Index

A “Anglobalization”, 14, 18 Adas, Michael, 23–25 Anglo-Chinese War, 38 Aeria, D.A., 201 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 145 Africa, partition of, 14 Angus, C.S., 201 “Age of Empire”, 14 Annual Report of the Straits agency houses, 152, 231, 236 Settlements, 111, 211 role of, 35–42 Annual Report on Education, 203 agents of change, 21 Archdeacon, S.B., 223 Agri-Horticultural Society, 146, 148 Architectural Association, 48 Agricultural Bulletin of the Malay Arkwright, Richard, 13 Peninsula, The, 150 “articulate classes”, 26, 212 Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and Aspdin, Joseph, 118 Federated Malay States, The, 150 Association of Engineers, 50 agricultural commodities, 143 Association of Teachers in Technical agricultural science, 159–60 Institutes, 216 “agricultural revolution”, 159 Atlantic cable, 95 agriculturalists, ventures of, 152–59 Australian cattle meat, 171, 190 Aitken, J., 201 Austrian Lloyd’s, 74 air-conditioning, 109, 112 Aird, John, 76 B Albert Dock, 70–71 Baber, Zaheer, 27, 161 Albert Dock Hospital, 129 bacteriology revolution, 122 Amery, Leopold, 161 Balestier, James, 153 Anderson Bridge, 113 Balestier , 153–54 Anderson, John, 75–76 banking businesses, in , 80 Anglo-American Telegraph Company, Banks, Joseph, 64 95 Banque de Indo-Chine, 80

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 265 5/6/13 9:14:52 AM 266 Index

barbarism, 14 Boustead, Edward, 36, 38, 57 Basalla, George, 162, 164 “boy”, head servant, 174, 182 battery system, 101 Braddell, Roland, 183 Battle of Shangani River, 16 Braddell, Thomas, 39 Baxter, James, 49 Braganza, ship, 78 Bazalgette, Joseph, 136 bread, quality of, 176 Behn Meyer, 39 Britain Bell, Alexander Graham, 100 bankrupt nation, 244 Bell Brothers Limited, 56 economic interest in Singapore, 3 Bell & Edison, 101 education in, 219 Bell Rock, 46 engineers in, 43 Ben Line, 79 former colonies, 28 Bengal Medical Board, 147 government telegraph operations, Bengal Medical Corp, 145 98 Bentong, vessel, 50 leading colonialist, as, 18–23 Berkshire boars, 180 naval supremacy, 65 Bibbly Line, passenger ship, 36 raw materials, and, 21 bicycle, invention of, 103, 116 shipbuilding industry, 66, 215– Bidwell, R.A. John, 48 16 Billiton, ship, 79 shipping companies, 77–78 Bintang, steamer, 49 world trade, and, 81 Bird, Isabella, 106 British Army, 56 Birkenhead Docks, 70 British Australian Telegraph Black, Kenneth, 137 Company Limited, 97 “Black Ships”, 72 British banks, 232–33 Blue Funnel, passenger ship, 36, 79 British Empire, 3, 5–7, 14–15, 17, “blue-water school”, 82 19, 22, 25–26, 28–29, 32, 35, boat-dwellers, 3 52–54, 64–66, 71, 73, 80, 82, Boat Quay, 68 85, 94, 95, 101, 107, 129, 137, Bogaardt, Theodore Cornelius, 79 143, 153, 200, 211, 215, 221, Boilat, Abbe, 25 226, 241 Borneo Company Limited, 37, 80 cable network in, 99 Borneo Wharf, 172, 174, 181–82, 188 leper colonies in, 135 Botanical and Experimental Garden, role of the port in, 81–83 145 territorial extent, 18 Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, 144–45 British engineers, 65 Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, 151 arrival of, 42–48 Botanic Gardens, Mauritius, 149 contributions of, 49–53 Botanic Gardens of Singapore, 8, Singapore, in, 44, 46 148–50, 152 British India, 44, 52, 95, 136, 196, establishing the, 145–47 201, 212

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 266 5/6/13 9:14:52 AM Index 267

