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Black Politics in Kroonstad: Political Mobilisation, Protests, Local Government, and Generational Struggles, 1976 – 1995

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Black Politics in Kroonstad: Political Mobilisation, Protests, Local Government, and Generational Struggles, 1976 – 1995 Black Politics in Kroonstad: Political Mobilisation, Protests, Local Government, and Generational Struggles, 1976 – 1995 Tshepo Cyril Moloi Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa 2012 i TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES Abstract iii Declaration ii Dedication iv Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations x Maps xiii Chapters xvi ii ABSTRACT The thesis examines political mobilization and protests in Kroonstad’s black townships, in the northern Free State Province, South Africa, from 1976 to 1995. It attempts to explain the reason(s) why these townships lagged behind when it came to mobilizing and protesting. It also explores the various entry points employed by some of the residents of these townships to politics; and how they in turn assisted in mobilizing other residents. Furthermore, it shows that local community politics in these townships did not follow the common pattern as in other townships and because of this the residents reacted differently. It demonstrates that until the early 1980s political restraint in these areas existed because of the influential role of the “respectables” or elders in politics. From the mid-1980s the situation changed after students and young people assumed leadership role in local politics. This caused generational tensions, particularly between teachers and students. Furthermore, the thesis examines the divisions between the progressive’ activists in the townships, leading to the formation of the Maokeng Democratic Crisis Committee and Activists’ Forum, and political violence between the Three Million Gang and the “community”, which disrupted the momentum of political mobilization and protests. Finally, the thesis explores the tensions between the provincial leadership of the ANC, supported by the national leadership, and the local branch of the South African National Civic Organisation, which cost the ANC in the first democratic local government elections. iii DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my unaided work. It is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination in any other university. Tshepo Cyril Moloi -------------------------------- day of ---------------------------------, 2012 iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to all the residents – past and present – of Kroonstad. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the assistance, support, encouragement, constructive criticism and intellectual guidance of numerous individuals. First, I would particularly like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor and mentor, Prof. Phil Bonner, who patiently and unselfishly provided me with intellectual guidance in the course of my field work, and later in the writing phase of the thesis. Second, I would like thank Prof. Noor Nieftagodien for his continuous encouragement. His insightful understanding of the ‘local’ politics changed my narrow view. I am deeply grateful to Profs. Nieftagodien, Bonner, Clive Glaser, Sekibakiba Peter Lekgoathi, Dr. Muche Musemwa and Dr. Maanda Mulaudzi for their intuitive comments at the seminars organized under the ‘Local Histories and Present Realities’ program. Thanks also to Dr Sifiso Mxolisi Ndlovu and Prof. Linda Chisholm for their significant contribution, particularly to chapter three, which part of it was published in the Southern African Historical Journal, Volume 63, Number 1, March 2011. Thanks to all the staff and post-graduate students in the ‘Local Histories and Present Realities’ program for their support and encouragement. First, Pulane Dithlake, and later Gugulethu Nyathikazi and Zahn Gowar, administrators in the program did a splendid work in assisting me through the course of research and writing up. I also appreciate the encouragement of other members of the University of the Witwatersrand’s community, especially Drs Windsor Leroke, Shireen Ally, Julian Brown, Tim Gibbs, and Arianna Lissoni. I am deeply indebted to Ntate Mpopetsi Jonas Dhlamini and Ntate Michael “Baba” Jordan for their interest in my study and unfailing support. Ntate Dhlamini, in particular, greatly assisted me in identifying and making contacts with potential interviewees. My thanks are also due to my friend Dr. Chitja Twala, whose support never flagged. I am most thankful to the financial support from the National Research Foundation Chair in History, the Ford Foundation and the Faculty of Humanities. I am grateful to the staff of the Wits University Libraries, and Historical and Literary Papers, particularly Michelle Pickover, Gabriele Mohale