CHAPTER 120 Douglas Day Observance
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The Implications of the Delgamuukw Decision on the Douglas Treaties"
James Douglas meet Delgamuukw "The implications of the Delgamuukw decision on the Douglas Treaties" The latest decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Delgamuukw vs. The Queen, [1997] 3 S.C.R. 1010, has shed new light on aboriginal title and its relationship to treaties. The issue of aboriginal title has been of particular importance in British Columbia. The question of who owns British Columbia has been the topic of dispute since the arrival and settlement by Europeans. Unlike other parts of Canada, few treaties have been negotiated with the majority of First Nations. With the exception of treaty 8 in the extreme northeast corner of the province, the only other treaties are the 14 entered into by James Douglas, dealing with small tracts of land on Vancouver Island. Following these treaties, the Province of British Columbia developed a policy that in effect did not recognize aboriginal title or alternatively assumed that it had been extinguished, resulting in no further treaties being negotiated1. This continued to be the policy until 1990 when British Columbia agreed to enter into the treaty negotiation process, and the B.C. Treaty Commission was developed. The Nisga Treaty is the first treaty to be negotiated since the Douglas Treaties. This paper intends to explore the Douglas Treaties and the implications of the Delgamuukw decision on these. What assistance does Delgamuukw provide in determining what lands are subject to aboriginal title? What aboriginal title lands did the Douglas people give up in the treaty process? What, if any, aboriginal title land has survived the treaty process? 1 Joseph Trutch, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Walter Moberly, Assistant Surveyor- General, initiated this policy. -
Drawing of Colonial Victoria “Victoria, on Vancouver Island.” Artist: Linton (Ca. 1857). (BC Archives, Call No. G-03249)
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HISTORY Discover Your Legislature Series
HISTORY Discover Your Legislature Series Legislative Assembly of British Columbia Victoria British Columbia V8V 1X4 CONTENTS UP TO 1858 1 1843 – Fort Victoria is Established 1 1846 – 49th Parallel Becomes International Boundary 1 1849 – Vancouver Island Becomes a Colony 1 1850 – First Aboriginal Land Treaties Signed 2 1856 – First House of Assembly Elected 2 1858 – Crown Colony of B.C. on the Mainland is Created 3 1859-1870 3 1859 – Construction of “Birdcages” Started 3 1863 – Mainland’s First Legislative Council Appointed 4 1866 – Island and Mainland Colonies United 4 1867 – Dominion of Canada Created, July 1 5 1868 – Victoria Named Capital City 5 1871-1899 6 1871 – B.C. Joins Confederation 6 1871 – First Legislative Assembly Elected 6 1872 – First Public School System Established 7 1874 – Aboriginals and Chinese Excluded from the Vote 7 1876 – Property Qualification for Voting Dropped 7 1886 – First Transcontinental Train Arrives in Vancouver 8 1888 – B.C.’s First Health Act Legislated 8 1893 – Construction of Parliament Buildings started 8 1895 – Japanese Are Disenfranchised 8 1897 – New Parliament Buildings Completed 9 1898 – A Period of Political Instability 9 1900-1917 10 1903 – First B.C Provincial Election Involving Political Parties 10 1914 – The Great War Begins in Europe 10 1915 – Parliament Building Additions Completed 10 1917 – Women Win the Right to Vote 11 1917 – Prohibition Begins by Referendum 11 CONTENTS (cont'd) 1918-1945 12 1918 – Mary Ellen Smith, B.C.’s First Woman MLA 12 1921 – B.C. Government Liquor Stores Open 12 1920 – B.C.’s First Social Assistance Legislation Passed 12 1923 – Federal Government Prohibits Chinese Immigration 13 1929 – Stock Market Crash Causes Great Depression 13 1934 – Special Powers Act Imposed 13 1934 – First Minimum Wage Enacted 14 1938 – Unemployment Leads to Unrest 14 1939 – World War II Declared, Great Depression Ends 15 1941 – B.C. -
Victoria to Duncan Meadows Golf Course
Victoria To Duncan Meadows Golf Course AGM 150 Tour Starting point Royal Oak at Beaver Lake Park entrance. 3½ hours total driving time arriving in Nanaimo at 4:00 Several stops for catch-up and Lunch in Duncan at 1:00 22 miles to Gas stop Start Point Elk Lake Drive 1st Catch up stop Esquimalt Lagoon Broadmead Farm was once owned by Alexander Grant Dallas, this where name Dallas Road comes from and Dallas is a neighbourhood in the City of Kamloops. Dallas was the son-in-law of Governor James Douglas and agent for the Hudson's Bay Company in colonial British Columbia and Vancouver Island, serving also as Chief Factor of Fort Garry from 1862 to 1864. Start Heading south on Elk Lake Drive Turn right at the Traffic Lights onto Royal Oak Drive Continue thru the Traffic Lights onto Wilkinson Road Pass the Wilkinson Road Methodist Church, built 1913. a cross-gabled wood-frame British Arts and Crafts church. The Wilkinson Road Jail, built 1913, is an Edwardian era brick- clad reinforced concrete building situated on a manicured, 10 hectare property surrounded by a low stone wall, located in a suburban area along Wilkinson Road, in the Carey area of The front of this building is the Saanich. At the front of the heritage part, behind was building is a circular fountain. demolished and rebuilt in the 60’s. The area on the left side of road, between the prison and the gas station, was a farm called Ponderosa. In the seventies, area ‘s throughout the greater Victoria area were still identified by these landmarks. -