British India Steam Navigation Carey, William, 25 Company, 78 Cargill, T.C., 123 British law, 20 Carlyle, Thomas, 20 British-made goods, 21 Carnation, 169 British Malaya, 134, 211, 215 “Carrier” air-conditioner, 109 British officials, and contact with Carrington, W.T., 123 locals, 55 Carroll, John, 223 British Queen, vessel, 87 Carruthers, J.B., 151 British Royal Navy, 43, 59, 66, 71 Catholic Order, 197 British superiority, 25–26, 53–57 cattle meat, Australian, 171, 190 see also Western superiority Cavenagh Bridge, 113 Brown, Edwin, 104 Cavenagh, William Orfeur, 113 Buchanan, R.A., 43, 56 Celtic, vessel, 87 Bun Hin, 230 cement Burkill, H.M., 152 “Condor”, 111 Burstall, H., 108 “Portland”, 45, 111, 118 Burton, Richard Henry, 60 Central Engine Works, 50 Bushell, George, 146 Central Pacific Corporation, 89 business associates (guanxi), 228 Ceylon, Botanic Gardens, 151 Chadwick, Edwin, 136 C Chamberlain, Joseph, 22–23, 26, C. Dupire & Co., 111 129, 139, 221 Cable & Wireless, 115 Chandler, Alfred, 227 Cadogan, Alexander, 86 Chang, Iris, 58 Cain, Peter, 15 Charles II, King, 156 Calcutta Agricultural Society, 153 Chartered Bank, 232 Calcutta Botanic Gardens, 144–45 Chartered Bank of India, Australia Cambridge School of Agriculture, 161 and China, 80 Cameron, John, 36, 57, 130, 154, “Chartism”, 20 169 chauvinism, 5, 244 Campbell, company, 169 Cheang Hong Lim, 229 Campbell, J. Argyle, 210 chettiars (moneylenders), 232 Cannadine, David, 53, 240 Chew Nam Seng, 189 canned fish, 158 Chicago meat-packing district, 181 Canning, Lord, 97 chilled meat, 171, 190 canons, invention of, 30 China Company of Liverpool, 74 Cantley, Nathaniel, 149–50 Chin Bee, 189 Cape L’Aghulas, lighthouse at, 45 Chinese agriculturalists, ventures of, capitalism, 20, 228 152–59 Cardwell, Daniel, 116 Chinese banking, 10 Cardwell, Donald, 94 growth of, 231–34

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 267 5/6/13 9:14:53 AM 268 Index

Chinese businesses, 222–24, 227–31 Collyer, Captain, 42 Chinese comprador, 7, 91, 192, 231, Colomb, J.C.R., 82–83 232–33 colonial architecture, 112 role of, 35–42 colonial gardens, 144 Chinese coolies, 39, 41, 73–74, “colonial modernity”, 24 89–90 Colonial Office, 23, 99, 100 see also Indian coolies colonial politics, 3 Chinese diaspora, 38, 58 colonial ports, 7 Chinese education, 200, 210, 212 colonial revenues, 23, 32 Chinese elites, 242 “colonial style”, 245 Chinese immigrants Colonial Stocks Act, 23 Singapore, in, 38–39 colonialism, 5–6, 10, 18, 24, 121, United States, in the, 62, 235 161, 227, 230, 241–44 Chinese middlemen, 7, 39, 230 “colour bar”, issue of, 53–54 Chinese miners, 224 communicable diseases, 120, 132 Chinese nationalism, 210 comparative advantage, law of, 21 Chinese shipbuilding, 86 comprador, Chinese, 7, 91, 192, 231, cholera, 132–33, 137, 140–41, 178 232–33 Christianity, 24–25, 28, 33 role of, 35–42 Chulalongkorn University, 218 condensed milk, 178–79 Church of England, 134 “Condor” cement, 111 Churchill, Winston, 86 see also “Portland cement”, 45, 111, Chusan, ship, 78 118 City Hall, 113 Confucian order, 231 civil engineering, 42, 110–14, 120 Conrad, Joseph, 64 Civil War, 168 “constructive imperialism”, 22 “civilization”, definition, 19 convict labour, 41–42, 69, 113, 136 “civilizing mission”, ideology, 1, 3, 7, Coode, J., 110 18, 23–26, 57, 240 Cook, Benjamin, 46 Clark, Andrew, 22, 99, 100 Cook, James, 15, 64–65 Clark, Gregory, 28, 30, 34 “Coolie Trade”, 39, 58 Cleaveland, Norman, 112, 183 Cooperative Milk Condensery coal, loading of, 72–73, 89 Friesland, 178 coaling station, 71–72, 81 corporate culture, 233 coffee industry, 151 Corporation of the Seamen’s Hospital Cold Storage Society, 129 see Singapore Cold Storage corruption, 241 Cold Storage Creameries Ltd, 182 Crawfurd, John, 36, 65, 157, 160 “Cold Storage Danger”, 173 “cream cracker”, 169 Coleman, George Drumgoole, 44, 48 Crimean War, 94, 114 “collaborators of colonialism”, 16 Crompton, Samuel, 13

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 268 5/6/13 9:14:53 AM Index 269

