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The Patriarch and the Sultan: the Struggle for Authority and the Quest for Order in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire

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The Patriarch and the Sultan: the Struggle for Authority and the Quest for Order in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire THE PATRIARCH AND THE SULTAN: THE STRUGGLE FOR AUTHORITY AND THE QUEST FOR ORDER IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE A Ph.D. Dissertation by ELİF BAYRAKTAR TELLAN Department of History İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara June 2011 To My Family THE PATRIARCH AND THE SULTAN: THE STRUGGLE FOR AUTHORITY AND THE QUEST FOR ORDER IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by ELİF BAYRAKTAR TELLAN In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June 2011 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Prof. Dr. Özer Ergenç Dr. Eugenia Kermeli --------------------------------- --------------------------------- Supervisor Co-Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Asst. Prof. Oktay Özel --------------------------------- Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Öz --------------------------------- Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Asst. Prof. Dr. Evgeni Radushev --------------------------------- Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Associate Prof. Hülya Taş --------------------------------- Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel --------------------------------- Director ABSTRACT THE PATRIARCH AND THE SULTAN: THE STRUGGLE FOR AUTHORITY AND THE QUEST FOR ORDER IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE Bayraktar Tellan, Elif PhD, Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Özer Ergenç Co-Supervisor: Dr. Eugenia Kermeli June 2011 In the eighteenth century, the Rum Orthodox Patriarchate of Istanbul underwent a series of changes that were the result of eighteenth-century economic and social developments in Ottoman society. This study investigates the changing fortunes of the Patriarchate in the eighteenth century through a contextualization of these events in their Ottoman background. Despite the conclusions of previous historiography, the patriarch appears as more than a mere mültezim or a milletbaşı / ethnarch, functioning instead more as a religious leader of the Ottoman Orthodox community who acted according to the Ottoman principles of nizam [order] and the safety of the mal-ı miri. These two principles were an important part of the discourse of negotiations between the Patriarchate and the Porte in the eighteenth century, and were used efficiently by both sides. Many internal and external actors were involved iii in the events, including archons, Catholics, Protestants, the esnaf, and merchants both Muslim and non-Muslim. A case study of the mid-eighteenth-century Patriarch Kyrillos V Karakallos demonstrates how one patriarch effectively struggled to consolidate his authority vis-à-vis his opponents. Following the patriarchal term of Karakallos, the system of gerondismos was established, as a result of which the Patriarchate had come, by 1763, to be represented before the Porte as a collective identity. Overall, far from being a static entity, the Patriarchate appears to have been an active subject in the urban setting of the imperial city, engaged in a relationship with the financial and social networks of Ottoman society. Keywords: Rum Orthodox Patriarchate of Istanbul, Patriarch, berat, nizam, eighteenth century, Ottoman history, Kyrillos Karakallos. iv ÖZET PATRİK VE SULTAN: 18. YÜZYIL OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU’NDA OTORİTE VE NİZAM PEŞİNDE Bayraktar Tellan, Elif Doktora, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Özer Ergenç Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Eugenia Kermeli Haziran 2011 İstanbul Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi on sekizinci yüzyıl ortasında Osmanlı toplumunun ekonomik ve sosyal gelişmeleri sonucunda bir takım değişiklikler geçirdi. Bu çalışma Patrikhane’nin geçirdiği bu değişimi on sekizinci yüzyıl Osmanlı bağlamında inceliyor. Önceki çalışmaların aksine bu çalışmada patrik yalnız bir mültezim veya bir milletbaşından ziyade, nizâm ve mâl-ı mîrînin öne çıktığı Osmanlı prensipleri doğrultusunda işleyen Osmanlı Rum Ortodoks toplumunun lideri olarak değerlendiriliyor. Bu iki prensip on sekizinci yüzyılda Patrikhane ve Osmanlı merkezi yönetimi arasındaki ilişkilerde iki taraf tarafından da etkili bir şekilde kullanılıyordu. Patrikhane çevresinde gelişen olaylarda Rum toplumunun ileri gelenlerinin [archon], Katoliklerin, Protestanların, Müslüman ve gayrimüslim esnaf ve tüccarın da yer aldığı birçok aktör rol oynuyordu. On sekizinci yüzyıl ortasında patriklik yapmış olan Kyrillos V Karakallos dönemi, bu dönemde bir patriğin muhalifleri karşısında otoritesini sağlamlaştırmak için nasıl etkin bir şekilde v mücadele ettiğini gösteren güzel bir örnek. Karakallos’un dönemini ardından 1763’e gelindiğinde gerondismos kurulmuş ve bu tarihten sonra Patrikhane yönetim karşısında kolektif olarak temsil edilmeye başlamıştı. Sonuçta Patrikhanenin statik bir varlık olmaktan çok imparatorluk başkentinde Osmanlı toplumunun finansal ve sosyal ağlarıyla ilişki içinde olan aktif bir özne olarak ortaya çıkıyor. Anahtar kelimeler: İstanbul Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi, patrik, berat, nizam, on sekizinci yüzyıl, Osmanlı, Kyrillos Karakallos. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For this dissertation, first of all I would like to thank Eugenia Kermeli, who has a great share in this study. Since my first years as an MA student of history at Bilkent University, she has not only been an academic mentor for me, but a firm supporter in everything I did, as she is for many other students in the department. She is an exemplar not only of a competent historian, but also of a generous human being who shares her knowledge and life experience. Without her support, encouragement, and labor, I would not have been able to write this dissertation. I would like to thank Prof. Özer Ergenç whose expertise and comments have greatly contributed to this study. I am thankful to professors Mehmet Öz and Eugeni Radushev for their invaluable contributions to this study and for their useful statements. I am indebted to Hülya Taş not only for her remarks on the study, but also for her generous and encouraging support. I also thank Oktay Özel for his contribution; over the last decade he has always been ready to help. I am thankful to Halil İnalcık, who contributed to this study as a pioneer historian and opened the way for research into the history of the Patriarchate during the Ottoman period. This dissertation was financially supported by the TÜBİTAK BİDEB scholarship. My research trip to Athens in 2007 was financed by the W.D.E. Coulson & Toni Cross Aegean Exchange Program fellowship by ARIT, and by the Bilkent vii University Department of History. Finally, I was a Turkish Cultural Foundation fellow in 2010. I would like to thank these institutions for their financial contributions. I would like to thank the staff of the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archive in Istanbul. In the Topkapı Palace Library, Şenay Eren kindly helped me with some electronic documents at a time when the library was under construction. I am thankful to the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew for his permission to work in the Patriarchate Library, and to Yorgo Benlisoy for his kind assistance during my studies at Fener. I also extend my thanks to Maria Georgakopoulou of the Gennadios Library, as well as to other people in that library and in the American School of Classical Studies in Athens. I am also grateful to the staff of the ISAM Library. I would also like to thank Eser Sunar, secretary of the Bilkent Department of History, for all her considerate help. One of my most valuable gains during the research for this study was the people I met, who today constitute the most important people in my life. First among them is Evangelia Balta. During my research in Athens and later in Istanbul, she supported me to a great extent, and I am greatly indebted to her. In Athens, she introduced me to Prof. Christos Patrinelis, who led me to Greek sources. I was very sorry to hear the news of his passing away, and I always wished he could have read this study. Her friend and colleague Georgios Koutzakiotis, among others, was very helpful during my studies in the National Hellenic Research Center. Finally, Prof. Balta also introduced me to Ari Çokona, to whom I am also indebted for his encouraging support. Suraiya Faroqhi contributed to my study not only with her written work, but also by listening to and answering my questions. Günhan Börekçi generously viii shared some sources with me during one of his visits to Bilkent University. Özlem Sert kindly sent her dissertation and other articles, which contributed to this study. Theodosios Kyriakidis not only shared a lot of written work with me, but he has also kindly answered my occasional questions for the last three years. My friend from Bilkent University, Hasan Çolak, has considerately shared his knowledge and ideas with me for the last four years. Duygu Ulaş Aysal Cin also discussed with me many parts of the study and inspired me. Abdürrahim Özer provided written work with me, and he and his wife Öykü Özer (Terzioğlu) enlightened our life. Michael Douglas Sheridan kindly undertook the painful work of proof-reading the thesis. Despite the contribution of so many people, I should mention that any mistakes there may be are mine alone. So many friends contributed significantly to this study that unfortunately I cannot name them all. I cannot extend thanks enough to Nihan Saide Altınbaş, Gözde Yazıcı, Fahri Dikkaya, and Muhsin Soyudoğan, who share the same fate as me and who made life tolerable.
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