6 Colonial British Columbia Timeline 1774 Captain Juan José Peréz
#6 Colonial British Columbia Timeline 1774 Captain Juan José Peréz Hernandez drops anchor off the Queen Charlotte Islands, and at Nootka Sound, trading with Haida and Nuuchahnulth who canoed out to his vessel. 1775 Spanish captains Quadra and Hezeta land at 57 degrees north (midway up the Alaska Panhandle) and erect a cross, which they saw as a way of claiming territory. 1778 British Captain James Cook visits Nootka Sound looking for a Northwest Passage from the west. The crew repairs the ships and trades for furs. Cook’s ships travel to Macao where furs are traded for a high price. 1785 to 1825 Height of the maritime trade for sea otter pelts on the Northwest Coast. 1789 Looking for a route to the Pacific Ocean to transport furs, North West Company (NWCo) explorer Alexander Mackenzie follows the Mackenzie River to the Arctic Ocean. 1790 Spain and Britain sign the Nootka Convention, agreeing that both countries have the right to trade for furs on the Pacific Northwest. 1792-94 George Vancouver maps the western coastline, proving there was no Northwest Passage. 1793 Alexander Mackenzie is guided along an aboriginal trading trail to the Pacific at Bella Coola. 1805 American explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark reach the mouth of the Columbia River. 1805 Explorer Simon Fraser of the NWCo sets up fur trade posts at Fort St. James at Stuart Lake in New Caledonia. 1808 Simon Fraser (NWCo) travels down the river named after him. Rapids make this river unsuitable for transporting furs. 1811 David Thompson (NWCo) reaches the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River. -
"THE FAMILY-COMPANY-COMPACT" This Paper Deals with the Relationship Between the Hudson's Bay Company and the Early Administration of Vancouver Island
"THE FAMILY-COMPANY-COMPACT" This paper deals with the relationship between the Hudson's Bay Company and the early administration of Vancouver Island. When on January 13, 1849, Vancouver Island was granted by Royal Charter to the Hudson's Bay Company for settlement and colonization, few could have realized what a bold undertaking in colonial expansion it would prove to be. Yet by this act: "It was the first British Colony to be established in due form in Western North America. It was the outward and visible result of a series of incidents which culminated in the rise of British power in the North Pacific. It helped to pave the way for the time when Canada should 'enter into the northern heritage of old Spain and become a Pacific power'."! Isolated geographically from other British possesions and pre vented from ready contact by the barriers of inadequate communi cations with the Homeland, the administrative affairs of the Colony were soon practically left in the hands of the great fur trading com pany. However, at first the Island had an independe,tt Governor in the person of Mr. Richard Blanshard, a barrister from England but the pettiness of his office, as mediator in the controversies be tween the Company and its settlers or employes, soon discouraged the Governor, who saw but little hope of advancement in the near future. Receiving neither salary nor emolument, he had consented to come believing that the Colony once established would soon be able to afford a Civil List but he early realized the futility of main taining the pretense of an authority that actually reposed in the Chief Factor. -
The Formation of the Vancouver Island (Or 'Douglas') Treaties of 1850-1854 In