Crosby, Alfred, 131, 140, 159 E Crown Colony, 19, 21, 23 Earle, T.E., 223 Crystal Palace, 13, 29 East India Company, 2, 11, 44, 64, cultural contacts, 17 94, 96, 136, 145, 201 “cultural diffusion”, 17 Eastern Extension Australasia and cultural legacy, 233 China Telegraph Company cultural perceptions, 212 (E.E.A. & C.), 97, 100, 115 Culture System, 37, 144 Eastern Telecommunications Cumberbatch and Company, 192 Philippine Inc., 115 Cumming, John, 25 Eastern Telegraph Company, 97, 99 Cummings, Constance Gordon, 73 Ecole Centrale des Arts, 215 Cuynyngham-Brown, Sjovald, 52 Ecole des Mines, 215 Cycle & Carriage, 105 Ecole Polytechnique, 215 “economic botany”, 143 D Economic Gardens, 149 Daily Press, 101 Edinburgh Bridge, 113 Daily Times, 126 Edison, Thomas Alva, 35, 107 Dalhousie, Lord, 94 Education Act, 215 d’Almeida, Jose, 153, 160 education change, 197–98 Dampier, William, 65 obstacles to, 210–17 “Dark Continent”, 33 Education Code, 202 Davis, John, 241 education expenditure, 200 decolonization, 23 educational reforms, 198–203 “Deep Sea Cables, The”, 95 Edward Boustead & Company, 37, 80 Denny, N.B., 227 Egypt Diamond, warship, 85 irrigation system, 76 Dijkman, Johaness, 160 railways, 87 Dixon, Alec, 178–79 electric system, 107–109, 169 Douglas, John, 47 Elgin iron bridge, 47, 113 “Downward Filtration” theory, 201 Elizabeth, vessel, 49 “Dragon’s Teeth, The”, 38 Elliot, Charles, 160 Drake, Francis, 65 Emden, ship, 98 dredging machinery, 69 Emerson, Rupert, 54 “drug foods”, 153, 165 Empire Dock, 77, 188 Drysdale, J.H., 51 Empire Hotel, 192 Du Port, William J., 70 Endeavour, ship, 15 Duke of Wellington, 31 “engineering imperialism”, 43 Duncan, warship, 85 engineering schools, 215 Dutch East Indies, 37, 144, 162 Engledow, Frank Leonard, 161 duty-free ports, 21 English education, 196, 199–203, Dyer, Thiselton, 149 208, 212–16

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 269 5/6/13 9:14:53 AM 270 Index

English-medium school, 196, 199 Franklin, Captain, 65, 160 English Printing Office, 203–204 Fraser & Chalmers Engineering Esplanade, 110 Works, 77 “estate hospitals”, 133–34 Fraser and Neave, 51, 57, 192 ethnic groups, in Singapore, 122 Fraser, John, 51 Eureka Motor, 56 Freese Barbara, 71 European agency house, 231, 236 free trade, 21, 59, 243 role of, 35–42 abolition of, 225 European agriculturalists, ventures of, French Messageries Maritimes, 74 152–59 French schools, 215 European community, in Singapore, Friesian cattle, 179, 193 182–84, 187 Froggart, Leslie, 183 European firms, in Singapore, 36 frozen meat, 171, 190 European hegemony, 24 “fruit of kings”, 156 Experimental Gardens, 150 future trading, 102

F G Faber, Major, 46–47 gambier, cultivation of, 154–56 Faraday, Michael, 147 “Gambier King”, 165 “Father of Tropical Medicine”, 130 gas lighting system, 107–109 Federated Malay States, 133, 139, 152, Gas, Water and Electricity 174, 199, 211, 213, 227 Departments, 55 expenditure on education, 200 Gatling gun, 16 Ferguson, Niall, 14, 28 “gentlemanly capitalists”, 15 Fieldhouse, David, 14 “geographic relocation” process, 17 filter system, of water, 127, 137 geopolitics, 32, 82–83 filth theory, 122 General Engineering Works, 56 “firepower revolution”, 16 germ theory, 120, 122 “First Pharos of the Eastern Seas”, 46 Glen Kine, passenger ship, 36 First World War, 18, 23, 48, 98, 105, Glenogle, steamer, 72 156, 181, 202, 216 “Gold Mountains” of California, 58 fisheries, 157–58 “Gold Rush”, 235 Fist of Fury, The, film, 63 “Golden Chersonese, the”, 81 food hygiene, 131 Goode, Bill, 183 food processing, 168 Goodman, Lester, 109 food technology, 9, 168 Goodwood Hotel, 48 Ford, Henry, 117 Government Hill, 42, 47 Formosa, ship, 78 Government House, 108 Fort Canning, 42, 47, 145 Government Technical College, 206 Fortnightly, 36 Graphic, The, 74 Fowler, Gilbert, 127 Great Britain, see Britain

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 270 5/6/13 9:14:53 AM Index 271

