science the poetry of the talented poet Bahodur Ubaidullo. His poems are and culture; dedicated to his native place Samarkand and uzbeks anthem. 3. Bukhara as the birthplace and motherland (with its socio- Talking about the praise of the motherland the poet kept the political essence) first time had used in XX century and the superficial praise, but in this way the poet could not uses of his first poem in Tajik literature in this theme called “Oh, my artistic talent and creativity well. Let's look at the poem called dearest mother” (“Ey modari azizi man”) of Abdurauf Fitrat. "Uzbekistan" that the poet wrote: This poem is the best sample of loving the motherland and birthplace; Ҷаҳонро як ҷаҳонӣ, Ӯзбекистон, 4. The term and expression “mother-birthplace” henceforth Шарафманди замонӣ, Ӯзбекистон. was known in the poems of Soviet period, firstly used in Ливоят дар само истораи ҳур, modern Tajik poetry of Fitrat’s legacy; Ҳумои комронӣ, Ӯзбекистон. 5. The above mentioned patriotic poem of Abdurauf Fitrat is Ибодатгоҳи олам шуд Самарқанд, priceless with its structure and meaning; Биҳишти зиндагонӣ, Ӯзбекистон.

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6. The patriotic Tajik poems in our time with their socio- political essence are differing from the patriotic poems in middle-age until pre-revolution. If Bukhara was geographically the centre of Islam, science and culture of Maverannahr and Khorasan in the past but now it used as the historical city with its rich sightseeing; 7. The suggestion of characterized meaning, arrogance of greatest Bukhara and regret of bad occasion used nowadays in Tajik poetries as the dream city and it have a greatest and symbolic place in Tajik culture in contemporary Tajik poet, as well as we see this in Asad Gulzoda with full of fantasy and expressions in very simple structure; 8. The simple style of Gulzoda's poetry from one hand, has the result of her huge journalistic experience and from the other hand, shows the result of the weak literary environment of Bukhara in the first decades after the national independence; 9. For the rapid development of Tajik literature in Uzbekistan after the national independence and increase number of writers and poets, the tendency glorify the motherland and homeland in their poetry has increased. This situation led to the monotony of the poem, and in many poets’ poetry became more general and superficial, thus reducing the artistic and aesthetic value of their poetry. But at the same time, the young poets such as Jafar, Asadullah, Khusrav, Pariso have composed the poems with honor of the motherland and great cities such as Samarkand and Bukhara, which can remain with their high ideological and artistic content.

REFERENCES 1. The concordance of the divan “Fotihat ush-shabob” by Abdurahmon Jami. 2018, //Compiler: Majidova S.J. – Toshkent: Fan va texnologiya, 934 p. 2. Aliasghar Sherdust. Perspectives on contemporary Tajik poetry. Dushanbe. -1997.- 272 p., P. 78-82. 3. Asad Gulzoda Bukharai. Collection of works. Vol.1. Tashkent. 2017.- 456 p. 4. Askar Hakim. Speaking of poetry and literature. Dushanbe. - 2017.- 358 p., P. 79-113. 5. Poems of Rudaki's contemporary poets. Stalinabad. -1958, - p., p. 134. 6. Boltaboyev H. Fitrat and Jadidism: Research Papers. Tashkent. - 2007.- 286 p., p. 72. 7. Loiq Sherali. A sheet of stone. Dushanbe: -1981, -352 p., P. 55-58. 8. Mirzozoda Kholiq. Colorful thinking. Dushanbe. -1982, -352 p., P. 55-58. 9. Muhammadjon Shakuri Bukharai. A Look at Twentieth- Century Tajik Literature, Dushanbe. - 2006, - 456 p., P. 169- 172. 10. Rudaki's works. Stalinabad. - 1958, - 554 p., P.19-22. 11. Hadya. I set foot on the ground in the name of God. Bukhara. -2002, - 27 p., P.6 12. Hafiz Sherozi. College. Tehran: -1379/2001, -356 p., P. 27

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