and Zofia Sulej for their help in all my enquiries. I am deeply indebted to the South vi African Democracy Education Trust (SADET) for allowing me to use their interviews. Thanks also to Dr. Twala for allowing me to use some of his interviews. The late Pule “Yster” Moino, Dhlamini, Dr. Anthony Bouwer, I thank you for unselfishingly making available your reading materials on Kroonstad. Tshegofatso Leeuw, Plantinah Dire and Molefe Mahautsa helped with transcribing and translating the interviews; and Esmeralda Dicks and Malebone Rapoo did a splendid job in translating some of the Afrikaans materials to English. Without your assistance this thesis would not have come to completion. I take this opportunity to thank my family, especially my parents, Stoffel and Edith, for their understanding and unwavering support under trying times. To my brothers, Thabo, Tebogo and Kagiso, thank you for your constant enquiries about the progress of the thesis. My special thanks are also due to Asania Aphane and our daughter Thato. To Asania, thank you for your unflinching support. You have shown me that nothing is impossible in life! Finally, I owe a great deal of gratitude to the residents of Kroonstad, who this study is about. Their patience, openness, friendship and trust spurred me on. I owe particular thanks to Ntate Tsiu Vincent Matsepe; Ntate Motaung, Ntate Kotze at the Moqhaka Municipality Archives, and Ntate V.M. Duma, the Municipal Manager, for granting me permission to use the municipality’s archives. I am particularly grateful to Ntate Motaung for his relentless assistance in accessing these archives. A great deal of gratitude is owing to all my interviewees. Without your support and cooperation this work would not have been possible. Thank you very much. vii Abbreviations and Acronyms used AAC All-African Convention AF Activists’ Forum ANC African National Congress ACC Anti-Crime Campaign AF Activist Forum AECI African Explosion Chemical Industries AYCO Alexandra Youth Congress APLA Azanian People’s Liberation Army APO African People’s Organisation ASA African Student Association ASUSA African Student Union of South Africa AWB Afrikanerweerstanbeweeging AZASO Azanian Student Organisation BA Bachelor of Arts BEYCO Bekkersdal Youth Congress BC Black Consciousness BCM Black Consciousness Movement BLA Black Local Authority BPC Black People’s Convention CASE Community Agency for Social Enquiry CAST Civic Association of the Southern Transvaal CCM City Council of Maokeng CODESA Convention for a Democratic South Africa COSAS Congress of the South African Students COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CPF Community Police Forum CPSA Communist Party of South Africa DBE Department of Bantu Education FEDSAW Federation of South African Women FEDTRAW Federation of Transvaal Women FSPA Free State Provincial Archives GNU Government of National Unity HSRC Human Sciences Research Council viii HUCA Huhudi Civic Association IEC Independent Electoral Commission IFP Inkatha Freedom Party ICU Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union JC Junior Certificate JMB Joint Matriculation Board KROONSO Kroonstad Student Organisation KTC Kroonstad Town Council LGCC Local Government Co-ordinating Committee LGNF Local Government Negotiating Forum LGTA Local Government Transitional Act MCA Maokeng Civic Association MASAC Maokeng Student Art Club MADRA Maokeng Drama Association MAYCO Maokeng Youth Congress MDCC Maokeng Democratic Crisis Committee MDM Mass Democratic Movement MEC Member of the Executive Committee MMC Maokeng Military Command NAB Native Advisory Board NAC Native Affairs Commissioner NAD Native Affairs Department NEC National Executive Committee NEHAWU National Education, Health and Allied Workers’ Union NEUM Non-European Unity Movement NUAB Native Urban Areas Bill NUSAS National Union of South African Students OFSATA Orange Free State African Teachers Association PAC Pan Africanist Congress PEBCO Port Elizabeth Civic Organisation PWV Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging PUTCO Public Utility Transport Corporation ix RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme RSC Regional Services Council SAP South African Police SACCWU South African Catering and Commercial Workers’ Union SB Special Branch SCA Soweto Civic Association SCA Seeisoville Civic Association SACC South African Council of Churches SADET South African Democracy Education Trust SAMWU South African Municipal Workers’ Union SANNC South African National Native Congress SANCO South African National Civic Organisation SAPA South African Press Association SAYCO South African Youth Congress SCM Student Christian Movement SDU Self Defense Unit SRC Student Representative Council SOYA Society of Young Africans TCM Town Council of Maokeng TMG Three Million Gang TLC Transitional Local Council TMK Tien Mane Kraag TRC
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