Great Depression, 77, 175, 180 H.M.S. Terrible, 72–73 “Great Exhibition, The”, 13–14 H.M.S. Warrior, 65 greenhouse, heated, 157 Hobson, J.A., 14 grocery trade, 168, 175 Holt, Phillip, 79 Grove Road Bridge, 48 Hong Kong guanxi (business associates), 228 British rule, 5 Guillemard, Laurence, 213 entrepreneurs, 235 Gulland, W.G., 40 Hong Kong Shanghai Banking “gunboat diplomacy”, 2 Corporation, 80, 232 gunpowder, 30 Hoo Ah Kay, 229 Guthrie, Alexander, 36, 37, 57 Hooghly, gunboat, 49 Guthrie & Company Limited, 37, 80 Hooker, Joseph, 148 gutta percha, 94, 96, 147, 149 Hopkins, A.G., 15 Gutta Percha Company of London, Horsburgh, James, 45, 65 147 Horsburgh Lighthouse, 45–46, 60 Hotel de l’Europe, 112 H housing, 10 Hancock, Thomas, 147 Hovis bread, 177, 192–93 Hargreaves, James, 13 Howarth Erskine Limited, 44, 50, Hargreaves, William, 49 204 Harper, Gilfillan & Company, 37, 80 Howe, Stephen, 24 Hartley, Jesse, 70 Huff, Greg, 68 Hawks, Francis, 70 Hui Po-Keung, 39 Headrick, Daniel, 15, 17, 31, 52, hydraulic cement, 118 221–22 Hye Leong, ship, 79 healthy living, promotion of, 8 Heenan and Froude Incinerators, 124 I Heinz, 169 ice cream, production of, 182 Henry Waugh & Company, 37, 80 ice, introduction of, 181–82, 194 “herring bone” method of tapping, “idealistic engineering”, 94 150 Illustrated London News, 36, 70 Heron, Fred, 174, 179–81, 191–94 Imhoff, Karl, 127–28 Hevea Braziliensis (rubber ), 148, imperial botanist, 143 150, 162 Imperial College of Tropical “hierarchical-cum-imperial mindset”, Agriculture, 161 53 “imperial” commodities, 241 “High Noon of Empire”, 245 “Imperial Danger” thesis, 134 higher education, developments in, Imperial Economic Conference, 225 203–10 “imperial” food, 9 H.M.S. Eagle, 85 imperial ideas, and tropical medicine, H.M.S. Sydney, 98 129–38

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 271 5/6/13 9:14:53 AM 272 Index

“imperial science”, 64 Jinrickisha Ordinance, 104 imperialism, 5, 15–18, 21–22, 27, John Aird & Co., 76, 90 43–44, 53, 140, 148, 184, 214, “John Chinaman”, nickname, 40 240, 244 John Little, store, 56 “imperialism of free trade”, 221 Johnston, Alexander, 35 imported technology, 6–7 Johnston’s Pier, 111 import-substitution industries, 226 indentured labour, 19, 39, 130, 242 K India, 3 Kang Yu Wei, 201 British rule over, 26–29 Katz Brother, 194 convicts from, 136 Kaur, Amarjit, 52 Indian coolies, 133 Kay, John, 13 see also Chinese coolies Keasberry, Benjamin, 36, 57 Indian Mutiny of 1857, 25, 94 Kedah, ship, 91 Indiana, gunboat, 2 Kellogg, 169 “indirect rule”, concept of, 22 Kennedy, Robert, 17 industrial entrepreneurs, 228 , 70, 72, 76, 88, Industrial Revolution, 3, 13, 27, 30, 171 35, 42, 88, 145 Keppel, Harry, 160 “industrial science”, 215 Kesner, Richard, 19, 32 industrial waste, 120 Kew Gardens, 64, 143–44, 151 infant mortality rate, 135 “Kew men”, 148 infectious diseases, 120–21 Khoo Teng Soon, 188 “informal control”, 14 Kim Ann, 189 Inkster, Ian, 28, 229, 237 Kimberly, Lord, 99 Innes, Emily, 106 King Edward VII College of Innes, J.J., 188 Medicine, 137, 210 International Banking Corporation, 80 Kinnersley Committee, 202 “Invincible Fortress”, 10 Kipling, Rudyard, 95 Ipoh Tin Dredging, 37 Klim, 179, 193 irrigation system, in Egypt, 76 Koch, Robert, 120, 137, 142 ku-li (coolie), 58, 89–90 J Kwok Acheong, 91 Jackson, John, 85 Kwong Yik Bank, 80 Jacques, Martin, 245 Kyd, Robert, 144 jamban, 112–13 Japanese colonialism, 243 L “Japan Lights”, 60 La Gloire, warship, 65 Japan, Meiji era, 20, 60 labour strike, 104–105 Jennings, Eric, 79 Lady Mary , ship, 78, 90 jinrickisha, 104–105, 109, 116 Lagoon Dock, 76