Sharing The Land: The Formation of the Vancouver Island (or ‘Douglas’) Treaties of 1850-1854 in Historical, Legal and Comparative Context by Neil Vallance BA (Hons.) University of Victoria, 1969 LLB, University of British Columbia, 1974 MA, University of Victoria, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Law ¬ Neil Vallance, 2015 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Sharing The Land: The Formation of the Vancouver Island (or ‘Douglas’) Treaties of 1850-1854 in Historical, Legal and Comparative Context by Neil Vallance BA (Hons.) University of Victoria, 1969 LLB, University of British Columbia, 1974 MA, University of Victoria, 2003 Supervisory Committee Hamar Foster, (Faculty of Law) Co-Supervisor John Lutz, (Department of History) Co-Supervisor John McLaren, (Faculty of Law) Departmental Member David Williams, (Faculty of Law, University of Auckland) Additional Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Hamar Foster, (Faculty of Law) Co-Supervisor John Lutz, (Department of History) Co-Supervisor John McLaren, (Faculty of Law) Departmental Member David Williams, (Faculty of Law, University of Auckland) Additional Member Chapter I introduces the Vancouver Island or ‘Douglas’ Treaties of 1850-54, entered into between several Vancouver Island First Nations and Hudson’s Bay Company Chief Factor, James Douglas, acting as agent of the Crown. The written versions purported to extinguish the aboriginal title of the First Nations to their land. Recent research has indicated that these documents do not accurately reflect what was agreed between the parties at the treaty meetings. -
Colonial British Columbia Before the Gold Rush the Area That Became the City of Victoria, British Columbia Experienced Dramatic
#5 Colonial British Columbia Before the Gold Rush The area that became the city of Victoria, British Columbia experienced dramatic changes between 1840 and 1860. This area is the traditional home of the Lekwungen people, who are members of the Coast Salish-speaking language group. Up until the 1830’s they lived in villages made up of large lodges that held extended families. They hunted for deer and other animals, fished for salmon, and cultivated a root vegetable (like a potato). Maritime fur traders from Britain, Spain and the Eastern United States purchased sea otter pelts from Nuuchahnulth people on the West Coast of Vancouver Island since the 1780s, and the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) and North West Company (NWCo) had traded for furs on the mainland since the early 1800s. In the 1840’s both British and American companies had rights to trade for furs in the Oregon Territory, the area of land that extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and included most of what has become British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and Idaho. Fort Vancouver, a HBC fort built at the mouth of the Columbia River in the Oregon Territory, was difficult to sail into and out of because of dangerous sandbars. As a result the HBC instructed James Douglas to find a better location. In 1843 he started building Fort Victoria where Victoria sits today. The Lekwungen people sold wooden stakes to the British government to build the walls of the fort. In 1843-44, the Lekwungen moved closer to the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oregoncountry.png retrieved December 15, 2009 new fort. -
Roderick Finlayson
1 Roderick Finlayson: The Man Behind the Fort Victoria Journal 1846-1850 Miranda Harvey The keeper of the Fort Victoria Journal 1846-1850, Roderick Finlayson, was a hard-working and determined man who saw the growth of Victoria all the way from its construction as a fort for the Hudson’s Bay Company to its transformation into a bustling city. He saw the decline of the fur trade and the boom of the gold rush. He lived and breathed the Hudson’s Bay Company, being hired into its service almost immediately after his landing at New York, establishing one of its main headquarters, marrying one of its men’s daughters, and giving it 35 years of service. This biography only highlights some of the events that made Finlayson’s life an indelible stamp on the history of British Columbia, while attempting to colour in the blank character behind the elegant cursive that provided a glimpse into the first years of Fort Victoria. Born the year 1818 in Scotland (though he calls it “North Britain”) to a simple farming family, Finlayson left from Glasgow and crossed the Atlantic to New York City in July 1837, a journey which took a “tedious” 40 days.1 His cards were soon laid out when he bumped into a family member, most likely his uncle Nichol Finlayson,2 who brought him to Albany after getting him a job with the Hudson’s Bay Company. From there he traveled extensively, including by the 1 Roderick Finlayson, “Biography of Roderick Finlayson 1818-1892,” Hudson’s Bay Company at Fort Victoria: Fort Life, 2000, BC Heritage, <http://bcheritage.ca/fortvictoria/fortlife/rod.html> (14 April 2010). -
James Douglas Keeps the Peace on Vancouver Island