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 272 5/6/13 9:14:53 AM Index 273

laissez faire policy, 8, 20, 123, 196, Mackinnon, William, 78 197, 202, 232 MacRitchie, James, 123, 125, 127 Landes, David, 27 MacRitchie Reservoir, 126 law of comparative advantage, 21 “Mad Ridley”, 151 Lee, Bruce, 63 “Made in Singapore” policy, 177 Lee Cheng Yam, 79 Madras Artillery, 42 Lee Kuan Yew, 1, 197 Madras Engineers, 42, 46 Lemon, A.H., 205 Magellan, Ferdinand, 65 Lemon Committee, 206 Magnolia ice cream, 182 Lepers’ Ordinance, 134 Mahan, A.T., 81 leprosy, 134–35, 141 Majapahit, 3 Light, Francis, 230 “Malacca Connections, The”, 79 “Lighthouse for All Nations”, 46 Malacca, gunboat, 49 “lighthouse Stevensons”, 60 Malacca, ship, 79 lighthouse technology, 45 malaria, 15–16, 57, 132–34, 139 Lim Boon Keng, 197, 200–201, 231, Malay Express railway, 91 242 Malay Peninsula, 16, 22, 45, 53, 68, Lim Eng Teck, 192 103, 160, 174–75, 183, 203 Lim Khoon Heng, 189 Malaya Linde British Refrigeration British engineers in, 51 Company, 171 railway line, 77 Lipton, 169 Malayan agriculture, 8 Little, Robert, 130 Malayan Civil Service, 52, 183 Liverpool School of Tropical Malayan railways, 52 Medicine, 129 Malayan Tribune Company, 101 Livingstone, David, 25, 33 Malays, and education, 211–14, 219 Locke, P.V., 201 managing-agency system, 36, 222 Lockhart, Bruce, 183–84 Manchester School of Radicalism, 83 Lode Tin Mines, 37 Manderson, Lenore, 130 Logan, Abraham, 36, 57 Mannesmann Tube Company Logan’s Journal, 39, 41, 154 Limited, 56 London School of Tropical Medicine, Mansfield & Company, 79 129 Manson, Patrick, 130 London Stock Exchange, 152 map-making, 64–65 Low, James, 41 Marco Polo, 157 Lugard, Frederick, 16 marine engineering, see maritime Lyon, George, 70 technology Marine Establishment, 49 M maritime history, of Singapore, 79, 230 Ma Huan, 157 maritime technology, 65, 86 Macfadyen, Eric, 106 advances in, 66–68

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 273 5/6/13 9:14:54 AM 274 Index

Marshall, Peter, 243 mortality rate, 132–33 Matabele tribe, 16 Mount Faber, 47 Maternal and Child Health Services, Mughal government, collapse of, 31 135 Muhlinghaus, Herman, 223 maternity hospital, 135 Municipal Act, 122 Mauritius, Botanic Gardens, 149 Municipal Authority of Singapore, Maxim gun, 16 138 Maxwell, George, 211 Municipal Building, 113 McAlister & Company, 39 Municipal Health Department, 133 McKillop, John, 223 Municipal Ordinance, 121–22 McLean Committee, 209 municipal planning, 122 McLean, William, 209 Murton, Henry James, 146, 148 McNair, Captain, 42 musket, invention of, 30 McVities, 169 Memphis, cruiser, 85 N Mercantile Bank, 232 Narayana, N., 189 Mercantile Bank of India, 80 naval base, 82–83, 240 Mersey Docks & Harbour Board, 75 Neave, David, 51 Metcalfe, Thomas, 112 Nederlansch Indische Handelsbank, Methodist Mission, 213 80 Metropolitan Board of Works, 94, 136 Nemesis, steamship, 2 “metropolitan” interpretation, 14 “neo-Europes”, 20 middle-class colonists, 36 Netherlands East Indies Agricultural “Middle Kingdom”, 2, 18 Research Station, 179 midwifery, 135 Netherlands India, 74 Midwives’ Ordinance, 135 “new arrivals”, 38 milk “New Harbour”, 7, 39, 45, 70, 72, history of, 177–78 79, 104, 223 production, 179–80 “new imperial history”, 5 Milner, Alfred, 26, 213 “new imperialism”, 14 Milwaukee, cruiser, 85 “new” quality food, 176–82 Mintz, Sidney, 153 New World, 242 mission schools, 202 Newton, Howard, 123 missionaries, and imperialism, 24–25 night soil, 124–25 modernism, 112 non-intervention policy, 96 moneylenders (chettiars), 232 Norddeutshcer Lloyd Company, 79 Monkhouse, Edward, 108 Montgomerie, W., 145, 147 O Morris, Ian, 16 Ocean Steamship Company, 79 Morrison, A., 51 Oceanic Steam Navigation Company, Morse telegraphic system, 100–101 87

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 274 5/6/13 9:14:54 AM Index 275

Orient Steam Navigation Company, “peripheral” thesis, 14 70 Perry, Mathew C., 72 O’Grady, J.G., 53, 55 Persse, Deburgh, 170–71 Old International Division of Labour Philippines, colonization of, 242 (OIDL), 222 Pineapple Experimental Station, 157 open-trading system, 21 pineapple industry, 156–57 Orchard Road Cold Storage, 172, 190 Pitt, William, 15 Ord, Henry, 21, 70, 198 plantation agriculture, 144 Oriental Telephone & Electric plantation colonies, 19 Company (OTEC), 100–101 Planter, The, 175 Ormsby-Gore, William, 161 Platt, C.D.M., 15 Osborne House, 65 P&O liners, 78 Population Census, 182 P “population crisis”, 161 Pacey, Arnold, 94 population, Singapore, 93, 103, 123, paganism, 24 136, 182 Pahang Consolidated Company pork, production of, 180 Limited, 37 Porter, Bernard, 36 industry, 227 “Portland cement”, 45, 111, 118 Pangkor Engagement, 22, 99 see also “Condor” cement Parkins, John, 151 post-Enlightenment attitudes, 53 Pasteur, Louise, 120 powdered milk, 178 Paterson Simons & Company, 40, power generation, centralized, 109, 56, 73, 100 117 Pax Britannica, 29, 148, 169, 232 primitive society, 17 Paxton, Joseph, 29 Procter & Gamble, 169 Pearl’s Hill Service Reservoir, 126 public health, 7, 120–38 Pedra Branca, island, 45–46 Public Works Department (PWD), Peek Freans, 169 52, 102 Peirce, R., 123, 126 , 223 Peirce Reservoir, 126 , 111 Pell, Bennett, 100 , 46 Pender, John, 115 Punch, magazine, 86 Peninsula and Orient Company, 72, P.&W. MacLellan of Glasgow, 113 74–75 Peninsula & Orient, passenger ship, Q 36 Quaker Oats, 169 Peninsular and Oriental (P&O) Quarantine and Prevention of Steam Navigation Company, 78 Disease Ordinance, 177 pepper, cultivation of, 154–56 Quarterly, 36 Perfection Stove Company, 187 “Queen’s Chinese”, 200

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 275 5/6/13 9:14:54 AM 276 Index

Queen’s Scholarships, 201, 206–208, Rhodesia, 16 242 rickshaw coolies, 104, 131 Queensland Meat Export and Agency Ridley, Henry Nicholas, 8, 147, 160 Co. Ltd., 171, 191 rubber industry and, 147–52 , 133 Riley, Hargreaves & Company, 44, 49–50, 203–204 R Riley, Richard, 49 race, as scientific tool, 26 Robinson & Company, 103 racial prejudice, 53–57, 62–63, 197, Robinsons, store, 56 245 Rock Drills, 106 racism, 5 Ronalds, Francis, 94 Raffles College of Arts and Sciences, Roorkee Engineering College, 204 208–209 Roosevelt, President, 86 Raffles Hotel, 48, 55, 112–13, 182 Rosecrance, Richard, 21 Raffles Institution, 197, 207 Ross, Ronald, 130 Raffles Museum, 148, 160 Royal Bakery, 176 Raffles, Thomas Stamford, 1, 38, 41, Royal Botanical Gardens, 161 47, 65, 93, 145, 160, 163, 197, Royal Colonial Institute, 211 230 Royal Dockyards, 15 landed in Singapore, 2 Royal Geographical Society, 45 “Railway Saga”, 104 Royal Society of Arts, 147 railways, in Egypt, 87 Rubber Estate Agency, 224 Raleigh bicycle, 103, 116 rubber industry, 56, 133, 152, 162, Ranee, gunboat, 49 174–75, 221–24, 227, 231, 237 Rapid Gravity Water Filter, Henry Nicholas Ridley, and, development project, 56 147–52 Raub Australian Gold Mining Co. rubber plantation, living conditions Ltd, 170 in, 130, 133–34 Reeve, J.W., 123 Rubber Research Institute, 152, 158, refrigerated transport technology, 161–62 175, 181, 190 “Rubber Ridley”, 151 Regenerator system, 100 rubber tapping, “herring bone” Regnier, Philippe, 10 method, 150 Reid, Anthony, 159 rubber trees (Hevea Braziliensis), 148, Renong Tin Dredging Company, 37 150, 162 “Report on the Sanitary Condition Runciman, W., Reverend, 205 of the Labouring Population of Great Britain”, 136 S Residential System, 99 salted fish, 158 Return of Industrial Scholarships and San Miguel Brewery, 182 Apprenticeship, 204 sanitary engineer, 121–22, 126–27, Rhodes, Cecil, 16, 26 136

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 276 5/6/13 9:14:54 AM Index 277