INSECURITY IN CANADA’S PAST: JAMES DOUGLAS KEEPS THE PEACE ON VANCOUVER ISLAND By Stephen A Royle THE ECCLES CENTRE FOR AMERICAN STUDIES www.bl.uk/ecclescentre The Sixth Eccles Centre for American Studies Plenary Lecture given at the British Association of Canadian Studies Annual Conference, 2011 Published by The British Library The design, setting and camera ready copy was produced at The British Library Corporate Design Office ISBN 0 7123 4460 8 Copyright © 2011 The British Library Board INSECURITY IN CANADA’S PAST: JAMES DOUGLAS KEEPS THE PEACE ON VANCOUVER ISLAND By Stephen A Royle THE ECCLES CENTRE FOR AMERICAN STUDIES www.bl.uk/ecclescentre The sixth Eccles Centre for American Studies Plenary Lecture given at the British Association for Canadian Studies Annual Conference, 2011 STEPHEN ROYLE studied geography at St John’s College Cambridge and then took his PhD at the University of Leicester. He moved to Belfast in 1976 to take up a lectureship in geography at Queen’s University where he is now Professor of Island Geography and Director of the Centre of Canadian Studies. Two research topics have defined his career: studies of small islands, and also the city of Belfast. His books include North America: a Geographical Mosaic (edited with Frederick W. Boal, 1999); A Geography of Islands (2001); Enduring City: Belfast in the Twentieth Century (edited with Frederick W Boal, 2006); The Company’s Island: St Helena, Company Colonies and the Colonial Endeavour (2007); Doing Development Differently: Regional Development on the Atlantic Periphery (edited with Susan Hodgett and David Johnson, 2007); Company, Crown and Colony: the Hudson’s Bay Company and Territorial Endeavour in Western Canada (2011); and Portrait of an Industrial City: ‘Clanging Belfast’, 1750-1914 (2011). -
Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush
Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush DOUGLAS W. ALLEN When George Carmack struck gold in the Yukon territory on 17 August 1896, he freely shared the details and started what would eventually be three waves of rushes. This reflected a social norm of the Klondike, namely that any miner who struck gold would share this information. Miners did not behave this way in other nineteenth-century gold rushes. The article’s hypothesis is that the extreme mining conditions and local geography of the Yukon led to very secure property rights over mining claims. Therefore, it took only a small incentive payment to induce miners to act in the social interest. tarting with the California Gold Rush of 1849 a series of gold rushes S occurred along the western side of North America as miners searched for the elusive yellow mineral.1 Eventually these efforts cul- minated in the last, and perhaps greatest, gold rush: the Klondike rush of 1898–1899.2 Located close to the Alaska border, but within the Yukon territory of Canada, the Klondike River is a tributary of the Yukon River. Although called the “Klondike Gold Rush,” gold was ac- tually found in the smaller creeks that run into the Klondike and Indian Rivers.3 As Figure 1 shows, the entire area was relatively small, and most of the gold was extracted from a half-dozen creeks—Bonanza, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 67, No. 4 (December 2007). © The Economic History Association. All rights reserved. ISSN 0022-0507. Douglas W. Allen is Burnaby Mountain Professor, Department of Economics, Simon Fraser University. -
Atlin, 1898-1910
-a> c-) Cl) 11 I I F H :1 d I -‘:1:0’ BRITISH COLUMBIA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Published by the Archives of British Columbia in co-operation with the British Columbia Historical Association. EDiTOR Wn.LAIU E. IRBLAND, Provincial Archives, Victoria. ASSOCIATE EDITOR Mnon W0LFENDEN, Provincial Archives, Victoria. ADVISORY BOARD J. C. Goom’mow, Princeton. T. A. RICKARD, Victoria. W. N. SAGE, Vancouver. Editorial communications should be addressed to the Editor. Subscriptions should be sent to the Provincial Archives, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, B.C. Price, 5O the copy, or $2 the year. Members of the British Columbia Historical Association in good standing receive the Quarterly without further charge. Neither the Provincial Archives nor the British Columbia Historical Association assumes any responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. The Quarterly is indexed in Faxon’s Annual Magazine Subject-Index and the Canadian Index. BRITISH COLUMBIA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY “Any country worthy of a future should be interested in its past.” VOL. XVI VIcToRIA, B.C., JuLY-OcToBER, 1952 Nos. 3 AND 4 CONTENTS PAGE Atlin, 1898—1910: The Story of a Gold Boom. By W. W. Bilsland 121 Spanish Naval Bases and Ports on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, 1513—1833. ByF.V.Longstaff_.. 181 James Edward Fitzgerald versus the Hudson’s Bay Company: The Founding of Vancouver Island. ByJohnS.Galbraith 191 An Alexander Mackenzie Letter, 1793. Edited by Richard H. Dillan 209 NOTES AND CoMMENTs: British Columbia Historical Association 211 Okanagan Historical Society 216 Plaque to Honour Dr. John Stanley Plaskett 218 Plaque to Commemorate the Founding of Fort Victoria 219 Plaque to Honour Richard Blanshard, First Governor of Vancouver 220 Contributors to This Issue — 221 THE NoRThwEST B00ICsHELF: Rich: Cumberland House Journals and Inland Journals, 1775—82: First Series, 1775—79.