“sanitary science”, 136 Chinese immigrants, 38–39 sanitation, and sewage improvements, commercial heartland, 79 121–29, 136 education, 9 Sappo, ship, 79 ethnic groups, 122 Schafer, Edward Albert Sharpey, 160 European community in, 182–84, Schafer, Jack S., 160 187 School of Tropical Medicine, 139 European firms in, 36 “science for development” ideology, fortification of, 42 161 imperial port, as, 68–77 “scientific” sanitation, 9 infant mortality rate, 135 “Scramble for Africa”, 18 link with the world, 94–102 Second Industrial Revolution, 227 location, 20 Second World War, 188, 214, 217, maritime history, 79, 230 242 mortality rate, 132–33 Sea Mew, steamer, 50 motor cars in, 105 Sea View Hotel, 182, 184 naval base, 82–83, 240 Seabelle, yacht, 85 population, 93, 103, 123, 136, 182 Seah Eu Chin, 41, 165 port, 169 “Selangor Bakery”, 176 road conditions in, 102–103 Semmel, Bernard, 15 shipbuilding in, 49 Senior Cambridge Examination, 201 social circles in colonial period, 56 Seven Years War, 15, 26 strategic importance of, 81–83, 99, sewage, and sanitation improvements, 163, 243 121–29, 136 technological change in, 4 “Shanghai jar”, 112–13 trade revenue, 69 Shannon, Margaret, 182 trading emporium, as, 11, 221 Shellabear, W.G., 214 transportation technology, 102– shipbuilding, advances in, 49, 66, 71 107 shipping and commercial urban growth, 44, 128 organizations, 77–81 “walking city”, 102, 121 Shipping Conferences, 225 waterworks, 126 “shipping revolution”, 68 wooden structures in, 110 Shone hydro-pneumatic system, 125, Singapore and Malayan Directory, 56, 127 222–23 “short-termism”, 233, 238 Singapore and Straits Aerated Water Sidney, R.J., 187 Company, 51 Simpson, W.J., 126–27 Singapore and Straits Printing Office, Singapore 51 agency houses, 152 Singapore Botanic Gardens, see banking businesses in, 80 Botanic Gardens of Singapore British economic interest in, 3 Singapore Chamber of Commerce, British engineers in, 44, 46 38, 224

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 277 5/6/13 9:14:54 AM 278 Index

Singapore Cold Storage, 9, 191, steam transport, 8, 22, 39, 66–67, 71 176–78, 183–84, 187–93 Stearns, Peter, 3 advertisements, 185–86 Stereophagus Pumps, 128 dairy farm, 179–80 Stevens, H.W.H., 171, 174, 191 ice production, 181–82, 194 Stevens, K.A., 192 imperial symbol, as, 187–90 Stevensons, David, 60 incorporating the, 170–75 Stevensons, Thomas, 60 profits, 192 Stirling Castle, steamer, 72 Singapore Dairy Farm Ltd., 193 Straits-born Chinese, 200–201, 210, Singapore Free Press, 41, 57, 69, 109, 214, 227, 231 126, 128, 131, 137, 153, 155, Straits Chinese British Association, 201 205 Singapore Gas Company, 107 Straits Chinese Magazine, 200–201 Singapore, gunboat, 49 Straits Civil Service, 241 Singapore Harbour Board, 55, Straits Ice Company, 194 76–77, 223 Straits of Malacca, 2, 45, 64, 103 Singapore Institution, 197 Straits of Singapore, 45, 60, 64 Singapore Municipality, 55 , 22–23, 32, 44, Singapore Naval Base, 7, 85–86 47, 50, 54, 72, 75, 96–99, 102, , 7, 46, 49, 68, 70, 122, 125, 130, 134, 139, 146, 88, 110, 113, 128, 145 151–52, 161, 199–200, 203, Singapore Rural Board, 55 205, 208, 213, 227, 231 “Singapore Story, The”, 4 professionals in, 206 Singapore Tramway Company, 104 Transfer of 1867, 136, 141, 198 sinkehs, 38 Straits Settlements Port Ordinance, Sino-Western enterprise, 40 76 siphon recorder, 97 Straits Steamship Navigation Skerryvore, 46 Company, 79–80, 230 Smith, Cecil Clementi, 149, 201 Straits Times, 48, 67, 73, 78–79, 89, “Smith’s Patent Germ Bread”, 193 110, 124, 128, 130, 132–33, social circles, in colonial Singapore, 170–73, 177, 184–86, 191, 198, 56 226 social enclaves, 53 “Straits Tin”, 223 social exclusivism, 55 Straits Trading Company, 68, 223 Song Ong Siang, 197, 201, 242 strowger switching system, 101 Soriano, Senor, 182 submarine cables, 96–98, 147 trade, 2, 145 Suez Canal, 7, 45, 67–68, 71, 87–88, St Andrew’s Cathedral, 113 93, 132 St James Power Station, 109, 113 sugar production, 153–54 St Joseph Institution, 197 Supreme Court, 113 Standard Oil Company of New York, Swettenham, Frank, 50–55, 75, 199, 187 211–12

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 278 5/6/13 9:14:54 AM Index 279

Sword, James, 223 telephone system, 100 Syers, H.C., 176 teleprinter system, 101 “systematic colonization”, 43 Telok Ayer reclamation, 88, 110 Temasek, 2 T Temoh Tin Dredging, 37 Taiping Museum, 150 Temperton, William, 49 Taiping Rebellion, 38 Teo Lee, 229 Tamil labour, 147 Teutonia Club, 48 Tamil-medium schools, 210–11 Thomas, Shenton, 85 Tan Jiak Kim, 79 Thomson, John, 36 Tan Kah Kee, 228, 231, 237 Thomson, John Turnbull, 44–46, 60, Tan Keong Saik, 79 68, 125 Tan Kim Seng, 229 Thomson Road Reservoir, 126 Tan Kim Tian, 40 Thomson, William, 97 Tan Lark Sye, 231 “thunderbox”, 113 Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 130, 132 Times, The, 13, 26, 85 Tanjong Pagar Dock Board, 76 tin mining industry, 37, 175, Tanjong Pagar Dock Company, 44, 222–24, 227, 231 50, 70–72, 74–76, 79, 203 machinery, 235 taxation, 21 Tirpitz, Admiral, 82 tea consumption, 145 Titanic, ship, 86 tea plantation, 73 Tivendale & Company, 69 Tea Research Institute, 162 Tivendale, Thomas, 49 technical arts, 43 Tomlinson, S., 123 technical education, 203–205, 216, Topham, Jones & Railton, 76 233 trade depression, 156 see also vocational training trade entrepôrt, 2, 7 Technical Education Committee, trade revenue, Singapore, 69 206 trade schools, 207 technical schools, 215 tramway service, 104 technology transfer, 3, 6, 9–10, 43, transportation technology, 102–107 52, 123, 221, 237, 243 refrigeration, and, 175, 181, 190 definition, 12 Trenton, cruiser, 85 limited industrialization, and, tripartite partnership, 234 222–26 Trocki, C.A., 40 processes, 17 tropical colonies, 20–23 racial prejudice, and, 53–57 tropical diseases, 15, 114, 132 Western technology, diffusion of, tropical medicine, and imperial ideas, 226–31 129–38 telegraph, invention of, 94–95 tropical production of goods, 3 telegraphic systems, 100–101 tuan besar, 104 telegraphy, 7, 17, 22, 94–101, 240 Tudor, Frederic, 181

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 279 5/6/13 9:14:54 AM 280 Index

Turnbull, Mary, 245 water filtration, 127, 137 Twells, Alison, 24 water quality, 120, 125–26 waterworks, 126 U Watts, Sheldon, 25, 134 underground cable system, 101 Waugh, Henry, 194 United Engineers Limited, 50, 109, Wee Ah Hood, 229 223 Wee Bin & Co., 230 United States, Chinese immigrants Weld, Frederick, 10, 53, 55, 72, 81, in, 62, 235 122, 213 urban growth, Singapore, 44, 128 Wellesley, Arthur, 31–32 urbanization, 7–8 Western faith, proselytization of, 17 USS Mississippi, 70, 72 Western superiority, 24–25, 53, 211 see also British superiority V Western technology Valdura, ship, 77 diffusion of, 226–31 van Linschoten, Jan, 65 power of, 16–18 van Spilbergen, Joris, 65 Whampoa, 108 “vapour compression”, 181 Wheatstone telegraphic system, 100 vernacular education, 211–14 “Whippet Roadster”, 105 Victoria Dock, 70–71 “white man’s burden”, 211 Victoria Memorial Hall, 1, 48, 113 “White Rock” (Pedra Branca island), Victoria, Queen, 1, 13, 29, 65, 95, 45–46 107, 200 white supremacy, 23, 26, 53 Victoria River Downs, 171 Whiteaway and Laidlaws, store, 56 Victorians, as leaders of civilization, Wickham, Henry, 148 26 Wilkinson, R.J., 205 Virchow, Rudolf, 142 Wilkinson, Tivendale and Company, vocational training, 204–205 49 see also technical education Will O’ the Wisp, ship, 79 Williams, Michael, 14 W Winstedt Committee, 207 Wah Hin, 189 Winstedt, Richard, 137, 206, 208 “walking city”, 102, 121 education policy, 213–14 Wallich, Nathaniel, 145, 160 “Winter Garden Lounge”, 188 Walton, Oliver C., 59 Wong, Rosalind, 101 Wang Gungwu, 233 Wong, S.Q., 101 War Office, 99 Woodall, Corbet, 108 Warren, James, 131 , Robin, 36 Warsop Road Breakers, 106 Woolley Committee, 198 water closet, introduction of, 127, “workshop of the world”, 13–14, 139 123, 244

12 Tech&Entrepot.indd 280 5/6/13 9:14:55 AM Index 281

World Expo, 29 Yeo Kwan, 191 World War I, see First World War Yeo Swee Hee, 173, 191 World War II, see Second World War Young, George, 26 Wray, Leonard, 150 Yuill, George Skelton, 191, 193 Wright, Henry, 134 Z Y Zhang Huachen, 86 Yacht Club, 191 Zimbabwe, 16

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